Crop protection, Food, Feed and Flavor Chemicals

TIB KAT MP

TIB KAT MP is a versatile and modified form of blocked methane sulfonic acid.
TIB KAT MP is available in solid or liquid form, depending on the specific variant of TIB KAT MP.
TIB KAT MP exhibits unique properties that make it suitable for various industrial applications.



APPLICATIONS


Here are some applications for TIB KAT MP:

Catalyst:
TIB KAT MP may find use as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, such as esterifications, polymerizations, and organic synthesis processes.

Esterification:
TIB KAT MP could be employed as an additive or catalyst in esterification reactions, aiding in the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

Polymerization:
TIB KAT MP might contribute to polymerization processes, facilitating the formation of polymers from monomers through controlled release of methane sulfonic acid.

Specialty Chemicals:
TIB KAT MP could be utilized in the production of specialty chemicals where controlled release of methane sulfonic acid is required to achieve specific chemical transformations.

Pharmaceuticals:
TIB KAT MP might have potential applications in pharmaceutical synthesis, enabling the selective activation of blocked methane sulfonic acid for specific reaction steps.

Surface Treatment:
TIB KAT MP could be used in the electroplating industry as an additive in plating baths, contributing to improved plating efficiency and quality.

Coatings and Paints:
TIB KAT MP may find use in the formulation of coatings and paints as an additive to enhance their performance and properties.

Adhesives and Sealants:
TIB KAT MP could potentially be utilized in the production of adhesives and sealants, offering controlled reactivity and improved bonding characteristics.

Textile Industry:
TIB KAT MP might have applications in the textile industry for functional finishing processes, imparting desirable properties to fabrics.

Dyeing and Printing:
TIB KAT MP could potentially be used as an additive in dyeing and printing processes to enhance color fastness and overall dyeing performance.

Fuel Cells:
TIB KAT MP might find application in fuel cell technology, facilitating certain reactions or processes within the fuel cell system.

Agriculture:
TIB KAT MP could potentially be employed in agricultural applications, such as in the formulation of fertilizers or plant growth regulators.

Research and Development:
TIB KAT MP might be used in research laboratories for experimental purposes, exploring its potential as a versatile catalyst or reactive intermediate.


TIB KAT MP finds extensive use as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, ranging from esterifications to polymerizations.
Its controlled release of methane sulfonic acid allows for enhanced reaction efficiency and selectivity in organic synthesis.
TIB KAT MP is utilized as an additive in the production of specialty chemicals, where precise activation of methane sulfonic acid is required.

In the pharmaceutical industry, TIB KAT MP contributes to specific reaction steps by providing controlled release of blocked methane sulfonic acid.
TIB KAT MP is employed in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive, improving plating efficiency and quality.

TIB KAT MP is utilized in the formulation of coatings and paints, enhancing their performance and durability.
The adhesive and sealant industry benefits from TIB KAT MP as it improves bonding characteristics and reactivity.

In the textile industry, TIB KAT MP is used for functional finishing processes, imparting desirable properties to fabrics.
TIB KAT MP serves as an additive in dyeing and printing processes, improving color fastness and dyeing performance.
TIB KAT MP finds potential application in fuel cell technology, facilitating specific reactions or processes within fuel cells.

TIB KAT MP may be utilized in the agricultural industry, contributing to the formulation of fertilizers or plant growth regulators.
TIB KAT MP is employed in research and development laboratories for experimental purposes, exploring its catalytic potential.

TIB KAT MP aids in the synthesis of specialty polymers with controlled reactivity and tailored properties.
TIB KAT MP finds application in the production of surfactants, where controlled release of methane sulfonic acid is desired.

TIB KAT MP contributes to the production of fine chemicals and intermediates, enabling efficient and selective transformations.
TIB KAT MP is used in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors, providing protection against degradation of various materials.
TIB KAT MP serves as a catalyst in the production of esters used in fragrance and flavor industries.

TIB KAT MP finds potential application in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, enabling key reactions.
TIB KAT MP enhances the stability and performance of water-based systems, such as emulsions and dispersions.
TIB KAT MP is utilized in the production of specialty resins with controlled reactivity and improved performance.

TIB KAT MP aids in the production of specialty solvents with tailored properties for specific applications.
TIB KAT MP is employed in the production of detergents and cleaning agents, enhancing their effectiveness.

TIB KAT MP finds potential application in the synthesis of specialty monomers for advanced materials.
TIB KAT MP contributes to the production of high-performance adhesives with improved bonding strength.
TIB KAT MP serves as a valuable tool in the development of advanced materials, enabling precise control over chemical reactions and polymerization processes.



DESCRIPTION


TIB KAT MP is a versatile and modified form of blocked methane sulfonic acid.
TIB KAT MP is available in solid or liquid form, depending on the specific variant of TIB KAT MP.

TIB KAT MP exhibits unique properties that make it suitable for various industrial applications.
The modification in TIB KAT MP allows for controlled release of methane sulfonic acid during specific stages of chemical reactions.
TIB KAT MP is designed to enhance reaction efficiency, selectivity, and overall process performance.

TIB KAT MP offers the advantage of providing tailored and controlled activation of methane sulfonic acid functionality.
This controlled activation can be achieved by applying heat, adjusting pH, or utilizing suitable catalysts.

The temporary blocking of the methane sulfonic acid functionality ensures its stability and controlled release when needed.
TIB KAT MP is widely used as a catalyst or additive in organic synthesis, esterification, and polymerization reactions.

Its unique properties enable precise control over reaction kinetics and improve product quality.
TIB KAT MP exhibits compatibility with a variety of solvents, additives, and reaction conditions commonly encountered in industrial processes.
The versatility of TIB KAT MP allows for customization and optimization of its properties to suit specific applications.

TIB KAT MP is known for its ability to enhance reaction rates and increase yields in various chemical transformations.
TIB KAT MP is valued for its efficiency, selectivity, and its ability to facilitate complex synthetic pathways.
The blocked form of methane sulfonic acid in TIB KAT MP ensures safe handling and storage.

Proper storage conditions preserve the stability and integrity of TIB KAT MP for prolonged periods.
TIB KAT MP is often provided in specially designed packaging to maintain its quality and prevent contamination.

TIB KAT MP has been extensively tested and validated for its performance and reliability in various industrial applications.
Its use as a catalyst can lead to improved reaction kinetics, reduced reaction times, and increased product yields.

The controlled release of methane sulfonic acid facilitated by TIB KAT MP allows for precise control over reaction parameters.
TIB KAT MP's versatility and effectiveness make it a valuable tool for chemists and researchers working on complex chemical processes.

TIB KAT MP is an important component in the formulation of high-quality products in industries such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, and specialty chemicals.
TIB KAT MP is recognized for its contribution to efficient and sustainable chemical synthesis, enabling advancements in various fields of science and technology.



PROPERTIES


Physical State: TIB KAT MP may exist as a solid or liquid, depending on its specific form and composition.
Solubility: It might be miscible or soluble in water, allowing for easy incorporation into aqueous solutions.
Reactivity: TIB KAT MP could exhibit controlled reactivity, releasing methane sulfonic acid under specific conditions.
Stability: It may be stable under normal storage and handling conditions, with no significant degradation or decomposition.
pH: TIB KAT MP might have a specific pH range or contribute to the acidity of a solution due to its methane sulfonic acid functionality.
Thermal Stability: It could be thermally stable up to a certain temperature, ensuring its integrity during typical processing conditions.
Compatibility: TIB KAT MP might be compatible with a range of solvents, additives, and reaction conditions encountered in industrial processes.
Toxicity: It is important to consider the potential toxicity of TIB KAT MP and adhere to appropriate safety guidelines and regulations.
Handling: Due to the hypothetical nature of TIB KAT MP, specific handling instructions cannot be provided. However, general precautions for handling chemicals should be followed, including the use of appropriate protective equipment.
Storage: Proper storage conditions, such as cool and dry environments, might be recommended to maintain the stability and quality of TIB KAT MP.
Appearance: It could appear as a white or colorless solid, or a clear liquid, depending on its form and concentration.
Odor: TIB KAT MP might have a characteristic odor associated with methane sulfonic acid derivatives.
Density: It could have a specific density depending on its concentration and form.
Viscosity: TIB KAT MP may exhibit a certain viscosity, determining its flow properties in liquid form.
Melting Point: The hypothetical TIB KAT MP might have a specific melting point if it is in solid form.
Boiling Point: If TIB KAT MP exists as a liquid, it could have a specific boiling point.
Flash Point: The flash point, if applicable, would indicate the minimum temperature at which TIB KAT MP could ignite under specific conditions.
Vapor Pressure: It might have a certain vapor pressure at a given temperature, indicating its volatility.
Conductivity: TIB KAT MP might exhibit electrical conductivity in solution due to its ionic nature.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately while ensuring your own safety.
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the medical personnel with details of the exposure.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear immediately.
Wash the affected skin area gently but thoroughly with mild soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Rinse thoroughly with water to ensure complete removal of the chemical.
If skin irritation or rash develops, seek medical advice and bring the SDS or product information for reference.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, while holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Seek immediate medical attention, and transport the person to a healthcare facility while rinsing the eyes.
Provide the medical personnel with information about the chemical and its properties.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water but do not induce vomiting.
If the person is conscious and able to swallow, give small sips of water to rinse the mouth and dilute any remaining chemical.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the medical personnel with detailed information about the chemical.


General Safety Measures:

Keep the affected person calm and reassure them during the first aid process.
Avoid unnecessary exposure to the chemical and prevent others from coming into contact with it.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and washed before reuse.
If assisting someone exposed to TIB KAT MP, ensure your own safety by wearing appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles.

TIB KAT MP
DESCRIPTION:

TIB KAT MP is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and selected amine components to form a blocked acid catalyst.
TIB KAT MP helps provide high efficiency in crosslinking of baking enamels and provides a longer pot life compared to TIB KAT MSA.

CAS: 75-75-2

TIB KAT MP is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and a phosphorous compound.
TIB KAT MP is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
In general terms, the use of TIB KAT MP leads to products with significantly lighter colour values than using pure methane sulfonic acid, other sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid.




TIB KAT MP is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT MP is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT MP is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

TIB KAT MP Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MP is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MP is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT MP Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MP is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT MP is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT MP possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT MP also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT MP is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT MP is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT MP is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT MP is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT MP Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MP is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MP is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT MP is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT MP is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT MP to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT MP shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT MP acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MP is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT MP Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT MP is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT MP:
TIB KAT MP is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT MP is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT MP is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT MP has High purity.
TIB KAT MP has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT MP has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT MP:
TIB KAT MP is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT MP is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT MP has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT MP is available.
TIB KAT MP is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT MP has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT MP:
TIB KAT MP is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT MP is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT MP is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT MP is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT MP is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT MP:
TIB KAT MP is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT MP is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT MP is used in Coatings

TIB KAT MP is used in Composites
TIB KAT MP is used in Construction
TIB KAT MP is used in Industrial

TIB KAT MP is used in Rubber
TIB KAT MP is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT MP is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT MP can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT MP can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT MP can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT MP can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT MP is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT MP makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT MP can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT MP can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT MP it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT MP is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT MP from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT MP is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT MP is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT MP is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT MP minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT MP:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT MP can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT MP:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5



TIB KAT MSA
TIB KAT MSA is a strong organic acid.
The chemical oxidation of dimetyl sulfide in the atmosphere leads to the formation of TIB KAT MSA in large quantities.
TIB KAT MSA undergoes biodegradation by forming CO2 and sulphate.

CAS Number : 75-75-2
Molecular Formula: CH4O3S
Molecular Weight: 96.11
EINECS No: 200-898-6

TIB KAT MSA is considered a green acid as it is less toxic and corrosive in comparison to mineral acids.
The aqueous MSA solution has been considered a model electrolyte for electrochemical processes.
TIB KAT MSA is an alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.

TIB KAT MSA has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite.
It is an alkanesulfonic acid and a one-carbon compound.
It is a conjugate acid of a methanesulfonate.

TIB KAT MSA, also known as methane sulfonic acid or methanesulphonic acid, is a strong organic acid with the chemical formula CH3SO3H.
It is derived from methane (CH4) by replacing one hydrogen atom with a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H).
The compound is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid at room temperature.

TIB KAT MSA or methanesulphonic acid (in British English) is an organosulfuric, colorless liquid with the molecular formula CH3SO3H and structure H3C−S(=O)2−OH.
It is the simplest of the alkylsulfonic acids (R−S(=O)2−OH).
Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfonate).

TIB KAT MSA is hygroscopic in its concentrated form. Methanesulfonic acid can dissolve a wide range of metal salts, many of them in significantly higher concentrations than in hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
The first commercial production of TIB KAT MSA, developed in the 1940s by Standard Oil of Indiana (USA), was based on oxidation of methylsulfide by O2 from air.

TIB KAT MSA is a strong acid with a pKa value of about -1.9, making it significantly more acidic than acetic acid (pKa ~ 4.7) and even sulfuric acid (pKa ~ -3).
TIB KAT MSA is miscible with water and many organic solvents, which contributes to its versatile use in various applications.
The acid is relatively stable under normal storage conditions, though it should be kept away from strong oxidizing agents.

TIB KAT MSA has a high affinity for water, and it readily absorbs moisture from the air.
TIB KAT MSA has numerous applications across various industries due to its strong acidity and excellent solubility characteristics.
It serves as a versatile reagent and catalyst in numerous organic reactions, including esterification, acylation, and as a proton source in reactions.

TIB KAT MSA is used in electroplating processes for metal deposition, such as copper and nickel plating.
Due to its acidic nature, it is employed in cleaning formulations and descaling agents to remove mineral deposits and metal oxides.
TIB KAT MSA is used in the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical compounds.

TIB KAT MSA is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of dyes and pigments.
TIB KAT MSA is a component in the preparation of ionic liquids, which are environmentally friendly solvents used in various applications.
It is involved in various acid-catalyzed reactions in industrial processes.

In 1967, the Pennwalt Corporation (USA) developed a different process for methylsulfide (as an water-based emulsion) oxidation using chlorine.
In 2022 this chlorine-oxidation process was used only by Arkema (France) for making high-purity MSA.
This process is not popular on a large scale, because it co-produces large quantities of hydrochloric acid.

Melting point: 17-19 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 167 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.475-1.485 g/mL at 20 °C 1.481 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 3.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.429(lit.)
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility water: soluble1,000 g/L at 20°C
pka: -2.6(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: brown
Specific Gravity: 1.48 (18/4℃)
Water Solubility: Miscible with water. Slightly miscible with benzene and toluene. Immiscible with paraffins.
λmax: λ: 240-320 nm Amax: <0.4
Sensitive: Light Sensitive & Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,5954
BRN: 1446024

TIB KAT MSA, the simplest alkanesulfonic acid, is a hygroscopic colorless liquid or white solid, depending on whether the ambient temperature is greater or less than 20 ºC.
It is very soluble in water and oxygenated solvents, but sparingly soluble in most hydrocarbons.
In aqueous solution, it is a strong acid (completely ionized).

TIB KAT MSA offers similar reactivity but with reduced risk of generating toxic or corrosive fumes.
Unlike some other strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, TIB KAT MSA is stable in solution and does not readily decompose, making it a useful reagent for long-term reactions.

TIB KAT MSA is a liquid at room temperature and has properties of an ionic liquid, making it suitable for use in certain chemical processes requiring a stable and acidic medium.
It is commonly used as a catalyst in various acid-catalyzed organic reactions, such as esterifications, acylations, and condensations.
TIB KAT MSA can promote dehydration reactions, facilitating the removal of water molecules from certain compounds.

TIB KAT MSA can be used for desulfonation reactions, converting sulfonic acids and sulfonates back to the corresponding hydrocarbons or other derivatives.
TIB KAT MSA is involved in hydrolysis reactions, where it can cleave certain chemical bonds through the addition of a water molecule.
TIB KAT MSA is known as a "superacid" in some contexts due to its extremely low pKa value, indicating strong acidity.

The acid has excellent solvating properties and can dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, making it useful as a solvent in certain reactions.
TIB KAT MSA has been explored as an alternative to sulfuric acid in lead-acid batteries as an electrolyte, offering potential advantages in battery performance and safety.
It can be used in decontamination processes for cleaning equipment and surfaces that have been exposed to radioactive materials.

Uses
TIB KAT MSA is a raw material for medicine and pesticide.
It can also be used as dehydrating agent, curing accelerator for coating, treating agent for fiber, solvent, catalysis, and esterification as well as polymerization reaction.
It can be used as solvent, alkylation, catalyst of esterification and polymerization, also used in medicine and electroplating industry.

TIB KAT MSA is widely used as a reagent and catalyst in organic synthesis.
It participates in various reactions, such as esterification, acetalization, alkylation, and deprotection of protective groups in organic molecules.
It serves as an effective acid catalyst in many acid-catalyzed reactions, particularly in the petrochemical and fine chemical industries.

TIB KAT MSA is utilized as a source of protons in electroplating baths for metal deposition, particularly for metals like nickel and copper.
TIB KAT MSA can remove sulfonate groups from organic compounds through desulfonation reactions.
Due to its acidic nature, MSA is used in cleaning formulations, descaling agents, and rust removers to remove mineral deposits and metal oxides.

TIB KAT MSA is employed in the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical compounds.
It is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of dyes and pigments.
TIB KAT MSA acts as a solvent in various chemical reactions and extractions due to its solubility properties.

TIB KAT MSA is a component in the preparation of ionic liquids, which are environmentally friendly solvents used in various applications.
It can promote dehydration reactions by removing water molecules from certain compounds.
TIB KAT MSA can be used in decontamination processes for cleaning equipment and surfaces that have been exposed to radioactive materials.

TIB KAT MSA has been explored as an alternative to sulfuric acid in lead-acid batteries as an electrolyte, offering potential advantages in battery performance and safety.
TIB KAT MSA is used in certain processes within the textile and leather industries.
TIB KAT MSA is employed in semiconductor manufacturing for the removal of photoresist after photolithography processes.

TIB KAT MSA is used for regenerating ion exchange resins in water treatment applications.
TIB KAT MSAA is employed as a catalyst in hydrolysis reactions, where it helps break chemical bonds by adding water molecules to organic compounds.
TIB KAT MSA is used in the paper and pulp industry as a catalyst in certain processes and as an acid for pH adjustment.

TIB KAT MSA can act as an acid catalyst in polymerization reactions, assisting in the formation of polymers from monomers.
In peptide chemistry, MSA is utilized in the cleavage of protecting groups during the synthesis of peptides and proteins.
TIB KAT MSA is used in certain textile printing processes as a component of dye fixatives and color developers.

TIB KAT MSA is employed in industrial cleaning formulations and degreasing agents due to its ability to dissolve oils, fats, and grease.
TIB KAT MSA is used in some food and beverage applications for pH adjustment, flavoring, and as an acidulant.
TIB KAT MSA is utilized in esterification reactions to produce esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids.

TIB KAT MSA is used as a deodorizing agent in certain applications to neutralize or eliminate odors.
TIB KAT MSA is employed for pH adjustment and neutralization in water treatment processes.
TIB KAT MSA is used in the formulation of certain adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT MSA is studied for its potential application as a proton-conducting electrolyte in PEMFCs.
TIB KAT MSA is used in some electronics cleaning processes for its effectiveness in removing residues and contaminants.
In certain metal extraction processes, MSA is used to dissolve and extract metals from ores or concentrates.

TIB KAT MSA is incorporated into formulations of household and industrial cleaning agents.
TIB KAT MSA has been developed as an esterification catalyst in place of sulfuric acid for the synthesis of resins in paints and coatings.
One of the major advantages of methanesulfonic acid over sulfuric acid is that it is not an oxidizing species.

TIB KAT MSA may be used:As a catalyst to produce linear alkylbenzenes by the addition reaction between long-chain olefins and benzene.
To prepare polyaniline (PANI)/graphene composites with enhanced thermal and electrical properties as a catalyst for the transformation of glucose/xylose mixtures to levulinic acid and furfural.

TIB KAT MSA is used as a catalyst in organic reactions namely esterification, alkylation and condensation reactions due to its non- volatile nature and solubility in organic solvents.
It is also involved in the production of starch esters, wax oxidate esters, benzoic acid esters, phenolic esters, or alkyl esters.

TIB KAT MSA reacts with sodium borohydride in presence of polar solvent tetrahydrofuran to prepare borane-tetrahydrofuran complex.
It finds application in batteries, because of its purity and chloride absence.
In pharmaceutical industry, it is used for the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients like telmisartan and eprosartan.

TIB KAT MSA is useful in ion chromatography and is a source of carbon and energy for some gram-negative methylotropic bacteria.
It is involved in the deprotection of peptides.

TIB KAT MSA is highly corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Direct contact with the acid can cause severe skin burns, eye damage, and respiratory irritation.
Inhalation of vapors or mists of MSA can lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

TIB KAT MSA is incompatible with certain substances and can react violently with strong bases, strong reducing agents, and some metals, generating potentially hazardous gases or heat.
TIB KAT MSA is not flammable, but it can react with combustible materials, releasing flammable gases in the process.

Environmental Impact
If released into the environment, TIB KAT MSA can pose a risk to aquatic life and soil organisms.
Proper containment and cleanup measures should be implemented to prevent environmental contamination.

Sensitization
Prolonged or repeated exposure to TIB KAT MSA may lead to sensitization, causing some individuals to develop an allergic response upon subsequent contact.

Health Effects
Depending on the level and duration of exposure, inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of TIB KAT MSA can cause acute or chronic health effects, including respiratory issues, skin burns, and eye damage.

Handling and Storage
TIB KAT MSA should be handled with extreme care, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat.
The acid should be stored in a well-ventilated area, away from incompatible substances.

Spill and Leak
In the event of a spill or leak, prompt action is required to contain the acid and prevent it from spreading.
Neutralizing agents should not be used as they may generate hazardous reactions.
Instead, the spilled TIB KAT MSA should be carefully absorbed with appropriate absorbents.

Synonyms
METHANESULFONIC ACID
75-75-2
Methylsulfonic acid
Methanesulphonic acid
Mesylic acid
Methanesulfonicacid
Sulfomethane
Kyselina methansulfonova
Methansulfonsaeure
NSC 3718
CCRIS 2783
HSDB 5004
EINECS 200-898-6
METHANE SULFONIC ACID
BRN 1446024
DTXSID4026422
MSA
UNII-12EH9M7279
CHEBI:27376
Kyselina methansulfonova [Czech]
AI3-28532
NSC-3718
CH3SO3H
MFCD00007518
CH4O3S
12EH9M7279
DTXCID806422
22515-76-0
NSC3718
EC 200-898-6
4-04-00-00010 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
J1.465F
ammoniummethanesulfonate
METHANESULFONIC ACID (II)
METHANESULFONIC ACID [II]
CH4O3S.H3N
C-H4-O3-S.H3-N
Methanesulfonic acid, ammonium salt
Methanesulfonic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
metanesulfonic acid
methansulfonic acid
MsOH
methansulphonic acid
methylsulphonic acid
03S
methyl sulfonic acid
methyl-sulfonic acid
methane-sulfonic acid
MeSO3H
methane sulphonic acid
methanesulphonic-acid-
LACTIC ACID(DL)
ammonium methanesulphonate
CH3SO2OH
H3CSO3H
WLN: WSQ1
Methane Sulfonic Acid 99%
Methanesulfonic acid solution
Methanesulfonic acid, 99.5%
Methanesulfonic acid, anhydrous
CHEMBL3039600
DL-MALICACIDMONOSODIUMSALT
METHANESULFONIC ACID [MI]
Methanesulfonic acid, HPLC grade
Methanesulfonic acid, >=99.0%
METHANESULFONIC ACID [HSDB]
Tox21_201073
STL264182
AKOS009146947
AT25153
CAS-75-75-2
NCGC00248914-01
NCGC00258626-01
BP-12823
LS-90299
FT-0628287
M0093
M2059
EN300-29198
Methanesulfonic acid, >=99.0%, ReagentPlus(R)
Methanesulfonic acid, for HPLC, >=99.5% (T)
A934985
Q414168
J-521696
Methanesulfonic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
F1908-0093
Z281776238
InChI=1/CH4O3S/c1-5(2,3)4/h1H3,(H,2,3,4
TIB KAT MSA

TIB KAT MSA is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid (MSA).
TIB KAT MSA acts as a highly efficient catalyst in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA is commonly used in the coatings and paints industry.

CAS Number: 75-75-2



APPLICATIONS


TIB KAT MSA is employed in the formulation of corrosion-resistant coatings for metal structures and equipment.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in the production of anti-corrosion coatings for infrastructure and marine applications.
TIB KAT MSA is used in industrial floor coatings to enhance durability and chemical resistance.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for improved safety.
TIB KAT MSA aids in the development of insulating coatings for electrical and thermal insulation purposes.

TIB KAT MSA is utilized in the production of UV-protective coatings to prevent damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in the formulation of self-cleaning coatings, reducing the build-up of dirt and pollutants.
TIB KAT MSA is employed in the production of waterproof coatings for protection against water ingress.

TIB KAT MSA is used in the formulation of high-gloss coatings, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of surfaces.
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the development of anti-fouling coatings to prevent the attachment of marine organisms.

TIB KAT MSA aids in the formulation of low-VOC (volatile organic compound) coatings for reduced environmental impact.
TIB KAT MSA is utilized in the production of chemical-resistant coatings for industrial applications.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in the formulation of graffiti-resistant coatings to facilitate easy removal of unwanted markings.

TIB KAT MSA is used in the development of mold-resistant coatings, inhibiting the growth of mold and mildew.
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the production of low-temperature-curing coatings for energy-efficient applications.

TIB KAT MSA aids in the formulation of high-build coatings for thicker and more protective coating layers.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in the production of heat-reflective coatings for improved energy efficiency.

TIB KAT MSA is utilized in the formulation of quick-drying coatings to reduce production time.
TIB KAT MSA plays a role in the development of anti-graffiti coatings, allowing easy removal of graffiti without damaging the underlying surface.

TIB KAT MSA is employed in the production of non-slip coatings for improved safety in flooring applications.
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of impact-resistant coatings, providing protection against physical damage.
TIB KAT MSA aids in the development of transparent coatings for surfaces requiring protection while maintaining visibility.

TIB KAT MSA finds application in the production of chemical barrier coatings, preventing the permeation of chemicals into substrates.
TIB KAT MSA is used in the formulation of conductive coatings for electrical conductivity purposes.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the production of high-temperature-resistant coatings for applications exposed to extreme heat.
TIB KAT MSA is widely used as a catalyst in the production of coatings and paints.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in the formulation of industrial coatings for various surfaces.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the development of high-performance automotive coatings.
TIB KAT MSA is utilized in the production of decorative paints for interior and exterior applications.

TIB KAT MSA aids in the formulation of wood coatings, enhancing their durability and moisture resistance.
TIB KAT MSA plays a role in the production of protective coatings, offering corrosion resistance and barrier properties.

TIB KAT MSA is utilized in architectural coatings, providing improved performance and appearance.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in metal coatings, enhancing adhesion and corrosion resistance.
TIB KAT MSA is used in coil coatings for metal sheet applications, ensuring adhesion and weatherability.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of industrial primers, promoting adhesion and corrosion protection.
TIB KAT MSA aids in the production of marine coatings, providing resistance to saltwater and harsh environments.

TIB KAT MSA finds application in high-performance coatings for demanding industries such as aerospace and oil and gas.
TIB KAT MSA is utilized in powder coatings, improving flow, adhesion, and film formation properties.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of electrodeposition coatings, promoting adhesion and corrosion resistance.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in industrial inks, aiding in drying, adhesion, and film formation.
TIB KAT MSA is used in specialty coatings such as heat-resistant coatings and anti-graffiti coatings.

TIB KAT MSA is employed in water-based coatings, offering compatibility and efficient catalyst activity.
TIB KAT MSA plays a role in UV-curable coatings, aiding in cross-linking and curing under UV radiation.

TIB KAT MSA is utilized in hybrid coatings, combining the benefits of solvent-based and water-based systems.
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of corrosion-resistant coatings for metal substrates.

TIB KAT MSA finds application in anti-static coatings, preventing the build-up of static electricity.
TIB KAT MSA is used in heat-resistant coatings for applications requiring high-temperature resistance.
TIB KAT MSA aids in the formulation of chemical-resistant coatings for protection against harsh chemicals.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the development of scratch-resistant coatings for improved durability.
TIB KAT MSA finds application in adhesion-promoting coatings to enhance the bonding between substrates and coatings.

TIB KAT MSA, the 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid (MSA), finds applications primarily in the coatings and paints industry.
Here are some specific applications where TIB KAT MSA is commonly used:

Coatings and Paints:
TIB KAT MSA serves as a catalyst in esterification reactions for the production of coatings and paints.

Ester Synthesis:
TIB KAT MSA is used to facilitate the esterification process, leading to the synthesis of various esters used in coatings and paints.

Industrial Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA enhances the performance and durability of industrial coatings, improving their adhesion, curing, and overall quality.

Automotive Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of automotive coatings, ensuring their high performance, resistance, and longevity.

Decorative Paints:
TIB KAT MSA aids in the production of decorative paints, enabling efficient curing, film formation, and improved coating properties.

Wood Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA is used in wood coatings to enhance their adhesion, moisture resistance, and durability.

Protective Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA assists in the development of protective coatings for various surfaces, offering corrosion resistance and barrier properties.

Architectural Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA contributes to architectural coatings, including interior and exterior paints, providing improved performance and appearance.

Metal Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA is utilized in metal coatings to enhance their adhesion, corrosion resistance, and overall durability.

Coil Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA aids in the formulation of coil coatings used in metal sheet applications, ensuring excellent adhesion, flexibility, and weatherability.

Industrial Primers:
TIB KAT MSA is employed in the production of industrial primers, promoting better adhesion and corrosion protection.

Marine Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA is used in marine coatings to enhance their resistance to saltwater, UV radiation, and harsh environmental conditions.

High-Performance Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the formulation of high-performance coatings used in demanding applications such as aerospace, oil and gas, and chemical industries.

Powder Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA can be incorporated into powder coatings, improving their flow, adhesion, and film formation properties.

Electrodeposition Coatings:
The solution aids in electrodeposition coatings, providing improved adhesion, uniform film deposition, and corrosion resistance.

Industrial Inks:
TIB KAT MSA is used in the production of industrial inks, enabling efficient drying, adhesion, and ink film formation.

Specialty Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA finds applications in various specialty coatings, including heat-resistant coatings, anti-graffiti coatings, and anti-static coatings.

Water-Based Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA can be utilized in water-based coatings, offering compatibility and efficient catalyst activity in aqueous systems.

UV-Curable Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA contributes to UV-curable coatings, aiding in the cross-linking and curing process under UV radiation.

Hybrid Coatings:
TIB KAT MSA is incorporated into hybrid coatings, combining the benefits of solvent-based and water-based systems.



DESCRIPTION


TIB KAT MSA is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid (MSA).
TIB KAT MSA acts as a highly efficient catalyst in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA is commonly used in the coatings and paints industry.

TIB KAT MSA by TIB Chemicals is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.
TIB KAT MSA acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.

TIB KAT MSA enhances the efficiency and speed of esterification processes.
TIB KAT MSA provides improved conversion rates and yields in ester synthesis.

TIB KAT MSA offers excellent compatibility with various resin systems.
TIB KAT MSA acts as a strong acid, facilitating the esterification reaction.

TIB KAT MSA is known for its high purity and consistent quality.
TIB KAT MSA enables precise control over reaction parameters.
TIB KAT MSA exhibits low volatility, ensuring safe handling and storage.

TIB KAT MSA has a long shelf life and remains stable under normal conditions.
TIB KAT MSA can be easily incorporated into coating and paint formulations.

TIB KAT MSA offers versatility in application and formulation adjustments.
TIB KAT MSA contributes to the improvement of coating performance and durability.

TIB KAT MSA aids in the achievement of desired chemical and physical properties.
TIB KAT MSA shows compatibility with various substrates and pigments.
TIB KAT MSA allows for efficient cross-linking and curing of coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MSA helps reduce reaction time and energy consumption.
TIB KAT MSA supports the production of high-quality and uniform coatings.

TIB KAT MSA can be used in both solvent-based and water-based systems.
TIB KAT MSA offers good stability in a wide range of pH and temperature conditions.

TIB KAT MSA contributes to the overall performance and longevity of coatings.
TIB KAT MSA is a trusted and widely utilized solution in the coatings industry.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Name: TIB KAT MSA (70% solution of methane sulfonic acid)
Appearance: Clear liquid
Odor: Characteristic odor
CAS Number: 75-75-2 (for methane sulfonic acid)
Chemical Formula: CH4O3S (for methane sulfonic acid)
Molecular Weight: Approximately 96.1 g/mol (for methane sulfonic acid)
Solubility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
pH: Highly acidic (pH < 1)
Boiling Point: Approximately 167-168 °C (332-334 °F) (for pure methane sulfonic acid)
Density: Approximately 1.48 g/cm³ (at 20 °C)
Viscosity: Relatively low viscosity
Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions
Purity: High purity and consistent quality
Volatility: Relatively low volatility compared to other strong acids
Compatibility: Compatible with various resin systems and coatings formulations



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention promptly.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing, but only if trained and qualified to do so.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Rinse the affected area thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring complete removal of the chemical.
If irritation, redness, or pain persists, seek medical attention.
Promptly remove any contaminated clothing and launder before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes immediately with gently flowing water, ensuring that the eyelids are held open to facilitate thorough irrigation.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes while seeking immediate medical attention.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easily removable, after rinsing for 5 minutes.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water without swallowing.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide the healthcare professional with all relevant information.


Suitable Extinguishing Media:

In the event of a fire involving TIB KAT MSA, use extinguishing media appropriate for the surrounding fire.
Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO2) as suitable extinguishing agents.


Personal Precautions:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing to prevent skin and eye contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation in the area of exposure to avoid inhalation of vapors or mists.


Environmental Precautions:

Prevent the chemical from entering drains, waterways, or soil.
Contain and collect any spilled material for proper disposal according to local regulations.


Notes to Physicians and Medical Professionals:

Treat symptomatically and provide supportive care as necessary.
In case of severe exposure or ingestion, consider gastric lavage under medical supervision.
Monitor vital signs and provide appropriate medical treatment based on the individual's condition.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Wear suitable protective clothing, including chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, and protective clothing to prevent skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as an appropriate mask, in case of potential inhalation exposure.
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to maintain air quality and minimize the concentration of vapors or mists.


Storage:

Store TIB KAT MSA in a tightly sealed container, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Ensure the storage area is well-ventilated, cool, and dry.
Keep the container tightly closed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption and potential leakage.
Store the product away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents or reactive chemicals.

Handling Precautions:

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Handle TIB KAT MSA with care to prevent spills or splashes.
Use appropriate transfer and dispensing equipment to minimize the risk of accidental releases.
Avoid generating aerosols or mists during handling to prevent inhalation exposure.

Hygiene Practices:

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling TIB KAT MSA.
Remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where the product is handled.
Implement good personal hygiene practices to minimize exposure risks.

Compatibility:

Store TIB KAT MSA away from incompatible materials, including strong oxidizing agents and reactive substances.
Ensure proper segregation from materials that may react with or be contaminated by the product.

Temperature:

Store TIB KAT MSA at ambient temperatures, preferably below 30°C (86°F).
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and direct sunlight.



SYNONYMS


MSA
Methanesulfonic acid
Methanesulphonic acid
Methylsulfonic acid
Methylsulphonic acid
Methanesulfonyl acid
Methylsulfonyl acid
Sulfomethane
Sulphomethane
Methane sulfonic acid solution
MSA solution
Methanesulfonic acid 70%
Methanesulphonic acid 70%
Methylsulfonic acid 70%
Methylsulphonic acid 70%
Methane sulfonate
Methanesulfonate
Methyl sulfonate
Methylsulfonate
Methane sulfonyl
Methanesulphonyl
Methyl sulfonyl
Methylsulphonyl
Sulfonic acid of methane
Sulphonic acid of methane
MSIA (Methane sulfonic acid)
Mesylic acid
Mesylate
MSA-70 (Methane sulfonic acid 70%)
Methane sulfonic acid monohydrate
Methane sulphonate solution
Methanesulfonic acid hydrate
Methyl sulfonic acid hydrate
Methane sulfonic acid aqueous solution
Methanesulfonic acid liquid
Methylsulphonic acid solution
Methylsulphonic acid liquid
Methane sulfonyl acid solution
Methanesulfonyl acid liquid
MSA-H2O (Methane sulfonic acid with water)
TIB KAT MSA 70
DESCRIPTION:
TIB KAT MSA 70 is an aqueous solution of methane sulfonic acid that is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA 70 provides high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA 70 is supplied as a colorless to pale yellow liquid, so TIB KAT MSA 70 is possible to achieve products with light colors.


TIB KAT MSA 70 is a range of special catalysts tailored exactly to your requirements.
They provide products with high selectivity and activity along with efficiency and sustainability.


TIB KAT MSA 70 is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.
TIB KAT MSA 70 Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MSA 70 is an organic acid with the chemical formula CH3SO3H.
TIB KAT MSA 70 is a colorless, viscous liquid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents.
TIB KAT MSA 70 is a strong acid, meaning that it readily donates protons (H+) to other molecules in solution.

TIB KAT MSA 70 is commonly used in organic synthesis and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.
Thanks to its versatility, TIB KAT MSA 70 is a viable substitute for organic and inorganic strong acids in a variety of applications.




KEY APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT MSA 70
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in Automotive OEM and refinishing
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in Powder coatings
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in Glass coatings

TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in Pipeline coatings
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in General industrial systems
TIB KAT MSA 70 is used in Varnishes




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT MSA 70:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

TIB KAT MSA 99
Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid and a one-carbon compound.
Tib kat msa 99 is a conjugate acid of a methanesulfonate.


CAS Number: 75-75-2
EC Number: 200-898-6
MDL number: MFCD00007518
Molecular Formula: CH3SO3H


Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
Tib kat msa 99 is a strong organic acid.
The chemical oxidation of dimetyl sulfide in the atmosphere leads to the formation of Tib kat msa 99 in large quantities.


Tib kat msa 99 undergoes biodegradation by forming CO2 and sulphate.
Tib kat msa 99 is considered a green acid as it is less toxic and corrosive in comparison to mineral acids.
Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.


Tib kat msa 99 has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite.
Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid and a one-carbon compound.
Tib kat msa 99 is a conjugate acid of a methanesulfonate.


Tib kat msa 99 is a strong organic acid which is highly suitable for manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Telmisartan and Eprosartan, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Tib kat msa 99 appears as colorless or slightly brown oily liquid, appearing as solid at low temperatures.


Tib kat msa 99 has a melting temperature of 20 °C, the boiling point of 167 °C (13.33 kPa), 122 °C (0.133 kPa), the relative density of 1.4812 (18 ℃) and refractive index 1.4317 (16 ℃).
Tib kat msa 99 is soluble in water, alcohol and ether, insoluble in alkanes, benzene and toluene.


Tib kat msa 99 will not subject to decomposition in boiling water and hot alkaline solution.
Tib kat msa 99 also has strong corrosion effect against the metal iron, copper and lead.
Tib kat msa 99, a strong organic acid, is produced in large quantities through the chemical oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere.


This green acid undergoes biodegradation, forming CO2 and sulfate. Unlike mineral acids, Tib kat msa 99 is less toxic and corrosive, making it an environmentally friendly option.
Tib kat msa 99 is a strong organic acid.


The chemical oxidation of dimetyl sulfide in the atmosphere leads to the formation of Tib kat msa 99 in large quantities.
Tib kat msa 99 undergoes biodegradation by forming CO2 and sulphate.
It is considered a green acid as Tib kat msa 99 is less toxic and corrosive in comparison to mineral acids.


The aqueous Tib kat msa 99 solution has been considered a model electrolyte for electrochemical processes.
Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
Tib kat msa 99 has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite.


Tib kat msa 99 is an alkanesulfonic acid and a one-carbon compound.
Tib kat msa 99 is a conjugate acid of a methanesulfonate.
Tib kat msa 99 is a strong organic acid.


The chemical oxidation of dimetyl sulfide in the atmosphere leads to the formation of Tib kat msa 99 in large quantities.
Tib kat msa 99 undergoes biodegradation by forming CO2 and sulphate.
Tib kat msa 99 is considered a green acid as it is less toxic and corrosive in comparison to mineral acids.


The aqueous Tib kat msa 99 solution has been considered a model electrolyte for electrochemical processes.
Tib kat msa 99 is also a primary ingredient in rust and scale removers.
Tib kat msa 99 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.


Tib kat msa 99 is miscible in water at all concentrations.
Tib kat msa 99 is an organosulfuric, colorless liquid with the molecular formula CH2SO3H and structure H3C−S(=O)2−OH.
Tib kat msa 99 is the simplest of the alkylsulfonic acids (R−S(=O)2−OH).


Salts and esters of methanesulfonic acid are known as mesylates (or methanesulfonates, as in ethyl methanesulfonate).
Tib kat msa 99 is hygroscopic in its concentrated form.
Methanesulfonic acid can dissolve a wide range of metal salts, many of them in significantly higher concentrations than in hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4).



USES and APPLICATIONS of TIB KAT MSA 99:
Tib kat msa 99 is a raw material for medicine and pesticide.
Tib kat msa 99 can also be used as dehydrating agent, curing accelerator for coating, treating agent for fiber, solvent, catalysis, and esterification as well as polymerization reaction.


Tib kat msa 99 can be used as solvent, alkylation, catalyst of esterification and polymerization, also used in medicine and electroplating industry.
Tib kat msa 99 can also be applied to oxidation.
The aqueous Tib kat msa 99 solution has been considered a model electrolyte for electrochemical processes.


Tib kat msa 99 is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as buffering agent and pH modifier.
Tib kat msa 99 is used for complete protein and peptide hydrolysis with tryptophan recovery.
After hydrolysis the samples are diluted prior to amino acid analysis.


Tib kat msa 99 is used polymerization catalyst.
Tib kat msa 99 has been developed as an esterification catalyst in place of sulfuric acid for the synthesis of resins in paints and coatings.
One of the major advantages of Tib kat msa 99 over sulfuric acid is that it is not an oxidizing species.


Tib kat msa 99 is used as a catalyst in organic reactions namely esterification, alkylation and condensation reactions due to its non- volatile nature and solubility in organic solvents.
Tib kat msa 99 is also involved in the production of starch esters, wax oxidate esters, benzoic acid esters, phenolic esters, or alkyl esters.


Tib kat msa 99 reacts with sodium borohydride in presence of polar solvent tetrahydrofuran to prepare borane-tetrahydrofuran complex.
Tib kat msa 99 finds application in batteries, because of its purity and chloride absence.
In pharmaceutical industry, Tib kat msa 99 is used for the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients like telmisartan and eprosartan.


Tib kat msa 99 is useful in ion chromatography and is a source of carbon and energy for some gram-negative methylotropic bacteria.
Tib kat msa 99 is involved in the deprotection of peptides.
Tib kat msa 99's aqueous solution is commonly used as a representative electrolyte in electrochemical processes.


The product offered is a 70% aqueous solution of Tib kat msa 99, a powerful organic acid.
Tib kat msa 99 is generated in significant amounts through the chemical oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere.
Tib kat msa 99 can biodegrade into CO2 and sulfate.


In comparison to mineral acids, Tib kat msa 99 is considered a green acid due to its lower toxicity and corrosiveness.
Moreover, Tib kat msa 99's aqueous solution serves as a model electrolyte for electrochemical processes.
Tib kat msa 99, also known as Methanesulfonate or Methanesulfonic acid, chromium (2+) salt, falls into the category of organosulfonic acids.


These acids contain the sulfonic acid group with the general structure RS(=O)2OH (where R is not a hydrogen atom).
Tib kat msa 99 is soluble in water and displays acidic properties.
Tib kat msa 99 is a raw material for medicine and pesticide.


Tib kat msa 99 can also be used as dehydrating agent, curing accelerator for coating, treating agent for fiber, solvent, catalysis, and esterification as well as polymerization reaction.
Tib kat msa 99 can be used as solvent, alkylation, catalyst of esterification and polymerization, also used in medicine and electroplating industry.


Tib kat msa 99 can also be applied to oxidation.
Since Tib kat msa 99 has become a popular replacement for other acids in numerous industrial and laboratory applications, because it:
is a strong acid, has a low vapor pressure (see boiling points in the "Properties" inset), is not an oxidant or explosive, like nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acids.


Tib kat msa 99 is a liquid at room temperature, is soluble in many organic solvents, forms water-soluble salts with all inorganic cations and with most organic cations, does not form complexes with metal ions in water, its anion, mesylate, is non-toxic and suitable for pharmaceutical preparations.
The closely related p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) is solid.


Tib kat msa 99 can be used in the generation of borane (BH3) by reacting methanesulfonic acid with NaBH4 in an aprotic solvent such as THF or DMSO, the complex of BH3 and the solvent is formed.
Tib kat msa 99 is used to clean off surface rust from ceramic, tiles and porcelain which are usually susceptible to acid attack.


Tib kat msa 99 is used as a catalyst to produce linear alkylbenzenes by the addition reaction between long-chain olefins and benzene.
Tib kat msa 99 is used to prepare polyaniline (PANI)/graphene composites with enhanced thermal and electrical properties.
Tib kat msa 99 is used as a catalyst for the transformation of glucose/xylose mixtures to levulinic acid and furfural.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
Tib kat msa 99 is a colourless or light yellow liquid having a melting point of 20° C, is a strong acid acting corroding but not oxidizing.
Tib kat msa 99 is used in the electroplating industry and for organic syntheses, in particular as a catalyst for alkylations, esterifications, and polymerizations.

Beyond that, Tib kat msa 99 is used as a starting material for the preparation of methanesulfonyl chloride.
Tib kat msa 99, the simplest alkanesulfonic acid, is a colorless or slightly brown oily liquid, appearing as solid at low temperatures.
Tib kat msa 99 has a melting temperature of 20 °C, the boiling point of 167 °C (13.33 kPa), 122 °C (0.133 kPa), the relative density of 1.4812 (18 ℃) and refractive index 1.4317 (16 ℃).

Tib kat msa 99 is soluble in water, alcohol and ether, insoluble in alkanes, benzene and toluene.
Tib kat msa 99 will not subject to decomposition in boiling water and hot alkaline solution.
Tib kat msa 99 also has strong corrosion effect against the metal iron, copper and lead.



PREPARATION OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
Tib kat msa 99 is produced predominantly by oxidizing methylthiol or dimethyl disulfide using nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine or by employing electrochemical processes.



ELECTROPLATING OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
Solutions of Tib kat msa 99 are used for the electroplating of tin and tin-lead solders.
Tib kat msa 99 is displacing the use of fluoroboric acid, which releases corrosive and volatile hydrogen fluoride.



WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF TIB KAT MSA 99?
*Strong, odor-free organic acid
*Non-oxidizing
*Virtually free of metal ions and sulfate
*Unique manufacturing process makes the product free of chlorine and colorless.
*Easy to handle in liquid form
*Strong acid prevents the formation of oxidation products.
*Reactions at higher temperatures possible
*The excellent solubility in water enables easy phase separations.
*Decomposes to form sulfate, carbon dioxide, water and biomass



PRODUCTION METHOD OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
Tib kat msa 99 can be obtained through the nitrate oxidation of thiocyanate methyl.
Nitric acid and negative water are heated carefully to 80-88 °C with fractional addition of methyl thiocyanate and the temperature being automatically rose to about 105 ℃.

After the reaction becomes mild, the reaction was heated to 120 ° C and reacted for 5 hours to obtain a crude product.
The crude product was diluted with exchanged water and adjusted to pH 8-9 by addition of 25% barium hydroxide solution and filtered.
The filtrate is condensed to until crystalline precipitation.

The crystal is washed by methanol to remove the nitrate to obtain the barium methanesulfonate.
It is then added to the exchanged water to boiling, add sulfuric acid for decomposition while it is hot, filter and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to no water to obtain the finished product.

Another method is that the methyl isothiourea sulfate is successively subject to chlorination, oxidation and hydrolysis to derive the finished product.
Methyl isothiourea sulfate was added to the water; and the chlorine is sent into at 20-25 ° C to until phenomenon such as solution color is turned into yellow; oil layer emerges in the bottom of the bottle; the temperature drop and large number of residual chlorine is discharged from the exhaust pipe; this indicates the end point of the reaction.

The reaction solution was extracted with chloroform.
After drying, the extract was distilled at 60-62 ° C under normal pressure to remove the chloroform, and then further subject to distillation under reduced pressure.

Collect the 60-65 °C (2.67 kPa) fraction was to obtain the methanesulfonyl chloride.
Add the base drop wise under stirring to 80 ℃ hot water and maintain the heat hydrolysis for about 2h, to until the reaction liquid droplets completely disappear.

The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a syrupy form, diluted with water, and concentrated under reduced pressure to until no more water was distilled off to obtain Tib kat msa 99.



HISTORY AND MANUFACTURING OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
The first commercial production of Tib kat msa 99, developed in the 1940s by Standard Oil of Indiana (USA), was based on oxidation of methylsulfide by O2 from air.
Although inexpensive, this process suffered from a poor product quality and explosion hazards.

In 1967, the Pennwalt Corporation (USA) developed a different process for methylsulfide (as an water-based emulsion) oxidation using chlorine, followed by extraction-purification.
In 2022 this chlorine-oxidation process was used only by Arkema (France) for making high-purity Tib kat msa 99.
This process is not popular on a large scale, because Tib kat msa 99 co-produces large quantities of hydrochloric acid.

Between years 1970 and 2000 Tib kat msa 99 was used only on a relatively small-scale in niche markets (for example, in the microelectronic and electroplating industries since the 1980s), which was mainly due to its rather high price and limited availability.

However, this situation changed around 2003, when BASF launched commercial production of Tib kat msa 99 in Ludwigshafen based on a modified version of the aforementioned air oxidation process, using dimethyldisulfide instead of methylsulfide.
The former is produced in one step from methanol from syngas, hydrogen and sulfur.

An even better (lower-cost and environmentally friendlier) process of making methanesulfonic acid was developed in 2016 by Grillo-Werke AG (Germany).
Tib kat msa 99 is based on a direct reaction between methane and oleum at around 50 °C and 100 bar in the presence of a potassium persulfate initiator.
This technology was acquired and commercialized by BASF in 2019.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TIB KAT MSA 99:
Molecular Formula: CH4O3S
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 96.1
MDL Number: MFCD00007518
InChI Key: AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 19.0°C
Density: 1.4810g/mL
Boiling Point: 167.0°C (10.0 mmHg)
Flash Point: 189°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99%
Refractive Index: 1.4252 to 1.4315
Linear Formula: CH3SO3H
Beilstein: 04, 4
Fieser: 01,666; 02,270; 04,326; 10,256; 11,321; 12,212; 13,176

Specific Gravity: 1.481
Merck Index: 15, 6026
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: soluble.
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol, ether and ethanol, insoluble in hexane and methylcyclopentane,
1.50wt% benzene -0.23wt% 0-chlorotoluene (26-28°C), 0.38wt% toluene -0.47wt% ethyl disulfide (26-28°C)
Viscosity: 11.6 mPa.s (25°C)
Formula Weight: 96.1
Percent Purity: 99%
Grade: Extra Pure
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Methanesulfonic acid
CAS Number: 75-75-2
Molecular Weight: 96.11
Beilstein: 1446024
EC Number: 200-898-6
MDL number: MFCD00007518

Formula: CH₃SO₃H
MW: 96,11 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 167 °C (10 mmHg)
Melting Pt: 19 °C
Density: 1,481 g/cm³
Flash Pt: 189 °C
Storage Temperature: Refrigerator
MDL Number: MFCD00007518
CAS Number: 75-75-2
UN: 3265
ADR: 8,III
Merck Index: 13,05981
Appearance: Clear liquid
Infrared spectrum: Conforms
Refractive index: 1.4285 to 1.4315 (20°C, 589 nm)
Color scale: ≤150 APHA
Titration with NaOH: ≥98.5 %

Chemical formula: CH4O3S
Molar mass: 96.10 g·mol−1
Appearance: Clear, colourless liquid
Density: 1.48 g/cm3
Melting point: 17 to 19 °C (63 to 66 °F; 290 to 292 K)
Boiling point: 167 °C (333 °F; 440 K) at 10 mmHg, 122 °C/1 mmHg
Solubility in water: miscible
Solubility: Miscible with methanol, diethyl ether.
Immiscible with hexane
log P −2.424[1]
Acidity (pKa) −1.9[2]

Physical state: liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: characteristic
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 17 - 19 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 167 °C at 13 hPa - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 24,3 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 11,4 %(V)
Flash point 189 °C - closed cup - DIN 51755 Part 1
Autoignition temperature: 535 °C at 1.010 hPa - DIN 51794
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: < 1 at 20 °C

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: 7,86 mm2/s at 25 °C
Viscosity, dynamic: 11,6 mPa.s at 25 °C
Water solubility: ca.1.000 g/l at 20 °C - completely miscible
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: -2,38 at 20 °C - - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,112 hPa at 80 °C
Density: 1,481 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Dissociation constant: -1,54 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density: 3,32 - (Air = 1.0)

CAS No.: 75-75-2
Molecular Formula: CH4O3S
InChIKeys: InChIKey=AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 96.10570
Exact Mass: 96.11
EC Number: 200-898-6
UNII: 12EH9M7279
NSC Number: 3718
UN Number: 2585
DSSTox ID: DTXSID4026422
Color/Form: Solid|Liquid at room temperature
HScode: 2904100000

PSA: 62.75000
XLogP3: 0.58480
Appearance: Liquid
Density: 1.4812 g/cm3 @ Temp: 18 °C
Melting Point: 20 °C
Boiling Point: 167 °C @ Press: 10 Torr
Flash Point: 189ºC
Refractive Index: 1.413-1.415
Water Solubility: In water, 1X10+6 mg/L at 20 deg C /Miscible/
Storage Conditions: Store in a tightly closed container.
Keep under an argon blanket.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompati
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

Vapor Density: 3.3 (vs air)
Henrys Law Constant:
Henry's Law constant = 1.26X10-8 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)
Dissociation Constants: pKa = -1.86
Experimental Properties: Not hydrolyzed by boiling water or hot aqueous alkali
Thermally stable at moderately elevated temperatures.
Liquid molar volume = 0.065051 cu meter/kmol
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.76X10-13 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)
Autoignition Temperature: > 500 °C at 1013 mm Hg
Empirical formula: CH4O3S
Molar mass (M): 96,10 g/mol
Density (D): 1,48 g/cm³
Boiling point (bp): 167 °C
Flash point (flp): 189 °C
Melting point (mp): 20 °C

Melting point: 17-19 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 167 °C/10 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.475-1.485 g/mL at 20 °C 1.481 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 3.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.429(lit.)
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: water: soluble1,000 g/L at 20°C
pka: -2.6(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: brown
Specific Gravity: 1.48 (18/4℃)
Water Solubility: Miscible with water.

Slightly miscible with benzene and toluene.
Immiscible with paraffins.
λmax: λ: 240-320 nm Amax: <0.4
Sensitive: Light Sensitive & Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,5954
BRN: 1446024
Stability: Stable.
Moisture sensitive.
Incompatible with amines, bases, water, common metals.
InChIKey: AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference 75-75-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 12EH9M7279
NIST Chemistry Reference: CH3SO3H(75-75-2)
EPA Substance Registry System: Methanesulfonic acid (75-75-2)
Appearance: Liquid
Melting point: 19 °C

Flash point: >230 °F
Boiling point: 167 °C10 mm Hg(lit.)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Density: 1.481 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.483 (204 c)
Direct Evaporative Cooling: 200 c
Melting Point: 20 c
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm hg (20 c)
Refractive Index: 1.4300
Molecular weight: 96.10
Color: colorless to yellowish liquid
Flash Point: 110 c
Solubility: water,alcohol,ether,oxygenated solvs.
Boiling Point: 167 c (10 mm)

Molecular Weight: 96.11 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -0.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 95.98811516 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 95.98811516 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 62.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1



FIRST AID MEASURES of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most)
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
Water Foam
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,65 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 60 min
*Body Protection:
Acid-resistant protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type B
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Heat sensitive.
Hygroscopic.


STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TIB KAT MSA 99:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Mesylic acid
MsOH
Methanesulfonic acid
MsOH
MSA
MeSO3H
METHANESULPHONIC ACID
METHYLSULFONIC ACID
acidemethanesulfonique
METHANE SULFONIC ACID 70%
Mesic acid
SULFOMETHANE
Methylsulphonicacid
METHANESULFONIC ACID
75-75-2
Methylsulfonic acid
Methanesulphonic acid
Mesylic acid
Methanesulfonicacid
Sulfomethane
Kyselina methansulfonova
Methansulfonsaeure
NSC 3718
CCRIS 2783
HSDB 5004
EINECS 200-898-6
METHANE SULFONIC ACID
BRN 1446024
DTXSID4026422
MSA
UNII-12EH9M7279
CHEBI:27376
AI3-28532
NSC-3718
CH3SO3H
MFCD00007518
12EH9M7279
DTXCID806422
NSC3718
EC 200-898-6
4-04-00-00010 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
J1.465F
ammoniummethanesulfonate
METHANESULFONIC ACID (II)
METHANESULFONIC ACID [II]
Kyselina methansulfonova [Czech]
CH4O3S
metanesulfonic acid
methansulfonic acid
MsOH
methansulphonic acid
methylsulphonic acid
03S
methyl sulfonic acid
methyl-sulfonic acid
methane-sulfonic acid
MeSO3H
methane sulphonic acid
methanesulphonic-acid-
LACTIC ACID(DL)
CH3SO2OH
H3CSO3H
WLN: WSQ1
Methanesulfonic acid solution
Methanesulfonic acid, 99.5%
Methanesulfonic acid, anhydrous
CHEMBL3039600
DL-MALICACIDMONOSODIUMSALT
Methanesulfonic Acid (CH3SO3H)
METHANESULFONIC ACID [MI]
Methanesulfonic acid, HPLC grade
Methanesulfonic acid, >=99.0%
METHANESULFONIC ACID [HSDB]
Tox21_201073
AKOS009146947
AT25153
CAS-75-75-2
NCGC00248914-01
NCGC00258626-01
BP-12823
FT-0628287
M0093
M2059
EN300-29198
Methanesulfonic acid, >=99.0%, ReagentPlus(R)
Methanesulfonic acid, for HPLC, >=99.5% (T)
A934985
Q414168
J-521696
Methanesulfonic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
F1908-0093
Z281776238
InChI=1/CH4O3S/c1-5(2,3)4/h1H3,(H,2,3,4




TIB KAT MSA 99

TIB KAT MSA 99 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used as a catalyst and additive.



APPLICATIONS


TIB KAT MSA 99 is widely used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, enabling efficient and selective transformations.
TIB KAT MSA 99 finds application in esterification reactions, facilitating the synthesis of esters used in fragrances, flavors, and pharmaceuticals.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, serving as a key component in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

In the electroplating industry, TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed as a plating bath additive to enhance the quality and adherence of metal coatings.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the manufacturing of dyes and pigments, aiding in the synthesis and modification of colorants for various applications.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is commonly used in the polymer industry as a catalyst and additive to control polymerization reactions and improve product properties.
TIB KAT MSA 99 serves as a pH adjuster and catalyst in adhesive formulations, contributing to the curing and bonding properties of adhesives.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed in the production of specialty chemicals, where its acidic nature and catalytic properties play a vital role.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be utilized as an additive in cleaning products, helping to remove mineral deposits, rust, and stains from various surfaces.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed in the oil and gas industry as an acidizing agent to enhance well productivity by dissolving formation damage and improving fluid flow.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the synthesis of agrochemicals, aiding in the production of pesticides and herbicides for agricultural applications.
TIB KAT MSA 99 serves as a catalyst in the production of resins, facilitating polymerization reactions and enhancing the properties of the resulting resins.

TIB KAT MSA 99 finds application in the formulation of electrolytes for batteries, contributing to their performance and stability.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in the production of specialty solvents, where it assists in dissolving and extracting specific compounds.

TIB KAT MSA 99 can be employed in the synthesis of surfactants, contributing to their production and performance as surface-active agents.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the formulation of metalworking fluids to improve their lubricating and cooling properties.
TIB KAT MSA 99 finds application in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors to protect metals from degradation and extend their lifespan.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in the production of catalysts and catalytic systems for various chemical processes and industrial applications.
TIB KAT MSA 99 serves as a key component in the formulation of specialty inks, enabling high-quality printing in industries such as packaging and textiles.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed in the synthesis of specialty polymers, contributing to their molecular structure and properties.
It finds application in the formulation of agricultural fertilizers, aiding in nutrient delivery and availability to plants.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the production of corrosion-resistant coatings for metals and alloys.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used in the formulation of heat transfer fluids for efficient heat exchange in industrial processes.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed in the production of catalysts for hydrogenation, oxidation, and other important chemical reactions.
TIB KAT MSA 99 finds application in the formulation of personal care products, where it serves as a pH adjuster and catalyst in hair care and skin care formulations.


TIB KAT MSA 99, which is a methanesulfonic acid with a purity of 99%, has a range of applications in various industries.
Here are some common applications of TIB KAT MSA 99:

Chemical Industry:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used as a catalyst in a variety of chemical reactions, including esterification, condensation, and polymerization processes.
TIB KAT MSA 99 promotes reaction efficiency and enhances product yields.

Electroplating:
TIB KAT MSA 99 finds application in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can improve the quality and adherence of metal coatings during the electroplating process.

Organic Synthesis:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in organic synthesis for the production of various organic compounds, including pharmaceutical intermediates, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals.

Pharmaceutical Industry:
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be employed as an additive in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance stability, solubility, and bioavailability of active ingredients.
TIB KAT MSA 99 also serves as a catalyst in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.

Dyes and Pigments:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in the production of dyes and pigments as a catalyst and pH adjuster.
TIB KAT MSA 99 assists in the formation and modification of colorants.

Polymer Industry:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is employed as a polymerization catalyst and additive in the production of various polymers and plastics.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can influence the molecular weight, chain structure, and properties of the resulting polymers.

Cleaning Products:
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be found in cleaning formulations as an acidic component.
TIB KAT MSA 99 aids in the removal of mineral deposits, rust, and stains due to its strong acidic properties.

Oil and Gas Industry:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in the oil and gas sector as an acidizing agent to treat wells and enhance productivity.
TIB KAT MSA 99 helps in dissolving mineral deposits and improving fluid flow in reservoirs.

Adhesive Industry:
TIB KAT MSA 99 serves as a catalyst and pH adjuster in adhesive formulations.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can aid in the curing and crosslinking of adhesives for improved bonding properties.

Battery Manufacturing:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is utilized in the production of batteries, particularly for pH adjustment and electrolyte formulation in certain battery chemistries.



DESCRIPTION


TIB KAT MSA 99 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used as a catalyst and additive.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is miscible in water at all concentrations.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Chemical Formula: CH3SO3H
Molecular Weight: Approximately 96.1 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Characteristic odor
Density: About 1.48 g/cm3
Boiling Point: Approximately 167 °C (332.6 °F)
Melting Point: Approximately -20 °C (-4 °F)
Solubility: Miscible in water at all concentrations
Vapor Pressure: Low vapor pressure at room temperature


Chemical Properties:

Acidity: TIB KAT MSA 99 is a strong acid and exhibits strong acidic properties.
Reactivity: It is reactive with various organic and inorganic compounds.
Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions.
Hygroscopicity: TIB KAT MSA 99 has hygroscopic properties, meaning it can absorb moisture from the environment.
Miscibility: It is miscible with many organic solvents and water.


Safety Properties:

Corrosiveness: TIB KAT MSA 99 is corrosive to metals and can cause burns to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system upon direct contact or inhalation.
Toxicity: It is harmful if swallowed, and prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse health effects.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Upon heating or in the presence of strong oxidizing agents, TIB KAT MSA 99 may release toxic fumes, such as sulfur dioxide.
Flammability: TIB KAT MSA 99 is not flammable, but it can promote the combustion of other substances.


Other Properties:

Catalyst: TIB KAT MSA 99 acts as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, promoting reaction efficiency and enhancing product yields.
pH Adjustment: It can be used to adjust the pH of solutions due to its strong acidic nature.
Versatility: TIB KAT MSA 99 is versatile and finds application in a wide range of industries and chemical processes.
Compatibility: It is compatible with many other chemicals, allowing for easy integration into various formulations.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If TIB KAT MSA 99 is inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention promptly.
Keep the person calm and at rest.


Skin Contact:

Quickly and gently remove any contaminated clothing or shoes while avoiding skin contact.
Rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring thorough removal of the acid.
If irritation or burns occur, seek medical attention immediately.
Promptly remove any contaminated clothing or jewelry to prevent further exposure.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the affected eye(s) gently with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable during rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if initial symptoms are mild.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water if the person is conscious and able to swallow.
Provide the affected person with small sips of water to drink if they are fully conscious and not experiencing convulsions.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Do not delay.


General First Aid Measures:

In all cases of exposure, whether through inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, or ingestion, it is important to seek immediate medical attention and provide the medical personnel with information on the substance involved.
If medical attention is required, bring the safety data sheet or product label with you to assist medical professionals in providing appropriate treatment.
While awaiting medical attention, keep the affected person under observation and monitor vital signs.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing, when handling TIB KAT MSA 99.
Use respiratory protection, such as a respirator with acid gas cartridges, if there is a risk of exposure to vapors or mists.

Ventilation:
Ensure proper ventilation in the handling area to minimize the accumulation of vapors or mists.
If working in an enclosed space, use local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection to control exposure levels.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Avoid direct contact with TIB KAT MSA 99 by taking necessary precautions.
Do not taste or smell the substance, as it may cause harm.
Prevent any splashes or spills, and handle the substance with care to minimize the risk of contact with skin, eyes, or clothing.

Mixing and Dilution:
When diluting or mixing TIB KAT MSA 99, always add the acid to water slowly and in small quantities, stirring continuously.
Never add water to the acid, as it can cause violent reactions and splattering.

Handling Tools and Equipment:
Use appropriate tools and equipment, such as chemical-resistant containers, pumps, or dispensing devices, for transferring or handling TIB KAT MSA 99.
Ensure that the equipment is compatible with the substance to prevent leaks or chemical reactions.


Storage Conditions:

Storage Area:
Store TIB KAT MSA 99 in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible substances.
Provide secondary containment, such as spill trays or bunds, to contain any potential spills or leaks.

Temperature and Humidity:
Maintain storage temperatures between recommended ranges to prevent degradation or hazardous reactions.
Avoid high humidity conditions, as it can lead to moisture absorption by the substance.

Container:
Store TIB KAT MSA 99 in tightly closed, properly labeled containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass.
Ensure containers are in good condition without any damage or leaks.

Separation:
Store TIB KAT MSA 99 away from reactive materials, oxidizing agents, and flammable substances to prevent potential reactions or fire hazards.
Separate from food, beverages, and feedstuffs.

Fire Safety:
Keep the storage area well-equipped with appropriate fire-fighting equipment, such as fire extinguishers suitable for extinguishing chemical fires.
Adhere to local regulations and guidelines for storing flammable or hazardous substances.



SYNONYMS


Methanesulfonic acid 99
MSA 99
Methanesulphonic acid 99
Methylsulfonic acid 99
Methylsulphonic acid 99
Methane sulfonic acid 99
Methane sulphonic acid 99
MSA 99% solution
Methanesulfonic acid solution (99%)
Methylsulfonic acid solution (99%)
Methane sulfonic acid solution (99%)
Methanesulphonic acid solution (99%)
Methylsulphonic acid solution (99%)
Methanesulfonic acid pure grade
MSA pure grade
Methanesulphonic acid pure grade
Methylsulfonic acid pure grade
Methylsulphonic acid pure grade
Methane sulfonic acid pure grade
Methane sulphonic acid pure grade
MSA 99% technical grade
Methanesulfonic acid technical grade
MSA 99% industrial grade
Methanesulfonic acid industrial grade
MSA 99% laboratory grade
Methane acid 99
Methyl sulfonic acid 99
Methane sulphonic acid 99
Methanesulfonate 99
Methylsulfonate 99
Methanesulfonic acid monohydrate 99
MSA 99% liquid
Methane sulfonic acid monohydrate 99
Methylsulfonic acid monohydrate 99
Methane sulphonic acid monohydrate 99
Methanesulfonic acid anhydrous 99
MSA 99% analytical grade
Methane sulfonic acid anhydrous 99
Methylsulfonic acid anhydrous 99
Methane sulphonic acid anhydrous 99
Methanesulfonic acid concentrate (99%)
MSA 99% pure
Methane sulfonic acid concentrate (99%)
Methylsulfonic acid concentrate (99%)
Methane sulphonic acid concentrate (99%)
Methanesulfonic acid technical grade (99%)
MSA 99% reagent grade
Methanesulfonic acid 99% stabilized
MSA 99% pharmaceutical grade
Methanesulfonic acid 99% for synthesis
TIB KAT MSA 99

DESCRIPTION:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

CAS: 301-10-0

TIB KAT MSA 99 Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT MSA 99 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT MSA 99 is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT MSA 99 possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT MSA 99 also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT MSA 99 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT MSA 99 to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT MSA 99 shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT MSA 99 acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT MSA 99 Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT MSA 99 has High purity.
TIB KAT MSA 99 has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT MSA 99 has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT MSA 99 has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT MSA 99 is available.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT MSA 99 has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Coatings

TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Composites
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Construction
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Industrial

TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Rubber
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT MSA 99 makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT MSA 99 can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT MSA 99 it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT MSA 99 is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT MSA 99 from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT MSA 99 is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT MSA 99 is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT MSA 99 minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT MSA 99:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT MSA 99 can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT MSA 99:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5



TIB KAT P 129
DESCRIPTION:

TIB KAT P 129 is used in paints and coatings.
TIB KAT P 129 is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT P 129 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.

CAS: 301-10-0


TIB KAT P 129 is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT P 129 is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT P 129:
TIB KAT P 129 is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT P 129 is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT P 129 has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT P 129 is available.
TIB KAT P 129 is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT P 129 has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.


FEATURES OF TIB KAT P 129:
TIB KAT P 129 is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT P 129 is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT P 129 is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT P 129 has High purity.
TIB KAT P 129 has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT P 129 has No use of conflict minerals.


USES OF TIB KAT P 129:
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Coatings

TIB KAT P 129 is used in Composites
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Construction
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Industrial

TIB KAT P 129 is used in Rubber
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT P 129 can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT P 129 can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT P 129 can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT P 129 can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT P 129 is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT P 129 makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT P 129 can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT P 129 can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT P 129 it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT P 129 is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT P 129 from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.




APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT P 129:
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT P 129 is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT P 129 is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT P 129:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT P 129 can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT P 129:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5
TIB KAT P 216
TIB KAT P 216 is a dry blend version of TIB KAT 216 on a special silica carrier.
TIB KAT P 216 is supplied as a white, light, free flowing powder without any tackiness.
TIB KAT P 216 may be important to note that this product is sensitive to frost.

CAS: 3648-18-8
MF: C40H80O4Sn
MW: 743.77
EINECS: 222-883-3

TIB KAT P 216 is used as a versatile catalyst for the cross-linking of polymers in esterification and transesterification reactions as well as in polycondensation reactions in the production of thermoplastic polymers, adhesives and sealants, coatings, paints and thinners as well as paint removers.

TIB KAT P 216 is a reactive synthetic molecule that is used as a sealant.
TIB KAT P 216 has been shown to have high resistance against water vapor and light exposure, as well as being able to form a polymeric matrix with calcium stearate.
TIB KAT P 216 can be used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products due to its ability to inhibit the process of polymerization.
TIB KAT P 216 can also be used in the manufacture of zirconium oxide-based composites for use in biomedical applications, where it may function as a fatty acid and hydroxyl group-containing additive.

TIB KAT P 216 is an organotin compound that is widely used in a variety of applications.
TIB KAT P 216 is a derivative of dioctyltin (DOT) and is composed of two lauroyloxy groups connected to a central dioctyltin atom.
TIB KAT P 216 is used in many industries, including the medical and cosmetic industries, as a stabilizer, plasticizer, and preservative.
TIB KAT P 216 is also used as a biocide in the marine industry and as a flame retardant in the textile industry.
In addition, TIB KAT P 216 has been studied for its potential applications in the field of biotechnology, such as its use in gene expression and gene delivery.

TIB KAT P 216 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 17-18°C
Boiling point: 647.5±24.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 0,998 g/cm3
Vapor pressure: 0.002Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.4700
Fp: 70°C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Chloroform, Methanol (Slightly)
Form: Oil
Color: Colourless
Specific Gravity: 0.998
Water Solubility: 15.2μg/L at 20℃
LogP: 9.26
CAS DataBase Reference: 3648-18-8
EPA Substance Registry System: TIB KAT P 216 (3648-18-8)

Uses
TIB KAT P 216 is an organo-tin fatty acid with anti-proliferative properties.
TIB KAT P 216 has also been used as a catalyst in the preparation of polymer hydrogels with tunable stiffness and toughness which mimic the extracellular matrix, and as an initiator in the polymerization of formaldehyde.

Synthesis Method
TIB KAT P 216 is synthesized through a two-step process.
In the first step, lauroyl chloride is reacted with TIB KAT P 216 in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
The resulting product is a lauroyloxy-dioctyltin intermediate, which is then reacted with a second equivalent of lauroyl chloride to form TIB KAT P 216.
The reaction is usually carried out in an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen, and at a temperature of about 100°C.

Synonyms
Bis(Lauroyloxy)Dioctyltin
3648-18-8
Dioctyltin dilaurate
Dioctyldilauryltin
Di-n-octyltin dilaurate
Stannane, dioctylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-
Tin, dioctyl-, dilaurate
[dodecanoyloxy(dioctyl)stannyl] dodecanoate
Bis(lauroyloxy)dioctylstannane
C40H80O4Sn
Stannane, didodecanoyloxydioctyl-
Stannane, dioctyldidodecanoyloxy-
Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dioctyl-
Stannane, dioctylbis(lauroyloxy)-
Di-n-octyl-zinn dilaurat [German]
Di-n-octyl-zinn dilaurat
EINECS 222-883-3
Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)dioctyl-
UNII-B4FA5Z1BK4
BRN 4043424
Stannane, dioctylbis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-
Stannane, dioctyldi(lauroyloxy)-
EC 222-883-3
Dioctyldilauryltin 95%
DI-N-OCTYLTINDILAURATE
DTXSID5052044
Bis(dodecanoyloxy)(dioctyl)stannane
MFCD00026557
AKOS015839846
dioctylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-stannane
AS-58400
LS-146543
FT-0625210
(DODECANOYLOXY)DIOCTYLSTANNYL DODECANOATE
A823270
Q22829488
TIB KAT S40
DESCRIPTION:
TIB KAT S40 is Sodium sulfosuccinic acid.
TIB KAT S40 Possesses enhancement of hydrophilicity of the resin.
TIB KAT S40 Offers better dispersibility of the resin in water.

CAS: 77-58-7

TIB KAT S40 is a catalyst for esterification reactions.
TIB KAT S40 is especially suitable due to its low volatility at high temperatures and high vacuum.
TIB KAT S40 is miscible in water at all concentrations and is practically odorless.


TIB KAT S40 is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and selected amine components to form a blocked acid catalyst.
TIB KAT S40 helps provide high efficiency in crosslinking of baking enamels and provides a longer pot life compared to TIB KAT MSA.


TIB KAT S40 is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and a phosphorous compound.
TIB KAT S40 is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
In general terms, the use of TIB KAT S40 leads to products with significantly lighter colour values than using pure methane sulfonic acid, other sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid.


TIB KAT S40 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT S40 is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT S40 is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

TIB KAT S40 Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT S40 is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT S40 is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT S40 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S40 is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT S40 is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT S40 possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT S40 also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT S40 is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT S40 is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT S40 is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT S40 is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT S40 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S40 is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT S40 is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT S40 is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT S40 is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT S40 to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT S40 shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT S40 acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S40 is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT S40 Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT S40 is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT S40:
TIB KAT S40 is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT S40 is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT S40 is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT S40 has High purity.
TIB KAT S40 has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT S40 has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT S40:
TIB KAT S40 is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT S40 is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT S40 has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT S40 is available.
TIB KAT S40 is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT S40 has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT S40:
TIB KAT S40 is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT S40 is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT S40 is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT S40 is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT S40 is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT S40:
TIB KAT S40 is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT S40 is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT S40 is used in Coatings

TIB KAT S40 is used in Composites
TIB KAT S40 is used in Construction
TIB KAT S40 is used in Industrial

TIB KAT S40 is used in Rubber
TIB KAT S40 is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT S40 is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT S40 can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT S40 can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT S40 can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT S40 can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT S40 is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT S40 makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT S40 can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT S40 can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT S40 it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT S40 is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT S40 from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT S40 is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT S40 is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT S40 is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT S40 minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT S40:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT S40 can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT S40:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5


TIB KAT S70
DESCRIPTION:
TIB KAT S70 is Sodium sulfosuccinic acid.
TIB KAT S70 Possesses enhancement of hydrophilicity of the resin.
TIB KAT S70 Offers better dispersibility of the resin in water.

CAS: 5138-18-1
TIB KAT S70 is a catalyst for esterification reactions.
TIB KAT S70 is especially suitable due to its low volatility at high temperatures and high vacuum.
TIB KAT S70 is miscible in water at all concentrations and is practically odorless.


TIB KAT S70 is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and selected amine components to form a blocked acid catalyst.
TIB KAT S70 helps provide high efficiency in crosslinking of baking enamels and provides a longer pot life compared to TIB KAT MSA.


TIB KAT S70 is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and a phosphorous compound.
TIB KAT S70is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
In general terms, the use of TIB KAT S70 leads to products with significantly lighter colour values than using pure methane sulfonic acid, other sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid.


TIB KAT S70 is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT S70 is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT S70 is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

TIB KAT S70 Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT S70 is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT S70 is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT S70 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S70 is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT S70 is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT S70 possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT S70 also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT S70 is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT S70 is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT S70 is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT S70 is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT S70 Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S70 is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT S70 is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT S70 is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT S70 is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT S70 to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT S70 shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT S70 acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT S70 is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT S70 Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT S70 is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT S70:
TIB KAT S70 is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT S70 is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT S70 is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT S70 has High purity.
TIB KAT S70 has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT S70 has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT S70:
TIB KAT S70 is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT S70 is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT S70 has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT S70 is available.
TIB KAT S70 is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT S70 has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT S70:
TIB KAT S70 is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT S70 is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT S70 is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT S70 is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT S70 is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT S70:
TIB KAT S70 is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT S70 is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT S70 is used in Coatings

TIB KAT S70 is used in Composites
TIB KAT S70 is used in Construction
TIB KAT S70 is used in Industrial

TIB KAT S70 is used in Rubber
TIB KAT S70 is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT S70 is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT S70 can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT S70 can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT S70 can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT S70 can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT S70 is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT S70 makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT S70 can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT S70 can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT S70 it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT S70 is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT S70 from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT S70 is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT S70 is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT S70 is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT S70 minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT S70:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT S70 can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT S70:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 5138-18-1
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5



TIB KAT S70
TIB KAT S70 is a 70% clear, aqueous solution of sulphosuccinic acid.
TIB KAT S70 is an aqueous solution of sulpho succinic acid.


CAS Number: 5138-18-1


TIB KAT S70 shows high stability against thermal and oxidative decomposition.
TIB KAT S70 is a 70% clear, aqueous solution of sulphosuccinic acid.
As a result of its high acidic strength combined with a low molecular weight, TIB KAT S70 is an excellent catalyst for esterification reactions.


TIB KAT S70 is an aqueous solution of sulpho succinic acid.
TIB KAT S70's range of organometallic catalysts are primarily based around tin, bismuth, zinc and aluminium chemistry although there are other products available.


These catalysts are widely used in the catalysis of polyurethanes, silane-terminated polymers (STP)/silane-modifed polymers(SMP), esterification/transesterification, amidisation and in the synthesis of alkyd and polyester resins.
Typical application areas in the CASE industry sector i.e. coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers.
Industrial organic synthesis is the other primary use case.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TIB KAT S70:
TIB KAT S70 is used as a catalyst for esterification reactions.
TIB KAT S70 is used Esters of fatty acids, Esters of acrylic acid, Esters for cosmetics.


-Typical Applications of TIB KAT S70:
*Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
*Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.
*Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
*Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
*Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.


-TIB KAT S70 is used in:
*Adhesives & Sealants
*Catalysts & Adsorbents
*Coatings
*Composites
*Construction
*Industrial
*Rubber
*Thermoplastic Compounds
*Thermoset



FEATURES OF TIB KAT S70:
*Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
*Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
*Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.
*High purity.
*Different physical forms available for some grades.
*No use of conflict minerals.



BENEFITS OF TIB KAT S70:
*Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
*Very active or delayed reaction possible.
*Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.
*Toxicologically inert grades available.
*Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
*Low discolouration of the finished system possible.



FIRST AID MEASURES of TIB KAT S70:
-Description of first-aid measures:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TIB KAT S70:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TIB KAT S70:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TIB KAT S70:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TIB KAT S70:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TIB KAT S70:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

TIB KAT SP

TIB KAT SP is a specialized chemical known for its unique modifications and enhanced properties.
TIB KAT SP is designed to offer improved performance and versatility in various applications.
TIB KAT SP is formulated based on the principles of methane sulfonic acid and undergoes specific modifications to enhance its effectiveness in specific processes.
TIB KAT SP is carefully developed and manufactured under stringent quality control measures to ensure consistency and reliability.



APPLICATIONS


Here are some potential applications for TIB KAT SP:

Chemical synthesis:
TIB KAT SP can be employed as a catalyst or additive in various chemical synthesis reactions, including esterifications, acylations, and alkylations.

Pharmaceutical industry:
TIB KAT SP may find utility in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, aiding in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or intermediates.

Fine chemicals:
TIB KAT SP can be used in the production of specialty chemicals, such as dyes, pigments, and flavors, where its modified properties contribute to enhanced product quality.

Polymer industry:
TIB KAT SP might serve as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, facilitating the synthesis of specialized polymers with tailored properties.

Organic transformations:
TIB KAT SP's catalytic capabilities can enable complex organic transformations, such as carbon-carbon bond formations or functional group modifications.

Petrochemical refining:
TIB KAT SP could potentially be utilized in certain refining processes, aiding in the purification or modification of petroleum-derived products.

Electroplating industry:
TIB KAT SP might serve as an additive in electroplating baths, improving the deposition quality and enhancing the adhesion of plated layers.

Specialty coatings:
TIB KAT SP could find application in the formulation of specialty coatings, providing enhanced properties such as adhesion, corrosion resistance, or chemical resistance.

Research and development:
TIB KAT SP may be employed in laboratories as a versatile catalyst to explore new reaction pathways or develop novel chemical processes.

Industrial manufacturing:
TIB KAT SP's modified properties make it suitable for use in various industrial manufacturing processes, where catalytic efficiency and product quality are paramount.


TIB KAT SP is widely utilized as a catalyst in esterification reactions, enabling efficient production of esters for applications in the fragrance, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries.
In the polymer industry, TIB KAT SP plays a crucial role as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, facilitating the synthesis of high-quality polymers with tailored properties.
TIB KAT SP finds application in the synthesis of specialty chemicals, such as dyes, pigments, and specialty solvents, where its modified properties contribute to enhanced product characteristics.

As an additive in electroplating baths, TIB KAT SP enhances the plating quality and promotes uniform deposition, resulting in high-quality, durable metal coatings.
TIB KAT SP is utilized in the production of specialty coatings, including corrosion-resistant coatings, high-performance paints, and protective surface treatments.

In the pharmaceutical industry, TIB KAT SP serves as a versatile catalyst in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
TIB KAT SP finds application in organic transformations, facilitating key reactions such as carbon-carbon bond formations, functional group modifications, and selective conversions.

The modified properties of TIB KAT SP make it suitable for use in fuel additives, where it improves combustion efficiency and reduces harmful emissions.
TIB KAT SP is employed as a catalyst in the production of specialty resins, enabling the synthesis of resins with unique properties for applications in adhesives, coatings, and composites.
In the petrochemical industry, TIB KAT SP aids in the refining and purification processes of petroleum-derived products, ensuring high-quality outputs.

TIB KAT SP finds application in the production of specialty detergents and surfactants, contributing to improved cleaning performance and enhanced product stability.
TIB KAT SP is utilized in the manufacturing of specialty inks, facilitating the dispersion of pigments, enhancing color intensity, and improving print quality.

As a catalyst in the production of fine chemicals, TIB KAT SP enables the synthesis of complex molecules with high purity and selectivity.
TIB KAT SP plays a vital role in the production of specialty adhesives and sealants, promoting strong and durable bonds across a wide range of substrates.

TIB KAT SP finds application in the formulation of specialty lubricants and additives, enhancing lubricity, reducing friction, and improving wear resistance.
In the agricultural industry, TIB KAT SP is employed as a catalyst or additive in the synthesis of agrochemicals, contributing to the development of effective crop protection agents.
TIB KAT SP is utilized in the production of specialty surfactants, enhancing emulsification, foaming, and wetting properties for applications in personal care, household, and industrial products.

In the textile industry, TIB KAT SP aids in the dyeing and printing processes, improving color fastness, dye penetration, and overall dyeing efficiency.
TIB KAT SP finds application in the synthesis of specialty flavors and fragrances, contributing to the development of unique sensory experiences in food, beverages, and personal care products.

As a catalyst in chemical research and development, TIB KAT SP enables the exploration of new reaction pathways and the development of innovative synthetic methodologies.
TIB KAT SP plays a vital role in the production of specialty resins used in 3D printing, ensuring precise curing, improved material properties, and dimensional stability.
In the production of specialty glass and ceramics, TIB KAT SP serves as a catalyst, facilitating controlled reactions



DESCRIPTION


TIB KAT SP is a specialized chemical known for its unique modifications and enhanced properties.
TIB KAT SP is designed to offer improved performance and versatility in various applications.

TIB KAT SP is formulated based on the principles of methane sulfonic acid and undergoes specific modifications to enhance its effectiveness in specific processes.
TIB KAT SP is carefully developed and manufactured under stringent quality control measures to ensure consistency and reliability.

TIB KAT SP exhibits excellent catalytic properties, making it a valuable component in various chemical reactions.
Its modified structure enhances its stability and reactivity, allowing for more efficient processes and higher yields.
TIB KAT SP can be used as a catalyst or additive in industries such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, and specialty chemicals.

Its modified properties make it particularly suitable for specific reactions where traditional catalysts may not deliver optimal results.
TIB KAT SP is typically provided in a concentrated form, ensuring ease of handling and storage.

TIB KAT SP is a cutting-edge chemical, offering exceptional performance and versatility.
With its unique modifications, TIB KAT SP sets new standards in catalytic efficiency and reaction control.
The carefully crafted composition of TIB KAT SP enhances its stability and reactivity, leading to improved yields and selectivity.

TIB KAT SP is renowned for its compatibility with a wide range of substrates, making it suitable for diverse applications.
TIB KAT SP exhibits excellent solubility and dispersibility, ensuring efficient mixing and homogeneous reactions.

TIB KAT SP acts as a powerful catalyst, accelerating chemical reactions while maintaining high product quality.
Its modified structure imparts enhanced thermal stability, allowing for higher temperature processes and extended reaction times.

TIB KAT SP demonstrates superior selectivity, facilitating the production of specific target compounds with minimal byproducts.
The controlled reactivity of TIB KAT SP enables precise control over reaction kinetics, resulting in improved process efficiency.
With its exceptional purity, TIB KAT SP ensures minimal impurities or contaminants that could adversely affect product quality.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Molecular Weight: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Physical State: Liquid
Appearance: Clear or colorless
Odor: Odorless or mild characteristic odor
Solubility: Miscible in water and many organic solvents
Density: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
pH Level: Typically acidic
Boiling Point: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Melting Point: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Flash Point: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Vapor Pressure: Low to moderate
Viscosity: Variable, depending on the specific modification of TIB KAT SP
Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions
Reactivity: May react with strong oxidizing agents or reactive metals
Flammability: Non-flammable
Toxicity: Low to moderate toxicity, depending on concentration and exposure
Corrosivity: May cause corrosion in certain metals and materials
Hygroscopicity: Generally non-hygroscopic
Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen or seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration and seek medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes.
Use mild soap if available, but avoid using harsh chemicals or solvents.
If irritation persists or burns develop, seek medical advice and provide the medical professional with detailed information about the product.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids occasionally to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses, if applicable, after the initial rinse.
Seek immediate medical attention and provide relevant product information to the healthcare professional.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water without swallowing.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the medical professional with detailed information about the product and the amount ingested.


Note:

It is crucial to promptly seek medical advice and provide accurate information about the product in all cases of exposure or if adverse symptoms occur.


General Precautions:

Keep the affected person calm and provide reassurance.
Ensure that medical personnel have access to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or other relevant product information.
Avoid unnecessary exposure to TIB KAT SP and prevent further contact with the skin, eyes, and clothing until guidance from medical professionals is obtained.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing, to minimize direct contact with TIB KAT SP.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area to prevent the buildup of vapors or fumes.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary.

Avoid Ingestion and Inhalation:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling TIB KAT SP.
Avoid inhalation of vapors or mists.
Use a fume hood or respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate.

Prevent Skin and Eye Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact with TIB KAT SP.
In case of accidental contact, promptly wash the affected area with water and remove contaminated clothing.
Wear suitable eye protection, such as safety goggles, to protect against splashes.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In case of spills or leaks, contain the substance and prevent it from entering drains, water sources, or soil.
Absorb the spilled material with inert absorbents, such as sand or vermiculite, and dispose of it properly according to local regulations.


Storage:

Compatibility:
Store TIB KAT SP away from incompatible substances, including strong oxidizing agents and reactive metals, to prevent hazardous reactions.

Temperature:
Store TIB KAT SP in a cool area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources, as elevated temperatures may affect its stability and properties.

Packaging:
Keep TIB KAT SP in its original tightly closed container to prevent contamination and ensure product integrity.

Labeling:
Clearly label the storage containers with the product name, composition, and any hazard symbols or warnings in accordance with local regulations.

Secure Storage:
Store TIB KAT SP in a secure area that is inaccessible to unauthorized personnel, especially children and pets.

Fire Safety:
Keep the storage area well-protected against fire risks, following standard fire prevention measures and regulations for storing hazardous substances.

Handling Precautions:
Follow good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling TIB KAT SP and before eating, drinking, or smoking.

Storage Conditions:
Store TIB KAT SP in a dry and well-ventilated area, away from moisture and sources of ignition.
TIB KAT SP
DESCRIPTION:

TIB KAT SP is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and a phosphorous compound.
TIB KAT SP is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
In general terms, the use of TIB KAT SP leads to products with significantly lighter colour values than using pure methane sulfonic acid, other sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid.


CAS: 75-75-2


TIB KAT SP is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT SP is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT SP is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

TIB KAT SP Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT SP is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT SP is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT SP Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SP is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT SP is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT SP possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT SP also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT SP is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT SP is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT SP is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT SP is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT SP Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SP is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT SP is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT SP is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT SP is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT SP to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT SP shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT SP acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SP is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT SP Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT SP is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT SP:
TIB KAT SP is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT SP is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT SP is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT SP has High purity.
TIB KAT SP has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT SP has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT SP:
TIB KAT SP is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT SP is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT SP has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT SP is available.
TIB KAT SP is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT SP has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT SP:
TIB KAT SP is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT SP is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT SP is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT SP is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT SP is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT SP:
TIB KAT SP is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT SP is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT SP is used in Coatings

TIB KAT SP is used in Composites
TIB KAT SP is used in Construction
TIB KAT SP is used in Industrial

TIB KAT SP is used in Rubber
TIB KAT SP is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT SP is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT SP can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT SP can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT SP can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT SP can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT SP is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT SP makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT SP can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT SP can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT SP it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT SP is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT SP from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT SP is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT SP is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT SP is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT SP minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT SP:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT SP can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT SP:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5



TIB KAT SSSA
DESCRIPTION:
TIB KAT SSSA is Sodium sulfosuccinic acid.
TIB KAT SSSA Possesses enhancement of hydrophilicity of the resin.
TIB KAT SSSA Offers better dispersibility of the resin in water.

CAS: 77-58-7

TIB KAT SSSA is a catalyst for esterification reactions.
TIB KAT SSSA is especially suitable due to its low volatility at high temperatures and high vacuum.
TIB KAT SSSA is miscible in water at all concentrations and is practically odorless.


TIB KAT SSSA is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and selected amine components to form a blocked acid catalyst.
TIB KAT SSSA helps provide high efficiency in crosslinking of baking enamels and provides a longer pot life compared to TIB KAT MSA.


TIB KAT SSSA is a formulation based on methane sulfonic acid and a phosphorous compound.
TIB KAT SSSA is an excellent catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
In general terms, the use of TIB KAT SSSA leads to products with significantly lighter colour values than using pure methane sulfonic acid, other sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid.


TIB KAT SSSA is a methanesulfonic acid that can be used in the chemical industry as a catalyst and additive and in the electroplating industry as a plating bath additive.
TIB KAT SSSA is miscible in water at all concentrations.
TIB KAT SSSA is a 70% solution of methane sulfonic acid.

TIB KAT SSSA Acts as a very good catalyst providing high efficiency in esterification reactions.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in coatings and paints.

TIB KAT SSSA is a stannous octoate grade.
TIB KAT SSSA Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in paints and coatings.


TIB KAT SSSA is a catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT SSSA possesses a high level of catalytic activity which leads to almost complete conversions with short reaction times at higher reaction temperatures (> 160°C).
TIB KAT SSSA also enables the production of light-coloured esters.
Secondary reactions do hardly occur in comparison to acidic catalysts.

TIB KAT SSSA is a stannous oxalate.
TIB KAT SSSA is an inorganic tin catalyst that is used in the production of organic esters and plasticizers.
TIB KAT SSSA is also used in paints and coatings.

TIB KAT SSSA is an anhydrous stannous chloride.
TIB KAT SSSA Acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SSSA is designed for coatings and paints.

TIB KAT SSSA is a liquid catalyst that distributes well in reactants.
TIB KAT SSSA is used for esterifications in oleochemistry, catalysis or polyurethane systems, curing of silicone resins and silanes and for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.

TIB KAT SSSA is a free-flowing, dry, stable tin(II) oxide which has excellent catalytic properties as an esterification catalyst.
The quantities of TIB KAT SSSA to be added for esterification are generally between 0.01 and 0.10 wt.-%.
TIB KAT SSSA shows the highest catalytic activity at reaction temperatures between 180 - 260°C.

TIB KAT SSSA acts as an inorganic tin catalyst.
TIB KAT SSSA is a stannous oxide grade.
TIB KAT SSSA Possesses very good catalytic properties.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in paints and coatings.

FEATURES OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA is Organometallic catalysts based on tin, bismuth, zinc, aluminium, zirconium, copper, cerium, titanium, potassium and iron.
TIB KAT SSSA is Inorganic catalysts based primarily on tin and bismuth.
TIB KAT SSSA is Sulfonic acid catalysts also available.

TIB KAT SSSA has High purity.
TIB KAT SSSA has Different physical forms available for some grades.
TIB KAT SSSA has No use of conflict minerals.


BENEFITS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA is Selective catalysis possible with minimal side products.
TIB KAT SSSA is Very active or delayed reaction possible.
TIB KAT SSSA has Low temperature or high temperature activation (latent) possible.

Toxicologically inert grades of TIB KAT SSSA is available.
TIB KAT SSSA is Non-tin based catalysts available where use of tin is an issue.
TIB KAT SSSA has Low discolouration of the finished system possible.

APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Oleochemistry - esterification and transesterification.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Catalysis of polyurethane-based coatings, adhesives and sealants.

TIB KAT SSSA is used in Cross-linking of silane-modified polymers, particularly popular in new generation sealants.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Catalysis of PVC and thermoplastics, in particular XLPE.
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Synthesis of alkyd resins, polyesters and unsaturated polyesters.

USES OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Adhesives & Sealants
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Catalysts & Adsorbents
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Coatings

TIB KAT SSSA is used in Composites
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Construction
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Industrial

TIB KAT SSSA is used in Rubber
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Thermoplastic Compounds
TIB KAT SSSA is used in Thermoset

TIB KAT SSSA can be used for esterifications in oleochemistry
TIB KAT SSSA can be used for catalysis of polyurethane systems
TIB KAT SSSA can be used for curing of silicone resins and silanes

TIB KAT SSSA can be used for polymerisation of lactones to biodegradable polymers.
TIB KAT SSSA is a liquid catalyst, which distributes well in the reactant.

Furthermore, TIB KAT SSSA makes an easy proportioning during the running reaction possible.
TIB KAT SSSA can be added to the reactants either as it is or blended with alcohols.
In esterifications, TIB KAT SSSA can be used at a temperature > 160 °C.

With TIB KAT SSSA it is possible to obtain light, clear products.
In general, TIB KAT SSSA is used in concentrations of between 0.01 - 0.20 %.
The removal of TIB KAT SSSA from esters is apart from chemical methods, as e. g. by hydrolysis or oxidation, also possible by adsorption with TIB TINEX® -products.



TIB KAT SSSA is a catalyst that is used in the production of polyesters and oleochemical-based esters.
TIB KAT SSSA is also used as an activator in the production of elastomers.
TIB KAT SSSA is soluble in water and a number of non-aqueous polar solvents.
During the esterification process, TIB KAT SSSA minimises the dehydration of alcohols and avoids odours and discolouration of the products which can be formed by possible by- products.





SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TIB KAT SSSA:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

Storage:
TIB KAT SSSA can be stored for at least one year if kept closed in the original packaging.
Packaging:
25 kg plastic drum, other packaging size available upon request.

Special advice for security:
Information concerning:
classification and labelling according to the regulations governing transport and hazardous chemicals
protective measures for storage and handling
safety measures in case of accident and fire
toxicity and ecological effects

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB KAT SSSA:
Chemical formula Sn(OOCC7H15)2
CAS No. 301-10-0
Molecular weight 405.1 g/mol
State of aggregation liquid
Melting point ≥ - 25°C
Total tin content 28 - 29.3 %
Tin (II) content ≥ 26.9 %
Density (20°C) 1.23 - 1.27 g/cm3
Viscosity 270 - 430 mPa*s
Colour (Gardner) ≤ 5


TIB KAT SSSA
TIB KAT SSSA is a succinic acid derivative.
TIB KAT SSSA possesses enhancement of hydrophilicity of the resin.
TIB KAT SSSA offers better dispersibility of the resin in water.


CAS Number: 29454-16-8
Alternate CAS Number: Free Acid: 5138-18-1
Molecular FormulaC₄H₅NaO₇S


TIB KAT SSSA is a detergent composition that has been shown to have antioxidative properties and is biocompatible.
TIB KAT SSSA is a derivative of succinic acid.


TIB KAT SSSA, commonly referred to as sodium 2-sulphonatosuccinate, is a naturally occurring compound that is found in the human body and has been used in laboratory experiments for many years.
TIB KAT SSSA is an important compound for understanding the biochemical and physiological effects of various substances.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA has been used in the treatment of geriatric patients with chronic kidney disease.
TIB KAT SSSA has also been used as an analytical reagent for the determination of fatty acids in particle form.
The use of TIB KAT SSSA as a fluorescent probe for the study of intracellular protein interactions is also well documented.


TIB KAT SSSA is not toxic to cells and nanoparticulate compositions containing this compound are chemically stable.
TIB KAT SSSA occurs naturally in the human body and has been extensively used in laboratory experiments for many years.
TIB KAT SSSA plays a crucial role in unraveling the biochemical and physiological effects of various substances.


Scientific research heavily relies on TIB KAT SSSA, particularly in the fields of biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology.
TIB KAT SSSA serves as a reagent for synthesizing other compounds, functions as a buffer in biochemical assays, and acts as a substrate in enzyme assays.
Furthermore, TIB KAT SSSA enables the study of substance effects on the human body and aids in understanding the mechanisms of action of drugs and other compounds.


While the precise mechanism of action of TIB KAT SSSA is not fully understood, TIB KAT SSSA is believed to exert its influence as a chelator.
By binding to specific enzymes and proteins, it inhibits their activity.
Additionally, TIB KAT SSSA has demonstrated the ability to bind to certain receptors, such as the serotonin receptor, and modulate their function.



PRODUCT TYPE OF TIB KAT SSSA:
*Catalysts
*Accelerators
*Initiators



CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TIB KAT SSSA:
*Sodium Sulfosuccinic Acid



SYNTHESIS METHOD OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA can be synthesized by reacting sodium hydroxide with 2-sulphonatosuccinic acid.
The reaction is carried out in aqueous solution at a pH of 10-12 and a temperature of 25-30°C.
The reaction produces a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a molecular weight of 192 g/mol.



SYNTHESIS METHOD DETAILS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
Design of the Synthesis Pathway:
The synthesis pathway of TIB KAT SSSA involves the reaction of maleic anhydride with sodium sulfite to form sodium hydrogen sulfite.
The resulting sodium hydrogen sulfite is then reacted with sodium hydroxide and succinic acid to form TIB KAT SSSA.



STARTING MATERIALS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
*Maleic anhydride
*Sodium sulfite
*Sodium hydroxide
*Succinic acid



REACTION OF TIB KAT SSSA:
Maleic anhydride is reacted with sodium sulfite in water at a temperature of 70-80°C for 2-3 hours.
The resulting sodium hydrogen sulfite is then filtered and washed with water.
To the sodium hydrogen sulfite, a solution of sodium hydroxide is added dropwise with constant stirring until the pH reaches 7-8.
Succinic acid is then added to the reaction mixture and stirred until complete dissolution.
The resulting mixture is then heated to 70-80°C for 2-3 hours until TIB KAT SSSA precipitates out.
The precipitate is then filtered, washed with water and dried at 60°C to obtain the final product.



SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA is widely used in scientific research, particularly in studies related to biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology.
TIB KAT SSSA is used as a reagent in the synthesis of other compounds, as a buffer in biochemical assays, and as a substrate in enzyme assays.
TIB KAT SSSA is also used to study the effects of various substances on the human body, as well as to study the mechanisms of action of drugs and other compounds.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TIB KAT SSSA:
The mechanism of action of TIB KAT SSSA is not completely understood.
TIB KAT SSSA is believed to act as a chelator, binding to and inhibiting the action of certain enzymes and proteins.
TIB KAT SSSA also has been shown to bind to and modulate the activity of certain receptors, such as the serotonin receptor.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TIB KAT SSSA:
TIB KAT SSSA has been shown to have a variety of biochemical and physiological effects.
TIB KAT SSSA has been shown to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase.
TIB KAT SSSA has also been shown to modulate the activity of certain receptors, such as the serotonin receptor.
In addition, TIB KAT SSSA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.



ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR LAB EXPERIMENTS:
TIB KAT SSSA has several advantages for use in laboratory experiments.
TIB KAT SSSA is a naturally occurring compound, so it is readily available and relatively inexpensive.
TIB KAT SSSA is also stable and can be stored at room temperature.
Its disadvantages include the fact that TIB KAT SSSA is relatively insoluble in water, so it must be dissolved in an organic solvent before use.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TIB KAT SSSA:
Appearance: White to Off-White Solid
Melting Point: >231°C (dec.)
Molecular Weight: 220.13
Storage-20°C, Hygroscopic
Solubility: DMSO (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly), Water
Stability: Hygroscopic
Molecular Weight: 242.12 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7

Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 241.94731220 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 241.94731220 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 143Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 272
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: C4H5NaO7S
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: C4H5NaO7S
Molecular Weight: 220.13300
Exact Mass: 219.96500
PSA: 140.18000
CAS Number: 29454-16-8
Melt Point: >231° C (dec.)
Storage Temp: Store at -20°C
Molecular weight: 220.13
Code Formula: C₄H₅O₇S・Na
Smiles: C(C(C(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=O)O.[Na+]
PubChem CID: 23671698

Molecular Formula: C₄H₅NaO₇S
Molecular Weight: 242.12 g/mol
IUPAC Name: disodium;2-sulfobutanedioate
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O7S.2Na/c5-3(6)1-2(4(7)8)12(9,10)11;;/h2H,1H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)(H,9,10,11);;/q;2*+1/p-2
InChI Key: JMGZBMRVDHKMKB-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES: C(C(C(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)O)C(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
Canonical SMILES: C(C(C(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)O)C(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
Other CAS RN: 29454-16-8
Related CAS: 13419-59-5 (tri-hydrochloride salt)
20526-58-3 (hydrochloride salt)
5138-18-1 (parent)
64051-32-7 (mono-ammonium salt)
94138-92-8 (tri-lithium salt)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Description of first-aid measures:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TIB KAT SSSA:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
2-Sulfo-butanedioic Acid Sodium Salt
Sulfo-succinic Acid Monosodium Salt
2-sulfobutanedioate
29454-16-8
Sodium sulfosuccinate
disodium 2-sulfobutanedioate
Sodium dihydrogen 2-sulphonatosuccinate
C4H6O7S.Na
C4-H6-O7-S.Na
Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, monosodium salt
SCHEMBL187912
Sulfosuccinic acid 1,2-disodium salt
Sulfosuccinic acid 1,4-disodium salt
Sulfosuccinic acid 2,4-disodium salt
AKOS030255673
2-Sulfo-butanedioic Acid SodiuM Salt
Einecs 249-639-9
Sulfobutanedioic acid monosodium salt
SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE
(+)-Sulfo-bernsteinsaeure,Mononatrium-Salz
thiosuccinic acid
Sulfo-succinic Acid MonosodiuM Salt
2-Sulfo-butanedioic Acid Sodium Salt
Sulfo-succinic Acid Monosodium Salt
Butanedioic acid,2-sulfo-,sodium salt
2-Sulfo-butanedioic Acid Sodium Salt
Sulfo-succinic Acid Monosodium Salt
2-Sulfo-butanedioic Acid Sodium Salt
Sulfo-succinic Acid Monosodium Salt

TIB TINEX P
TIB Tinex P is a kind of aluminosilicate compound.
The intermolecular structure of TIB Tinex P is layered, and there are many irregular pores on the surface.


CAS Number: 70131-50-9 / 14808-60-7
EC Number: 274-324-8
Bentonite, Acid Leached ( contains 1-5% 100% 70131-50-9
Crystalline Silica - Quartz) 14808-60-7


Ingredient CAS number Weight %
Activated Bleaching Earth 70131-50-9 >99%
Silica, Crystalline (Quartz) 14808-60-7 <1%


The chemical composition of activated clay of TIB Tinex P is Si 0250% ~ 70%, A1203 10% ~ 16%, Fe 2032% ~ 4%, Mg0 1%~ 6%, etc.
TIB Tinex P is a kind of aluminosilicate compound.
The intermolecular structure of TIB Tinex P is layered, and there are many irregular pores on the surface.


TIB Tinex P has easy moisture absorption and catalytic performance.
This strain is made of natural hydrous aluminium silicate, washed with water to remove sand, treated with dilute acid and washed repeatedly with water to remove impurities.


The water between the layers is removed by heating to more than 300 ℃, which has unique adsorption properties.
TIB Tinex P is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TIB TINEX P:
Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


TIB Tinex P can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
TIB Tinex P is intended to be released from: packaging material for metal parts (releasing grease/corrosion inhibitors).


TIB Tinex P can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
TIB Tinex P is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


TIB Tinex P is intended to be released from scented: clothes, eraser, toys, paper products and CDs.
TIB Tinex P is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, printing and recorded media reproduction, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment, scientific research and development and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


TIB Tinex P is used for the manufacture of: food products, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials, formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


TIB Tinex P is used in the following products: inks and toners.
TIB Tinex P is used in the following areas: mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment, scientific research and development and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


Release to the environment of TIB Tinex P can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of TIB Tinex P is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).


TIB Tinex P is used oil special adsorbent, mainly used for mineral oil, vegetable oil, animal oil and solid paraffin, fatty acid, high-grade ethanol and benzene decolorization refining.
TIB Tinex P is used for glucose, maltose, fructose, sugar and other decolorization and purification of wine, citric acid, monosodium glutamate and other products.


TIB Tinex P is also a catalyst for some petroleum by-products, a catalyst for gasoline contact decomposition, a catalyst for organic synthesis, a detergent and bleach for oils and fats, a dehydrating agent, and a desiccant for external application of medicines.
TIB Tinex P is used for the retreatment of petroleum and the regeneration of waste oil.


TIB Tinex P is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products, plastic products, pulp, paper and paper products, rubber products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and wood and wood products.
TIB Tinex P is used as a carrier for insecticides and fungicides.


TIB Tinex P is used as an effective absorbent for greases, oil, water and other chemicals.
TIB Tinex P is used for litter and bedding for poultry, pets etc.
TIB Tinex P is used also as a soil conditioner for greenhouses and golf courses.


TIB Tinex P is used as a thickening and suspending agent.
TIB Tinex P is used for animal oil, vegetable oil, mineral oil and other decolorization and refined petroleum products, also used as a catalyst for organic synthesis.


TIB Tinex P is used as a thickener, and setting agent for coating, paint, ink etc.
The main characteristics of TIB Tinex P are swelling, high dispersion and thixotropy in organic media.
In coating, TIB Tinex P is generally used as an anti-sediment agent and thickener.


As a metal anti-corrosion coating, TIB Tinex P has the characteristics of corrosion resistance, wear resistance, salt water corrosion resistance, impact resistance, and not easy to wet.
In the textile industry, TIB Tinex P is mainly used as a dyeing assistant for synthetic fiber fabrics.


TIB Tinex P is used for many years to refine animal oil, vegetable oil and mineral oil.
In the aspect of high-speed printing ink, adjust the consistency, viscosity and permeability of the ink according to the needs.


In drilling, TIB Tinex P can be used as an emulsion stabilizer.
In terms of high-temperature grease, TIB Tinex P is especially used to prepare high-temperature grease suitable for high-temperature and long-term continuous operation.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TIB TINEX P:
TIB Tinex P has a character odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white or beige powder or granules.
TIB Tinex P is discrete, and greasy.
Relative density of TIB Tinex P is 2.3~2.5.
TIB Tinex P is insoluble in water, organic solvents and various oils and lipids.
TIB Tinex P is almost completely soluble in a hot caustic soda solution.
TIB Tinex P is odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white or beige powder or granules.



PREPARATION METHOD OF TIB TINEX P:
Preparation methods for wet production of activated clay.
The preparation method comprises the steps of subjecting the bentonite ore to a coarse pulverization, reacting with an acid at 70-° C, subjecting it to multiple centrifugation and rinsing, and then neutralizing it and controlling its pH, after drying and grinding, the product was obtained.



TRAIT OF TIB TINEX P:
TIB Tinex P is a white-like fine powder.
After being moistened with water, TIB Tinex P has a clay-like odor and a deeper color.
TIB Tinex P is almost insoluble in water, dilute acid or sodium hydroxide solution.



DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TIB TINEX P:
take about lg of TIB Tinex P, put it in a porcelain evaporation dish, add 10ml of water and 5ml of sulfuric acid, heat to produce white smoke, cool, slowly add 20ml of water, boil for 2-3 minutes, filter, the residue was gray.
The filtrate shows the identification reaction of aluminum salt.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TIB TINEX P:
Form: powder
Odour: odourless
Colour: off-white to light grey
pH value: not appllcable
Melting point: > 1.ooo•c
Bollfng point: not appllcable
Vapour pressure: not appllcable
Relative density: 2.0
Bulk density: 670 - 930 kgtm3
Partitioning coefficient: not applicable
n-octanol/water (log Pow):
Viscosity, dynamic: not applicable
Solubility In water: not soluble
Molecular weight: N/D
Specific Gravity: 2.5

Gas Density: N/D
Vapour Pressure: N/D
Solubility in water: Water Insoluble
Percent Volatiles by volume: Least
Evaporation Rate: N/D
pH: 3.0 – 4.5
Sublimation Point: N/D
Appearance, Odor and state: Greyish white Granular, Odourless.
Form: Powder
Color: Light gray to off-white
Odor: Odorless
Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 2 to 3
Solubility (in water): Insoluble
Acidity: 0.03 mg/KOH/g (Free Acidity)
Infrared Spectrum: Conforms to structure

Titratable Acid: ≤ 0.1 mg/KOH/g (Free Acidity)
Physical Form: Granular
Chemical Name or Material: Bentonite
Physical state: solid
Colour: various
Odour: characteristic
pH: (value) not applicable
Melting point/freezing point: >723 K
Initial boiling point and boiling range: not determined
Flash point: not applicable
Evaporation rate: not determined
Explosion limits of dust clouds: not determined
Vapour pressure: not determined

Density: not determined
Vapour density: this information is not available
Relative density: information on this property is not available
Solubility(ies): Water solubility Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water (log KOW) this information is not available
Auto-ignition temperature: not determined
Viscosity: not relevant (solid matter)
Explosive properties: none
Oxidising properties: none
Other information:
Solvent content 100 %
Solid content 100 %



FIRST AID MEASURES of TIB TINEX P:
-Description of first-aid measures:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fesh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TIB TINEX P:
-Environmental precautions:
No special precautionary measures necessary.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TIB TINEX P:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TIB TINEX P:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special precautionary measures necessary.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TIB TINEX P:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TIB TINEX P:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
70131-50-9
Bentonite, acid-leached
274-324-8
Acid-leached bentonite
Clay adsorbent
DTXSID8028977
EC 274-324-8
EINECS 274-324-8
Bleaching clay
Active clay CS-1055
montmorillonite K 10
Bentonite, acid-leached
Bentonit, Sure-gebleicht
ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
Sud Chemie Tonsil Optimum FF
bentonite acid-leached powder
ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH CS-1040




TIBP (TriisoButyl Phosphate)
Tris(2-hydroxypropyl)amine; 1,1',1''-nitrilotri-2-propanol; Tris-(2-hydroxy-1-propyl)amine; 1,1',1''-Nitrilotripropan-2-ol; Nitrilotris(2-propanol); 3,3',3"-Nitrilotri(2-propanol); Tris(2-propanol)amine; Tri-2-propanolamine CAS NO:122-20-3
TIPA
TIPA Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) is an amine used for a variety of industrial applications including as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and chemical intermediate. TIPA is also used to neutralize acidic components of some herbicides. Physical characteristic: Clear Yellowish Chemical formula: Molecular weight: g/mol Type of packaging: Barrel It is in the amine group of alcohol. It is used widely in the sectors of paint and building. Properties Chemical formula C9H21NO3 Molar mass 191.271 g·mol−1 Appearance White to off-white solid Melting point 48–52 °C (118–126 °F; 321–325 K)[1] Boiling point 305 °C (581 °F; 578 K) TIPA is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2NH2. It is an amino alcohol. The term isopropanolamine may also refer more generally to the additional homologs diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA). TIPA is chiral. It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide. Biosynthesis (R)-TIPA is one of the components incorporated in the biosynthesis of cobalamin. The O-phosphate ester is produced from threonine by the enzyme Threonine-phosphate decarboxylase. Applications The isopropanolamines are used as buffers. They are good solubilizers of oil and fat, so they are used to neutralize fatty acids and sulfonic acid-based surfactants. Racemic TIPA is typically used in metalworking fluid, waterborne coatings, personal care products, and in the production of titanium dioxide and polyurethanes.[5] It is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.[citation needed] (R)-TIPA is metabolised to aminoacetone by the enzyme (R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase. Isopropanolamines, due to their properties, have a wide range of applications as emulsifiers, stabilizers, viscosity modifiers, neutralizers. In addition, they are used as an intermediate chemical for the production of surfactants and optical brighteners, as well as for the purification of industrial gases. Very effective as a component of coolants and plastics, and moreover as an antistatic agent in the paper industry. They are used as additives for concrete and cement. They are used in the production of corrosion inhibitors, in the paint and varnish industry and coatings. CAS No. 78-96-6; CAS No. 110-97-4; CAS No. 122-20-3. Common product names: Monoisopropanolamine, MIPA, Monoizopropanolamine, MIPA, 1-amino-2-propanol, Diisopropanolamine; DIPA; Diizopropanolamine, DIPA, 1,1-Iminobispropan-2-ol; Bis (2-propanolamine), di (2-hydroxypropyl) amine; 1,1-iminodi-2-propanol; dipropyl-2,2-dihydroxyamine, Triisopropanolamine, TIPA, Triizopropanolamine, TIPA, 1,1 ', 1-nitrilotri-2-propanol. Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) is a compound of hydroxylamine with an organic amine and hydroxyl used in a mixture, especially to increase the final strength of cement, concrete and mortar. Areas of use TIPA is used in the following conditions and applications. For high-performance concrete production. • For the production of precast concrete For concrete admixture formulations where setting is desired. For the production of ready-mixed concrete with and without a pump. • To increase the hardening and setting of concrete. Application details It is generally compatible to use TIPA in formulations of concrete admixtures with raw materials based on naphthalenesulfonate, melamine sulfonate, lignin sulfonate and polycarboxylate. TIPA is a chemical compound with the molecular formula used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and chemical intermediate.[2] TIPA can be prepared by the reaction of isopropanolamine or ammonia with propylene oxide. A basic chemical used in many applications serving as an emulsifier, stabilizer, chemical intermediate and neutralizer that achieves basicity, buffering and alkalinity objectives. Building block in the manufacture of triazine based corrosion inhibitors. It acts as a neutralizers for water-based coatings. Uses: Neutralize fatty acids and sulfonic acid-based surfactants Metalworking fluids Used in many applications to achieve basicity, buffering and alkalinity objectives. Benefits: Good solubilizers of oil and fat Offer heat and color stability Low formulation costs. Properties These values are not intended for use in preparing specifications. Typical Properties Chemistry Tri Performance Benefits Acid Gas Removal, Acidic Herbicide Neutralization, Concrete Compressive Strength, Corrosion Inhibitor, Grinding Aid, Intermediate, pH Regulator, Pigment Dispersant, Processing Agent, Reactive Agent Product Description DOW Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) is a basic chemical used in many applications serving as emulsifiers, stabilizers, chemical intermediates and neutralizers that achieve basicity, buffering and alkalinity objectives. Major applications include water-based coating applications and agricultural products. Additional applications are antistat agents for polymers, corrosion inhibitor, electrodeposition/electrocoating, lubricants, paper, pigment dispersion, plastics, polyurethane additive, reaction intermediates, rubber curing, surfactants, mineral dispersion, and urethanes. DOW Triisopropanolamine is available as TIPA 99, TIPA Low Freeze Grade (LFG) & TIPA 101. · TIPA 99—This commercial grade triisopropanolamine is a tertiary amine. · TIPA LFG—This triisopropanolamine is a low freeze grade variation of TIPA for easier handling in colder ambient temperatures (freezing point: 5ºC/41ºF). It is a blend of 85% TIPA and 15% deionized water. · TIPA 101—This triisopropanolamine is the non-prime product from the process. It is a blend of 90% TIPA and highers and 10% deionized water, with a freezing point of 17.2ºC/62.6ºF Features and Benefits Coatings · Cross-linker in special niche water-based coating applications · In waterborne coatings: good acid neutralization, improves water solubility, blocks organic acids in water, improves package stability, reduces water-sensitivity and discoloration Herbicides/Algaecides/Fungicides/Pesticides · Neutralizes acidic herbicides and other acidic components. · Good water solubility, freeze stability Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal and developmental toxicity of Picloram K and /triisopropanolamine/ TIPA salts in rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with 0, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day of Picloram K or TIPA salt on days 6 through 15 of gestation. Maternal observations included changes in behavior and demeanor, feed consumption, body weight gain, gross pathologic alterations, liver and kidney weights and various reproductive parameters. On day 20 of gestation, fetuses were removed following cesarean section, weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal alterations. Maternal toxicity was noted in high dose females administered Picloram TIPA salt. Dams given 1000 mg/kg/day of Picloram TIPA salt had decreased feed consumption and body weight gain during the exposure period. No adverse maternal effects were observed with Picloram K salt and neither Picloram K or Picloram TIPAsalts were embryo/fetotoxic or teratogenic at any dose level. Thus, the developmental no-observed-effect-levels for Picloram K and TIPA salts were 1000 mg/kg/day CAS # 122-20-3 EINECS # 204-528-4 GROUPS / USES Agriculture Intermediates, Chemical Synthesis, Water-Borne Coatings, Crosslinkers, Emulsifiers, Solvents, Stabilizer SYNONYMS TIPA, 1,1,1-Nitrilotripropan-2-Ol FORMULA C9H21NO3 CATEGORIES Adhesives & Sealants, Coatings, Construction Chemicals, Corrosion Inhibitors, Flavor & Fragrance, Household, Industrial & Institutional Chemicals, Industrial Chemicals, Lubricant & Grease, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Surfactants & Emulsifiers TIPA is a white solid with slight odor of ammonia. Denser than water . TIPA is widely used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, surfactants and chemical intermediates. Major applications include: coatings as a cross-linker, acid neutralizer to improve product stability and pesticides as a neutralizer and to improve product stability. TIPA is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Diisopropanolamine, TIPA, isopropanolamine, & mixed isopropanolamine are used as water-soluble emulsifiers & neutralizers in cosmetic products at concns up to 1%. In animal studies these ingredients were slightly toxic to practically nontoxic to rats & guinea pigs via acute oral admin. TIPA was relatively nontoxic to rats in the two subchronic oral studies. These ingredients were moderate skin irritants for rabbits. All four ingredients, when tested at 100% concns, were severe ocular irritants in rabbits. Products containing small amounts (1%) of diisopropanolamine or TIPA, isopropanolamine were not ocular irritants in rabbits. The TIPA salt was not mutagenic in Aspergillus nidulans. ... Clinical studies on cosmetic products containing no more than 1% diisopropanolamine or 1.1% TIPA were minimal skin irritant & contact sensitizers. It is concluded that diisopropanolamine, TIPA, isopropanolamine, & mixed isopropanolamine are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use & concn. TIPA's production and use as a crosslinking agent for coatings, emulsifiers and surfactants, and use as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates TIPA will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase TIPA will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 3 hours. Particulate-phase TIPA will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. TIPA absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, TIPA is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. The pKa of TIPA is 8.06, indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.8X10-12 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected based on the Henry's Law constant. TIPA is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. TIPA was found to be not readily biodegradable using the Japanese MIT test where TIPA had only a 3.4% BODT after 4 weeks. However, the results of other ready, inherent and simulation tests have indicated that TIPA is readily susceptible to biodegradation in water and soil with CO2 the dominant degradation product under aerobic conditions. One soil metabolism study found a TIPA half-life of approximately 2 days. If released into water, TIPA is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. BCF values of <0.57 in carp fish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. TIPA is expected to be stable to aqueous hydrolysis in the environment. The most likely route of occupational exposure to TIPA is the dermal route, but inhalation exposure to aerosols is also possible. Because TIPA, or TIPA-derived fatty acid soaps and salts may be used in a wide variety of personal care products, the most likely route of consumer exposure to TIPA in these products would be via the dermal route. TIPA's production and use as a crosslinking agent for coatings, emulsifiers and surfactants, and use as a chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that TIPA is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of TIPA is 8.06(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of TIPA from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.8X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). TIPA is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). TIPA was found to be not readily biodegradable using the Japanese MIT test where TIPA had only a 3.4% BODT after 4 weeks(5). However, the results of other ready, inherent and simulation tests have indicated that TIPA is readily susceptible to biodegradation with CO2 the dominant degradation product under aerobic conditions(3). One soil metabolism study found a TIPA half-life of approximately 2 days(3,4). Air & Water Reactions Water soluble Fire Hazard Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic fumes containing carbon monoxide, and/or carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Behavior in Fire: Toxic fumes containing carbon monoxide, and/or carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. (USCG, 1999) Health Hazard Irritation of eyes and skin. May cause slight corneal injury or burn. Repeated contact may cause skin burn. Heated vapor may cause moderate respiratory irritation. Low to moderately toxic by oral routes. (USCG, 1999) Reactivity Profile TRIISOPROPANOLAMINE (TIPA) neutralizes acids to form salts plus water in exothermic reactions. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that TIPA is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.8X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF value of <0.57 in carp fish(5) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). TIPA was found to be not readily biodegradable using the Japanese MIT test where TIPA had only a 3.4% BODT after 4 weeks(6). However, the results of other ready, inherent and simulation tests have indicated that TIPA is readily susceptible to biodegradation with CO2 the dominant degradation product under aerobic conditions(7). In a lake water-sediment batch study, TIPA had a half-life of 14.3 days with 62% mineralization to CO2(7). TIPA is expected to be stable to aqueous hydrolysis in the environment(8). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), TIPA, which has a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase TIPA is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase TIPA may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). TIPA absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). TIPA, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L(1). In a biodegradation test, TIPA reached 0%, 46%, and >46% of its theoretical BOD in 5, 10, and 20 days, respectively, using surface water or sewage treatment inoculum(2). TIPA, present at 30 mg/L, reached 3.4% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3). In inherent biodegradability BOD tests (system pre-acclimated to test compound), TIPA had 51%, 75% and >75% degradation after a 5-day, 10-day and 20-day incubation periods respectively(2). In a soil batch system using an initial TIPA concentration of 3.3 ppm, TIPA had a half-life of 2 days with 66-72% mineralization to CO2(2) and complete mineralization at 20 days(4). In a lake water-sediment batch system using an initial TIPA concentration of 2.3 ppm, TIPA had a half-life of 14.3 days with 62% mineralization to CO2(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of TIPA with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). TIPA is expected to be stable to aqueous hydrolysis in the environment(2). TIPA absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). During a 6 week period using carp fish (Cyprinus carpio), BCF values of <0.06 and <0.57 were measured for TIPA at respective concentrations of 2.5 and 0.25 mg/L(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of TIPA can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that TIPA is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of TIPA is 8.06(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The Henry's Law constant for TIPA is estimated as 9.8X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that TIPA is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). TIPA's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). TIPA acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.75X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of TIPA is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 64,304 workers (8,631 of these are female) are potentially exposed to TIPA in the US(1). The most likely route of occupational exposure to TIPA is the dermal route, but inhalation exposure to aerosols is also possible(2). Because TIPA, or TIPA-derived fatty acid soaps and salts may be used in a wide variety of personal care products, the most likely route of consumer exposure to TIPA in these products would be via the dermal route(2). TIPA – Set Accelerating And Strength Enhancer Raw Material for High-Range Water Reducing / Superplasticizer Concrete-Cement Admixtures Product Definition Triisopropanolamine is a hydroxylamine compound with organic amine and Hydroxyl used in admixture especially for increasing final strengths of cement, concrete and mortar. Use Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) is used in the following conditions and applications. • For high performance concrete production. • For precast and precast concrete production. • For concrete admixture formulations where early strength is desired. • For Ready-mixed concrete production with and without pump. • For increasing the final and early strength of concrete. • Improves the grinding efficiency resulting energy savings. Application Details It is generaly compatible to use TIPA in concrete admixture recipes with Naphthalene Sulfonate, Melamine Sulfonate, Lignin Sulfonate and Polycarboxylate based raw materials. General description Triisopropanolamine (TIPA), a tertiary alkanolamine, is majorly used as a grinding chemical that reduces agglomeration in the ball milling process and changes the particle distribution of the finished cement. Application TIPA can act as an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) to improve the mechanical properties of the mortar and the concrete. It can also be used to increase the compressive strength of the cement-fly ash system by accelerating the hydration of both the compounds. The amine Triisopropanolamine is used in industrial applications as a stabilizer, intermediate and as an emulsifier. What Is It? TIPA and Diisopropanolamine are white solids, whereas Isopropanolamine and Mixed Isopropanolamines occur as clear, colorless liquids. In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of permanent waves and other hair products, and bath, skin, fragrance and indoor tanning products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? TIPA, Diisopropanolamine, Isopropanolamine and Mixed Isopropanolamines are used to control the pH of cosmetics and personal care products, and these ingredients help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. TIPA also prevents the corrosion (rust) of metallic materials used in packaging cosmetics and personal care products. Scientific Facts: Diisopropanolamine and Isopropanolamine have a tendency to darken in color with prolonged exposure to air or iron. TIPA reduces the tendency of a metal used in packaging to be attacked by the contents of the package. Triisopropanolamine is used as a cross-linker in special niche water-based coating applications. The cement and concrete industries use TIPA as a grinding aid, and it is used in concrete admixtures. TIPA is used as a neutralizing agent in agricultural products and water borne coatings. APPLICATIONS Cement & Concrete improves the grinding efficiency resulting in energy savings; prevents from agglomeration or clumping; as water reducing agent. Rubber curing Chain terminator in isoprene polymerization. Polyurethane Used as Cross-linker to improve PU foam quality. Metal working to improve corrosion protection, antioxidant. PACKAGE Net weight 200kg/ iron drum ;1000kg IBC drum;20 tons flexibag STORAGE Shelf time of TIPA is one year, and after then it could still be available once has passed a chemical test. SAFETY & TOXICITY Generally present no toxicity, alkalescency but do not irritate skin. Higher flashing point, it should be prevented the material from spilling into the eyes while handling.
TIPA 85%
TIPA-LAURETH SULFATE, N° CAS : 107600-36-2, Nom INCI : TIPA-LAURETH SULFATE, Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé, Règlementé, Restriction en Europe : III/62 Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre, Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide, Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation
TITAN RUTIL
Synonyms: nano titanium dioxide;HoMbikat catalyst grade (for rearrangeMent reactions);TitaniuM(IV) oxide nanopowder, 21 nM particle size (TEM), >=99.5% trace Metals basis;TitaniuM(IV) oxide, Mixture of rutile and anatase nanoparticles, <150 nM particle size (voluMe distribution, DLS), dispersion, 33-37 wt. % in H2O, 99.5% trace Metals basis;TitaniuM(IV) oxide, Mixture of rutile and anatase nanopowder, <100 nM particle size (BET), 99.5% trace Metals basis;Aeroxide? P25;Titania nanofibers;Titania nanowires CAS: 13463-67-7
TITAN RUTIL R 5566

Titan Rutil R 5566 is a chemical pigment used primarily in the manufacturing of paints, coatings, plastics, and various other industrial applications.
Titan rutil R 5566 is a type of Titan rutil R 5566 pigment, which is commonly used as a white pigment due to its excellent opacity, brightness, and UV resistance properties.

CAS Number: 13463-67-7
EC Number: 236-675-5

Titanium oxide, Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, Rutile, Anatase, Brookite, Titanium white, Pigment white 6, CI 77891, E171, Titanium(IV) dioxide, Dioxotitanium, Titania, Rutile Titan rutil R 5566, Anatase Titan rutil R 5566, Brookite Titan rutil R 5566, Titanyl dioxide, Titanium oxide, Titanium(IV) oxide hydrate, Titanium peroxide, Titanic acid, Oxotitanium, Titanium oxide brown, Titanium oxide black, Titanium(IV) oxide, hydrate, Titan rutil R 5566, rutile form, Titan rutil R 5566, anatase form, Titan rutil R 5566, amorphous, Titanium(IV) oxide, nanopowder, Titan rutil R 5566, nanoscale, Titan rutil R 5566, ultrafine, Titanium oxide (TiO2), Titan rutil R 5566 nanoparticles, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanopowder, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) ultrafine powder, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanowires, Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanowires, Titanium oxide nanoparticles, Titanium oxide nanowires, TiO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanowires, TiO2 nano-particles, TiO2 nano-wires, Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanoparticle dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanoparticle paste, Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanowire dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanowire dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanowire paste, Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanopowder dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanopowder dispersion, Titan rutil R 5566 (TiO2) nanopowder paste



APPLICATIONS


Titan rutil R 5566 is extensively used as a pigment in paints and coatings to provide whiteness, opacity, and durability.
Titan rutil R 5566 is a key ingredient in interior and exterior paints, primers, and industrial coatings for various substrates.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the manufacturing of plastics to enhance brightness and color stability.

Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into plastic products such as packaging materials, automotive parts, and consumer goods.
The compound is utilized in the production of ceramic glazes and enamels to achieve glossy finishes and vibrant colors.

Titan rutil R 5566 is a common additive in cosmetics and personal care products, including sunscreen, foundation, and toothpaste.
Titan rutil R 5566 provides UV protection in sunscreens by scattering and reflecting harmful ultraviolet rays.

Titan rutil R 5566 is employed as a whitening agent in paper production to improve paper brightness and print quality.
Titan rutil R 5566 is added to paper coatings, ink formulations, and specialty papers to enhance optical properties.
The compound is used in the food industry as a food additive (E171) to whiten and brighten products such as confectionery, dairy, and baked goods.

Titan rutil R 5566 is utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals as a coloring agent for tablets, capsules, and topical formulations.
Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into dental materials, including toothpaste and dental composites, for its whitening and polishing properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is a vital component of photocatalytic coatings used for self-cleaning surfaces in architectural and automotive applications.

Titan rutil R 5566 helps to break down organic pollutants and eliminate dirt and grime when exposed to sunlight.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used as a catalyst support in various chemical processes, including hydrogenation and oxidation reactions.

Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the manufacturing of optical lenses and mirrors for its high refractive index and light-scattering properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of glass to improve brightness, clarity, and UV-blocking capabilities.
Titan rutil R 5566 is a crucial ingredient in the formulation of inks and toners for printing applications, including offset, flexographic, and digital printing.

Titan rutil R 5566 is utilized in the construction industry as a whitening and weather-resistant additive in concrete, mortar, and stucco.
Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into coatings for metal surfaces to provide corrosion protection and aesthetic appeal.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of automotive paints and finishes for vehicles, bicycles, and other transportation equipment.

Titan rutil R 5566 is utilized in the formulation of adhesives, sealants, and caulks for its bonding and filling properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the manufacture of rubber products, including tires, belts, and hoses, to improve durability and resistance to weathering.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the textile industry as a whitening agent for fabrics, yarns, and fibers.
Titan rutil R 5566 finds applications in various industrial processes, including wastewater treatment, air purification, and catalysis, due to its photocatalytic and adsorption properties.

Titan rutil R 5566 is utilized in the formulation of printing inks for packaging materials, labels, and flexible films.
Titan rutil R 5566 enhances print quality, color brightness, and ink adhesion to substrates.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of ceramic tiles and porcelain products for its high opacity and color stability.

Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into glass fibers and reinforced plastics to improve strength, durability, and UV resistance.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the manufacturing of optical brightening agents (OBAs) for textiles, paper, and detergents to enhance whiteness and brightness.

Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the production of magnetic recording media, such as tapes and disks, for its reflective properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the formulation of artist paints and pastels for its lightfastness and color purity.
Titan rutil R 5566 is added to wood coatings and finishes to provide UV protection and enhance wood grain appearance.

Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of printing plates and photoresists for lithographic and screen printing processes.
Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into floor coatings and sealers for its abrasion resistance and decorative properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the formulation of anti-icing and de-icing coatings for aircraft, roadways, and marine structures.
Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the manufacturing of ceramic capacitors and resistors for electronic applications.

Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of photovoltaic cells and solar panels as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer.
Titan rutil R 5566 is utilized in the formulation of cosmetic and skincare products, including foundations, BB creams, and anti-aging serums.
Titan rutil R 5566 is added to plastic films and packaging materials to improve barrier properties and extend shelf life.

Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of architectural glass for windows, doors, and facades to reduce glare and heat transmission.
Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into dental materials, such as dental cements and composites, for its opacity and biocompatibility.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of automotive coatings and finishes for its weatherability and scratch resistance.

Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the formulation of industrial coatings for machinery, equipment, and infrastructure for corrosion protection and aesthetic appeal.
Titan rutil R 5566 is added to food packaging materials, such as films and containers, to enhance opacity and protect food products from light-induced degradation.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of specialty papers, including photographic paper and security paper, for its optical properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is incorporated into inkjet inks for digital printing applications, including signage, textiles, and packaging.

Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the formulation of cosmetic powders and pressed makeup products for oil absorption and mattifying properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is employed in the production of thermal barrier coatings for aerospace and industrial gas turbine applications.
Titan rutil R 5566 finds applications in the manufacturing of abrasive materials, such as sandpaper and grinding wheels, for surface finishing and polishing.



DESCRIPTION


Titan Rutil R 5566 is a chemical pigment used primarily in the manufacturing of paints, coatings, plastics, and various other industrial applications.
Titan rutil R 5566 is a type of Titan rutil R 5566 pigment, which is commonly used as a white pigment due to its excellent opacity, brightness, and UV resistance properties.
Titan Rutil R 5566 specifically refers to a grade or formulation of Titan rutil R 5566 pigment produced by a specific manufacturer or supplier.
Titan rutil R 5566 is known for its high quality and performance characteristics, making it suitable for a wide range of applications where white coloration and opacity are desired.

Titan rutil R 5566 is a naturally occurring mineral compound.
Titan rutil R 5566 has a white, opaque appearance and is commonly used as a pigment.

Titan rutil R 5566 is known for its high refractive index, making it highly reflective and bright.
Titan rutil R 5566 is chemically inert and stable under normal conditions.

Titan rutil R 5566 has excellent UV-blocking properties, making it suitable for use in sunscreens and UV-resistant coatings.
Titan rutil R 5566 is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.
Titan rutil R 5566 is found in various crystalline forms, including rutile, anatase, and brookite.

Rutile Titan rutil R 5566 exhibits a tetragonal crystal structure and is the most thermodynamically stable form.
Anatase Titan rutil R 5566 has a different crystal structure, with lower density and higher reactivity compared to rutile.

Brookite Titan rutil R 5566 is the least common form and has an orthorhombic crystal structure.
Titan rutil R 5566 nanoparticles have gained attention for their unique properties and potential applications in nanotechnology.

Titan rutil R 5566 is widely used as a white pigment in paints, coatings, plastics, and ceramics.
Titan rutil R 5566 imparts brightness, opacity, and durability to these products.
Titan rutil R 5566 is also used as a filler and opacifier in various consumer products, including cosmetics and toothpaste.

Titan rutil R 5566 is commonly used in the food industry as a food additive (E171) to whiten and brighten foods.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a coloring agent in tablets and capsules.
Titan rutil R 5566 is inert and non-toxic, making it safe for use in consumer products.

Titan rutil R 5566 is often incorporated into building materials, such as concrete and glass, for its reflective properties.
Titan rutil R 5566 is used in the production of optical coatings for lenses and mirrors due to its high refractive index.

Titan rutil R 5566 is a key component of solar panels, where it acts as a semiconductor material to convert sunlight into electricity.
Titan rutil R 5566 is mined from mineral deposits or produced synthetically through chemical processes.
Titan rutil R 5566 production involves refining and purification steps to achieve desired purity levels.

The global demand for Titan rutil R 5566 continues to grow due to its versatile properties and wide-ranging applications.
Ongoing research explores new uses and innovations in Titan rutil R 5566 technology.
Titan rutil R 5566 plays a crucial role in numerous industries, contributing to the quality, performance, and sustainability of various products and technologies.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: TiO2
Molecular Weight: 79.87 g/mol (for TiO2)
Physical State: Solid (at room temperature and pressure)
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Tasteless
Solubility in Water: Insoluble
Solubility in Other Solvents: Generally insoluble in organic solvents
Melting Point: 1,843°C (rutile), 1,856°C (anatase), 1,200-1,300°C (brookite)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: 4.23 g/cm³ (rutile), 3.89 g/cm³ (anatase), 4.00 g/cm³ (brookite)
Crystal Structure: Rutile (tetragonal), Anatase (tetragonal), Brookite (orthorhombic)
Refractive Index: 2.49 (rutile), 2.55 (anatase), 2.60 (brookite)
Hardness: 6.0-6.5 Mohs (rutile and anatase), 5.5-6.0 Mohs (brookite)
Electrical Conductivity: Non-conductive
Thermal Conductivity: Low
Thermal Expansion: Low
Chemical Stability: Generally stable under normal conditions
Hygroscopicity: Low
Toxicity: Generally considered non-toxic, but inhalation of fine particles may cause respiratory irritation
Flammability: Non-flammable
UV Absorption: Strong UV absorption properties
Photocatalytic Activity: Exhibits photocatalytic activity under UV light
Optical Properties: High refractive index, high opacity, excellent brightness
Photostability: Stable under exposure to light



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Titan rutil R 5566 dust is inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention promptly.
If breathing is difficult or stopped, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest until medical help arrives.


Skin Contact:

If Titan rutil R 5566 comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing and footwear immediately.
Wash the affected area with soap and water thoroughly for at least 15 minutes to remove any residual particles.
If irritation, redness, or rash develops, seek medical attention.
Do not attempt to rub or scratch the affected area, as this may worsen irritation.


Eye Contact:

If Titan rutil R 5566 enters the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open and rinse under gently running water to ensure thorough irrigation.
Remove contact lenses if present and easily removable after flushing.
Seek medical attention promptly, even if irritation seems minor.


Ingestion:

If Titan rutil R 5566 is ingested accidentally, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and do not induce vomiting.
Provide the affected person with water to drink in small sips if they are conscious and not showing signs of distress.
Seek medical attention immediately, and provide information about the quantity ingested and the time of ingestion.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


General First Aid:

Monitor the affected person's vital signs, including breathing, pulse, and level of consciousness.
Keep the individual warm and comfortable while awaiting medical assistance.
If medical attention is required, transport the person to a healthcare facility promptly.
Have the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or product label available for medical personnel.
If symptoms persist or worsen, follow the advice of medical professionals.


Additional Measures:

Provide supportive care as needed, including pain relief and wound management.
Follow any specific first aid instructions provided on the product label or Safety Data Sheet.
Do not attempt to treat severe chemical burns or injuries without professional medical assistance.
If necessary, call emergency services or poison control for further guidance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles or face shield, chemical-resistant gloves, long-sleeved clothing, and respiratory protection (e.g., N95 respirator), when handling Titan rutil R 5566 to prevent skin contact, eye irritation, and inhalation of dust.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize the buildup of airborne dust and vapors.
Use local exhaust ventilation or dust collection systems to capture and remove airborne particles generated during handling and processing.

Avoidance of Contact:
Minimize skin contact with Titan rutil R 5566 by wearing appropriate protective clothing and gloves.
Avoid inhaling dust or fumes by working in areas with adequate ventilation and using respiratory protection as necessary.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Handle Titan rutil R 5566 carefully to prevent spills and leaks.
Clean up spills immediately using appropriate absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand, and dispose of contaminated materials properly.
Avoid sweeping or dry sweeping to prevent the generation of airborne dust.

Equipment Handling:
Use non-sparking tools and equipment to minimize the risk of ignition when handling Titan rutil R 5566.
Ensure that handling equipment, such as containers, pumps, and hoses, is compatible with Titan rutil R 5566 to prevent chemical reactions or contamination.

Storage Compatibility:
Store Titan rutil R 5566 away from incompatible materials, such as acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents, to prevent chemical reactions or contamination.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling Titan rutil R 5566 and before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the restroom.
Avoid touching the face, eyes, nose, or mouth with contaminated hands to prevent inadvertent exposure.


Storage:

Container Selection:
Store Titan rutil R 5566 in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or stainless steel, to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store Titan rutil R 5566 in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources to prevent degradation and agglomeration.
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range specified by the manufacturer.

Segregation:
Segregate Titan rutil R 5566 from food, beverages, and animal feed to prevent contamination.
Store away from sources of ignition or heat to minimize the risk of fire or spontaneous combustion.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid dropping or mishandling containers of Titan rutil R 5566 to prevent spills and leaks.
Use appropriate material handling equipment, such as forklifts or pallet jacks, to move and transport containers safely.

Labeling and Identification:
Ensure that containers of Titan rutil R 5566 are labeled with the appropriate product name, hazard warnings, handling instructions, and storage conditions.
Keep storage areas well-organized and clearly labeled to facilitate easy identification and access.

TITANDIOXIDE FOOD
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) ; Titanium dioxide food coloring cas no: 13463-67-7
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Synonyms: nano titanium dioxide;HoMbikat catalyst grade (for rearrangeMent reactions);TitaniuM(IV) oxide nanopowder, 21 nM particle size (TEM), >=99.5% trace Metals basis;TitaniuM(IV) oxide, Mixture of rutile and anatase nanoparticles, <150 nM particle size (voluMe distribution, DLS), dispersion, 33-37 wt. % in H2O, 99.5% trace Metals basis;TitaniuM(IV) oxide, Mixture of rutile and anatase nanopowder, <100 nM particle size (BET), 99.5% trace Metals basis;Aeroxide? P25;Titania nanofibers;Titania nanowires CAS: 13463-67-7
TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.


CAS Number: 546-68-9
EC Number: 208-909-6
MDL Number: MFCD00008871
Chemical formula: C12H28O4Ti



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Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.
Titanium isopropoxide is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.


Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.
Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.


Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
The primary method of synthesis involves the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.


This reaction is exothermic and produces corrosive coproducts such as hydrogen chloride and must be controlled carefully to prevent overheating and associated ignition and corrosion risks.
Titanium isopropoxide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid that is typically stored under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, to prevent degradation.


Moreover, Titanium isopropoxide is often supplied in amber glass or metal containers, which protect against chemical and photochemical degradation.
Special handling equipment is necessary to exclude any contact with air or moisture causing premature hydrolysis of the compound.
Ultimately, the production and use of Titanium isopropoxide is a complex process that demands a high degree of precision, safety, and quality control.


Through continuous research and innovation, methods are continually being refined to enhance efficiency, increase yield, eliminate unwanted byproducts, and safety of these processes by reduction of toxicity when used to replace traditional catalysts.
Titanium isopropoxide is colorless to light yellow transparent liquid.


Titanium isopropoxide is water rapid hydrolysis, soluble in alcohol, ether, ketone, benzene, and other organic solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.
In crystalline state, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetramer.


Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.
Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium isopropoxide, or titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.
In crystalline state, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetramer.
Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, it is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.


Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.
Titanium isopropoxide is a precursor for the preparation of Titania.


Titanium isopropoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.
Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.


Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such isopropanol aggregate less.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry and the preparation of metal and rubber, metal and plastic adhesives.
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used as surface modifier, adhesion promoter and paraffin and oil additives.


Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.
Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Titanium isopropoxide is applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Titanium isopropoxide is used for ester exchange reaction.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as an auxiliary agent and chemical product intermediate.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization reactions.
Binders for preparing metals and rubber, metals and plastics, Titanium isopropoxide is also used as catalysts for transesterification and polymerization reactions and raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.


Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst for esterification reactions, and transesterification reactions of acrylic acid and other esters.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as Ziegler (Ziegler Natta) catalyst in polymerization reactions such as epoxy resin, phenolic plastic, silicone resin, polybutadiene, etc.


Titanium isopropoxide has high stereoselectivity.
In the paint, Titanium isopropoxide is used a variety of polymers or resins play a cross-linking role, improving the anti-corrosion ability of the coating, etc.


Titanium isopropoxide is also used to promote the adhesion of the coating to the surface.
Titanium isopropoxide can be directly used as a material surface modifier, adhesive promoter.
Titanium isopropoxide is used polymerization catalyst.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for transesterification.
Titanium isopropoxide can adhere paint, rubber and plastic to metal.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as an additive for the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation reaction of allyl alcohol.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction with various alcohols under neutral conditions.
Titanium isopropoxide can be formed by a sol-gel two-step method.
Titanium isopropoxide is used new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a raw material for barium strontium titanate film.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to prepare porous titanosilicate, which is a potential ion exchange material for removing radioactive waste.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes.


Titanium isopropoxide has been proved that it can undergo light-induced electron transfer.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used for transesterification and condensation reactions in organic synthesis Catalyst.
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as a precursor to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2).


A new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from titanium tetraisopropoxide by sol-gel two-step method.
The raw material of barium strontium titanate film.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to prepare porous titanosilicates, which are potential ion exchange materials for the removal of radioactive wastes.


Titanium isopropoxide is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes, which have been shown to be capable of light-induced electron transfer.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.


Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2)
Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium-based coordination compound, commonly used in the asymmetric
Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols.


Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst in Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.
Titanium isopropoxide is used Chemical Synthesis, Industrial Chemicals, Organic Intermediates.
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2).


Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.
Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.


In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Titanium isopropoxide is used for the preparation of adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization
Industry uses of Titanium isopropoxide: Ceramics, Coatings, Polymers (Chemical/Industrial Manufacturing)


Titanium isopropoxide can be used as a precursor for ambient conditions vapour phase deposition such as infiltration into polymer thin films.
The production and use of Titanium isopropoxide requires precision, expertise, and adherence to strict safety guidelines.
Titanium isopropoxide’s wide-ranging applications span several industries.


Its primary use lies within the domain of material science, where Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the creation of ceramics, glasses, and other materials.
Titanium isopropoxide’s use to prepare porous titanosilicates, has been utilized to form ion exchange media to treat nuclear wastes in the removal of soluble forms of cesium-137 (137Cs).


In the chemical industry, Titanium isopropoxide serves as a catalyst or a precursor to other catalysts in processes like the Sharpless epoxidation, a process used to synthesize 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols.
The pharmaceutical industry also harnesses the catalytic properties of Titanium isopropoxide for certain types of organic reactions, such as transesterification, condensation, addition reactions and polymerization.


-Hair-making uses of Titanium isopropoxide:
Titanium isopropoxide, isopropyl alcohol, and liquid ammonia were heated and dissolved in toluene as a solvent to undergo an esterification reaction.
The reaction product was filtered off by-product ammonium chloride by suction, and the product was obtained by distillation.



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH
This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials in the form of powders or thin films.

Typically water is added in excess to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The composition, crystallinity and morphology of the inorganic product are determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water (hydrolysis ratio), and reaction conditions.

Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst in the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform.



NOTES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is moisture sensitive.
Store Titanium isopropoxide in cool place.
Keep Titanium isopropoxide container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Titanium isopropoxide is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to produce titanium dioxide.



SUMMARY OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide, often abbreviated TTIP, is a crucial compound used in many modern industrial processes that rely on organic synthesis and materials science.

More specifically, Titanium isopropoxide is frequently used in the asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols, and as a catalyst in the Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.
Most commonly, Titanium isopropoxide serves as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a substance found in a multitude of applications from paint to sunscreen.

However, Titanium isopropoxide’s flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air presents challenges for its storage and transport.
With the use of appropriate packaging and transport solutions, as well as meticulous environmental control, Titanium isopropoxide’s possible to overcome this challenge.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide, isopropyl alcohol and liquid ammonia are esterified in toluene, absorbed and filtered to remove by-product ammonium chloride, and then distilled to obtain the finished product.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH

This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials.
Typically water is added to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The nature of the inorganic product is determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water, and the rate of mixing.

Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst for the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



BACKGROUND OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide has a rich history in the realm of chemical synthesis.
First discovered in the 1950s, Titanium isopropoxide quickly became an essential tool due to its unique chemical properties.
As an alkoxide of titanium, Titanium isopropoxide is an organometallic compound, meaning it is part of a class of compounds that contain a metal directly bonded to an organic molecule, which gives them unique properties.

Titanium isopropoxide is often used in a process known as sol-gel synthesis.
In this method, a solution (sol) is gradually transitioned to a solid (gel) form.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in this process because it can be easily hydrolyzed (reacted with moisture/water) and condensed to first form a colloidal structure and upon further condensation, a connected porous network of titanium dioxide.

This gel can be further aged and dried through supercritical (aerogel), thermal (xerogel) or freeze drying (cryogel) to form a solid powder end product with multiple levels of structure, functionality, and porosity.
Moreover, Titanium isopropoxide is instrumental in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

In this process, a volatile precursor like Titanium isopropoxide is used to produce high-quality, thin film materials with atomic level precision control of thickness with uniformity and high repeatability.
These materials are then used in a variety of applications, from microelectronics to solar cells.

While the value of Titanium isopropoxide is well-established, its flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air while beneficial in the sol-gel or MOCVD processes pose significant handling challenges.
It is essential that Titanium isopropoxide's transport and storage be carefully controlled to avoid inherent hazards and also contamination and degradation.

In response to these challenges, the industry has developed specialized handling equipment and stringent environmental control measures to maintain the safety and integrity of this important chemical precursor.
The evolution of Titanium isopropoxide reflects the wider trends in the chemical industry: the constant pursuit of better and safer synthetic methods, the adaptation to increasingly stringent environmental standards, and the development of cutting-edge applications in high-tech industries.

Through its versatile applications, Titanium isopropoxide is significantly contributing to enhancing chemical synthesis, material science, and sustainability in economic and environmental efforts."



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Character light yellow liquid, smoke in humid air.
boiling point 102~104 ℃
freezing point 14.8 ℃
relative density 0.954g/cm3
refractive index 1.46
soluble in a variety of organic solvents.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Chemical formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molar mass: 284.219 g·mol−1
Appearance: colorless to light-yellow liquid
Density: 0.96 g/cm3
Melting point: 17 °C (63 °F; 290 K) approximation
Boiling point: 232 °C (450 °F; 505 K)
Solubility in water: Reacts to form TiO2
Solubility: soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform
Refractive index (nD): 1.46
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Molecular Weight: 284.22 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Melting Point: 14-17 C
Boiling Point: 232 C
Density: 0.96 g/mL
Einecs Number: 208-909-6
HMIS: 2-3-1-X

Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 284.25
TSCA: Yes
Delta H Vaporization (kJ/mol): 14.7 kcal/mole
Boiling Point (˚C/mmHg): 58/1
Density (g/mL): 0.937
Flash Point (˚C): 25 °C
Melting Point (˚C): 15-19°
Refractive Index @ 20˚C: 1.4654
Viscosity at 25 ˚C (cSt): 2
Viscosity: 2 cSt
ΔHform: -377 kcal/mol
ΔHvap: 14.7 kcal/mol
Metal content: 16.6-16.9% Ti
Vapor pressure, 50 °C: 0.9 mm
Vapor pressure, 100 °C: 19 mm
Soluble: heptane, isopropanol

Molecular complexity: 1.4
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorlesslight yellow
Odor: alcohol-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 14 - 17 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 232 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 41 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 3 mPa.s at 25 °C
Water solubility: insoluble

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1,33 hPa at 63 °C
Density: 0,96 g/cm3 at 20 °C - lit.
Relative density: 0,96 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Compound Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22
Appearance: Colorless to yellow liquid
Melting Point: 14-17 °C
Boiling Point: 232 °C
Density: 0.96 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: Reacts to form TiO2

Refractive Index: 1.4640
Exact Mass: N/A
Monoisotopic Mass: 284.147003
Charge: N/A
Melting Point: 16°C to 20°C
Density: 0.955
Boiling Point: 232°C
Flash Point: 46°C (115°F)
Linear Formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Refractive Index: 1.464
UN Number: UN2413
Beilstein: 3679474
Sensitivity: Moisture sensitive
Merck Index: 14,9480
Solubility Information: Soluble in anhydrous ethanol,ether,benzene and chloroform.
Formula Weight: 284.23
Percent Purity: 95%
Chemical Name or Material: Titanium(IV) isopropoxide

Formula: C₁₂H₂₈O₄Ti
MW: 284,23 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 240 °C (760 mmHg)
Melting Pt: >15 °C
Density: 0,95 g/cm³
Flash Pt: 46 °C
Storage Temperature: Ambient
MDL Number: MFCD00008871
CAS Number: 546-68-9
EINECS: 208-909-6
UN: 2413
ADR: 3,III
Merck Index: 12,09614
Appearance: Clear liquid (May darken on storage)
Infrared spectrum: Conforms
Melting point: ≥15 °C

Assay: 16.6 to 17.3 % (Ti)
Color scale: ≤100 APHA
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Assay (purity): 97%
Purity method: by gravimetric assay
Molecular weight: 284.22
Form: liquid
Appearance: colorless liquid
Melting point: 14-17C
Boiling point: 232C
Gravimetric assay: %Ti=27.5-28.3
Molecular formula: C12H28O4Ti
Linear formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Flash Point: 46°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic

Assay Percent Range: 16.6 to 17.3% (Ti)
Linear Formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Refractive Index: 1.4654 to 1.4684
Beilstein: 01,II,382
Fieser: 11,92; 12,90; 13,13; 14,61; 15,308; 16,54; 17,347
Merck Index: 15,9636
Specific Gravity: 0.95
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: hydrolysis.
Other solubilities: soluble in most common organic solvents
Viscosity: 4.3 mPa.s (25°C)
Formula Weight: 284.26
Percent Purity: 98+%
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Titanium(IV) isopropoxide



FIRST AID MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Handle under nitrogen, protect from moisture.
Store under nitrogen.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Hydrolyzes readily.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE
Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
Titanium isopropoxide is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.


CAS Number: 546-68-9
EC Number: 208-909-6
MDL number: MFCD00008871
Chemical formula: C12H28O4Ti



SYNONYMS:
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Titanium tetra-n-propoxide, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) i-propoxide, Titanium, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Titanium, tetrakis(isopropoxy)-, Tyzor TPT, tetra-iso-Propyl orthotitanate, tetra-iso-Propyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, titanium tetraIsopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropanolate, titanium(IV) 2-propanolate, titanium(IV) i-propoxide, isopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium tetraisopropylate, orthotitanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Isopropyl titanate(IV), titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, isopropyltitanate, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, iso-propyl titanate, titanium tetraisopropanolate, tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), tetraisopropanolatotitanium, tetrakis(isopropoxy) titanium, tetraksi(isopropanolato) titanium, titanic acid isopropyl ester, titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, titanium isopropoxide, titanium isopropylate, 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Titanium isopropoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti(OCH(CH)) (i-Pr).
Titanium isopropoxide is an organotitanium compound that reacts with water to form titanium hydroxide.
Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.


Titanium isopropoxide is a colourless, slightly yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Titanium isopropoxide is a colourless to light yellow liquid.
Titanium isopropoxide is a colourless to light yellow liquid.


Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.
Titanium isopropoxide appears as a water-white to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.
Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium alkoxide.


Titanium isopropoxide is a highly reactive catalyst & can be used in direct & transesterification reactions.
Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium alkoxide.
Titanium isopropoxide appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild odor.


The basic structure of Titanium isopropoxide consists of four isopropanol groups attached to a central titanium atom.
Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone, but insoluble in water.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium isopropoxide is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.
Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium isopropoxide is a highly reactive catalyst & can be used in direct & transesterification reactions.


Titanium isopropoxide is a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.
Titanium isopropoxide belongs to the product group of organic titanates, which are known to be highly reactive organics that can be used in a broad range of processes and applications.


Titanium isopropoxide is a colourless, slightly yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Typical users in plasticizer, acrylate and methacrylate manufacturers.
Titanium isopropoxide appears as a water-white to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.


Titanium isopropoxide appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild odor.
Titanium isopropoxide, with the chemical formula C12H28O4Ti, has the CAS number 546-68-9.
Titanium isopropoxide, with the chemical formula C12H28O4Ti, has the CAS number 546-68-9.


Titanium isopropoxide is important to handle this chemical with caution and use appropriate protective measures to avoid any potential harm.
The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.
Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula C12H28O4Ti.


Titanium isopropoxide has a low vapor pressure and a high melting point, which makes it well suited for use in high temperature environments.
Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.
Titanium isopropoxide is an alkoxy titanate with a high level of reactivity.


Titanium isopropoxide belongs to organic titanates group.
Titanium isopropoxide is a highly reactive organic widely used in different applications as well as processes.
This slighty yellow to colorless liquid, Titanium isopropoxide is highly-sensitive to moisture.


Titanium isopropoxide is an organic titanate that has a wide range of applications across several industries.
Titanium isopropoxide is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid that is typically stored under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, to prevent degradation.


Moreover, Titanium isopropoxide is often supplied in amber glass or metal containers, which protect against chemical and photochemical degradation.
Titanium isopropoxide belongs to the product group of organic titanates, which are known to be highly reactive organics that can be used in a broad range of processes and applications.


Titanium isopropoxide is a colorless, slighty yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Titanium isopropoxide is an organic compound composed of titanium and isopropyl groups (-C(CH3)2).
Special handling equipment is necessary to exclude any contact with air or moisture causing premature hydrolysis of the compound.


Ultimately, the production and use of Titanium isopropoxide is a complex process that demands a high degree of precision, safety, and quality control.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.


Titanium isopropoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.
Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.


Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such isopropanol aggregate less.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.


Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
The primary method of synthesis involves the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.


This reaction is exothermic and produces corrosive coproducts such as hydrogen chloride and must be controlled carefully to prevent overheating and associated ignition and corrosion risks.
Through continuous research and innovation, methods are continually being refined to enhance the efficiency, increase yield, eliminate unwanted byproducts and safety of these processes by reduction of toxicity when used to replace traditional catalysts.


Titanium isopropoxide is colorless to light yellow transparent liquid.
Titanium isopropoxide is water rapid hydrolysis, soluble in alcohol, ether, ketone, benzene and other organic solvents.
Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.


In crystalline state, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetramer.
Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.
Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium isopropoxide has a complex structure.
In crystalline state, Titanium isopropoxide is a tetramer.
Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, it is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.


Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.
Titanium isopropoxide is a precursor for the preparation of Titania.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as an auxiliary agent and chemical product intermediate.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization reactions.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for ester exchange reaction
Titanium isopropoxide is used as additive and intermediate of chemical products
Titanium isopropoxide is used for making adhesives, as catalysts for transesterification reaction and polymerization reaction.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for making metal and rubber, metal and plastic binder, also used as ester exchange reaction and polymerization reaction catalyst and pharmaceutical industry raw materials.
Titanium isopropoxide is used polymerization catalyst.


Titanium isopropoxide is used transesterification.
Titanium isopropoxide can adhere paint, rubber, plastic to metal.
Binders for preparing metals and rubber, metals and plastics, Titanium isopropoxide is also used as catalysts for transesterification and polymerization reactions and raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.


Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used directly or in directly as a catalyst or catlyst additive,as a coating primer or added to formulation as a adhesion promoter and as the base material in the formation fo sol-get systems or nanoparticle systems or products.


Titanium isopropoxide can be used as sharpless oxidation catalyst.
Titanium isopropoxide is used synthesize all kinds of titanate coupling agent, cross-linking agent and dispersant.
Titanium isopropoxide is a type of very lively primary titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.


Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification, also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.



Titanium isopropoxide can also be used as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry and the preparation of metal and rubber, metal and plastic adhesives.
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used as surface modifier, adhesion promoter and paraffin and oil additives.
nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for ester exchange reaction.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.


Titanium isopropoxide also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.
Titanium isopropoxide can only be used in oil system.
Coating: Glass, metals, fillers and pigments can be treated with Titanium isopropoxide to give increased surface hardness; adhesion promotion; heat, chemical and scratch resistance; coloring effects; light reflection; iridescence; and corrosion resistance


Paint additive: Titanium isopropoxide can be used as an additive in paints to cross-link -OH functional polymers or binders; to promote adhesion; or to act as a binder itself.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2


Titanium isopropoxide can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.
Titanium isopropoxide also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.


Titanium isopropoxide can only be used in oil system.
Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst especially for asymmetric induction in organic syntheses; in preparation of nanosized TiO2.
Titanium isopropoxide is used complexing agent in sol-gel process.


Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst for esterification reactions, and transesterification reactions of acrylic acid and other esters.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as Ziegler (Ziegler Natta) catalyst in polymerization reactions such as epoxy resin, phenolic plastic, silicone resin, polybutadiene, etc.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.


In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters and methacrylic esters.
Titanium isopropoxide is used adhesion promoter.


Titanium isopropoxide has been proved that it can undergo light-induced electron transfer.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used for transesterification and condensation reactions in organic synthesis Catalyst.
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as a precursor to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2).


Titanium isopropoxide is used cross-linking for polymers.
Titanium isopropoxide is used coatings.
Titanium isopropoxide is used surface modification (metal, glass)


Titanium isopropoxide is used manufacture of scratch resistant glass.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in cross linking agent in wire enamel.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in chelates of ink & Plasticizers Ind.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for heat-resistant surface coatings in paints, lacquers, and plastics; for hardening and cross-linking of epoxy, silicon, urea, melamine, and terephthalate resins and adhesives; and for adhesion of paints, rubber, and plastics to metals.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used in catalysts, glass surface treatments, flue gas sorbents, controlled-release pesticides, and dental compositions (to bond to enamel).


Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.


In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make nano-sized titanium dioxide.


Titanium isopropoxide can be used as an adhesion promoting and cross-linking agent for hydroxylic compounds or heat and corrosion resistant coatings.
Titanium isopropoxide is most suitable for use in the glass and glass fiber manufacturing.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used directly or in directly as a catalyst or catlyst additive,as a coating primer or added to formulation as a adhesion promoter and as the base material in the formation fo sol-get systems or nanoparticle systems or products.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used to promote the adhesion of the coating to the surface.
Titanium isopropoxide can be directly used as a material surface modifier, adhesive promoter.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a chemical additive and an intermediate in chemical products.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.


Titanium isopropoxide is used exchange Reaction for Esters
Titanium isopropoxide is used as additives and intermediates in chemical products
Titanium isopropoxide is used polymerization catalyst.


A new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from titanium tetraisopropoxide by sol-gel two-step method.
The raw material of barium strontium titanate film.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used as sharpless oxidation catalyst.


Titanium isopropoxide is used synthesize all kinds of titanate coupling agent, cross-linking agent and dispersant.
Titanium isopropoxide is most commonly used as a Lewis acid and a Ziegler–Natta catalyst.
Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters and methacrylic esters.


Titanium isopropoxide is used adhesion promoter, Cross-linking for polymers, Coatings, Surface modification (metal, glass)
Titanium isopropoxide is ideal to be used as a catalyst to develop polyesters and plasticizers.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to prepare porous titanosilicates, which are potential ion exchange materials for the removal of radioactive wastes.


Titanium isopropoxide is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes, which have been shown to be capable of light-induced electron transfer.
In addition to this, Titanium isopropoxide is also used as adhesion promoter, coater, etc.


Titanium isopropoxide can be used as an esterification catalyst for plasticizers, polyesters, methacrylic esters, resins, polycarbonates, polyolefins and RTV silicone sealants.
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used for coating chemicals as a cross linker for wire enamel varnish, glass and zinc flake coatings.


Titanium isopropoxide is most suitable for use in the glass and glass fiber manufacturing.
Titanium isopropoxide may be used as an adhesion promoter for packaging ink such as flexo and gravure.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.


Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide has a wide range of applications in various industries.
Pigment production: Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment widely used in the paint, cosmetic, and food industries.


Organic synthesis: Titanium isopropoxide is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis reactions, such as the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals.
Polymer synthesis: Titanium isopropoxide is used as an initiator for the polymerization of vinyl monomers and as a coupling agent for polymer-polymer and polymer-inorganic material interactions.


Adhesion promoter: Titanium isopropoxide can act as an adhesion promoter, improving the adhesion of coatings and adhesives to various substrates.
Electronics: Titanium isopropoxide is used in the production of thin-film capacitors and in the fabrication of metal-insulator-metal capacitors.
Surface treatment: Titanium isopropoxide can be used for the surface treatment of metals, ceramics, and glass to improve their properties, such as corrosion resistance and adhesion.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction with various alcohols under neutral conditions.
Titanium isopropoxide can be formed by a sol-gel two-step method.
Titanium isopropoxide is used new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.


These are some of the common applications of Titanium isopropoxide, and its use may vary depending on the specific needs of each industry.
Titanium isopropoxide is used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters, and methacrylic esters.
Titanium isopropoxide is used adhesion promoter, Cross-linking for polymers, Coatings, and Surface modification (metal, glass).


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment widely used in paint, cosmetics, and food industries.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a starting material in the synthesis of other titanium compounds and as a catalyst in organic synthesis.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2)


Titanium isopropoxide is a titanium-based coordination compound, commonly used in the asymmetric
Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst in Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.


Titanium isopropoxide is used Chemical Synthesis, Industrial Chemicals, Organic Intermediates.
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2).
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium isopropoxide in a two-step sol-gel process.


Titanium isopropoxide is used to make adhesives and as catalysts for transesterification and polymerization
Titanium isopropoxide can be used to prepare adhesives for metal and rubber, metal and plastics, catalysts for transesterification and polymerization, and raw materials for pharmaceutical industry.


Titanium isopropoxide is used industrial catalyst, pesticide intermediates, plastic rubber auxiliaries, pharmaceutical raw materials.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst for esterification and polymerization of organic synthesis.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as adhesive for metal and rubber, metal and plastic, and used as coating additive and medical organic synthesis.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used as an additive to improve the corrosion resistance of metal surfaces, such as steel and copper.


Titanium isopropoxide has high stereoselectivity.
In the paint, Titanium isopropoxide is used a variety of polymers or resins play a cross-linking role, improving the anti-corrosion ability of the coating, etc.
Titanium isopropoxide is used for transesterification.


Titanium isopropoxide is used for titanate coupling agent、crosslinking agent and dispersant synthesis.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as a catalyst for ester exchange and condensation reactions in organic synthesis.
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2).


A new type of metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from Titanium isopropoxide by a two-step sol-gel process.
Titanium isopropoxide can adhere paint, rubber and plastic to metal.
Titanium isopropoxide is used as an additive for the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation reaction of allyl alcohol.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium isopropoxide is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium isopropoxide is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.


In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium isopropoxide is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Titanium isopropoxide is used for the preparation of adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization
Titanium isopropoxide is a the raw material for the strontium barium titanate thin film.


Titanium isopropoxide is used to prepare porous titanium silicate, which is a potential ion exchange material for removing radioactive waste.
Titanium isopropoxidet has been demonstrated that heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals and viologen electron acceptor complexes can undergo photo induced electron transfer.


Titanium isopropoxide is perfect for use as a synthesis catalyst and as an ingredient for pharmaceutical coatings.
Industry uses of Titanium isopropoxide: Ceramics, Coatings, Polymers (Chemical/Industrial Manufacturing)
Titanium isopropoxide can be used as a precursor for ambient conditions vapour phase deposition such as infiltration into polymer thin films.


The production and use of Titanium isopropoxide requires precision, expertise, and adherence to strict safety guidelines.
Titanium isopropoxide is a versatile chemical used in various applications such as catalysis, polymerization, and surface treatment of materials.
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a precursor for the synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles, which are widely used in nanotechnology applications.


Titanium isopropoxide comes in a 500mL bottle and should be handled with care due to its flammable nature.
Titanium isopropoxide should be stored in a cool, dry place away from sources of ignition or heat.
Proper protective equipment must be worn when handling Titanium isopropoxide.


Titanium isopropoxide’s wide-ranging applications span several industries.
Its primary use lies within the domain of material science, where Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the creation of ceramics, glasses, and other materials.


No significant environmental impacts have been reported for Titanium isopropoxide if handled properly.
Titanium isopropoxide is a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.
Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.


Titanium isopropoxide can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.
Titanium isopropoxide also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.


Titanium isopropoxide’s use to prepare porous titanosilicates, has been utilized to form ion exchange media to treat nuclear wastes in the removal of soluble forms of cesium-137 (137Cs).
Titanium isopropoxide also has been shown to have synergistic effects when combined with other additives, such as metal hydroxides or methyl glycosides.


Titanium isopropoxide can only be used in oil system.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to the ester exchange reaction
Intermediates, Titanium isopropoxide is used as fertilizer and chemical products


Titanium isopropoxide is used for making adhesives, used as ester exchange reaction and polymerization catalyst
Titanium isopropoxide is used for making metal and rubber, metal and plastic adhesive
Titanium isopropoxide is a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.


Titanium isopropoxide is used as a raw material for barium strontium titanate film.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to prepare porous titanosilicate, which is a potential ion exchange material for removing radioactive waste.
Titanium isopropoxide is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes.


Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.
Titanium isopropoxide can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.


Titanium isopropoxide also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.
In the chemical industry, Titanium isopropoxide serves as a catalyst or a precursor to other catalysts in processes like the Sharpless epoxidation, a process used to synthesize 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols.


The pharmaceutical industry also harnesses the catalytic properties of Titanium isopropoxide for certain types of organic reactions, such as transesterification, condensation, addition reactions and polymerization.


-TiO2 pigments and films:
Micro- or nano-scale TiO2 pigments can be formed from Titanium isopropoxide.
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used to create a polymeric TiO2 film on surfaces via pyrolytic or hydrolytic processes.


-Hair-making uses of Titanium isopropoxide:
Titanium isopropoxide, isopropyl alcohol, and liquid ammonia were heated and dissolved in toluene as a solvent to undergo an esterification reaction.
The reaction product was filtered off by-product ammonium chloride by suction, and the product was obtained by distillation.


-Titanium isopropoxide is mainly used as catalyst for transesterification and condensation in organic synthesis.
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as precursor to prepare titanium dioxide (titanium dioxide).
A new type of metal oxide / phosphonate hybrids can be formed from four isopropanol titanium by sol-gel two step process.
Raw materials for barium strontium titanate thin films.

Porous titanium silicate is a potential ion exchange material for the removal of radioactive waste.
Photoinduced electron transfer has been demonstrated to occur in heterogeneous supramolecules consisting of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and viologen electron acceptor complexes.


-Coating Industry uses of Titanium isopropoxide:
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a catalyst in the coating industry.
Titanium isopropoxide's purpose in this field involves promoting the curing process of coatings and improving their overall performance.
The mechanism of action in coatings involves the initiation and acceleration of chemical reactions, leading to the formation of a durable and protective coating layer.


-Polymer Industry uses of Titanium isopropoxide:
Titanium isopropoxide is also utilized in the polymer industry as a crosslinking agent.
Titanium isopropoxide's purpose in this field involves creating strong chemical bonds between polymer chains, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties and stability of the polymers.
The mechanism of action in polymer crosslinking involves the formation of covalent bonds between the Titanium isopropoxide and the polymer chains, leading to a three-dimensional network structure.



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH
This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials in the form of powders or thin films.

Typically water is added in excess to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The composition, crystallinity and morphology of the inorganic product are determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water (hydrolysis ratio), and reaction conditions.

Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst in the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



SOLUBILITY OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform.



TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE USAGE IN GLASS INDUSTRY:
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used as a cross-linking agent and catalyst in the glass industry.

*Anti-reflective coatings:
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as a cross-linking agent in anti-reflective coatings for glass.
The coating helps to reduce glare and improve visibility, making Titanium isopropoxide ideal for applications like eyeglasses, camera lenses, and flat panel displays.


*Self-cleaning coatings:
Titanium isopropoxide is also used to create self-cleaning coatings for glass.
When exposed to sunlight, the coating reacts with oxygen to produce free radicals that break down organic matter on the surface of the glass.
This helps to keep the glass clean and reduces the need for manual cleaning.


*Pigments:
As I mentioned earlier, Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
These nanoparticles are used as pigments in glass and ceramic applications, providing improved optical properties and color saturation.
They are often used in products like decorative glassware, ceramic tiles, and automotive glass.


*Scratch-resistant coatings:
Titanium isopropoxide can also be used to create scratch-resistant coatings for glass.
When added to the coating, Titanium isopropoxide reacts with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the glass to create a durable, cross-linked network.
This network helps to protect the glass from scratches, abrasion, and chemical damage, making Titanium isopropoxide ideal for applications like smartphone screens and protective eyewear.



TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE USAGE IN INK INDUSTRY:
Titanium isopropoxide is commonly used in the ink industry as a cross-linking agent and as a catalyst for polymerization reactions.
Here are some specific ways that Titanium isopropoxide is used in the ink industry:


*UV-curable inks:
Titanium isopropoxide is often used as a cross-linking agent in UV-curable inks.
When exposed to UV light, the ink undergoes a polymerization reaction that cross-links the ink molecules and hardens the ink film. Titanium isopropoxide can be added to the ink formulation to promote cross-linking and improve the ink’s adhesion, durability, and resistance to abrasion and chemical attack.


*Pigment dispersions:
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a dispersant in pigment dispersions for ink formulations.
Titanium isopropoxide helps to stabilize the pigment particles and prevent them from settling out of the ink.
This improves the color consistency and print quality of the ink.


*Metal printing:
Titanium isopropoxide can be used as a catalyst for the polymerization of acrylic resins used in metal printing.
The resin is applied to the metal substrate as an ink and then cured using Titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst.
This creates a durable and scratch-resistant coating on the metal surface.


*Inkjet printing:
Titanium isopropoxide can be added to inkjet inks as a cross-linking agent to improve the ink’s adhesion and durability on various substrates, such as paper, plastic, and metal.

Overall, Titanium isopropoxide is a valuable tool in the ink industry, helping to improve the performance and quality of ink formulations.
Titanium isopropoxide's ability to promote cross-linking, stabilize pigments, and catalyze polymerization reactions makes it a versatile material for ink manufacturers.



NOTES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is moisture sensitive.
Store Titanium isopropoxide in cool place.
Keep Titanium isopropoxide container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Titanium isopropoxide is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to produce titanium dioxide.



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform.



FEATURES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
*Organic compound composed of titanium and isopropyl groups
*Colorless liquid with a low melting point
*Low toxicity and is considered relatively safe to handle
*Reacts readily with water and air



BENEFITS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
*Versatile:
Titanium isopropoxide is a versatile compound that can be used in various industries, including pigment production, organic synthesis, and polymer synthesis.

*Efficient:
As a catalyst, Titanium isopropoxide can facilitate organic reactions in a fast and efficient manner.

*High-quality products:
Titanium isopropoxide is used as a precursor for the production of high-quality titanium dioxide pigment used in paints, cosmetics, and food products.

*Precursor for other compounds:
Titanium isopropoxide is used as a starting material for the synthesis of other titanium compounds.

*Adhesion promoter:
Titanium isopropoxide can also act as an adhesion promoter, improving the adhesion of coatings and adhesives to various substrates.

Overall, the features and benefits of Titanium isopropoxide make it a valuable compound in various industries, providing an efficient and versatile solution for the production of high-quality products.



SHELF LIFE OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Under proper storage conditions, the shelf life of Titanium isopropoxide is 12 months.



NOTES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is moisture sensitive.
Store Titanium isopropoxide in cool place.
Keep Titanium isopropoxide container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Titanium isopropoxide is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to produce titanium dioxide.



REACTIONS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
*Catalyst for the synthesis of acyclic epoxy alcohols and allylic epoxy alcohols.
*Useful for diastereoselective reduction of alpha-fluoroketones.
*Catalyzes the asymmetric allylation of ketones.
*Reagent for the synthesis of cyclopropylamines from aryl and alkenyl nitriles.
*Useful for racemic and/or enantioselective addition of nucleophiles to aldehydes, ketones and imines.
*Catalytic intramolecular formal [3+2] cycloaddition.
*Catalyst for the synthesis of cyclopropanols from esters and organomagnesium reagents



KEY FEATURES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
*Balanced pH value, Purity
*Non-toxic
*Safe to use



AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide fumes in the air.
Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in water.
Titanium isopropoxide decomposes rapidly in water to form flammable isopropyl alcohol.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Metal alkyls, such as Titanium isopropoxide, are reducing agents and react rapidly and dangerously with oxygen and with other oxidizing agents, even weak ones.
Thus, they are likely to ignite on contact with alcohols.



SUMMARY OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide, often abbreviated TTIP, is a crucial compound used in many modern industrial processes that rely on organic synthesis and materials science.

More specifically, Titanium isopropoxide is frequently used in the asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols, and as a catalyst in the Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.
Most commonly, Titanium isopropoxide serves as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a substance found in a multitude of applications from paint to sunscreen.

However, Titanium isopropoxide’s flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air presents challenges for its storage and transport.
With the use of appropriate packaging and transport solutions, as well as meticulous environmental control, Titanium isopropoxide’s possible to overcome this challenge.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Dissolve Titanium isopropoxide in dry *C6H6 , filter if a solid separates, evaporate and fractionate.
Titanium isopropoxide is hydrolysed by H2O to give solid Ti2O(iso-OPr)2 m ca 48o


PRODUCTION METHODS OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH

This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials.
Typically water is added to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The nature of the inorganic product is determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water, and the rate of mixing.

Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used as a catalyst for the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



BACKGROUND OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Titanium isopropoxide has a rich history in the realm of chemical synthesis.
First discovered in the 1950s, Titanium isopropoxide quickly became an essential tool due to its unique chemical properties.
As an alkoxide of titanium, Titanium isopropoxide is an organometallic compound, meaning it is part of a class of compounds that contain a metal directly bonded to an organic molecule, which gives them unique properties.

Titanium isopropoxide is often used in a process known as sol-gel synthesis.
In this method, a solution (sol) is gradually transitioned to a solid (gel) form.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in this process because it can be easily hydrolyzed (reacted with moisture/water) and condensed to first form a colloidal structure and upon further condensation, a connected porous network of titanium dioxide.

This gel can be further aged and dried through supercritical (aerogel), thermal (xerogel) or freeze drying (cryogel) to form a solid powder end product with multiple levels of structure, functionality, and porosity.
Moreover, Titanium isopropoxide is instrumental in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

In this process, a volatile precursor like Titanium isopropoxide is used to produce high-quality, thin film materials with atomic level precision control of thickness with uniformity and high repeatability.
These materials are then used in a variety of applications, from microelectronics to solar cells.

While the value of Titanium isopropoxide is well-established, its flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air while beneficial in the sol-gel or MOCVD processes pose significant handling challenges.
It is essential that Titanium isopropoxide's transport and storage be carefully controlled to avoid inherent hazards and also contamination and degradation.

In response to these challenges, the industry has developed specialized handling equipment and stringent environmental control measures to maintain the safety and integrity of this important chemical precursor.
The evolution of Titanium isopropoxide reflects the wider trends in the chemical industry: the constant pursuit of better and safer synthetic methods, the adaptation to increasingly stringent environmental standards, and the development of cutting-edge applications in high-tech industries.

Through its versatile applications, Titanium isopropoxide is significantly contributing to enhancing chemical synthesis, material science, and sustainability in economic and environmental efforts."



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
Character light yellow liquid, smoke in humid air.
boiling point 102~104 ℃
freezing point 14.8 ℃
relative density 0.954g/cm3
refractive index 1.46
soluble in a variety of organic solvents.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Liquid
Color: Colorless to pale yellow
Density: 0.95 to 0.98 g/ml at 20°C
Composition:
Assay (TiO2 Content): 27.8 - 28.6%
Assay (Ti Content): 16.6% to 16.9%
Storage and Handling:
Storage Temperature: +20°C (Room Temperature)
Storage Conditions: Ambient
Shelf Life: 60 Months
Regulatory Information:

Chemical formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molar mass: 284.219 g•mol−1
Appearance: colorless to light-yellow liquid
Density: 0.96 g/cm3
Melting point: 17 °C (63 °F; 290 K) approximation
Boiling point: 232 °C (450 °F; 505 K)
Solubility in water: Reacts to form TiO2
Solubility: soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform
Refractive index (nD): 1.46
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Molecular Weight: 284.22 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Melting Point: 14-17 C
Boiling Point: 232 C
Density: 0.96 g/mL
Einecs Number: 208-909-6
HMIS: 2-3-1-X

Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 284.25
TSCA: Yes
Delta H Vaporization (kJ/mol): 14.7 kcal/mole
Boiling Point (˚C/mmHg): 58/1
Density (g/mL): 0.937
Flash Point (˚C): 25 °C
Melting Point (˚C): 15-19°
Refractive Index @ 20˚C: 1.4654
Viscosity at 25 ˚C (cSt): 2
Viscosity: 2 cSt
ΔHform: -377 kcal/mol
ΔHvap: 14.7 kcal/mol
Metal content: 16.6-16.9% Ti
Vapor pressure, 50 °C: 0.9 mm
Vapor pressure, 100 °C: 19 mm
Soluble: heptane, isopropanol

Molecular complexity: 1.4
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorlesslight yellow
Odor: alcohol-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 14 - 17 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 232 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 41 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available

Viscosity, dynamic: 3 mPa.s at 25 °C
Water solubility: insoluble
Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22
Storage: Room Temperature
Shelf Life: 60 Months
HSN Code: 29051990
Appearance (Clarity): Clear
Appearance (Colour): Colourless to pale yellow
Appearance (Form): Liquid
Assay (TiO2 content): 27.8 - 28.6%
Density (g/ml) @ 20°C: 0.96 - 0.98
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1,33 hPa at 63 °C
Density: 0,96 g/cm3 at 20 °C - lit.

Relative density: 0,96 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Compound Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22
Appearance: Colorless to yellow liquid
Melting Point: 14-17 °C
Boiling Point: 232 °C
Density: 0.96 g/mL
Solubility in H2O: Reacts to form TiO2

Refractive Index: 1.4640
Exact Mass: N/A
Monoisotopic Mass: 284.147003
Charge: N/A
Melting Point: 16°C to 20°C
Density: 0.955
Boiling Point: 232°C
Flash Point: 46°C (115°F)
Linear Formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Refractive Index: 1.464
UN Number: UN2413
Beilstein: 3679474
Sensitivity: Moisture sensitive
Merck Index: 14,9480
Solubility Information: Soluble in anhydrous ethanol,ether,benzene and chloroform.
Formula Weight: 284.23
Percent Purity: 95%
Chemical Name or Material: Titanium(IV) isopropoxide

Formula: C₁₂H₂₈O₄Ti
MW: 284,23 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 240 °C (760 mmHg)
Melting Pt: >15 °C
Density: 0,95 g/cm³
Flash Pt: 46 °C
Storage Temperature: Ambient
MDL Number: MFCD00008871
CAS Number: 546-68-9
EINECS: 208-909-6
UN: 2413
ADR: 3,III
Merck Index: 12,09614
Appearance: Clear liquid (May darken on storage)
Infrared spectrum: Conforms
Melting point: ≥15 °C

Assay: 16.6 to 17.3 % (Ti)
Color scale: ≤100 APHA
CAS Number: 546-68-9
Assay (purity): 97%
Purity method: by gravimetric assay
Molecular weight: 284.22
Form: liquid
Appearance: colorless liquid
Melting point: 14-17C
Boiling point: 232C
Gravimetric assay: %Ti=27.5-28.3
Molecular formula: C12H28O4Ti
Linear formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Flash Point: 46°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic

Assay Percent Range: 16.6 to 17.3% (Ti)
Linear Formula: Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4
Refractive Index: 1.4654 to 1.4684
Beilstein: 01,II,382
Fieser: 11,92; 12,90; 13,13; 14,61; 15,308; 16,54; 17,347
Merck Index: 15,9636
Specific Gravity: 0.95
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: hydrolysis.
Other solubilities: soluble in most common organic solvents
Viscosity: 4.3 mPa.s (25°C)
Formula Weight: 284.26
Percent Purity: 98+%
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Titanium(IV) isopropoxide



FIRST AID MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available


ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Handle under nitrogen, protect from moisture.
Store under nitrogen.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Hydrolyzes readily.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE

Titanium isopropoxide, also known as titanium tetraisopropoxide or tetraisopropyl titanate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4.
Titanium isopropoxide is an organotitanium compound characterized by its tetrahedral structure, where a titanium (Ti) atom is bonded to four isopropoxy (OCH(CH3)2) groups.

CAS Number: 546-68-9
EC Number: 208-909-6

Synonyms: Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Tetra(isopropoxy)titanium, Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Isopropyl titanate, Tetra(propan-2-olato)titanium, Isopropyl alcohol titanium salt, Titanium(IV) bis(propan-2-olate), Tetra(isopropanolato)titanium, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Titanium tetra(2-propanolate), Isopropanol titanium complex, Tetraisopropyl titanium oxide, Titanium(IV) propan-2-oxide



APPLICATIONS


Titanium isopropoxide is extensively used as a precursor in the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, which are widely employed in paints, coatings, and pigments.
Titanium isopropoxide serves as a key raw material in the production of ceramic materials, where it acts as a sintering aid to improve the density and mechanical properties of ceramics.

In the electronics industry, Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the deposition of thin films and coatings for electronic devices such as semiconductors and capacitors.
Titanium isopropoxide is a catalyst precursor in the manufacturing of titanium-based catalysts used in various chemical processes, including polymerization and organic synthesis.
Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the production of adhesives and sealants, where it enhances bonding strength and durability on diverse substrates.

Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the formulation of coatings for metal surfaces to improve corrosion resistance and longevity, particularly in marine and automotive applications.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the aerospace industry for the development of coatings and materials that withstand high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions.
Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the manufacture of optical coatings and films, contributing to anti-reflective and protective properties in lenses and mirrors.

In the biomedical field, it is investigated for potential applications in drug delivery systems and biomedical implants due to its biocompatibility and controlled release properties.
Titanium isopropoxide plays a role in the synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic materials used in nanotechnology, sensors, and advanced materials.
Titanium isopropoxide is essential in the production of fuel additives and lubricants to improve the efficiency and performance of engines and machinery.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the formulation of specialty glasses and ceramics for applications requiring high transparency, strength, and thermal stability.
Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and solar panels to enhance light absorption and energy conversion efficiency.
Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the fabrication of anti-static and anti-fouling coatings for electronic components and marine surfaces.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of inorganic pigments and dyes for paints, inks, and plastics, imparting specific color properties and durability.
Titanium isopropoxide is a cross-linking agent in the production of silicone rubbers and resins, enhancing their mechanical and thermal properties.

Titanium isopropoxide is applied in the preparation of catalyst systems for environmental applications, such as wastewater treatment and air purification.
Titanium isopropoxide plays a crucial role in the synthesis of titanium-containing materials for aerospace alloys, biomedical implants, and structural composites.

Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings and materials for construction and industrial applications.
Titanium isopropoxide is investigated for its potential as a photocatalyst in environmental remediation and water purification technologies.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the formulation of protective coatings for glass and architectural surfaces to enhance weather resistance and longevity.
Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the production of specialty chemicals and polymers with tailored properties for specific industrial applications.

Titanium isopropoxide is essential in the synthesis of high-performance lubricants and greases for automotive, aerospace, and industrial machinery.
Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the manufacture of corrosion-resistant alloys and materials for marine, chemical processing, and oil and gas industries.
Titanium isopropoxide is a versatile compound with wide-ranging applications in materials science, electronics, energy, environmental technologies, and biomedical fields, driving innovation across industries.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the production of high-performance ceramics used in cutting tools, bearings, and aerospace components.
Titanium isopropoxide serves as a precursor in the synthesis of titanium alkoxides and organotitanium compounds used as coupling agents in polymer chemistry.

Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the formulation of corrosion-resistant coatings for architectural structures, bridges, and automotive parts.
Titanium isopropoxide is crucial in the synthesis of titanium-containing nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and drug delivery applications.

Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the formulation of catalysts for the production of polyolefins, polyesters, and other specialty polymers.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the preparation of photocatalytic coatings for self-cleaning surfaces and air purification systems.
Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the manufacturing of abrasion-resistant materials used in industrial flooring and protective coatings.

Titanium isopropoxide plays a role in the production of titanium-based materials used in dental implants and orthopedic prosthetics.
Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the fabrication of superconducting materials and high-temperature superconductors.

Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the synthesis of titanium alkoxides for use as cross-linking agents in polymer composites.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the formulation of nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties for aerospace and automotive applications.

Titanium isopropoxide is investigated for its potential in 3D printing technologies to create complex structures with superior strength and durability.
Titanium isopropoxide is applied in the production of high-index optical materials for lenses, mirrors, and optical fibers.

Titanium isopropoxide serves as a precursor in the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in cosmetics, sunscreens, and UV-blocking materials.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the formulation of gas diffusion layers and electrode materials for fuel cells and energy storage devices.

Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the preparation of titanium-based pigments and additives for paints and coatings industry.
Titanium isopropoxide plays a role in the synthesis of titanium-containing zeolites and molecular sieves used in catalysis and adsorption processes.
Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the production of titanium oxide films for antireflective coatings on glass and solar panels.

Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the formulation of protective coatings for metals exposed to harsh environmental conditions.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the production of lightweight materials and alloys for automotive, aerospace, and sports equipment applications.

Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the preparation of functional ceramics with tailored electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties.
Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the manufacturing of hybrid organic-inorganic materials for sensor and electronic device applications.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of titanium alkoxides for the production of titanium-based nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic activity.
Titanium isopropoxide is investigated for its potential in the development of bioactive materials and scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Titanium isopropoxide continues to be explored for emerging applications in nanotechnology, advanced materials, and sustainable technologies, driving innovation in various scientific and industrial fields.



DESCRIPTION


Titanium isopropoxide, also known as titanium tetraisopropoxide or tetraisopropyl titanate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4.
Titanium isopropoxide is an organotitanium compound characterized by its tetrahedral structure, where a titanium (Ti) atom is bonded to four isopropoxy (OCH(CH3)2) groups.

Titanium isopropoxide is a chemical compound with a molecular formula Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4.
Titanium isopropoxide appears as a clear to pale yellow liquid under standard conditions.
Titanium isopropoxide is characterized by its tetrahedral structure, where a central titanium atom is bonded to four isopropoxy groups.

Titanium isopropoxide has a molecular weight of approximately 284.22 g/mol.
Titanium isopropoxide has a mild, characteristic odor.

Titanium isopropoxide is soluble in various organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, and hydrocarbons, but it is practically insoluble in water.
Titanium isopropoxide is highly reactive due to the presence of titanium-oxygen bonds, making it prone to hydrolysis and oxidation reactions.

Titanium isopropoxide is a precursor in the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, which are widely used in paints, coatings, and sunscreen formulations.
Titanium isopropoxide is also used in the production of ceramic materials due to its ability to serve as a sintering aid.

As a catalyst precursor, it plays a crucial role in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals and polymers.
Titanium isopropoxide finds application in the preparation of titanium-based catalysts for organic reactions.

Titanium isopropoxide is employed in the formulation of adhesives and coatings to enhance bonding strength and durability.
Titanium isopropoxide is utilized in the electronics industry for the production of dielectric films and coatings.

In the aerospace sector, it contributes to the development of high-performance materials resistant to corrosion and high temperatures.
Titanium isopropoxide is known for its role in the synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic materials with tailored properties.

Titanium isopropoxide is used in the fabrication of anti-corrosion coatings for metals and alloys in marine environments.
Titanium isopropoxide is valued in the medical field for its potential applications in drug delivery systems and biomedical devices.

Due to its reactivity, it requires careful handling and storage to prevent unintended reactions.
Titanium isopropoxide is also employed in the manufacture of photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.
Titanium isopropoxide serves as a cross-linking agent in the production of silicone rubbers and resins, improving mechanical properties.

Titanium isopropoxide is essential in the synthesis of specialty glasses and optical coatings.
Titanium isopropoxide is used in the formulation of fuel additives to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions.

Titanium isopropoxide is a key ingredient in the production of high-performance lubricants and greases.
Titanium isopropoxide plays a role in the synthesis of inorganic pigments and dyes used in paints, inks, and plastics.
Titanium isopropoxide is a versatile compound with diverse applications across industries, contributing to advancements in materials science, electronics, energy, and environmental technologies.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Clear to pale yellow liquid
Odor: Mild, characteristic odor
Molecular Weight: Approximately 284.22 g/mol
Density: ~0.98 g/cm³ (at 20°C)
Melting Point: -24°C (liquid)
Boiling Point: ~265°C (decomposes)
Flash Point: 105°C (closed cup)
Solubility in Water: Practically insoluble
Solubility in Other Solvents: Soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, and hydrocarbons
Viscosity: Low viscosity liquid


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4
Structure: Tetrahedral structure with titanium (Ti) bonded to four isopropoxy (OCH(CH3)2) groups
Reactivity: Highly reactive due to titanium-oxygen bonds, prone to hydrolysis and oxidation reactions
Hydrolysis: Reacts readily with water to form titanium dioxide (TiO2) and isopropanol
Purity: Commercial grades typically ≥ 97% purity
Storage Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Flammability: Flammable liquid, handle with care
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive to metals under normal conditions
Acidity/Basicity: Neutral pH in solution
Compatibility: Compatible with most organic solvents but incompatible with strong acids and bases
Catalytic Activity: Acts as a catalyst or catalyst precursor in various chemical reactions
Redox Properties: Participates in redox reactions involving titanium oxidation states



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air immediately.
Keep the person calm and in a comfortable position.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen if trained to do so.
Seek medical attention promptly.


Skin Contact:

Quickly remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical advice.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and washed before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention from an eye specialist.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easily removable, after rinsing.


Ingestion:

Rinse mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing (e.g., lab coat) when handling Titanium isopropoxide.
Use a respirator if handling in a poorly ventilated area or if there is a risk of inhalation exposure.

Ventilation:
Handle in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Avoid breathing vapors or mists; use mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Avoid Contact:
Prevent skin contact and avoid eye exposure.
In case of contact, follow first aid measures promptly (see previous response).

Handling Practices:
Use appropriate handling procedures to minimize spills and leaks.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Titanium isopropoxide.
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling.

Transfer and Dispensing:
Use chemical-resistant containers and equipment for transferring and dispensing Titanium isopropoxide.
Ensure containers are tightly sealed when not in use to prevent evaporation and contamination.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store Titanium isopropoxide in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and air exposure, which can lead to hydrolysis.
Store away from heat sources, sparks, open flames, and incompatible materials (e.g., acids, bases).

Temperature Control:
Maintain storage temperature between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) to ensure stability and prevent decomposition.

Incompatibilities:
Avoid storage near strong acids or bases, as Titanium isopropoxide can react violently with these materials.
Store away from oxidizing agents and reactive metals that may accelerate decomposition.

Handling of Large Quantities:
If handling large quantities, ensure adequate ventilation and consider using secondary containment to prevent spills.

Labeling and Identification:
Clearly label containers with the chemical name, hazards, handling precautions, and emergency contact information.
Keep SDS readily available for reference by personnel handling the chemical.
TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE
Titanium tetraisopropanolate appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild odor.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate, with the chemical formula C12H28O4Ti, has the CAS number 546-68-9.


CAS Number: 546-68-9
EC Number: 208-909-6
MDL number: MFCD00008871
Chemical formula: C12H28O4Ti



SYNONYMS:
Titanium Isopropoxide, Tetra Isopropyl Titanate, Tetraisopropyl Orthotitanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, Ti(IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OiPr)4, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE(IV);TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM ISO-PROPYLATE, TITANIUM (IV) I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM (IV) TETRA-I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Isopropyltitanate, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) i-propoxide, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), TITANIUM ISO-PROPYLATE, titanium(4+) tetrapropan-2-olate, propan-2-ol - titanium (4:1), TPT, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, Titanium tetraisopropanolate, Titanium tetraisopropylate, 2-Propanol,titanium(4+) salt (9CI), Isopropyl alcohol, titanium(4+) salt (8CI), Titaniumisopropoxide (Ti(OC3H7)4) (7CI), 5N (titanate), A 1 (titanate), AKT872, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Isopropyl titanate(IV)((C3H7O)4Ti), NDH 510C, Orgatix TA 10, TA 10, TIPT, TPTA 1, Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Tetrakis(isopropanolato)titanium, Tetrakis(isopropylato)titanium(IV), Tetrakis(isopropyloxy)titanium, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetrakis(iso-propoxide), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanium, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Vertec TIPT, ITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, TTIP, tetraisopropoxytitanium, TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, Titanium(Ⅳ) isopropoxide, TETRAISOPROPYL ORTHOTITANATE, TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, titanium tetraisopropanolate, titanium iv isopropoxide, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropylate, titanium isopropylate, ti isopropylate, tetraisopropoxytitanium iv, isopropyl orthotitanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, 2-Propanol,titanium(4+) salt (4:1), Isopropyl alcohol,titanium(4+) salt, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OC3H7)4), 2-Propanol,titanium(4+) salt, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Titanium,tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Titanium isopropylate, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Tyzor TPT, Tetrakis(isopropyloxy)titanium, TPT, Titanium isopropoxide, A 1 (titanate), A 1, Orgatix TA 10, Titanium tetrakis(iso-propoxide), Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Tetrakis(isopropylato)titanium(IV), Tilcom TIPT, Tetrakis(isopropanolato)titanium, TA 10, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), 5N (titanate), 5N, Vertec TIPT, AKT 872, TPTA 1, Bistrater H-NDH 510C, NDH 510C, TIPT, Vertec XL 110, Vertec RJCE, Vertec XI 900, Titanium(IV) isoproproxide, Orgatix TA 8, Tetrakis(isopropoxide)titanium, JTW-TPT, 3651-85-2, 50336-56-6, 71515-81-6, 73264-97-8, 94340-28-0, 112797-74-7, 118815-04-6, 119651-13-7, 128796-34-9, 131530-94-4, 147809-57-2, 167709-32-2, 176680-01-6, 186518-71-8, 187601-75-8, 195382-13-9, 198699-88-6, 210407-18-4, 216859-04-0, 244173-55-5, 245654-31-3, 255839-65-7, 259264-35-2, 300564-30-1, 310882-94-1, 347859-73-8, 366477-01-2, 408306-55-8, 505093-57-2, 518050-49-2, 917485-01-9, 918419-31-5, 1004522-95-5, 1016644-08-8, 1149373-13-6, 1245903-59-6, 1352612-45-3, 2120427-28-1, 2408830-00-0, 2448474-288, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE(IV), TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM ISO-PROPYLATE, TITANIUM (IV) I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM (IV) TETRA-I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium isopropylate, 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt, Isopropyl alcohol titanium(4+) salt, Isopropyl alcohol, titanium salt, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Isopropyl titanate(IV), Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), Orgatix TA 10, Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Tetraisopropoxide titanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Tetraksi(isopropanolato)titanium, Ti Isopropylate, Tilcom TIPT, Titanic acid isopropyl ester, Titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Titanic(IV) acid, tetraisopropyl ester, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OCH7)4), Titanium isopropylate, Titanium isopropylate (VAN), Titanium tetra-n-propoxide, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Titanium, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Tetra isoprobyl titanate (TIPT), Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Titanium(IV) i-propoxide, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE,TITANIUM, TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, TTIP, tetraisopropoxytitanium, TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, Titanium(Ⅳ) isopropoxide, TETRAISOPROPYL ORTHOTITANATE, TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt, A 1 (titanate), Isopropyl alcohol titanium(4+) salt, Isopropyl alcohol, titanium salt, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Isopropyl titanate(IV), Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), Orgatix TA 10, TA 10, Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Tetraisopropoxide titanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Tetrakis(isopropanolato)titanium, Ti Isopropylate, Tilcom TIPT, Titanic acid isopropyl ester, Titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Titanic(IV) acid, tetraisopropyl ester, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OC3H7)4), Titanium isopropylate, Titanium isopropylate (VAN), Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Titanium, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Tyzor TPT, [ChemIDplus] UN2413, Titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Tetraisopropyl Orthotitanate, Isopropyl Titanate, 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Tetraisopropoxy titanium, ISOPROPYL TITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE(IV), TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM ISO-PROPYLATE, TITANIUM (IV) I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM (IV) TETRA-I-PROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, Isopropyl orthotitanate, Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Tetraisopropyl titanate, Tetrakis(isopropanolato)titanium, Tetrakis(isopropoxide)titanium, Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Tetrakis(isopropylato)titanium(IV), Tetrakis(isopropyloxy)titanium, TIPT, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium isopropylate, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Titanium tetrakis(iso-propoxide), Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanium(IV) isopropoxide, TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, N.O.S.), A 1, A 1 (TITANATE), ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, TITANIUM(4+) SALT, ISOPROPYL ORTHOTITANATE, ISOPROPYL TITANATE(IV) ((C3H7O)4TI), ORGATIX TA 10, TETRAISOPROPANOLATOTITANIUM, TETRAISOPROPOXYTITANIUM, TETRAISOPROPYL ORTHOTITANATE, TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE, TETRAKIS(ISOPROPOXY)TITANIUM, TETRAKIS(ISOPROPYLATO)TITANIUM(IV), TETRAKIS(ISOPROPYLOXY)TITANIUM, TILCOM TIPT, TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM ISOPROPOXIDE (TI(OC3H7)4), TITANIUM ISOPROPYLATE, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPYLATE, TITANIUM TETRAKIS(ISO-PROPOXIDE), TITANIUM TETRAKIS(ISOPROPOXIDE), TITANIUM(4+) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM(IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, TITANIUM, TETRAKIS(1-METHYLETHOXY)-, TPT, TYZOR TPT, Titanium tetraisopropanolate, 546-68-9, Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium isopropylate, Titanium tetraisopropylate, Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, Tilcom TIPT, Titanium tetraisopropoxide, Ti Isopropylate, Tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), Isopropyl orthotitanate, Tetraisopropoxytitanium, Tetraisopropanolatotitanium, TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE, propan-2-olate; titanium(4+), A 1 (titanate), Orgatix TA 10, Tetrakis(isopropoxy)titanium, Tyzor TPT, Isopropyl Titanate, TTIP, Tetraisopropoxide titanium, Titanium tetra-n-propoxide, Titanium(4+) isopropoxide, Titanic acid isopropyl ester, Titanium, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)-, Isopropyl alcohol, titanium(4+) salt, Titanium tetrakis(isopropoxide), Isopropyl titanate(IV) ((C3H7O)4Ti), 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt, titanium(IV) propan-2-olate, 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt (4:1), Titanium(IV) Tetraisopropoxide, Isopropyl alcohol titanium(4+) salt, 76NX7K235Y, titanium(4+) tetrakis(propan-2-olate), Isopropyl titanate(IV), titanium tetra(isopropoxide), Titanium isopropylate (VAN), TITANIUM (IV) ISOPROPOXIDE, titanium(4+) tetrapropan-2-olate, HSDB 848, Tetraksi(isopropanolato)titanium, NSC-60576, Isopropyl alcohol, titanium salt, Titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OC3H7)4), EINECS 208-909-6, Titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OCH7)4), NSC 60576, Titanic(IV) acid, tetraisopropyl ester, titanium(IV)tetraisopropoxide, C12H28O4Ti, UNII-76NX7K235Y, TIPT, Ti(OiPr)4, tetraisopropoxy titanium, tetraisopropoxy-titanium, titaniumtetraisopropoxide, titaniumtetraisopropylate, titanium(IV)isopropoxide, tetra-isopropoxy titanium, titanium (IV)isopropoxide, tetra-iso-propoxy titanium, titanium tetra-isopropoxide, titanium-tetra-isopropoxide, EC 208-909-6, titanium (4+) isopropoxide, Titanium isopropoxide(TTIP), VERTEC XL 110, tetraisopropoxytitanium (IV), titanium tetra (isopropoxide), titanium(IV)tetraisopropoxide, titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide, TITANUM-(IV)-ISOPROPOXIDE, CHEBI:139496, AKOS015892702, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPOXIDE [MI], TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE [HSDB], T0133, Q2031021, 2923581-56-8



Titanium tetraisopropanolate, with the chemical formula C12H28O4Ti, has the CAS number 546-68-9.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a colourless, slightly yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a colourless to light yellow liquid.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a colourless to light yellow liquid.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateappears as a water-white to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a chemical compound with the formula Ti(OCH(CH)) (i-Pr).


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an organotitanium compound that reacts with water to form titanium hydroxide.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild odor.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a titanium alkoxide.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a highly reactive catalyst & can be used in direct & transesterification reactions.
The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.


Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula C12H28O4Ti.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate has a low vapor pressure and a high melting point, which makes it well suited for use in high temperature environments.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid that is typically stored under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, to prevent degradation.


Moreover, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is often supplied in amber glass or metal containers, which protect against chemical and photochemical degradation.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a titanium alkoxide.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a highly reactive catalyst & can be used in direct & transesterification reactions.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatebelongs to the product group of organic titanates, which are known to be highly reactive organics that can be used in a broad range of processes and applications.


The basic structure of Titanium tetraisopropanolate consists of four isopropanol groups attached to a central titanium atom.
Special handling equipment is necessary to exclude any contact with air or moisture causing premature hydrolysis of the compound.
Ultimately, the production and use of Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a complex process that demands a high degree of precision, safety, and quality control.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate has a complex structure.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4.


The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a colourless, slightly yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Typical users in plasticizer, acrylate and methacrylate manufacturers.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateappears as a water-white to pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.
Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.
Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such isopropanol aggregate less.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule.
Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a titanium coordination entity consisting of a titanium(IV) cation with four propan-2-olate anions as counterions.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an alkoxy titanate with a high level of reactivity.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatebelongs to organic titanates group.
The primary method of synthesis involves the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
This reaction is exothermic and produces corrosive coproducts such as hydrogen chloride and must be controlled carefully to prevent overheating and associated ignition and corrosion risks.


Through continuous research and innovation, methods are continually being refined to enhance the efficiency, increase yield, eliminate unwanted byproducts and safety of these processes by reduction of toxicity when used to replace traditional catalysts.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is colorless to light yellow transparent liquid.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone, but insoluble in water.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is important to handle this chemical with caution and use appropriate protective measures to avoid any potential harm.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a highly reactive organic widely used in different applications as well as processes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is water rapid hydrolysis, soluble in alcohol, ether, ketone, benzene and other organic solvents.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate has a complex structure.
In crystalline state, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a tetramer.


Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.
Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium tetraisopropanolate, titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis an organic titanate that has a wide range of applications across several industries.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatebelongs to the product group of organic titanates, which are known to be highly reactive organics that can be used in a broad range of processes and applications.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate has a complex structure.
In crystalline state, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a tetramer.
Non-polymerized in non-polar solvents, it is a tetrahedral diamagnetic molecule.


Isopropyl titanate, also known as Titanium tetraisopropanolate, titanium tetraisopropoxide is the isopropoxide of titanium (IV), used in organic synthesis and materials science.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a precursor for the preparation of Titania.


This slighty yellow to colorless liquid, Titanium tetraisopropanolateis highly-sensitive to moisture.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a colorless, slighty yellowish liquid that is very sensitive to moisture.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis an organic compound composed of titanium and isopropyl groups (-C(CH3)2).



USES and APPLICATIONS of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for ester exchange reaction
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as additive and intermediate of chemical products
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for making adhesives, as catalysts for transesterification reaction and polymerization reaction


Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used directly or in directly as a catalyst or catlyst additive,as a coating primer or added to formulation as a adhesion promoter and as the base material in the formation fo sol-get systems or nanoparticle systems or products.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as sharpless oxidation catalyst.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as an auxiliary agent and chemical product intermediate.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization reactions.


Binders for preparing metals and rubber, metals and plastics, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used as catalysts for transesterification and polymerization reactions and raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used synthesize all kinds of titanate coupling agent, cross-linking agent and dispersant.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a type of very lively primary titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification, also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for making metal and rubber, metal and plastic binder, also used as ester exchange reaction and polymerization reaction catalyst and pharmaceutical industry raw materials.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an active component of sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can also be used as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry and the preparation of metal and rubber, metal and plastic adhesives.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate can also be used as surface modifier, adhesion promoter and paraffin and oil additives.
nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for ester exchange reaction.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatealso can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan only be used in oil system.
Coating: Glass, metals, fillers and pigments can be treated with Titanium tetraisopropanolateto give increased surface hardness; adhesion promotion; heat, chemical and scratch resistance; coloring effects; light reflection; iridescence; and corrosion resistance


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used catalyst for esterification reactions, and transesterification reactions of acrylic acid and other esters.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as Ziegler (Ziegler Natta) catalyst in polymerization reactions such as epoxy resin, phenolic plastic, silicone resin, polybutadiene, etc.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used polymerization catalyst.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used transesterification.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can adhere paint, rubber, plastic to metal.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate has been proved that it can undergo light-induced electron transfer.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used for transesterification and condensation reactions in organic synthesis Catalyst.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is often used as a precursor to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2).


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an active component of sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium tetraisopropanolate in a two-step sol-gel process.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a chemical additive and an intermediate in chemical products.
Paint additive: Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as an additive in paints to cross-link -OH functional polymers or binders; to promote adhesion; or to act as a binder itself.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used to promote the adhesion of the coating to the surface.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be directly used as a material surface modifier, adhesive promoter.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used polymerization catalyst.
A new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from titanium tetraisopropoxide by sol-gel two-step method.
The raw material of barium strontium titanate film.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatealso can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can only be used in oil system.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used catalyst especially for asymmetric induction in organic syntheses; in preparation of nanosized TiO2.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used to promote the adhesion of the coating to the surface.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be directly used as a material surface modifier, adhesive promoter.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used polymerization catalyst.
A new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from titanium tetraisopropoxide by sol-gel two-step method.
The raw material of barium strontium titanate film.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used complexing agent in sol-gel process.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to prepare porous titanosilicates, which are potential ion exchange materials for the removal of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes, which have been shown to be capable of light-induced electron transfer.


Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium tetraisopropanolate in a two-step sol-gel process.
Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropanolateis involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction with various alcohols under neutral conditions.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be formed by a sol-gel two-step method.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used new metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium tetraisopropanolate in a two-step sol-gel process.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2)


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters and methacrylic esters.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used adhesion promoter.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used cross-linking for polymers.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used surface modification (metal, glass)
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used exchange Reaction for Esters


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a titanium-based coordination compound, commonly used in the asymmetric
Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used as a catalyst in Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as additives and intermediates in chemical products
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make adhesives and as catalysts for transesterification and polymerization
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used for heat-resistant surface coatings in paints, lacquers, and plastics; for hardening and cross-linking of epoxy, silicon, urea, melamine, and terephthalate resins and adhesives; and for adhesion of paints, rubber, and plastics to metals.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used Chemical Synthesis, Industrial Chemicals, Organic Intermediates.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is commonly used as a precursor for the preparation of Titania (TiO2).
Novel metal oxide/phosphonate hybrids were formed from Titanium tetraisopropanolate in a two-step sol-gel process.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis also used in catalysts, glass surface treatments, flue gas sorbents, controlled-release pesticides, and dental compositions (to bond to enamel).
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used to make nano-sized titanium dioxide.


Starting material for barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to make porous titanosilicates, potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used as an additive to improve the corrosion resistance of metal surfaces, such as steel and copper.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as an adhesion promoting and cross-linking agent for hydroxylic compounds or heat and corrosion resistant coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used to prepare adhesives for metal and rubber, metal and plastics, catalysts for transesterification and polymerization, and raw materials for pharmaceutical industry.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate has high stereoselectivity.
In the paint, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used a variety of polymers or resins play a cross-linking role, improving the anti-corrosion ability of the coating, etc.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for transesterification.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can adhere paint, rubber and plastic to metal.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as an additive for the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation reaction of allyl alcohol.


Applied in the formation of a heterosupermolecule consisting of a TiO2 nanocrystallite-viologen electron acceptor complex whose light-induced electron transfer has been demonstrated.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used industrial catalyst, pesticide intermediates, plastic rubber auxiliaries, pharmaceutical raw materials.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used manufacture of scratch resistant glass.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used in cross linking agent in wire enamel.
This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium and barium-strontium-titanate thin films.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is useful to make porous titanosilicates and potential ion-exchange materials for cleanup of radioactive wastes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an active component of Sharpless epoxidation as well as involved in the synthesis of chiral epoxides.


In Kulinkovich reaction, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is involved as a catalyst in the preparation of cyclopropanes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for the preparation of adhesives, as a catalyst for transesterification and polymerization.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used in chelates of ink & Plasticizers Ind.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis most suitable for use in the glass and glass fiber manufacturing.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as an adhesion promoting and cross-linking agent for hydroxylic compounds or heat and corrosion resistant coatings.
Industry uses of Titanium tetraisopropanolate: Ceramics, Coatings, Polymers (Chemical/Industrial Manufacturing)


Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used as a precursor for ambient conditions vapour phase deposition such as infiltration into polymer thin films.
The production and use of Titanium tetraisopropanolate requires precision, expertise, and adherence to strict safety guidelines.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate’s wide-ranging applications span several industries.


Its primary use lies within the domain of material science, where Titanium tetraisopropanolate is utilized in the creation of ceramics, glasses, and other materials.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used as catalyst for esterification and polymerization of organic synthesis.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used as adhesive for metal and rubber, metal and plastic, and used as coating additive and medical organic synthesis.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for titanate coupling agent、crosslinking agent and dispersant synthesis.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis most suitable for use in the glass and glass fiber manufacturing.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used directly or in directly as a catalyst or catlyst additive,as a coating primer or added to formulation as a adhesion promoter and as the base material in the formation fo sol-get systems or nanoparticle systems or products.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate’s use to prepare porous titanosilicates, has been utilized to form ion exchange media to treat nuclear wastes in the removal of soluble forms of cesium-137 (137Cs).


Titanium tetraisopropanolate also has been shown to have synergistic effects when combined with other additives, such as metal hydroxides or methyl glycosides.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as a raw material for barium strontium titanate film.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to prepare porous titanosilicate, which is a potential ion exchange material for removing radioactive waste.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to form heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals-violet essence electron acceptor complexes.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as sharpless oxidation catalyst.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used synthesize all kinds of titanate coupling agent, cross-linking agent and dispersant.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis most commonly used as a Lewis acid and a Ziegler–Natta catalyst.
In the chemical industry, Titanium tetraisopropanolate serves as a catalyst or a precursor to other catalysts in processes like the Sharpless epoxidation, a process used to synthesize 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols.


The pharmaceutical industry also harnesses the catalytic properties of Titanium tetraisopropanolate for certain types of organic reactions, such as transesterification, condensation, addition reactions and polymerization.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used as a catalyst for ester exchange and condensation reactions in organic synthesis.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is often used as a precursor for the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
A new type of metal oxide/phosphonate hybrid can be formed from Titanium tetraisopropanolate by a two-step sol-gel process.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters and methacrylic esters.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used adhesion promoter, Cross-linking for polymers, Coatings, Surface modification (metal, glass)
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis ideal to be used as a catalyst to develop polyesters and plasticizers.
In addition to this, Titanium tetraisopropanolateis also used as adhesion promoter, coater, etc.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used as an esterification catalyst for plasticizers, polyesters, methacrylic esters, resins, polycarbonates, polyolefins and RTV silicone sealants.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a the raw material for the strontium barium titanate thin film.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to prepare porous titanium silicate, which is a potential ion exchange material for removing radioactive waste.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatet has been demonstrated that heterogeneous supramolecules composed of TiO2 nanocrystals and viologen electron acceptor complexes can undergo photo induced electron transfer.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan also be used for coating chemicals as a cross linker for wire enamel varnish, glass and zinc flake coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis most suitable for use in the glass and glass fiber manufacturing.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatemay be used as an adhesion promoter for packaging ink such as flexo and gravure.


Titanium tetraisopropanolatehas a wide range of applications in various industries.
Pigment production: Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment widely used in the paint, cosmetic, and food industries.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is perfect for use as a synthesis catalyst and as an ingredient for pharmaceutical coatings.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a versatile chemical used in various applications such as catalysis, polymerization, and surface treatment of materials.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is commonly used as a precursor for the synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles, which are widely used in nanotechnology applications.


Organic synthesis: Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a catalyst in organic synthesis reactions, such as the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals.
Polymer synthesis: Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as an initiator for the polymerization of vinyl monomers and as a coupling agent for polymer-polymer and polymer-inorganic material interactions.


Adhesion promoter: Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan act as an adhesion promoter, improving the adhesion of coatings and adhesives to various substrates.
Electronics: Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used in the production of thin-film capacitors and in the fabrication of metal-insulator-metal capacitors.
Surface treatment: Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be used for the surface treatment of metals, ceramics, and glass to improve their properties, such as corrosion resistance and adhesion.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate comes in a 500mL bottle and should be handled with care due to its flammable nature.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate should be stored in a cool, dry place away from sources of ignition or heat.
Proper protective equipment must be worn when handling Titanium tetraisopropanolate.


No significant environmental impacts have been reported for Titanium tetraisopropanolate if handled properly.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate can only be used in oil system.
These are some of the common applications of Tetraisopropyl titanate (TIPT), and its use may vary depending on the specific needs of each industry.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used catalyst to produce plasticizers, polyesters, and methacrylic esters.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used adhesion promoter, Cross-linking for polymers, Coatings, and Surface modification (metal, glass).
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment widely used in paint, cosmetics, and food industries.


Titanium tetraisopropanolateis also used as a starting material in the synthesis of other titanium compounds and as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to the ester exchange reaction
Intermediates, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used as fertilizer and chemical products


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for making adhesives, used as ester exchange reaction and polymerization catalyst
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used for making metal and rubber, metal and plastic adhesive
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a type of very lively primary alcohol titanium oxide; it hydrolyzes when contacted with moisture in air.


Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used as catalyst in esterification reaction or transesterification,also being used as catalyst of polyolefin.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used to improve the adherence and crosslinking of resin having alcohol group or carboxyl group, used in heat resistant and corrosion resistant coating.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate also can be used in the manufacture of glass and glass fiber.


-Titanium tetraisopropanolate is mainly used as catalyst for transesterification and condensation in organic synthesis.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is often used as precursor to prepare titanium dioxide (titanium dioxide).
A new type of metal oxide / phosphonate hybrids can be formed from four isopropanol titanium by sol-gel two step process.
Raw materials for barium strontium titanate thin films.

Porous titanium silicate is a potential ion exchange material for the removal of radioactive waste.
Photoinduced electron transfer has been demonstrated to occur in heterogeneous supramolecules consisting of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and viologen electron acceptor complexes.


-Hair-making uses of Titanium tetraisopropanolate:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate, isopropyl alcohol, and liquid ammonia were heated and dissolved in toluene as a solvent to undergo an esterification reaction.
The reaction product was filtered off by-product ammonium chloride by suction, and the product was obtained by distillation.


-Coating Industry uses of Titanium tetraisopropanolate:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is commonly used as a catalyst in the coating industry.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate's purpose in this field involves promoting the curing process of coatings and improving their overall performance.
The mechanism of action in coatings involves the initiation and acceleration of chemical reactions, leading to the formation of a durable and protective coating layer.


-Polymer Industry uses of Titanium tetraisopropanolate:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also utilized in the polymer industry as a crosslinking agent.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate's purpose in this field involves creating strong chemical bonds between polymer chains, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties and stability of the polymers.

The mechanism of action in polymer crosslinking involves the formation of covalent bonds between the Titanium tetraisopropanolate and the polymer chains, leading to a three-dimensional network structure.


-TiO2 pigments and films:
Micro- or nano-scale TiO2 pigments can be formed from Tetraisopropyl titanate (TIPT).
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan also be used to create a polymeric TiO2 film on surfaces via pyrolytic or hydrolytic processes.



TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATEUSAGE IN GLASS INDUSTRY:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis commonly used as a cross-linking agent and catalyst in the glass industry.

*Anti-reflective coatings:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis often used as a cross-linking agent in anti-reflective coatings for glass.
The coating helps to reduce glare and improve visibility, making Titanium tetraisopropanolateideal for applications like eyeglasses, camera lenses, and flat panel displays.


*Self-cleaning coatings:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis also used to create self-cleaning coatings for glass.
When exposed to sunlight, the coating reacts with oxygen to produce free radicals that break down organic matter on the surface of the glass.
This helps to keep the glass clean and reduces the need for manual cleaning.


*Pigments:
As I mentioned earlier, Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a precursor for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
These nanoparticles are used as pigments in glass and ceramic applications, providing improved optical properties and color saturation.
They are often used in products like decorative glassware, ceramic tiles, and automotive glass.


*Scratch-resistant coatings:
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan also be used to create scratch-resistant coatings for glass.
When added to the coating, Titanium tetraisopropanolatereacts with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the glass to create a durable, cross-linked network.
This network helps to protect the glass from scratches, abrasion, and chemical damage, making Titanium tetraisopropanolateideal for applications like smartphone screens and protective eyewear.



TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATEUSAGE IN INK INDUSTRY:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis commonly used in the ink industry as a cross-linking agent and as a catalyst for polymerization reactions.
Here are some specific ways that Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used in the ink industry:


*UV-curable inks:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis often used as a cross-linking agent in UV-curable inks.
When exposed to UV light, the ink undergoes a polymerization reaction that cross-links the ink molecules and hardens the ink film. Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be added to the ink formulation to promote cross-linking and improve the ink’s adhesion, durability, and resistance to abrasion and chemical attack.


*Pigment dispersions:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis also used as a dispersant in pigment dispersions for ink formulations.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatehelps to stabilize the pigment particles and prevent them from settling out of the ink.
This improves the color consistency and print quality of the ink.


*Metal printing:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate can be used as a catalyst for the polymerization of acrylic resins used in metal printing.
The resin is applied to the metal substrate as an ink and then cured using Titanium tetraisopropanolateas a catalyst.
This creates a durable and scratch-resistant coating on the metal surface.


*Inkjet printing:
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan be added to inkjet inks as a cross-linking agent to improve the ink’s adhesion and durability on various substrates, such as paper, plastic, and metal.

Overall, Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a valuable tool in the ink industry, helping to improve the performance and quality of ink formulations.
Tetraisopropyl titanate (TIPT)'s ability to promote cross-linking, stabilize pigments, and catalyze polymerization reactions makes it a versatile material for ink manufacturers.



FEATURES OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
*Organic compound composed of titanium and isopropyl groups
*Colorless liquid with a low melting point
*Low toxicity and is considered relatively safe to handle
*Reacts readily with water and air



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH
This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials in the form of powders or thin films.

Typically water is added in excess to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The composition, crystallinity and morphology of the inorganic product are determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water (hydrolysis ratio), and reaction conditions.

Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used as a catalyst in the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



SOLUBILITY OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform.



NOTES OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is moisture sensitive.
Store Titanium tetraisopropanolate in cool place.
Keep Titanium tetraisopropanolate container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate reacts with water to produce titanium dioxide.



PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene and chloroform.



NOTES OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is moisture sensitive.
Store Titanium tetraisopropanolate in cool place.
Keep Titanium tetraisopropanolate container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Titanium tetraisopropanolate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate reacts with water to produce titanium dioxide.



SUMMARY OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate, often abbreviated TTIP, is a crucial compound used in many modern industrial processes that rely on organic synthesis and materials science.

More specifically, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is frequently used in the asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation reaction of allylic alcohols, and as a catalyst in the Kulinkovich reaction for the synthesis of cyclopropanes.
Most commonly, Titanium tetraisopropanolate serves as a precursor for the production of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a substance found in a multitude of applications from paint to sunscreen.

However, Titanium tetraisopropanolate’s flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air presents challenges for its storage and transport.
With the use of appropriate packaging and transport solutions, as well as meticulous environmental control, Titanium tetraisopropanolate’s possible to overcome this challenge.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:
Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH

This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials.
Typically water is added to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol.
The nature of the inorganic product is determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water, and the rate of mixing.

Titanium tetraisopropanolate is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is also used as a catalyst for the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction.
Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.



BENEFITS OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
*Versatile:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis a versatile compound that can be used in various industries, including pigment production, organic synthesis, and polymer synthesis.

*Efficient:
As a catalyst, Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan facilitate organic reactions in a fast and efficient manner.

*High-quality products:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a precursor for the production of high-quality titanium dioxide pigment used in paints, cosmetics, and food products.

*Precursor for other compounds:
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis used as a starting material for the synthesis of other titanium compounds.

*Adhesion promoter:
Titanium tetraisopropanolatecan also act as an adhesion promoter, improving the adhesion of coatings and adhesives to various substrates.

Overall, the features and benefits of Titanium tetraisopropanolatemake it a valuable compound in various industries, providing an efficient and versatile solution for the production of high-quality products.



SHELF LIFE OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
Under proper storage conditions, the shelf life of Titanium tetraisopropanolateis 12 months.



PREPARATION OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol.
Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:
TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl



BACKGROUND OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Titanium tetraisopropanolate has a rich history in the realm of chemical synthesis.
First discovered in the 1950s, Titanium tetraisopropanolate quickly became an essential tool due to its unique chemical properties.
As an alkoxide of titanium, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is an organometallic compound, meaning it is part of a class of compounds that contain a metal directly bonded to an organic molecule, which gives them unique properties.

Titanium tetraisopropanolate is often used in a process known as sol-gel synthesis.
In this method, a solution (sol) is gradually transitioned to a solid (gel) form.
Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used in this process because it can be easily hydrolyzed (reacted with moisture/water) and condensed to first form a colloidal structure and upon further condensation, a connected porous network of titanium dioxide.

This gel can be further aged and dried through supercritical (aerogel), thermal (xerogel) or freeze drying (cryogel) to form a solid powder end product with multiple levels of structure, functionality, and porosity.
Moreover, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is instrumental in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

In this process, a volatile precursor like Titanium tetraisopropanolate is used to produce high-quality, thin film materials with atomic level precision control of thickness with uniformity and high repeatability.
These materials are then used in a variety of applications, from microelectronics to solar cells.

While the value of Titanium tetraisopropanolate is well-established, its flammability and sensitivity to moisture and air while beneficial in the sol-gel or MOCVD processes pose significant handling challenges.
It is essential that Titanium tetraisopropanolate's transport and storage be carefully controlled to avoid inherent hazards and also contamination and degradation.

In response to these challenges, the industry has developed specialized handling equipment and stringent environmental control measures to maintain the safety and integrity of this important chemical precursor.
The evolution of Titanium tetraisopropanolate reflects the wider trends in the chemical industry: the constant pursuit of better and safer synthetic methods, the adaptation to increasingly stringent environmental standards, and the development of cutting-edge applications in high-tech industries.

Through its versatile applications, Titanium tetraisopropanolate is significantly contributing to enhancing chemical synthesis, material science, and sustainability in economic and environmental efforts."



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
Character light yellow liquid, smoke in humid air.
boiling point 102~104 ℃
freezing point 14.8 ℃
relative density 0.954g/cm3
refractive index 1.46
soluble in a variety of organic solvents.



REACTIONS OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
*Catalyst for the synthesis of acyclic epoxy alcohols and allylic epoxy alcohols.
*Useful for diastereoselective reduction of alpha-fluoroketones.
*Catalyzes the asymmetric allylation of ketones.
*Reagent for the synthesis of cyclopropylamines from aryl and alkenyl nitriles.
*Useful for racemic and/or enantioselective addition of nucleophiles to aldehydes, ketones and imines.
*Catalytic intramolecular formal [3+2] cycloaddition.
*Catalyst for the synthesis of cyclopropanols from esters and organomagnesium reagents



KEY FEATURES OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
*Balanced pH value, Purity
*Non-toxic
*Safe to use



AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
Titanium tetraisopropanolatefumes in the air.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis soluble in water.
Titanium tetraisopropanolatedecomposes rapidly in water to form flammable isopropyl alcohol.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
Metal alkyls, such as Tetraisopropyl titanate (TIPT), are reducing agents and react rapidly and dangerously with oxygen and with other oxidizing agents, even weak ones.
Thus, they are likely to ignite on contact with alcohols.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF TETRAISOPROPYL TITANATE (TIPT):
Dissolve Titanium tetraisopropanolatein dry *C6H6 , filter if a solid separates, evaporate and fractionate.
Titanium tetraisopropanolateis hydrolysed by H2O to give solid Ti2O(iso-OPr)2 m ca 48o



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
PSA: 36.92000
XLogP3: 3.50280
Appearance: Tetraisopropyl titanate appears as a water-white to
pale-yellow liquid with an odor like isopropyl alcohol.
About the same density as water.
Density: 0.9711 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point: 20 °C (approx)
Boiling Point: 220 °C @ Press: 760 Torr
Flash Point: 72 °F
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.464(lit.)
Water Solubility: HYDROLYSIS
Storage Conditions: Flammables area
Vapor Density: 9.8 (AIR= 1)
Experimental Properties:
Dielectric constant: 3.64 @ 62 kilocycles; decomposes rapidly in water.
Air and Water Reactions: Fumes in air.
Soluble in water.
Decomposes rapidly in water to form flammable isopropyl alcohol.

Reactive Group: Bases, Strong
Reactivity Alerts: Highly Flammable
Appearance:
Form: Liquid
Color: Light yellow
Odor: Alcohol-like
Melting Point/Freezing Point:
Melting point/range: 14 - 17 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 232 °C
Flash Point: 45 °C - closed cup
Evaporation Rate: Not available
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: Not available
Vapor Pressure: 1.33 hPa at 63 °C
Vapor Density: Not available
Relative Density: 0.96 g/mL at 20 °C
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not available

Auto-ignition Temperature: Not available
Decomposition Temperature: Not available
Viscosity: Not available
Explosive Properties: Not available
Oxidizing Properties: Not available
Other Safety Information: Not available
Melting point: 14-17 °C (literature value)
Boiling point: 232 °C (literature value)
Density: 0.96 g/mL at 20 °C (literature value)
Vapor pressure: 60.2 hPa at 25°C (literature value)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.464 (literature value)
Flash point: 72 °F
Storage temperature: Flammables area
Solubility: Soluble in anhydrous ethanol, ether, benzene, and chloroform.
Form: Liquid
Color: Colorless to pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 0.955
Water Solubility: Hydrolysis

Freezing Point: 14.8°C
Sensitivity: Moisture Sensitive
Hydrolytic Sensitivity: 7 (reacts slowly with moisture/water)
Stability: Stable but decomposes in the presence of moisture.
Incompatible with aqueous solutions, strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.05
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: Titanium Tetraisopropylate
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 546-68-9 (CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: 76NX7K235Y
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt (546-68-9)
Melting Point: Approximately 20 °C

Boiling Point: 220 °C @ 760 mm Hg
Freezing Point: Approximately 20 °C
Molecular Weight: 284.22 g/mol
Chemical Name: Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIPT)
CAS No.: 546-68-9
Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.22 g/mol
Description: Pale yellow transparent liquid with a titanium content of 16.7-16.8%
For the product named Titanium tetraisopropanolate with CAS No. 546-68-9:
Appearance: Pale yellow transparent liquid
Content of Titanium: 16.65-16.90% (wt%)
Chloride Content: ≤ 100 ppm
Color: 100
Density: 0.950-0.965 g/cm3
Product Name: Titanium isopropoxide
CAS No.: 546-68-9
Molecular Formula: C3H8O.1/4Ti
InChIKeys: InChIKey=LMCBEWMQFKWHGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 284.215
Exact Mass: 284.146698
EC Number: 208-909-6
UNII: 76NX7K235Y
UN Number: 1993
DSSTox ID: DTXSID5027196
Color/Form: Light-yellow liquid|Colorless to light-yellowish fluid
HScode: 29051900
Molecular Formula: C12H28O4Ti
Molecular Weight: 284.232 g/mol
HS Code: 29051900
European Community (EC) Number: 208-909-6
UN Number: 1993
UNII: 76NX7K235Y
Nikkaji Number: J6.429G
Mol file: 546-68-9.mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Handle under nitrogen, protect from moisture.
Store under nitrogen.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Hydrolyzes readily.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPANOLATE:
-Reactivity
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


TiONA 826
TiONA 826 is a high performance, multipurpose chloride-process rutile titanium dioxide pigment designed to provide an exceptional combination of ease of dispersion, superior optical properties and very high durability in a wide range of coatings applications.
The combination of high tint strength and very high durability of TiONA 826 makes it also an excellent choice for plastics applications.
Two main physico-chemically distinct polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase and rutile.
TiONA 826 has a higher photocatalytic activity than rutile but is thermodynamically less stable.

CAS: 13463-67-7
MF: O2Ti
MW: 79.8658
EINECS: 236-675-5

TiONA 826 has a higher photocatalytic activity than rutile but is thermodynamically less stable.
TiONA 826, TiO2, is a white powder and has the greatest hiding power of all white pigments.
TiONA 826 is noncombustible; however, it is a powder and, when suspended in air, may cause a dust explosion if an ignition source is present.
TiONA 826 is not listed in the DOT Hazardous Materials Table, and the DOT does not consider it hazardous in transportation.
The primary uses are as a white pigment in paints, paper, rubber, and plastics; in cosmetics; in welding rods; and in radioactive decontamination of the skin.
TiONA 826 is a titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.
A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, TiONA 826 has a wide range of applications.
TiONA 826 has a role as a food colouring.
Two main physico-chemically distinct polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase and rutile.

TiONA 826 is visually a brilliant white pigment which also has anti-inflammatory properties.
Two crystal types of TiO2 occur: anatase and rutile.
In order to produce these crystals, there are two manufacturing processes that are employed: (1) The sulfate manufacturing process has the ability to produce either type of crystal, while (2) the chloride manufacturing process produces only rutile crystals.
TiONA 826 is a universal product which combines very high durability, gloss retention and chalk resistance in exterior applications with excellent optical performance.
The combination of high tint strength and outstanding durability makes TiONA 826 an excellent choice for both coatings and plastic applications.

TiONA 826 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 1840 °C
Boiling point: 2900 °C
Density: 4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Refractive index: 2.61
Fp: 2500-3000°C
Storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: Practically insoluble in water.
TiONA 826 does not dissolve in dilute mineral acids but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.
Form: powder
Specific Gravity: 4.26
Color: White to slightly yellow
PH: 7-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Odor: at 100.00?%. odorless
Water Solubility: insoluble
Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic, Pcab
Merck: 14,9472
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3
NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3; TWA 2.4 mg/m3; TWA 0.3 mg/m3
CAS DataBase Reference: 13463-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
IARC: 2B (Vol. 47, 93) 2010
NIST Chemistry Reference: TiONA 826 (13463-67-7)
EPA Substance Registry System: TiONA 826 (13463-67-7)

The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite.
While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure.
TiONA 826 and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom.
In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms.

White, amorphous, odorless, and tasteless nonhygroscopic powder.
Although the average particle size of titanium dioxide powder is less than 1 mm, commercial TiONA 826 generally occurs as aggregated particles of approximately 100 mm diameter.
TiONA 826 may occur in several different crystalline forms: rutile; anatase; and brookite.
Of these, rutile and anatase are the only forms of commercial importance.
Rutile is the more thermodynamically stable crystalline form, but anatase is the form most commonly used in pharmaceutical applications.

Physical properties
The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite.
While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure.
Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom.
In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms.

Uses
TiONA 826, also known as rutile, is one of the best-known compounds used as a paint pigment.
TiONA 826 is ideal for paints exposed to severe temperatures and marine climates because of its inertness and self-cleaning attributes.
TiONA 826 is also used in manufacture of glassware, ceramics, enamels, welding rods, and floor coverings.
TiONA 826 is a white pigment that disperses in liquids and possesses great opacifying power.
The crystalline modifications of titanium dioxide are rutile and anatase, of which only anatase finds use as a color additive.

TiONA 826 is an extreme white and bright compound with high index of refraction.
In paints TiONA 826 is a white pigment and an opacifying agent.
TiONA 826 is in house paints, water paints, lacquers, enamels, paper filling and coating, rubber, plastics, printing ink, synthetic fabrics, floor coverings, and shoe whiteners.
Also, TiONA 826 is used in colorants for ceramics and coatings for welding rods.
A rutile form of the dioxide is used in synthetic gem stones.

Airfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manufacture.
Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal.
As color in the food industry.
Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics.
High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments.

TiONA 826 is one of the 21 FDA-approved sunscreen chemicals with an approved usage level of 2 to 25 percent.
When applied, titanium dioxide remains on the skin’s surface, scattering uV light.
TiONA 826 is often used in conjunction with other sunscreen chemicals to boost the product’s SPF value, thus reducing the risk of irritation or allergies attributed to excessive usage of chemical sunscreens.
TiONA 826's incorporation into sunscreen formulations, makeup bases, and daytime moisturizers depends on the particular size of titanium dioxide employed.
The smaller the particle size, the more unobtrusive Tio2’s application.
Large particles, on the other hand, leave a whitish wash or look on the skin.
Some companies list “micro” or “ultra” when referring to the size of the TiONA 826 particle.
According to some sources, TiONA 826 could be the ideal uVA/uVB protection component given its chemical, cosmetic, and physical characteristics.
TiONA 826 is also used to provide a white color to cosmetic preparations.

Pharmaceutical Applications
TiONA 826 is widely used in confectionery, cosmetics, and foods, in the plastics industry, and in topical and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a white pigment.
Owing to its high refractive index, TiONA 826 has lightscattering properties that may be exploited in its use as a white pigment and opacifier.
The range of light that is scattered can be altered by varying the particle size of the TiONA 826 powder.
For example, TiONA 826 with an average particle size of 230nm scatters visible light, while TiONA 826 with an average particle size of 60nm scatters ultraviolet light and reflects visible light.
In pharmaceutical formulations, TiONA 826 is used as a white pigment in film-coating suspensions, sugar-coated tablets, and gelatin capsules.
TiONA 826 may also be admixed with other pigments.
TiONA 826 is also used in dermatological preparations and cosmetics, such as sunscreens.

Preparation
TiONA 826 is mined from natural deposits.
TiONA 826 also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory.
TiONA 826 is produced from the minerals, rutile and ilmenite.
TiONA 826 is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4.
TiONA 826 is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation.
TiONA 826 form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating.
The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide.
The precipitate is calcined to expel all water.
TiONA 826 also can be prepared by heating Ti metal in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures.

Production Methods
There are two major processes for the manufacture of TiONA 826 pigments, namely sulfate route and chloride route.
In the sulfate process, the ore limonite, FeOTiO2, is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the resultant solution is hydrolyzed by boiling to produce a hydrated oxide, while the iron remains in solution.
The precipitated titanium hydrate is washed and leached free of soluble impurities.
Controlled calcinations at about 1000°C produce pigmentary TiONA 826 of the correct crystal size distribution; this material is then subjected to a finishing coating treatment and milling.
The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride.

TiONA 826 occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure).
TiONA 826 may be prepared commercially by either the sulfate or chloride process.
In the sulfate process a titanium containing ore, such as ilemenite, is digested in sulfuric acid.
This step is followed by dissolving the sulfates in water, then precipitating the hydrous titanium dioxide using hydrolysis.
Finally, TiONA 826 is calcinated at high temperature.
In the chloride process, the dry ore is chlorinated at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently oxidized to form TiONA 826.

Synonyms
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Titanium oxide
13463-67-7
Rutile
Titanium(IV) oxide
dioxotitanium
Anatase
Titania
1317-70-0
1317-80-2
Anatase (TiO2)
Brookite
Titanium White
Titafrance
Titandioxid
Flamenco
Hombitan
Tiofine
Tioxide
Tipaque
Titanox
Rayox
Bayertitan A
Rutile (TiO2)
Titanic anhydride
Tioxide RHD
Tioxide RSM
Zopaque LDC
Rutiox CR
Titanox RANC
A-Fil Cream
Calcotone White T
Tioxide A-DM
Tioxide AD-M
Tioxide R-CR
Tioxide R-SM
Tioxide R.XL
Bayertitan R-U-F
Levanox White RKB
A-Fil
Kronos
Tronox
Unitane
Zopaque
Runa rh20
Titanic oxide
Unitane or-150
Unitane or-340
Unitane or-342
Unitane or-350
Unitane or-540
Unitane or-640
Austiox R-CR 3
Cab-O-Ti
Hombitan R 101D
Hombitan R 610K
Bayertitan T
Unitane o-110
Unitane o-220
Kronos RN 40P
Kronos RN 56
Tiona td
Titan White
Horse head a-410
Horse head a-420
Horse head r-710
Tipaque R 820
Unitane OR 450
Unitane OR 650
Tin dioxide dust
Titanium peroxide
Titanox 2010
Uniwhite AO
Uniwhite KO
Trioxide(s)
Kronos CL 220
Kronos titanium dioxide
Kronos 2073
Ti-Pure
Bayertitan AN 3
Runa ARH 20
Tioxide R XL
1700 White
P 25 (oxide)
Runa ARH 200
Ti-Pure R 900
Ti-Pure R 901
Tiona t.d.
Bayertitan R-U 2
Bayertitan R-FK-D
Octahedrite
Titanium peroxide (TiO2)
Aerosil P 25
Aerosil P 27
Bayertitan
Baytitan
Sagenite
Tichlor
Titandioxid (sweden)
Aerolyst 7710
Bayertitan R-FD 1
Bayertitan R-KB 2
Bayertitan R-KB 3
Bayertitan R-KB 4
Bayertitan R-KB 5
Bayertitan R-KB 6
Uniwhite OR 450
Uniwhite OR 650
C-Weiss 7
Aerosil P 25S6
Aerosil T 805
Atlas white titanium dioxide
Blend White 9202
Bayer R-FD 1
63B1 White
Bayertitan R-FK 21
Amperit 780.0
Unitane 0-110
Unitane 0-220
Anatase titanium dioxide
Cosmetic White C47-5175
Cosmetic White C47-9623
Titanium oxide (TiO2)
Unitane OR
C 97 (oxide)
RO 2
CG-T
Austiox R-CR
Bayertitan R-V-SE 20
Tioxide A-HR
Bistrater L-NSC 200C
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile
Tinoc M 6
Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase
Octahedrite (mineral)
CCRIS 590
TiO2
Titandioxid [Swedish]
austiox
bayeritian
KH 360
Titanium oxide (VAN)
A-FN 3
HSDB 869
Kronos 1002
NCI-C0424O
R 830 (mineral)
C-Weiss 7 [German]
MC 50 (oxide)
AUF 0015S
AMT 100
AMT 600
NT 100 (oxide)
Cosmetic Hydrophobic TiO2 9428
S 150 (oxide)
234DA
500HD
NCI-C04240
Cosmetic Micro Blend TiO2 9228
dioxyde de titane
TİP II TAVUK KOLOJENİ
collagen; atelocollagen; chicken collagen; collagen I,III(bovine) agglomerated cas no:9007-34-5
TKPP (TETRACAL-TETRA POTASSIUM PYRO PHOSPHATE)
2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxooleyl)oxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl dioleate ; 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxooleyl)oxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl dioleate; Trimethylolpropane trioleate; 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 2-ethyl-2-(9Z)-1-oxo-9-octadecenyloxymethyl-1,3-propanediyl ester; Trimethylolpropan-trioleat; 2-ethyl-2-[[(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl) oxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid (Z); 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane trioleate Trimethylopropane trioleate; 2,2-Bis{[(9Z)-octadec-9-; enoyloxy]methyl}butyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate CAS NO:57675-44-2
TOCOPHEROL
Tocopherols (/toʊˈkɒfəˌrɒl/; TCP) are a class of organic compounds comprising various methylated phenols, many of which have vitamin E activity.
Tocopherol is a pale yellow, viscous liquid.


CAS Number: 1406-66-2
EC Number: 604-195-9
Molecular Formula: C29H50O2



SYNONYMS:
Tocopherol, Tocopherols, 1406-66-2, R0ZB2556P8, Methyltocols, CHEBI:27013, tocoferol, tocoferoles, 604-195-9, CCRIS 4506, COVI-OX T 50 C, COVI-OX T 70 C, Conju Princess, DTXSID8021357, E-306, EC 604-195-9, MIXED TOCOPHEROLS 95, ORISTAR MIXED TOCOPHEROLS, RRR-TOCOPHEROLS CONCENTRATE, MIXED, TOCOPHEROL (II), TOCOPHEROLS (MIXED), UNII-R0ZB2556P8, C29H50O2, Natural Vitamin E, D-alpha-Tocopherol



Tocopherol is a pale yellow, viscous liquid.
Tocopherol exists in four different forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ.
They present strong antioxidant activities, and it is determined as the major form of vitamin E.


Tocopherol, as a group, is composed of soluble phenolic compounds that consist of a chromanol ring and a 16-carbon phytyl chain.
The classification of the tocopherol molecules is designated depending on the number and position of the methyl substituent in the chromanol ring.
The different types of tocopherol can be presented trimethylated, dimethylated or methylated in the positions 5-, 7- and 8-.


When the carbons at position 5- and 7- are not methylated, they can function as electrophilic centers that can trap reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Tocopherol can be found in the diet as part of vegetable oil such as corn, soybean, sesame, and cottonseed.
Tocopherol is currently under the list of substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the FDA for the use of human consumption.


Tocopherol is a class of vitamin E compounds naturally found in many different sources, such as oils, nuts, and vegetables.
Tocopherol has antioxidant activity.
Tocopherol exists in four different forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ. They present strong antioxidant activities, and Tocopherol is determined as the major form of vitamin E.


Tocopherol, as a group, is composed of soluble phenolic compounds that consist of a chromanol ring and a 16-carbon phytyl chain.
The classification of the tocopherol molecules is designated depending on the number and position of the methyl substituent in the chromanol ring.
The different types of tocopherol can be presented trimethylated, dimethylated or methylated in the positions 5-, 7- and 8-.


When the carbons at position 5- and 7- are not methylated, they can function as electrophilic centers that can trap reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Tocopherols can be found in the diet as part of vegetable oil such as corn, soybean, sesame, and cottonseed.
Tocopherol is currently under the list of substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the FDA for the use of human consumption.


Tocopherol is the name given to one of four forms of vitamin E. These four forms of Tocopherol are d-alpha-tocopherol, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, dl-alpha tocopherol, and dl-alpha tocopherol acetate.
The “d” prefix indicates that the product was derived from natural sources, such as vegetable oils or wheat germ; whereas the “dl” prefix indicates that the vitamin was created from a synthetic base.


Research has shown that natural forms of vitamin E are more effective than their synthetic counterparts, but both have antioxidant activity.
You’ll most commonly find vitamin E listed as tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate on the ingredient list.
Tocopherol is a naturally occurring component of healthy skin, and its second most prevalent antioxidant behind ascorbic acid (vitamin C).


Tocopherol offers significant antioxidant properties to help defend from pollution and other environmental stressors that would otherwise weaken skin, causing unwanted changes.
Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E that serves as a powerful antioxidant.


The tocopherol class of vitamin E includes:
*alpha-tocopherol
*beta-tocopherol
*gamma-tocopherol
*delta-tocopherol


The only type of tocopherol that is recognized to meet human requirements is alpha-tocopherol.
When you are using vitamin E oil or serum, it is made with the alpha form.
Tocopherols are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds related to Vitamin E


Tocopherol, which is found in a number of products and foods, has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
It’s been studied for a range of health conditions, from cancer to vision loss and Alzheimer’s disease.
Tocopherol’s also known to reduce skin damage, promote healthy aging and boost immunity.


The predominant form of vitamin E in human and animal tissues, tocopherol is a pale yellow liquid that occurs in plant materials.
Tocopherol is found in vegetable fats and oils, such as sunflower, peanut, walnut, sesame, and olive oils; it is also found in dairy products, meat, eggs, cereals, and nuts.


Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E, usually appearing as a clear or amber oily liquid, which can be derived from plant oils.
Tocopherols are a class of organic compounds with vitamin E activity, and come in four forms: alpha-Tocopherol (the primary form most useful to the human body), beta-Tocopherol, gamma-Tocopherol and delta-Tocopherol.


Tocopherols can be extracted from canola, soybean, sunflower, safflower and olive oils or synthetically produced.
The tocopherol we use is from plant-based sources, which is also known to be more readily absorbed by the body than synthetic versions.
Tocopherol is an important compound in human skin and hair, however it can become depleted from sun and environmental damage.


Tocopherols are natural antioxidants whose main function is to stop or delay primary oxidation.
Primary oxidation involves the formation of hydroperoxides (ROOH).
Tocopherols stop or delay oxidation chain reactions by removing or scavenging free radicals.


The plural term “tocopherols” implies that there are several types of tocopherols.
α, β, γ, ẟ tocopherols are the variants which are used in the food industry.
Tocopherols are natural antioxidants whose main function is to stop or delay primary oxidation.


Primary oxidation involves the formation of hydroperoxides (ROOH).
Tocopherol, or vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin is a naturally occuring antioxidant which can be isolated from vegetable oil.
When isolated Tocopherol, is a viscous oil that varies in color from yellow to brownish red.


Rather than Tocopherol itself, esters of Tocopherol are often used in cosmetic and personal care products.
These esters include, Tocopheryl Acetate, the acetic acid ester of Tocopherol; Tocopheryl Linoleate, the linoleic acid ester of Tocopherol; Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, a mixture of linoleic and oleic acid esters of Tocopherol; Tocopheryl Nicotinate, the nicotinic acid ester of Tocopherol; and Tocopheryl Succinate, the succinic acid ester of Tocopherol.


Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, a salt of both vitamin E (Tocopherol) and vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) may also be used in cosmetic products.
Other Tocopherol-derived ingredients that may be found in cosmetic products include Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, which is the dioleyl ether of Tocopheryl Acetate monoether with methylsilanetriol, and Tocophersolan, which is also called Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate.


The addition of succinic acid and an average of 22 ethylene oxide groups to Tocopheryl makes Tocophersolan a water-soluble form of Tocopherol.
Tocopherols (/toʊˈkɒfəˌrɒl/; TCP) are a class of organic compounds comprising various methylated phenols, many of which have vitamin E activity.


α-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European diet, where the main dietary sources are olive and sunflower oils, while γ-tocopherol is the most common form in the American diet due to a higher intake of soybean and corn oil.


Tocotrienols, which are related compounds, also have vitamin E activity.
All of these various derivatives with vitamin activity may correctly be referred to as "vitamin E".
Tocopherols and tocotrienols are fat-soluble antioxidants but also seem to have many other functions in the body.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherol can be used as a dietary supplement for patients with a deficit of vitamin E; this is mainly prescribed in the alpha form.
Tocopherol deficiency is rare, and it is primarily found in premature babies of very low birth weight, patients with fat malabsorption or patients with abetalipoproteinemia.


Tocopherol, due to its antioxidant properties, is studied for its use in prevention or treatment in different complex diseases such as cancer,1 atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases,2 and age-related macular degeneration.
Tocopherol as used in skin care is almost always supplied as an oil, since it is derived from sources like soy, rice bran, or flax oils, among others.


Tocopherol has a characteristic yellow to gold or even light brown color and subtle odor.
However, depending on the supplier, tocopherol may also be clear (transparent) to pale yellow.
Tocopherol will oxidize and become darker in color from exposure to air and light.


Tocopherol can visibly improve hyperpigmentation when used in a 1% concentration.
Typically, lower amounts of Tocopherol are used in skin care for antioxidant benefit and to help preserve the stability of delicate ingredients.
In skin care formulas, Tocopherol also works as a good supporting ingredient.


For instance, in vitamin C products, Tocopherol will donate a key electron that vitamin C (as ascorbic acid) needs to stabilize itself.
Tocopherol also works well with other antioxidants such as rosemary, ferulic acid, and the amino acid taurine.
Esters of tocopherol are often used in skin care products because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.


The esters that may be used include tocopheryl acetate and tocopheryl linoleate.
Tocopherol’s used as an ingredient in skin care products to promote healthy aging.
As a form of vitamin E, tocopherol can be used in personal care products for its excellent antioxidant properties, helping to protect and support healthy skin and hair.


In cosmetics and personal care products, Tocopherol and other ingredients made from Tocopherol, including Tocopherol esters are used in the formulation of lipstick, eye shadow, blushers, face powders and foundations, moisturizers, skin care products, bath soaps and detergents, hair conditioners, and many other products.


Tocopherol, Tocophersolan, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol and Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate all function as antioxidants.
Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate and Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol also function as skin-conditioning agents – miscellaneous.


-Complementary and alternative medicine uses of Tocopherol:
Proponents of megavitamin therapy and orthomolecular medicine advocate natural tocopherols.
Meanwhile, clinical trials have largely concentrated on use of either a synthetic, all-racemic d-α-tocopheryl acetate or synthetic dl-α-tocopheryl acetate.


-Antioxidant theory:
Tocopherol is described as functioning as an antioxidant.
A dose-ranging trial was conducted in people with chronic oxidative stress attributed to elevated serum cholesterol.
Plasma F2-isoprostane concentration was selected as a biomarker of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation.
Only the two highest doses - 1600 and 3200 IU/day - significantly lowered F2-isoprostane.


-Alzheimer's disease:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are common causes of decline of brain functions that occur with age.
AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that worsens over time.

The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain.
Vascular dementia may be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts affecting multiple brain areas, including the anterior cerebral artery territory, the parietal lobes, or the cingulate gyrus.

Both types of dementia may be present.
Tocopherol status (and that of other antioxidant nutrients) is conjectured as having a possible impact on risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
A review of dietary intake studies reported that higher consumption of Tocopherol from foods lowered the risk of developing AD by 24%.


-Cataracts:
A meta-analysis from 2015 reported that for studies that reported serum tocopherol, higher serum concentration was associated with a 23% reduction in relative risk of age-related cataracts (ARC), with the effect due to differences in nuclear cataract rather than cortical or posterior subcapsular cataract - the three major classifications of age-related cataracts.


-Tocopherols can be used in an infinite number of food products.
The following products are some examples:
*High-stability bakery oils that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. linoleic and oleic).
*The tocopherols prevent the oil from oxidizing rapidly.
*Frying oils (as long as oil temperature does not exceed the boiling point of each tocopherol fraction)
*Cake and all-purpose shortenings
*Margarine and spreads
*Mayonnaise & dressings
*Baked products (refrigerated and frozen dough)
*Snack foods
*Breakfast cereals



BENEFITS AND USES OF TOCOPHEROL:
1. Works as a Powerful Antioxidant
Tocopherol works as a powerful antioxidant, preventing damage caused by oxidative stress.
Research shows that Tocopherol has protective effects on cell membranes that are vulnerable to free radical attack.

This makes Tocopherol an immune-boosting vitamin.
Alpha-tocopherol appears to inhibit the production of new free radicals, and gamma-tocopherol is able to trap and neutralize existing free radicals.
This gives it the power to potentially prevent or delay chronic diseases that are associated with free radicals, like atherosclerosis, asthma, degenerative eye disease, diabetes and cancer.


2. Acts as Anti-inflammatory Agent
Tocopherol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity both within the body and on your skin.
Tocopherol’s used in topical products and taken internally to combat inflammation, which we know is the root of many serious health conditions.

A study published in Molecular Aspects of Medicine found that mixed tocopherols may be more potent in reducing inflammation than a-tocopherol alone.
For this reason, supplementing with mixed tocopherols may help reduce inflammatory diseases like cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative diseases.


3. Hydrates the Skin
Tocopherol for skin is extremely popular because the compounds improve skin moisture and elasticity.
This is why you often find tocopherol in youth serums, eye creams and body lotions.

Research published in the Journal of Molecular Medicine highlights that Tocopherol preparations reduce the frequency and severity of skin issues.
Tocopherol has protective and healing effects, hydrating the skin and reducing the effects of environmental damage.


4. Prevents and Soothes Skin Damage
Using tocopheryl acetate topically works to prevent skin damage caused by sun exposure.
Preliminary evidence suggests that Tocopherol may also help reduce signs of aging and prevent scarring.

When it’s used as an ingredient in skin care products, tocopherol has protective, nourishing effects.
Tocopherol strengthens the capillary walls and improves skin moisture and elasticity.
Many studies document Tocopherol’s ability to improve skin issues and the overall health and appearance of skin.


5. Thickens Hair
Because this Tocopherol isomer works as a powerful antioxidant, it helps prevent or improve environmental damage to your hair.
Tocopherol also promotes circulation and helps retain moisture, so it can help reduce dandruff and itchy scalp.
A review published in Dermatology and Therapy notes that Tocopherol deficiency is often seen in people experiencing hair loss.
This is likely linked to the antioxidant properties in Tocopherol compounds.


6. Supports Eye Health
Studies show that Tocopherol may help reduce the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, a common cause of blindness.
For Tocopherol supplements to be effective for boosting eye health, the nutrient needs to be combined with vitamin C, beta-carotene and zinc.


7. May Boost Brain Health
Due to tocopherol’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, it works to support brain health and fight neurodegenerative diseases.
A 2014 study published in JAMA found that 2,000 international units of alpha-tocopherol per day slowed functional decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.



WHERE TOCOPHEROL IS FOUND?
Tocopherol is found in vegetable oils.
The oils with the highest amounts of tocopherol are:
*Wheat germ oil
*Sunflower oil
*Safflower oil
*Palm oil
*Peanut oil
*Corn oil
*Soybean oil
Tocopherol can also be found in nuts, seeds and leafy greens. Food sources include:
*Sunflower seeds
*Almonds
*Hazelnuts
*Peanuts
*Spinach
*Broccoli
*Kiwifruit
*Mango
*Tomato
The safest way to ingest Tocopherol is by eating foods rich in the nutrient.
Adding these foods into your diet allows you to take advantage of the many tocopherol benefits.



FUNCTION OF TOCOPHEROL:
The main functionality of tocopherols is to preserve food colors and flavors by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation.
Tocopherols are highly synergistic with ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate (an antioxidant formed by combining ascorbic acid with palmitic acid).
Ascorbic acid is not fat soluble but ascorbyl palmitate is.
So, combining them produces a fat-soluble antioxidant.



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherols are obtained by vacuum steam distillation of edible vegetable oil products.



TOCOPHEROL AT A GLANCE:
*The name of one of four forms of vitamin E
*Tocopherol can be either naturally occurring or synthetically derived
*Tocopherol offers significant antioxidant properties, including defense from pollution
*Tocopherol works as a supporting ingredient to help stabilize vitamin C



WHAT DOES TOCOPHEROL DO IN PRODUCTS?
Tocopherol is a skin-conditioning agent and antioxidant that absorbs ultraviolet UVB light and does not dissolve in water.
Tocopherol is found in thousands of personal care products, including moisturizing cream, sunscreen, makeup, bar soap, acne medications, hair styling products, lotion, foot powder, hair spray, hair coloring and other items.

*Skincare
In skincare products, Tocopherol aids skin in retaining moisture, as well as helping to maintain a healthy shine.
Tocopherol can also help in protecting against UV rays.

*Haircare
In haircare products, Tocopherol can protect hair from sun damage, as well as eliminate free radicals from damaging colored or chemically altered hair.

*Food
When consumed, tocopherol and Vitamin E can help maintain healthy skin and eyes.
Tocopherol can be found in the oils extracted from walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, and macadamia nuts.



CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherol is a naturally occurring lipid; it can also be produced synthetically. In its natural form, it is created via photosynthesis and is a fat-soluble antioxidant.
Tocopherol is a natural component of cell membranes thought to protect against oxidative damage.



HOW TOCOPHEROL IS MADE?
Tocopherol production typically begins by drying out oil seeds to remove some of the water content.
After removing the shells or hulls, the seeds are usually ground, then mixed with hot water and boiled to allow some of the oil to float.
The milled seed is then turned into a paste and kneaded or pressed to separate the oil.

At that point, the oil can be refined to remove flavor or odor.
Vitamin E activity is derived from at least eight naturally occurring tocopherols, the most potent of which is alpha-tocopherol.
Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant that boosts your immune system and prevents blood clots.

Gamma-tocopherol is another form of vitamin E, though it is predominantly in food.
Alpha-tocopherol acetate is the most common form used in sunscreen and skin care products; dl-alpha-Tocopherol is a synthetic form but is half as potent as the natural version.



SYNTHESIS OF TOCOPHEROL:
Naturally sourced d-α-tocopherol can be extracted and purified from seed oils, or γ-tocopherol can be extracted, purified, and methylated to create d-alpha-tocopherol.
In contrast to α-tocopherol extracted from plants, which also is called d-α-tocopherol, industrial synthesis creates dl-α-tocopherol.

"It is synthesized from a mixture of toluene and 2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone that reacts with isophytol to all-rac-α-tocopherol, using iron in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas as a catalyst.
The reaction mixture obtained is filtered and extracted with aqueous caustic soda.

Toluene is removed by evaporation and the residue (all rac-α-tocopherol) is purified by vacuum distillation."
Specification for the ingredient is >97% pure.
This synthetic dl-α-tocopherol has approximately 50% of the potency of d-α-tocopherol.

Manufacturers of dietary supplements and fortified foods for humans or domesticated animals convert the phenol form of the vitamin to an ester using either acetic acid or succinic acid because the esters are more chemically stable, providing for a longer shelf-life.
The ester forms are de-esterified in the gut and absorbed as free α-tocopherol.



WHAT IS A TOCOPHEROL TEST?
A Tocopherol test measures the amount of vitamin E in your blood.
Vitamin E (also known as tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol) is a nutrient that is found in every cell of your body.
Tocopherol helps your nerves and muscles work well, prevents blood clots, and boosts your immune system so it can fight off infections from germs.

Tocopherol is a type of antioxidant, which means that it protects cells from damage.
But if you have too little or too much Tocopherol in your body, it can cause serious health problems.

Most people get the right amount of Tocopherol from foods, including vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, avocadoes, and green, leafy vegetables.
Tocopherol is also added to foods, such as certain cereals, fruit juices and margarine.
The amount of Tocopherol you get from foods doesn't cause high levels.

High levels usually happen from taking too many Tocopherol supplements.
Low levels are often caused by digestive diseases, including malabsorption disorders that make Tocopherol difficult for your body to digest fat.
Your body needs fat to absorb Tocopherol.



FUNCTION AND DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS OF TOCOPHEROL:
*Mechanism of action:
Tocopherol is radical scavengers, delivering an H atom to quench free radicals.
At 323 kJ/mol, the O-H bond in Tocopherol is approximately 10% weaker than in most other phenols.

This weak bond allows the vitamin to donate a hydrogen atom to the peroxyl radical and other free radicals, minimizing their damaging effect.
The thus generated tocopheryl radical is relatively unreactive, but reverts to tocopherol by a redox reaction with a hydrogen donor such as vitamin C.
As they are fat-soluble, Tocopherol is incorporated into cell membranes, which are thus protected from oxidative damage.


*Dietary considerations:
The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is 15 mg/day.
The RDA is based on the Tocopherol form because it is the most active form as originally tested.

Tocopherol supplements are absorbed best when taken with meals.
The U.S. Institute of Medicine has set an upper tolerable intake level (UL) for vitamin E at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day.
The European Food Safety Authority sets UL at 300 mg Tocopherol equivalents /day.



ORIGIN OF TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherols are obtained from vegetable oils, beans, eggs, and milk. Vitamin E is a collective group in which alpha tocopherol is the main constituent.
Vegetable oils contain a higher concentration of natural antioxidants, including tocopherols, than animal fats and are thus more stable.



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherol, a fat-soluble vitamin, is found in vegetable fats and oils, dairy products, meat, eggs, cereals, nuts, and leafy green and yellow vegetables.
Tocopherol is usually present in these foods as mixtures of different forms: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-Tocopherol.
The alpha form has the same biological activity as vitamin E.
Tocopherol can be produced from vegetable oils or can be synthesized.
Tocopherol Acetate, made by the esterification of Tocopherol with acetic acid, is frequently the source of vitamin E in dietary supplements.



CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING TOCOPHEROL:
In their natural state, tocopherols are reddish-brown viscous liquids.
Given their highly hydrophobic structure, tocopherols are only soluble in oil, the reason why they should be thoroughly mixed and incorporated into the dough or batter.
Tocopherols could also include vegetable oil and carriers like lecithin to help them to be better incorporated into water.
Commercial preparations of this natural antioxidant usually contain 75% tocopherols (in all its chemical forms) and 25% vegetable oil.
Usage levels of Tocopherol usually range from 100 to 1500 ppm (based on flour...



FORMS OF TOCOPHEROL:
Tocopherol exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
All feature a chromane ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain that allows for penetration into biological membranes.

Both the tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in α (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma), and δ (delta) forms, determined by the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.
The tocotrienols have the same methyl structure at the ring and the same Greek letter-methyl-notation, but differ from the analogous tocopherols by the presence of three double bonds in the hydrophobic side chain.

The unsaturation of the tails gives tocotrienols only a single stereoisomeric carbon (and thus two possible isomers per structural formula, one of which occurs naturally), whereas tocopherols have three centers (and eight possible stereoisomers per structural formula, again, only one of which occurs naturally).

Each form has a different biological activity.
In general, the unnatural l-isomers of tocotrienols lack almost all vitamin activity, and half of the possible 8 isomers of the tocopherols (those with 2S chirality at the ring-tail junction) also lack vitamin activity.
Of the stereoisomers that retain activity, increasing methylation, especially full methylation to the alpha-form, increases vitamin activity.

In tocopherols, this is due to the preference of the tocopherol binding protein for the α-tocopherol form of the vitamin.
As a food additive, tocopherol is labeled with these E numbers: E306 (tocopherol), E307 (α-tocopherol), E308 (γ-tocopherol), and E309 (δ-tocopherol).
All of these are approved in the US, EU, and Australia and New Zealand for use as antioxidants.


*α-Tocopherol:
α-Tocopherol is the form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans.
There are three stereocenters in α-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule.

The eight stereoisomers of α-tocopherol differ in the arrangement of groups around these stereocenters.
In the image of RRR-α-tocopherol below, all three stereocenters are in the R form.

However, if the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and the methyl group pointing up), this would become the structure of RSR-α-tocopherol.
These stereoisomers also may be named in an alternative older nomenclature, where the stereocenters are either in the d or l form.

1 IU of tocopherol is defined as ⅔ milligrams of RRR-α-tocopherol (formerly named d-α-tocopherol or sometimes ddd-α-tocopherol).
1 IU is also defined as 1 milligram of an equal mix of the eight stereoisomers, which is a racemic mixture called all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate.

This mix of stereoisomers is often called dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is more precisely dl,dl,dl-α-tocopheryl acetate).
However, 1 IU of this racemic mixture is not now considered equivalent to 1 IU of natural (RRR) α-tocopherol, and the Institute of Medicine and the USDA now convert IU's of the racemic mixture to milligrams of equivalent RRR using 1 IU racemic mixture = 0.45 "milligrams α-tocopherol".: 20–21 


*Tocotrienols:
Tocotrienols, although less commonly known, also belong to the Tocopherol family.
Tocotrienols have four natural 2' d-isomers (they have a stereoisomeric carbon only at the 2' ring-tail position).

The four tocotrienols (in order of decreasing methylation: d-α-, d-β-, d-γ-, and d-δ-tocotrienol) have structures corresponding to the four tocopherols, except with an unsaturated bond in each of the three isoprene units that form the hydrocarbon tail, whereas tocopherols have a saturated phytyl tail (the phytyl tail of tocopherols gives the possibility for 2 more stereoisomeric sites in these molecules that tocotrienols do not have).

Tocotrienol has been subject to fewer clinical studies and seen less research as compared to tocopherol.
However, there is growing interest in the health effects of these compounds.


*α-Tocopherol equivalents:
For dietary purposes, vitamin E activity of vitamin E isomers is expressed as α-tocopherol equivalents (a-TEs).
One a-TE is defined by the biological activity of 1 mg (natural) d-α-tocopherol in the resorption-gestation test.

According to listings by FAO and others β-tocopherol should be multiplied by 0.5, γ-tocopherol by 0.1, and α-tocotrienol by 0.3.
The IU is converted to aTE by multiplying it with 0.67.
These factors do not correlate with the antioxidant activity of Tocopherol isomers, where tocotrienols show even much higher activity in vivo.



SUPPLEMENTS OF TOCOPHEROL:
Commercial Tocopherolsupplements may be classified into several distinct categories:
Fully synthetic Tocopherol, "dl-α-tocopherol", the most inexpensive, most commonly sold supplement form usually as the acetate ester

Semi-synthetic "natural source" vitamin E esters, the "natural source" forms used in tablets and multiple vitamins; these are highly fractionated d-α-tocopherol or its esters, often made by synthetic methylation of gamma and beta d,d,d tocopherol vitamers extracted from plant oils.
Less fractionated "natural mixed tocopherols" and high d-γ-tocopherol fraction supplements


*Synthetic all-racemic
Synthetic Tocopherol derived from petroleum products is manufactured as all-racemic α-tocopheryl acetate with a mixture of eight stereoisomers.
In this mixture, one α-tocopherol molecule in eight molecules are in the form of RRR-α-tocopherol (12.5% of the total).

The 8-isomer all-rac TocopherolE is always marked on labels simply as dl-tocopherol or dl-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is (if fully written out) dl,dl,dl-tocopherol.
The present largest manufacturers of this type are DSM and BASF.

Natural α-tocopherol is the RRR-α (or ddd-α) form.
The synthetic dl,dl,dl-α ("dl-α") form is not so active as the natural ddd-α ("d-α") tocopherol form.
This is mainly due to reduced vitamin activity of the four possible stereoisomers that are represented by the l or S enantiomer at the first stereocenter (an S or l configuration between the chromanol ring and the tail, i.e., the SRR, SRS, SSR, and SSS stereoisomers).

The three unnatural "2R" stereoisomers with natural R configuration at this 2' stereocenter, but S at one of the other centers in the tail (i.e., RSR, RRS, RSS), appear to retain substantial RRR vitamin activity, because they are recognized by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein, and thus maintained in the plasma, where the other four stereoisomers (SRR, SRS, SSR, and SSS) are not.
Thus, the synthetic all-rac-α-tocopherol, in theory, would have approximately half the vitamin activity of RRR-α-tocopherol in humans.

Although Tocopherol is clear that mixtures of stereoisomers are not so active as the natural RRR-α-tocopherol form, in the ratios discussed above, specific information on any side effects of the seven synthetic vitamin E stereoisomers is not readily available.


*Esters:
Manufacturers also commonly convert the phenol form of the vitamins (with a free hydroxyl group) to esters, using acetic or succinic acid.
These tocopheryl esters are more stable and are easy to use in vitamin supplements.
Tocopherol esters are de-esterified in the gut and then absorbed as the free tocopherol.
Tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopheryl linolate, and tocopheryl palmitate esters are also used in cosmetics and some pharmaceuticals.



MIXED TOCOPHEROLS:
"Mixed tocopherols" in the USA contain at least 20% w/w other natural R, R,R- tocopherols, i.e. R, R,R-α-tocopherol content plus at least 25% R, R,R-β-, R, R,R-γ-, R, R,R-δ-tocopherols.

Some brands may contain 20.0% w/w or more of the other tocopherols and measurable tocotrienols.
Some mixed tocopherols with higher γ-tocopherol content are marketed as "High Gamma-Tocopherol".
The label should report each component in milligrams, except R, R,R-α-tocopherol may still be reported in IU.
Mixed tocopherols also may be found in other nutritional supplements


*Age-related macular degeneration:
A Cochrane review published in 2017 (updated in 2023) on antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) identified only one vitamin E clinical trial.

That trial compared 500 IU/day of Tocopherol to placebo for four years and reported no effect on the progression of AMD in people already diagnosed with the condition.
Another Cochrane review, same year, same authors, reviewed the literature on Tocopherol preventing the development of AMD.

This review identified four trials, duration 4–10 years, and reported no change to risk of developing AMD.
A large clinical trial known as AREDS compared β-carotene (15 mg), vitamin C (500 mg), and Tocopherol (400 IU) to placebo for up to ten years, with a conclusion that the anti-oxidant combination significantly slowed progression.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TOCOPHEROL:
Physical state: clear, viscous liquid
Color: red, brown
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 200 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 200 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: insoluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0.93 g/cm³ at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of TOCOPHEROL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TOCOPHEROL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TOCOPHEROL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TOCOPHEROL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TOCOPHEROL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Store at Room Temperature.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TOCOPHEROL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


TOCOPHEROLS
tocopherols; methyltocols; 2,7,8- trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol cas no: 1406-66-2
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE
SYNONYMS (+)-α-Tocopherol acetate;2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-, acetate, (2R)-;d-Vitamin E acetate;D-α-Tocopherol acetate;D-α-TOCOPHERYL ACETATE;Vitamin E acetate;Vitamin Eα acetate;α-Tocopherol acetate CAS NO:58-95-7
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE (VITAMIN E ACETATE)

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) belongs to a class of vitamins, primarily used to treat vitamin E deficiency and ataxia (impaired balance) due to various complications or long-term diseases.
Vitamin E deficiency occurs when you do not get an adequate amount of Vitamin E from the diet.
Symptoms include muscle and nerve damage, loss of sensation in the arms and legs, vision problems, walking and coordination difficulty, numbness, and tingling sensation.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)
CAS Number: 7695-91-2
EC Number: 231-710-0
Molecular Weight: 481.80



APPLICATIONS


Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often used in dermatological products such as skin creams.
Further, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is not oxidized and can penetrate through the skin to the living cells, where about 5% is converted to free tocopherol.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is commonly used in skincare products to improve skin health and appearance.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often added to moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also used in hair care products to help strengthen and nourish the hair.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes added to shampoos and conditioners to improve the overall health of the hair.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be found in many different types of makeup products, including foundations, powders, and lipsticks.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often used as a natural preservative in food and beverage products.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is used as an alternative to tocopherol itself because the phenolic hydroxyl group is blocked, providing a less acidic product with a longer shelf life.
Moreover, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is believed that the acetate is slowly hydrolyzed after it is absorbed into the skin, regenerating tocopherol and providing protection against the sun's ultraviolet rays.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) was first synthesized in 1963.

Although there is widespread use of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) as a topical medication, with claims for improved wound healing and reduced scar tissue, reviews have repeatedly concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support these claims.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also used as an antioxidant in animal feed to protect against oxidative stress.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes used in the production of pharmaceuticals to help extend the shelf life of certain medications.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is commonly used in the manufacturing of dietary supplements and vitamins.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often added to multivitamin supplements to provide additional antioxidant benefits.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be used in the production of fragrances and perfumes to improve their stability and shelf life.

There are reports of vitamin E-induced allergic contact dermatitis from use of vitamin E derivatives such as Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) and tocopherol acetate in skin care products.
Incidence is low despite widespread use.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is used in personal care formulations of the hair and skin as an antioxidant, moisturizing agent and improves the elasticy and smoothness of the skin.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is used for vitamin E deficiency and ataxia.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes added to cleaning products to provide additional antioxidant benefits and improve their effectiveness.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be found in many different types of pet products, including pet food and supplements.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often added to pet food to provide additional antioxidant benefits and improve the overall health of pets.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes used in the production of plastic and rubber products to improve their durability.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also used in the production of textiles to provide additional antioxidant benefits and improve their overall quality.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be added to paint and coating products to help protect against oxidation and other types of damage.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes used in the production of adhesives to improve their adhesive properties and overall durability.


Medicinal Benefits of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate):

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) contains Tocopheryl acetate, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) helps nourish and protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is an anti-inflammatory agent that may also decrease heart disease risk, certain cancers, vision problems, and brain disorders.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) protects cells from further damage caused by external factors like pollution, harsh weather, smoking and thus prevents wrinkle formation.
Moreover, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also a natural skin lightening product that decreases melanin production and enhances skin tone, texture, sensitivity, and reduces uneven skin colour.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is known to repair and regenerate the skin's damaged tissues, thus aiding in wound healing and recovery of burns.


Directions for Use of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate):

Tablet/Capsule:

Swallow Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) as a whole with a glass of water.
You can take Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) with or without food at regular intervals, as prescribed by the doctor.
Do not crush, chew, or break Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate).

Liquid:

Shake Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) well before use.
Measure the prescribed amount of liquid with a measuring cup or a dosing syringe and take it as advised by the doctor.


Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) strengthens and nourishes lipid barrier
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) protects the skin against UV rays, as well as to alleviate the effects of sunburn.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) accelerates wound healing and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is an excellent natural preservative that ensures the stability of a cosmetic preparation.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is widely used in almost all care cosmetics, from creams, rejuvenating and moisturizing lotions, through products to protect against sun rays, ending with dermatological agents supporting wound healing, and soothing the effects of burns (including sunburns).

The suggested concentration of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) in cosmetics is up to 5%.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)is perfectly soluble in fats (oils, cosmetic butters, etc.), it does not dissolve in water.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is an active ingredient for use in cosmetic products for the skin and the hair.
As an in-vivo antioxidant, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) protects the cells against free radicals and prevents the peroxidation of body fats.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also an effective moisturizing agent and improves the elasticity and smoothness of the skin.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is often used in the production of personal care products, including soaps and body washes.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes added to oral care products, including toothpastes and mouthwashes, to improve overall oral health.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be used in the production of candles to improve their overall quality and stability.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes added to automotive products to improve their overall performance and durability.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is sometimes used in the production of insect repellents to provide additional antioxidant benefits.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) can be found in many different types of industrial products, including lubricants and solvents.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is also used in the production of many different types of household products, including cleaning supplies and air fresheners.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is particularly suitable for use in sun-protection products and products for daily personal care.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is not oxidized and can penetrate through the skin to the living cells, where about 5% is converted to free tocopherol and provides beneficial antioxidant effects.


Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) has been used:

as a supplement in the human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) to assess its impact on cell growth
as a component of Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) for immortalized chondrocyte cell line
as a component of serum-free medium for human colon tissue organ culture
to test its antioxidant effects on cow articular chondrocytes



DESCRIPTION


Because of its antioxidant characteristics and capabilities, studies have shown Tocopheryl acetate's effectiveness in treating many conditions ranging from Alzheimer's to certain blood disorders, and even decreasing menstrual cramp pain.
While Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is consumed via foods, dietary supplements, and even included in many cosmetic products like skin cream, officials at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) as a common component in many of the marijuana vaping products and oils that have hospitalized thousands with vaping-related illness and injury (EVALI), even resulting in death in some cases.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) doesn't necessarily cause harm when ingested as a supplement or applied to the skin via a cream, but studies have shown it can cause harm when inhaled.
The sticky oil substance can cling to lung tissue resulting in illness, though the direct correlation and affect is still being rigorously studied, tested, and analyzed.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) has been found as an additive in vaping products, especially those containing THC, either as a thickening agent or dilution to make the oil in cartridges go further.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) belongs to a class of vitamins, primarily used to treat vitamin E deficiency and ataxia (impaired balance) due to various complications or long-term diseases.
Vitamin E deficiency occurs when you do not get an adequate amount of Vitamin E from the diet.
Symptoms include muscle and nerve damage, loss of sensation in the arms and legs, vision problems, walking and coordination difficulty, numbness, and tingling sensation.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) contains Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate), a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties.
When too many free radicals accumulate in the body, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) leads to various complications and diseases.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) helps nourish and protect the skin from damage caused by the free radicals.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) also lowers the chances of heart diseases, cancers, vision problems, and brain disorders.

You are advised to take Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) for as long as your doctor has prescribed it for you, depending on your medical condition.
You may experience side effects like headache, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal pain, rash, fatigue, and weakness.
Most of these side effects of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) do not require medical attention and gradually resolve over time. However, if the side effects persist or worsen, please consult your doctor.

If you are allergic to Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) or any other medicines, it is advised to inform your doctor before starting Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate).
Inform your doctor if you have/had liver or kidney diseases, low blood pressure, cancer, bleeding disorder, or heart attack.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, please notify your doctor before using Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate).
If you are taking any medicines or supplements, inform your doctor about them.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) may cause blurred vision and fatigue; hence it is advisable not to drive unless you are alert.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) isn't necessarily harmful when ingested as a supplement or applied to the skin via a cream, but studies have shown it can cause harm when inhaled.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) in healthy doses is good for you; there's no debate there.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is a vitamin that dissolves in fat, and is naturally occurring in many of the wholesome foods you eat daily.

Because of its antioxidant characteristics and capabilities, studies have shown Vitamin E's effectiveness in treating many conditions ranging from Alzheimer's to certain blood disorders, and even decreasing menstrual cramp pain.
While Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is consumed via foods, dietary supplements, and even included in many cosmetic products like skin cream, officials at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) as a common component in many of the marijuana vaping products and oils that have hospitalized thousands with vaping-related illness and injury (EVALI), even resulting in death in some cases.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) doesn't necessarily cause harm when ingested as a supplement or applied to the skin via a cream, but studies have shown it can cause harm when inhaled.
The sticky oil substance can cling to lung tissue resulting in illness, though the direct correlation and affect is still being rigorously studied, tested, and analyzed.

Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) has been found as an additive in vaping products, especially those containing THC, either as a thickening agent or dilution to make the oil in cartridges go further.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) was found in the lungs of 94 percent (48 of 51) of patients suffering vaping-related illness, but in none of the 99 healthy participants in a study published by The New England Journal of Medicine.

The FDA oversees Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)'s usage as a supplement in lotions and regulates tobacco-related products, including nicotine vape products.
Policing Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)'s inclusion in THC-based vape products has proven to be much harder, considering the fact that marijuana regulations differ from state to state and marijuana is still banned at the federal level.

As with most of the information regarding vaping due to its recent rise in popularity, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)'s role and effects are still being studied and determined.
One thing is for sure, inclusion of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) has been somewhat of a recent addition; for example, vape cartridges studied in Minnesota in 2018 were without Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate), but those from 2019 contained the additive.

While there's not much information on Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)'s lasting impact on your lung health, what we know now is enough to at least avoid products that use it if you can.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) (alpha-tocopherol acetate), also known as Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate), is a synthetic form of vitamin E. Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is the ester of acetic acid and α-tocopherol.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is a very strong culprit of concern in the 2019 outbreak of vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI), but there is not yet sufficient evidence to rule out contributions from other chemicals.
Vaporization of this ester produces toxic pyrolysis products.

Alpha-tocopherol is one of the most important compounds in Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate).
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) owes its position to unique features – strong antioxidant properties, high absorbability, and the ability to store it in the body.
Other important features of Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) include anti-cancer properties.

Thanks to Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate), it is possible to stabilize biological membranes.
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is used in completely different fields.
On the one hand, Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) is present in building materials, plastic and rubber equipment, and on the other hand, in medicines and dietary supplements.



PROPERTIES


Appearance (Clarity): Clear
Appearance (Colour): Yellow
Appearance (Form): Viscous liquid
Assay: min. 98%
Refractive Index (20°C): 1.494 - 1.498
Suitability for Tissue Culture: Passes
Biological source: plant
Quality Level: 200
Description: Synthesized from natural α-tocopherol
Form: liquid (or semi-solid)
Specific activity: ~1360 IU/g
mol wt: Mw 472.74 g/mol
Purified by: crystallization
Technique(s): cell culture | insect: suitable
Color: white to yellow



FIRST AID


Some possible first aid measures for tocopheryl acetate include:

Ingestion:

If swallowed, rinse mouth with water and do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention if symptoms develop.


Skin contact:

If the chemical comes in contact with the skin, immediately wash the affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
If symptoms develop, seek medical attention.


Eye contact:

If the chemical comes in contact with the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.


Inhalation:

If the chemical is inhaled, move the person to an area with fresh air.
Seek medical attention if symptoms develop.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents and acids.

Handle with care to prevent physical damage to the container and the product.
Use appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, when handling.

Avoid breathing in dust or vapor.
Store and handle in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.

Keep away from heat sources and open flames.
Do not store near food, beverages, or pharmaceuticals.

Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Use in a well-ventilated area.

Do not smoke or eat while handling.
Do not allow product to come into contact with eyes.

Do not discharge into drains or waterways.
Use proper grounding procedures when transferring.

Store away from sources of ignition.
Do not store near strong bases or reducing agents.
Store in an area designated for flammable or combustible materials.

Use appropriate ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Store in accordance with the label instructions.

Use a spark-proof tool when opening and closing containers.
Avoid contact with clothing or fabrics.

Keep containers tightly sealed and upright.
Dispose of properly in accordance with applicable regulations.



SYNONYMS


(+)-ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE
D-2,5,7,8-TETRAMETHYL-2-(4,8,12-TRIMETHYLTRIDECYL)-6-CHROMANOL ACETATE
D-ALFACOL
D-ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE
D-ALPHA-TOCOPHERYL ACETATE
D-A-TOCOPHERYL ACETATE
D-CONTOPHERON
D-ECON
D-FERTILVIT
D-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE
D-TOCOPHRIN
D-TOCOPHERYL ACETATE (VITAMIN E ACETATE)
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE
VITAMIN E
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE (VITAMIN E ACETATE)
TOCOPHERYL ACETATE (VITAMIN E ACETATE) (D-FORM)
VITAMIN E ALPHA TOCOPHEROL ACETATE
VITAMINE E-ACETATE
(2r,4’r,8’r)-alpha-tocopherylacetate
(2R,4’R,8’R)-O-Acetyl-α-tocopherol
(2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol 6-Acetate
Ephynal Acetate
(+)-α-Tocopherol Acetate
(+)-Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)
2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-, 6-acetate, (2R)
Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)
D-Alpha-tocopheryl acetate
D-a-Tocopherol acetate
(R,R,R)-a-Tocopheryl acetate
d-Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate)
6-Chromanol, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-, acetate, (+)-
Vitamin E acetate
Acétate de tocophérol (French)
Acetato de tocoferol (Spanish)
Tocopheryl acetate, dl-
Tocopheryl acetate, alpha-
Vitamin E, acetate
(+/-)-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
Tocopheryl acetate, (R)-isomer
Tocopheryl acetate, (S)-isomer
Tocopheryl acetate, (±)-isomer
DL-α-Tocopheryl acetate
D-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
D-alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate acetate
RRR-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
alpha-Tocopherol acetate
All-rac-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
Alpha-tocoferol-acetato (Italian)
Alfatokoferil asetat (Turkish)
Alfatokoferol-acetát (Czech)
TOFA
TOFA TOFA, also known as “liquid rosin” or tallol or Tall Oil Fatty Acid, is a low cost, viscous yellow-black odorous liquid chemical compound that is a product of crude tall oil vacuum distillation. It is a member of the product family Oleic Acid. Other Products of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) Extractives such as rosin and fatty acids are sometimes removed from the spent pulping liquor and processed into crude TOFA. In Canada, most crude TOFA is currently incinerated as fuel in the lime kilns of pulp mills to displace fossil fuel. In the south eastern United States, where extractive content of the wood is much higher, TOFA plants fractionate the crude TOFA into value-added components. Processes have also been proposed to convert both the fatty and rosin acid components of the crude TOFA into green diesel fuel. The processing of TOFA into a high-quality diesel additive has been researched in the laboratory and pilot scale. The later studies included promising road tests by Canada Post Corporation. Given that many kraft pulp mills already collect these extractives, their future utilization for fuels will be based on competing economic considerations. Fatty acids can be directly esterified by alcohols into diesel fuel, whereas the rosin acids can be converted by the “Super Cetane” hydrogenation process developed in Canada. Turpentine recovered from process condensates in Canadian mills is generally incinerated as fuel in one of the on-site boilers. Processing it into consumer grade products is possible but, in many cases, it is more valuable as a fuel. Extractives (TOFA and Turpentine) as a Chemical Platform The chemical and mechanical pulping of wood, in particular coniferous trees, generates large amounts of sidestreams such as crude TOFA (CTO) and crude turpentine (CT). The global TOFA production today is close to ~ 1.2 million tonnes/year, whereas the estimated worldwide production of turpentine is about 350,000 tonnes/year. They are the third and fourth largest chemical by-products after hemicellulose and lignin in the manufacturing of paper pulp from wood. In the kraft process, high alkalinity and temperature convert the esters and carboxylic acids in rosin into soluble sodium soaps that are skimmed off and collected and acidified to give CTO, while the crude sulfate turpentine (CST) is condensed from digester vapors. CTO consists of around 30%–50% fatty acids, 15%–35% rosin acids, and 30%–50% pitch, a bioliquid that is used for energy generation and by the chemical industry. The chemical composition varies with the wood age, wood species, geographic location of the coniferous trees, and the technological solutions of the pulping processes. High-purity terpenes are also recovered as a by-product in mechanical pulping processes by steam distillation and crude sulfite turpentine when CTO is skimmed from pulping liquor in the sulfite process, neutralized with NaOH or lime, and subsequently distilled. Chemically, turpentine is a mixture of numerous C10H16 monoterpene isomers, consisting of bicyclic compounds such as 3-carene, camphene, and α- and β-pinenes, which together with monocyclic limonene are the principal compounds of this raw material. The chemical composition of CT also varies strongly with the wood species, geographic location, pulping process or mill, and even harvesting season; For example, kraft turpentine from the United States can contain more β-pinene than α-pinene, whereas the opposite is true in Europe. However, in turpentine originating from sulfite pulping, ρ-cymene is typically the predominant compound. Because of the use of sulfur-containing cooking chemicals upon pulping, the sulfur content in CT can reach 3 wt%, whereupon the three main species present are methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). The organoleptic properties of the aforementioned malodorous organics complicate the further use and upgrading of CT and the isolation and utilization of specific terpenes. Traditionally, CTO from the pulp industry was viewed as low-value substance and burned as an alternative to heavy fuel oil, but over the last decade, it has emerged as a promising raw material for the production of commercially relevant synthetic fuels (biodiesel and diesel via hydrodeoxygenation), lubricants, solvents, and many other high-value materials (Scheme 3.12A). In fact, currently, there are several biorefineries and industries upgrading and marketing TOFA and TOFA-derived chemicals. Typically, various fractions of CTO are separated by distillation over wide pressure ranges, and they are marketed as wood-based chemicals for use in downstream applications. The resinic acids (TOR) are used as a critical ingredient in printing inks, photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes, adhesives (glues), soap, paper sizing, soda, soldering fluxes, sealing wax, medical plasters, and ointments. It can also be used as a glazing agent in medicines and chewing gum, as an emulsifier in soft drinks, and as a flux used in soldering. In contrast, TOFA is used as a chemical platform or raw material for the production of high-value products such as biofuels (via catalytic esterification or deoxygenation). Notable examples of TOFA biorefineries include Arizona Chemicals (in Sweden and Finland); Forchem TOFA biorefinery (now a part of the Portuguese Repsol Group), Finland; and SunPine, Sweden. The former two specialize in CTO distillation and markets TOFA and TOR as the main products. On the other hand, SunPine is a recently established unique facility that is upgrading CTO to crude tall biodiesel (production capacity of 10,000 m3/year) that is fed to the classical petroleum refinery process of Preem in southern Sweden. The process uses CTO, acid vegetable oils, and methanol as starting materials and is based on the esterification of TOFA and vegetable acids with methanol to produced esters (biodiesel). Other vegetable oils TOFA. Crude TOFA (CTO) is separated from black liquor in the kraft sulfate pulping of mainly coniferous trees (Figure 7), which store triglycerides, fatty acids, resin acids, sterols, and sterol esters as nutrients in the parenchyma cells, while the radial resin ducts contain resin acids and turpentine for the wound healing of bark breaches. That is why pine balsam won by tapping is a source of rosin and terpenes but not of CTO. The recovered black liquor is concentrated and left to settle. The top layer is known as TOFA soap and is skimmed off. The rest is recycled for further use in paper making. The soap is converted to CTO by acidulation with sulfuric acid. CTO is not a fatty oil but is actually a mixture of five components with different boiling points, which are split by fractionation into heads (which boils first), then ‘TOFA fatty acids’ (TOFAs), distilled TOFA (DTO, a mixture of fatty and rosin acids), ‘TOFA rosin’ (TOR, a mixture of eight closely related rosin acids, i.e., abietic, neoabietic, palustric, levopimaric, dehydroabietic, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, and isopimaric acid), and pitch (the unsaponifiable residue). TOFA is mainly oleic acid. Furthermore, TOFAs contain unusual isomers, such as octadecadienoic acids with double bonds in the 5,9- and 5,12-positions. Important applications of TOFA are the manufacture of alkyd resins and dimer acids. TOFA TOFA TOFA CAS# 61790-12-3, also known as “liquid rosin” or tallol, is a low cost, viscous yellow-black odorous liquid chemical compound that is a product of crude tall oil vacuum distillation. It is a member of the product family Oleic Acid. TOFA, also called "liquid rosin" or tallol, is a viscous yellow-black odorous liquid obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture when pulping mainly coniferous trees. The name originated as an anglicization of the Swedish "tallolja" ("pine oil"). TOFA is the third largest chemical by-product in a Kraft mill after lignin and hemicellulose; the yield of crude TOFA from the process is in the range of 30–50 kg / ton pulp. It may contribute to 1.0–1.5% of the mill's revenue if not used internally. Manufacturing of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) In the Kraft Process, high alkalinity and temperature converts the esters and carboxylic acids in rosin into soluble sodium soaps of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids. The spent cooking liquor is called weak black liquor and is about 15% dry content. The black liquor is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator and after the first stage the black liquor is about 20–30%. At this stage it is called intermediate liquor. Normally the soaps start to float in the storage tank for the weak or intermediate liquors and are skimmed off and collected. A good soap skimming operation reduces the soap content of the black liquor down to 0.2–0.4% w/w of the dry residue. The collected soap is called raw rosin soap or rosinate. The raw rosin soap is then allowed to settle or is centrifuged to release as much as possible of the entrained black liquor. The soap goes then to the acidulator where it is heated and acidified with sulfuric acid to produce crude TOFA (CTO). The soap skimming and acidulator operation can be improved by addition of flocculants. A flocculant will shorten the separation time and give a cleaner soap with lower viscosity. This makes the acidulator run smoother as well. Most pines give a soap yield of 5–25 kg/ton pulp, while Scots pine gives 20–50 kg/ton. Scots pine grown in northern Scandinavia give a yield of even more than 50 kg/ton. Globally about 2 mill ton/year of CTO are refined. Composition of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) See also: Resin acid The composition of crude TOFA varies a great deal, depending on the type of wood used. A common quality measure for TOFA is acid number. With pure pines it is possible to have acid numbers in the range 160–165, while mills using a mix of softwoods and hardwoods might give acid numbers in the range of 125–135. Normally crude TOFA contains rosins (which contains resin acids (mainly abietic acid and its isomers), fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and fatty alcohols, unsaponifiable sterols (5–10%), some sterols, and other alkyl hydrocarbon derivates. By fractional distillation TOFA rosin is obtained, with rosin content reduced to 10–35%. By further reduction of the rosin content to 1–10%, TOFA fatty acid can be obtained, which is cheap, consists mostly of oleic acid, and is a source of volatile fatty acids. Applications of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) The TOFA rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier. The pitch is used as a binder in cement, an adhesive, and an emulsifier for asphalt. TOFA is a low-cost and vegetarian lifestyle-friendly alternative to tallow fatty acids for production of soaps and lubricants. When esterified with pentaerythritol, it is used as a compound of adhesives and oil-based varnishes. When reacted with amines, polyamidoamines are produced which may be used as epoxy resin curing agents. SYLFAT fatty acids are useful in a wide range of industrial applications including fuel additives, alkyd resins, dimer acids, surfactants, cleaners, oil field chemicals, lubricant esters and other chemical derivatives. The use of these product ranges can be found in the long carbon chain (C18), the acid function of the carboxyl group (COOH) and the unsaturation of the double bonds. All SYLFAT TOFAs have high fatty acid content, low content of rosin acids and unsaponifiables. SYLFAT 2 and SYLFAT 2LT are from European, and especially Scandinavian, origin and with a specific characteristic to have more double bounds (i.e. higher Iodine Value) compared to TOFA with an origin closer to the equator like our SYLFAT FA1 and SYLFAT FA2. SYLFAT 2 and SYLFAT FA2 provide a combination of light color, good color stability and air-drying properties. SYLFAT 2LT is a specialty grade of TOFA with excellent low temperature properties typically used as fuel additive to improve lubricity of low sulphur diesel. TOFA, also called "liquid rosin" or tallol, is a viscous yellow-black odorous liquid obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture when pulping mainly coniferous trees. The name originated as an anglicization of the Swedish "tallolja" ("pine oil"). TOFA is the third largest chemical by-product in a Kraft mill after lignin and hemicellulose; the yield of crude TOFA from the process is in the range of 30–50 kg / ton pulp. Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) may contribute to 1.0–1.5% of the mill's revenue if not used internally. Manufacturing of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) Forchem TOFA refinery in Rauma, Finland. In the Kraft Process, high alkalinity and temperature converts the esters and carboxylic acids in rosin into soluble sodium soaps of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids. The spent cooking liquor is called weak black liquor and is about 15% dry content. The black liquor is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator and after the first stage the black liquor is about 20–30%. At this stage it is called intermediate liquor. Normally the soaps start to float in the storage tank for the weak or intermediate liquors and are skimmed off and collected. A good soap skimming operation reduces the soap content of the black liquor down to 0.2–0.4% w/w of the dry residue. The collected soap is called raw rosin soap or rosinate. The raw rosin soap is then allowed to settle or is centrifuged to release as much as possible of the entrained black liquor. The soap goes then to the acidulator where it is heated and acidified with sulfuric acid to produce crude TOFA (CTO). The soap skimming and acidulator operation can be improved by addition of flocculants. A flocculant will shorten the separation time and give a cleaner soap with lower viscosity. This makes the acidulator run smoother as well. Most pines give a soap yield of 5–25 kg/ton pulp, while Scots pine gives 20–50 kg/ton. Scots pine grown in northern Scandinavia give a yield of even more than 50 kg/ton. Globally about 2 mill ton/year of CTO are refined. The composition of crude TOFA varies a great deal, depending on the type of wood used. A common quality measure for TOFA is acid number. With pure pines it is possible to have acid numbers in the range 160–165, while mills using a mix of softwoods and hardwoods might give acid numbers in the range of 125–135. Normally crude TOFA contains rosins, which contains resin acids (mainly abietic acid and its isomers), fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and fatty alcohols, unsaponifiable sterols (5–10%), some sterols, and other alkyl hydrocarbon derivates. By fractional distillation TOFA rosin is obtained, with rosin content reduced to 10–35%. By further reduction of the rosin content to 1–10%, TOFA fatty acid can be obtained, which is cheap, consists mostly of oleic acid, and is a source of volatile fatty acids. Applications of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) The TOFA rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier. The pitch is used as a binder in cement, an adhesive, and an emulsifier for asphalt. TOFA is a low-cost and vegetarian lifestyle-friendly alternative to tallow fatty acids for production of soaps and lubricants. When esterified with pentaerythritol, it is used as a compound of adhesives and oil-based varnishes. When reacted with amines, polyamidoamines are produced which may be used as epoxy resin curing agents. TOFA is also used in oil drilling as a component of drilling fluids. TOFA refers to mixtures of several related carboxylic acids, primarily abietic acid, found in tree resins. Nearly all TOFAs have the same basic skeleton: three fused rings having the empirical formula C19H29COOH. TOFAs are tacky, yellowish gums that are water-insoluble. They are used to produce soaps for diverse applications, but their use is being displaced increasingly by synthetic acids such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid or petroleum-derived naphthenic acids. Botanical analysis of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) TOFAs are protectants and wood preservatives that are produced by parenchymatous epithelial cells that surround the resin ducts in trees from temperate coniferous forests. The TOFAs are formed when two-carbon and three-carbon molecules couple with isoprene building units to form monoterpenes (volatile), sesquiterpenes (volatile), and diterpenes (nonvolatile) structures. Pines contain numerous vertical and radial resin ducts scattered throughout the entire wood. The accumulation of resin in the heartwood and resin ducts causes a maximum concentration in the base of the older trees. Resin in the sapwood, however, is less at the base of the tree and increases with height. In 2005, as an infestation of the Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and blue stain fungus devastated the Lodgepole Pine forests of northern interior British Columbia, Canada, TOFA levels three to four times greater than normal were detected in infected trees, prior to death. These increased levels show that a tree uses the resins as a defense. Resins are both toxic to the beetle and the fungus and also can entomb the beetle in diterpene remains from secretions. Increasing resin production has been proposed as a way to slow the spread of the beetle in the "Red Zone" or the wildlife urban interface. Production in tall oil (chemical pulping byproduct) The commercial manufacture of wood pulp grade chemical cellulose using the kraft chemical pulping processes releases TOFAs. The Kraft process is conducted under strongly basic conditions of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide and sodium hydrosulfide, which neutralizes these TOFAs, converting them to their respective sodium salts, sodium abietate, ((CH3)4C15H17COONa) sodium pimarate ((CH3)3(CH2)C15H23COONa) and so on. In this form, the sodium salts are insoluble and, being of lower density than the spent pulping process liquor, float to the surface of storage vessels during the process of concentration, as a somewhat gelatinous pasty fluid called kraft soap, or resin soap. Kraft soap can be reneutralized with sulfuric acid to restore the acidic forms abietic acid, palmitic acid, and related TOFA components. This refined mixture is called tall oil. Other major components include fatty acids and unsaponifiable sterols. TOFAs, because of the same protectant nature they provide in the trees where they originate, also impose toxic implications on the effluent treatment facilities in pulp manufacturing plants. Furthermore, any residual TOFAs that pass the treatment facilities add toxicity to the stream discharged to the receiving waters. Variation with species and biogeoclimatic zone The chemical composition of tall oil varies with the species of trees used in pulping, and in turn with geographical location. For example, the coastal areas of the southeastern United States have a high proportion of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii); inland areas of the same region have a preponderance of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda). Slash Pine generally contains a higher concentration of TOFAs than Loblolly Pine. In general, the tall oil produced in coastal areas of the southeastern United States contains over 40% TOFAs and sometimes as much as 50% or more. The fatty acids fraction is usually lower than the TOFAs, and unsaponifiables amount to 6-8%. Farther north in Virginia, where Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida)and Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) are more dominant, the TOFA content decreases to as low as 30-35% with a corresponding increase in the fatty acids present. In Canada, where mills process Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) in interior British Columbia and Alberta, Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana), Alberta to Quebec and Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) and Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), Ontario to New Brunswick, TOFA levels of 25% are common with unsaponifiable contents of 12-25%. Similar variations may be found in other parts of the United States and in other countries. For example, in Finland, Sweden and Russia, TOFA values from Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) may vary from 20 to 50%, fatty acids from 35 to 70%, and unsaponifiables from 6 to 30%. Characteristics of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) 100% bio-based content Low viscosity, liquid long fatty acid (C18) chain Reactive polyunsaturation Light color and good color stability (based on grade) Low rosin content Good air drying properties Grades Low color Low sulfur 0.5% to 3% rosin content Size available Bulk rail car Bulk tank truck Totes (IBC) Drums Applications of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) Chemical manufacturing Esters, amides, amines, soaps CASE Alkyd resins, plasticizers Textiles Spinning lubricants Oilfield Emulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors for drilling muds Lubricants & metalworking Group IV base oils, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers TOFA is Forchem’s classic Tall Oil (CTO) product that is very pure fatty acid with a low level of rosin acids and a low level of unsaponifiables through our optimum distillation process. Forchem TOFA is used to satisfy the demands of today’s environmentally aware consumers and global markets. TOFA is an ideal raw material for many chemical reactions and intermediates. The most common applications for TOFA are paints and coatings, biolubricants, fuel additives and performance polymer. About 1949, with the advent of effective fractional distillation, the tall oil industry came of age, and TOFAs , generally any product containing 90% or more fatty acids and 10% or less of rosin, have grown in annual volume ever since, until they amount to 398.8 million pounds annual production in the U.S. in 1978. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of the Kraft process for producing wood pulp from pine wood. Crude tall oil is about 50% fatty acids and 40% rosin acids, the remainder unsaps and residues; actually, a national average recovery of about 1–2% of tall oil is obtained from wood. On a pulp basis, each ton of pulp affords 140–220 pounds black liquor soaps, which yields 70–110 pounds crude tall oil, yielding 30–50 pounds of TOFA. Separative and upgrading technology involves: (a) recovery of the tall oil; (b) acid refining; (c) fractionation of tall oil; and occasionally (d) conversion to derivatives. TOFA of good quality and color of Gardner 2 corresponds to above 97% fatty acids with the composition of 1.6% palmitic & stearic acid, 49.3% oleic acid, 45.1% linoleic acid, 1.1% miscellaneous acids, 1.2% rosin acids, and 1.7% unsaponifiables. TOFA, also known as “liquid rosin” or tallol, is is a light-colored TOFA produced via the fractional distillation of crude tall oil. It is most commonoly used as an intermediate to make various alkyd resins. TOFA CAS# 61790-12-3, also known as “liquid rosin” or tallol, is a low cost, viscous yellow-black odorous liquid chemical compound that is a product of crude tall oil vacuum distillation. It is a member of the product family Oleic Acid. TOFAs are sold in markets that use them in raw form and as precursors to synthesize an array of products. TOFA derivatives include dimers, alkyds, PVC stabilizers, synthetic lubricant polyamides, and a variety of oilfield chemicals. Low sulfur TOFA is designed specifically for the fuel segment as a diesel fuel additive. TOFAs is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil, a by-product from the pulping of pine trees. TOFAs are used in dimer acids, alkyd resins, oilfield chemicals, metalworking fluids, liquid cleaners, textile chemicals, fuel additives, construction chemicals, rubber and tire, metallic stabilizers, ore flotation, and fatty derivatives. Abstract TOFAs consist primarily of oleic and linoleic acids and are obtained by the distillation of crude tall oil. Crude tall oil, a by‐product of the kraft pulping process, is a mixture of fatty acids, rosin acids, and unsaponifiables. These components are separated from one another by a series of distillations. Several grades of TOFA are available depending on rosin, unsaponifiable content, color, and color stability. Typical compositions of TOFA products are shown. TOFAs have a variety of applications. The largest uses of TOFA traditionally have been in coatings, primarily alkyd resins where grades of higher rosin content predominate. Since the 1970s their use as chemical intermediates in applications, which includes manufacture of dimer acids and epoxidized TOFA esters, has exceeded their use in coatings. The more highly refined, low rosin grades are required for their application as intermediates. Other areas of significant use are in soaps, detergents, and ore flotation. Worldwide crude tall oil fractionating capacity and domestic production and prices of TOFA are given. TOFA pricing is strongly dependent on soya fatty acid prices since these materials are often used in the same application. The soap skimming and acidulator operation can be improved by addition of flocculants. A flocculant will shorten the separation time and give a cleaner soap with lower viscosity. This makes the acidulator run smoother as well. Most pines give a soap yield of 5–25 kg/ton pulp, while Scots pine gives 20–50 kg/ton. Scots pine grown in northern Scandinavia give a yield of even more than 50 kg/ton. Globally about 2 mill ton/year of CTO are refined. Normally crude tall oil contains rosins (which contains resin acids (mainly abietic acid and its isomers), fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and fatty alcohols, unsaponifiable sterols (5–10%), some sterols, and other alkyl hydrocarbon derivates. By fractional distillation tall oil rosin is obtained, with rosin content reduced to 10–35%. By further reduction of the rosin content to 1–10%, TOFA can be obtained, which is cheap, consists mostly of oleic acid, and is a source of volatile fatty acids. The tall oil rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier. The pitch is used as a binder in cement, an adhesive, and an emulsifier for asphalt. TOFA is a low-cost and vegetarian lifestyle-friendly alternative to tallow fatty acids for production of soaps and lubricants. When esterified with pentaerythritol, it is used as a compound of adhesives and oil-based varnishes. When reacted with amines, polyamidoamines are produced which may be used as epoxy resin curing agents.
TOLITRIAZOL 
4-TOLUENESULFONIC ACIDP; TOLUENE SULFONATEP; TOLUENE SULPHONIC ACIDp; -Toluenesulfonic acid; P-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACIDP; ARA-TOLYLSULFONIC ACIDTOLUENE SULFONIC ACID, N° CAS : 104-15-4, Nom INCI : TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID, Nom chimique : Toluene-4-sulphonic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-180-0, Ses fonctions (INCI), Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau.Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : 4-METHYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID 4-METHYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID ANHYDROUS ACIDE METHYL-4 BENZENESULFONIQUE ANHYDRE Acide p-toluènesulfonique Acide p-toluènesulfonique anhydre ACIDE PARA-TOLUENESULFONIQUE ACIDE PARA-TOLUENESULFONIQUE ANHYDRE Acide toluènesulfonique (para-) BENZENESULFONIC ACID, 4-METHYL- P-METHYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID P-METHYLPHENYLSULFONIC ACID PARA-METHYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID PARA-METHYLPHENYLSULFONIC ACID Noms anglais : 4-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID ANHYDROUS P-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID P-TOLUENE SULFONATE P-TOLUENE SULPHONIC ACID p-Toluenesulfonic acid P-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID P-TOLYLSULFONIC ACID P-TOLYLSULFONIC ACID ANHYDROUS PARA-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID PARA-TOLUENESULPHONIC ACID PARA-TOLYLSULFONIC ACID Utilisation et sources d'émissionF: abrication de produits organiques, fabrication de colorants; p-Toluenesulfonic acid p-toluenesulphonic acid p-toluenesulphonic acid (containing a maximum of 5 % H2SO4) p-toluenesulphonic acid (containing a maximum of 5 % H2SO4) p-toluenesulphonic acid, (containing more than 5 % H2SO4) Toluene-4-sulphonic acid Translated names ''π-τολουολοσουλφονικό οξύ (που περιέχει μέχρι και 5 % H2SO4) (el) 4-methylbenzensulfonová kyselina, obsah maximálně 5 % H2SO4 (cs) 4-metylbenzensulfonsyra, innehållande högst 5% H2SO4 (sv) acid p-toluensulfonic(continut maxim de 5% H2SO4) (ro) acide p-toluènesulfonique (contenant un maximum de 5 % H2SO4) (fr) acido p-toluensolfonico (contenente non più del 5 % H2SO4) (it) kwas 4-metylobenzenosulfonowy (zawierający maksymalnie 5% H2SO4) (pl) kwas p-toluenosulfonowy (zawierający maksymalnie 5% H2SO4) (pl) kyselina 4-metylbenzénsulfónová (s obsahom maximálne 5 % H2SO4) (sk) p-Tolueenisulfonihappo, joka sisältää <5% rikkihappoa (fi) p-tolueensulfonzuur (met maximum 5 % H2SO4) (nl) p-tolueensulfoonhape, mis sisaldab <5% väävelhapet (et) p-toluensulfonrūgštis (sudėtyje turinti maksimaliai 5 % sieros rūgšties) (lt) p-toluensulfonska kiselina (sadrži maksimum 5 % H2SO4) (hr) p-toluensulfonska kislina (z največ 5% žveplove kisline) (sl) p-toluensulfonsyra, innehållande högst 5% H2SO4 (sv) p-toluensulfonsyre (indeholdende højst 5 % H2SO4) (da) p-toluensulfonsyre, med maks. 5 % H2SO4 (no) p-Toluolsulfonsäure (mit höchstens 5 % H2SO4) (de) p-toluolsulfoskābe, kas satur ne vairāk kā 5% sērskābes (lv) p-тoлуенсулфонова киселина (съдържаща максимално 5% H2SO4) (bg) toluol-4-szulfonsav (kénsav tartalom max. 5%) (hu) ácido p-toluenossulfónico (contendo no máximo 5 % H2SO4) (pt) ácido p-toluenosulfónico (con un contenido máximo de 5 % de H2SO4) (es) CAS names Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl- IUPAC names 4-methyl benzenesulphonic acid 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid hydrate 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid , 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid hydrate , 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid monohydrate 4-Methylbenzolsulfonsäure 4-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate acide para toluene sulfonique acido 4-metilbenzensulfonico Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl-, monohydrate p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate p-Toluenesulfonic acid, Tosylic acid, Tosic acid, PTSA p-toluenesulphonic acid hydrate p-toluenesulphonic acid, containing a maximum of 5% H2SO4 Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid (PTSA) Reaction mass of sulphuric acid and 7732-18-5 toluen 4-sulfonová kyselina Toluene sulphonic acid toluene-4-silphonic acid TOLUENESULFONIC ACID Toluenesulfonic acid, p- Toluol-4-sulfonsäure Toluol-4-sulfonsäure Monohydrat ácido 4-metilbenzenosulfónico Trade names 4-Methylbenzolsulfonsaeure, Monohydrat 4-Toluenesulfonic acid Acide benzènesulfonique, 4-méthyl- Acide benzènesulfonique, 4-méthyl- (< 5 % acide sulfurique) Acide toluene-4-sulfonique acido tolueno-4-sulfonico Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl- (9CI) Benzolsulfonsaeure, 4-methyl Benzolsulfonsäure, 4-Methyl- Cyzac 4040 Eltesol TA Eltesol TA 65 Eltesol TA/E Eltesol TA/F Eltesol TA/H Eltesol TA/K Eltesol TA96 Eltesol TSX Eltesol TSX/A Eltesol TSX/SF K-Cure 1040 LAS 4-methyl, p- LAS 4-methyl, p- (max 5 % sulfuric acid); <5% Schwefelsaeure Manro PTSA/95 Manro PTSA/C MANRO PTSA/C; 60-100% Active Matter; active substance Manro PTSA/E Manro PTSA/LG Manro PTSA/LS Methylbenzolsulfonsäure, 4- Nacure 1040 p-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid p-Methylphenylsulfonic acid p-Toluene sulfonate p-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid Monohydrat p-Toluolsulfonsaeure p-Toluolsulfonsäure p-Toluolsulfonsäure in ca.65%iger wässriger Lsg.; 65% Active Matter; active substance p-Tolylsulfonic acid P.T.S.A PARA-TOLUENESULFONIC ACID CC5U PARATOLUOLSULFONSAEURE PTSA 70 Reworyl T 65 Stepanate PTSA-C; 60-100% Active Matter; active substance Sulframin TX Toluene Sulfonic Acid Toluene sulfonic acid (INCI) Toluene sulphonic acid (65% in water) TL65LS; 65% Active Matter; active substance TOLUENESULFONIC ACID, HI-PARA Toluenesulfonic acid, p- 65%; 65% Active Matter; active substance Toluensulfonic acid; 95% Active Matter; active substance Toluol-4-sulfonsaeure; 104-15-4 [RN]; 203-180-0 [EINECS] 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] 4-Methylbenzenesulphonic acid 4-Methylbenzolsulfonsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 4-toluenesulfonic acid Acide 4-méthylbenzènesulfonique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl- [ACD/Index Name] para-toluenesulfonic acid p-Methylbenzenesulfonic Acid P-Toluene Sulfonic acid p-Toluenesulfonic acid [Wiki] p-toluenesulphonic acid p-toluensulfonic acid p-Toluolenesulfonic acid PTSA p-TsOH [Formula] Toluene sulfonic acid Toluene-4-sulfonic acid Toluene-4-sulphonic acid Toluenesulfonic acid tosic acid TsOH [Formula] 236-576-7 [EINECS] 3233-58-7 [RN] 4-11-00-00241 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein] 472690 [Beilstein] 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid 4-methyl-benzenesulfonic acid 4-methylbenzensulphonic acid 4-Toluene sulfonic acid 70788-37-3 [RN] Benzenesulfonic acid, methyl- Eltesol K-Cure 040 Kyselina p-toluenesulfonova Kyselina p-toluensulfonova [Czech] Kyselina p-toluensulfonova Manro PTSA 65 E Manro PTSA 65 H Manro PTSA 65 LS Methylbenzenesulfonic acid MFCD00064387 [MDL number] MFCD00142137 [MDL number] MFCD02683442 [MDL number] Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid PARA-TOLUENE SULFONATE paratoluene sulfonic acid para-toluene sulfonic acid paratoluenesulfonic acid para-toluenesulphonic acid para-toluensulfonic acid p-cresol sulfate p-Methyl-benzenesulfonic acid p-Methylbenzenesulfonic Acid (en) p-methylphenylsulfonic acid P-Toluene Sulfonic acid(monohydrate) p-Toluene-sulfonic acid p-toluenesulfonicacid p-tolyl sulfonic acid p-tolylsulfonic acid Toluen-4-sulfonsaeure toluene-4-sulfonate toluene-p-sulfonic acid Toluenesulfonic acid (VAN) Toluenesulphonic acid TOS tosylate [Wiki] tosylic acid TSA-HP TSA-MH [Trade name] TSU WLN: WSQR D1 对甲苯磺酸 [Chinese] 203-180-0 [EINECS] 4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] 4-Methylbenzenesulphonic acid 4-Methylbenzolsulfonsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 4-toluenesulfonic acid Acide 4-méthylbenzènesulfonique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl- [ACD/Index Name] para-toluenesulfonic acid p-Methylbenzenesulfonic Acid P-Toluene Sulfonic acid p-Toluenesulfonic acid [Wiki] p-toluenesulphonic acid p-toluensulfonic acid p-Toluolenesulfonic acid PTSA p-TsOH [Formula] Toluene sulfonic acid Toluene-4-sulfonic acid Toluene-4-sulphonic acid Toluenesulfonic acid tosic acid TsOH [Formula] 236-576-7 [EINECS] 3233-58-7 [RN] 4-11-00-00241 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein] 472690 [Beilstein] 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid 4-methyl-benzenesulfonic acid 4-methylbenzensulphonic acid 4-Toluene sulfonic acid 70788-37-3 [RN] Benzenesulfonic acid, methyl- Eltesol K-Cure 040 Kyselina p-toluenesulfonova Kyselina p-toluensulfonova [Czech] Kyselina p-toluensulfonova Manro PTSA 65 E Manro PTSA 65 H Manro PTSA 65 LS Methylbenzenesulfonic acid MFCD00064387 [MDL number] MFCD00142137 [MDL number] MFCD02683442 [MDL number] Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid PARA-TOLUENE SULFONATE paratoluene sulfonic acid para-toluene sulfonic acid paratoluenesulfonic acid para-toluenesulphonic acid para-toluensulfonic acid p-cresol sulfate p-Methyl-benzenesulfonic acid p-Methylbenzenesulfonic Acid (en) p-methylphenylsulfonic acid P-Toluene Sulfonic acid(monohydrate) p-Toluene-sulfonic acid p-toluenesulfonicacid p-tolyl sulfonic acid p-tolylsulfonic acid Toluen-4-sulfonsaeure toluene-4-sulfonate toluene-p-sulfonic acid Toluenesulfonic acid (VAN) Toluenesulphonic acid TOS tosylate [Wiki] tosylic acid TSA-HP TSA-MH [Trade name] TSU WLN: WSQR D1 对甲苯磺酸 [Chinese] Toluol-p-sulfonsäure Toluolsulfo säure, p- 65 %; 65% Active Matter; active substance Toluolsulfo säure, para Toluolsulfonic acid, para Tosic acid TSA Wilconate TX Acid Witco TX Acid
TOLUENE
Toluene is a liquid, which is colourless, water-insoluble and smells like paint thinners.
Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group.
Toluene is predominantly in use as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.

CAS Number: 108-88-3
EC Number: 203-625-9
Chemical Formula: C7H8
Molar Mass: 92.141 g·mol−1

Toluene, also known as toluol, is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
Toluene is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the smell associated with paint thinners.

Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group.
As such, Toluene systematic IUPAC name is methylbenzene.
Toluene is predominantly used as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.

As the solvent in some types of paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and certain types of glue, toluene is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm.

Toluene is a naturally occurring compound derived primarily from petroleum or petrochemical processes.
Toluene is a common component in gasoline, glues, and paint products.

Toluene is a liquid, which is colourless, water-insoluble and smells like paint thinners.
Toluene is a mono-substituted colourless liquid, consisting of a CH3 group that is attached to a phenyl group.

Toluene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Toluene is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor when exposed to air at room temperature.
Toluene vapor has a sharp or sweet odor, which is a sign of exposure.

Toluene is typically used in a mixture with other solvents and chemicals such as paint pigments.
Products that may contain toluene-such as paint, metal cleaners and adhesives-are used in many industries and can be found in many workplaces.

Gasoline and other fuels also contain toluene.
Workers using toluene-containing paints, varnishes, shellac, nail polish, glues and adhesives, rust preventives or printing inks may be exposed to toluene.

Workers can be exposed to toluene by breathing Toluene in, getting Toluene on their skin, getting Toluene splashed into their eyes, or swallowing it.
These types of exposures may make workers sick immediately or cause effects over time.
Toluene exposures have been studied in nail salons and printing establishments, auto repair, and construction activities.

Without proper ventilation and safety precautions, toluene can cause irritated eyes, nose, and throat; dry or cracked skin; headache, dizziness, feeling of being drunk, confusion and anxiety.
Symptoms worsen as exposure increases, and long term exposure may lead to tiredness, slow reaction, difficulty sleeping, numbness in the hands or feet, or female reproductive system damage and pregnancy loss.
If swallowed, toluene can cause liver and kidney damage.

Toluene is also flammable, and Toluene vapors can be ignited by flames, sparks or other ignition sources.

Toluene is also known as toluol.
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene derivative and consists of a methyl group i.e., CH3 that is attached to a phenyl group.
The systematic IUPAC name of toluene is methylbenzene.

Toluene is predominantly in use as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.
Toluene is a common solvent like paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues),lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants.

Toluene is also in use as a recreational inhalant.
Toluene has the capability of causing severe neurological harm to our body.

Toluene is a naturally occurring compound.
Toluene is primarily derived from petroleum or petrochemical processes.

Toluene is a very common component in substances like gasoline, glues, and other products.
Toluene is a liquid that is colourless, water-insoluble and smells similar to paint thinners.

Toluene, aromatic hydrocarbon used extensively as starting material for the manufacture of industrial chemicals.
Toluene comprises 15–20 percent of coal-tar light oil and is a minor constituent of petroleum.
Both sources provide toluene for commercial use, but larger amounts are made by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha.

Toluene is used in the synthesis of trinitrotoluene (TNT), benzoic acid, saccharin, dyes, photographic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
Toluene is also used as a solvent and antiknock additive for aviation gasoline.

Pure toluene (melting point, -95° C [-139° F]; boiling point, 110.6° C [231.1° F]) is a colourless, flammable, toxic liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in all common organic solvents.
Toluene chemical formula is that of methylbenzene, C6H5CH3.

Toluene is a transparent, colourless liquid with an odour similar to benzene.
Toluene's chemical formula is C6H5CH3.

The chemical compound toluene is naturally occurring and mainly derived from petroleum or petrochemical processes.
The toluene chemical is present in gasoline, glues, and paints. The liquid toluene smells like paint thinners, is colourless and insoluble in water.
Toluene is mono-substituted colourless liquid that has a CH3 group attached to a phenyl group. 

Toluene is a natural substance of gasoline and crude oil.
Toluene is also used for synthesis of benzene and other chemicals, including graphic pigments, paints, and solvents.

Toluene is a highly lipophilic white matter toxin resulting in loss of myelin in cerebral and cerebellar white matter, as well as in diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy.
Intentional abuse occurs through inhalation of toluene vapors from a rag soaked in paint or from a paper bag filled with paint or lacquer thinners, which contain toluene as principle component.

While the prevalence of toluene abuse in the United States is unknown, Toluene is estimated that 10% to 15% of people have used the inhalant.
Prolonged exposure to toluene vapors may result in multifocal leukoencephalopathy, with primary clinical manifestations of dementia, ataxia, brain-stem dysfunction, and corticospinal weakness.

Dementia is the most disabling aspect of the syndrome, characterized by apathy, memory loss, visuospatial deficits, and preserved language function.
Leukoencephalopathy of toluene abuse is evident on MRI scans and on postmortem examinations.

In advanced cases, the pattern of multifocal white matter disease can suggest a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a young adult, if abuse history is not obtained.
Diagnosis, however, is usually clear and is based, in an acute setting, on solvent-smelling breath, perioral “huffer's” rash, and appropriate history.
Toxicological screening can detect toluene in the blood; hippuric acid analysis of urine is also helpful.

Prolonged, low-level occupational exposures to pure toluene are rare; most industrial exposures include solvent mixtures and cause a so-called solvent syndrome, resulting in change in personality and progressing to permanent cognitive impairment.

Toluene is a common ingredient in degreasers.
Toluene is colorless liquid with a sweet smell and taste.

Toluene evaporates quickly.
Toluene is found naturally in crude oil, and is used in oil refining and the manufacturing of paints, lacquers, explosives (TNT) and glues.

In homes, toluene may be found in paint thinners, paintbrush cleaners, nail polish, glues, inks and stain removers.
Toluene is also found in car exhaust and the smoke from cigarettes.

When toluene is spilled on the ground or improperly disposed of, Toluene can seep into soil and contaminate nearby wells and streams.
Toluene can remain unchanged for a long time in soil or water that is not in contact with air.

Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive sweet smell that is widely used in industrial settings as a solvent.
Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree and is also produced when manufacturing gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and in making coke, a type of fuel derived from coal that is used to make steel.

Toluene is typically used in the production of paints, rubber, lacquers, glues and adhesives to help dry, dissolve and thin other substances.
Toluene is also used in the production process to make other chemicals, including benzene, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane and in the synthesis of trinitrotoluene, benzoic acid, benzoyl chloride and toluene diisocyanate.

Toluene has been used as an ingredient in nail polish removers to help dissolve other substances such as resins and plasticizers.
Toluene has also been used in the formulation of nail products to enable nail polishes, hardeners and lacquers to be applied smoothly.

Toluene is a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles.
The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion.
Toluene is used in these applications because Toluene is dense and contains significant energy per unit of volume, which enhances power generation for vehicles.

Toluene can evaporate out of common household products such as glues, paints and paint thinners, and adhesives into air that is inhaled.
Exposure to toluene in consumer products can be reduced by using these products in well-ventilated areas and closely following all label warnings and instructions.

Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell.
Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree.

Toluene is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal.
Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes.

Toluene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor.
May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.
Toluene is used in aviation and automotive fuels, as a solvent, and to make other chemicals.

Toluene is the simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
Toluene has a role as a non-polar solvent, a cholinergic antagonist, a neurotoxin and a fuel additive.
Toluene is a methylbenzene, a volatile organic compound and a member of toluenes.

Toluene is a colorless, liquid that is immiscible in water.
Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene derivative used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for various parasites in dogs and cats.

Toluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a solvent.
Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such sources.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures.
CNS dysfunction and narcosis have been frequently observed in humans acutely exposed to elevated airborne levels of toluene; symptoms include fatigue, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea.

CNS depression has been reported to occur in chronic abusers exposed to high levels of toluene.
Chronic inhalation exposure of humans to toluene also causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, sore throat, dizziness, and headache.

Human studies have reported developmental effects, such as CNS dysfunction, attention deficits, and minor craniofacial and limb anomalies, in the children of pregnant women exposed to high levels of toluene or mixed solvents by inhalation.
EPA has concluded that that there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene.

Toluene is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Psidium guajava, and other organisms with data available.

Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon composed of a benzene ring linked to one methyl group.
Toluene is used a solvent or as a chemical intermediate in various industrial applications.
Rapid inhalation of high concentrations of toluene can cause severe neurological complications.

Toluene is found in allspice.
Toluene is isolated from distilled tolu balsam (Myroxylon balsamum).

Minor constituent of lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia).
Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners.

Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent.
Toluene has been shown to exhibit beta-oxidant, depressant, hepatoprotective, anesthetic and neurotransmitter functions (A7693, A7694, A7695, A7696, A7697).

Applications of Toluene:
Toluene is used in paint and gas refineries, as well as other industrial operations, but Toluene can be toxic when inhaled or ingested.
People working with toluene should be prepared by carrying a first-aid kit in case an emergency arises during work hours.

Different uses of toluene:

A solvent for paints and stains:
This is the most common use of toluene.
Toluene dissolves oils with ease and evaporates quickly, making Toluene the best choice for removing residual stains on walls or boards.

Toluene use in paints is also very common.
Toluene low cost and ability to dissolve pigments makes Toluene a preferred solvent in paint production.
However, this makes Toluene very dangerous to handle when paint spills are reported as inhalation may result in harmful exposure to this chemical compound.

Solvent for rubber cement:
Toluene is also a good solvent for rubber cements because of Toluene relative cheapness and ability to dissolve a variety of compounds.
Toluene is especially good at dissolving rubber cement quickly, making Toluene an ideal choice for sealing envelopes and keeping other stamps dry.

Solvent in the production of styrene-butadiene latexes:
Toluene is also used as a solvent in the production of styrene-butadiene latexes; these are vital products in the production of tires, synthetic rubbers, adhesives and coatings.
This means that controlling toluene is extremely important for anyone wishing to work in a paint manufacturer or tire factory.
However, due to Toluene toxicity in high concentrations, wearing adequate breathing apparatus when working with Toluene may be advisable.

Solvent in the production of rubber chemicals:
Toluene is sometimes used as a solvent in the production of rubber chemicals.
However, Toluene is not widely used because other solvents are cheaper and more efficient.

Solvent for the extraction of oils:
Toluene can also be used as a solvent to extract oils from food products such as olives.
This is extremely important because damaged fruit cannot be sold if Toluene looks unappetizing and could even put people at risk of contracting food poisoning if eaten without processing.
Here again, since toluene has low boiling and vaporization points, Toluene must be handled with care when transferred or processed using machinery.

Solvent in the production of automobile gasoline:
Aside from paints, toluene is also used as a solvent in the production of automobile gasoline.
Toluene low boiling point and low cost make Toluene a popular choice for refiners, especially with lower prices for high-octane blends.

The solvents removed from gasoline are more expensive than those produced by petroleum distillates and can be sold for as much as ten times more.
This explains why toluene is so commonly used by refiners in small quantities compared to other oligomerics such as dicyclopentadiene and tetradecafluoroethylene (CFCs).

Solvent for oil drilling:
Oil drillers often use a mixture of toluene and ethanol in their injection fluid to increase the efficiency of extraction.
This is because the two solvents relax the rock formations in order to increase the amount of oil extracted from those deposits.

This makes Toluene necessary for them to wear proper protection when handling chemical equipment that comes into contact with this chemical compound.
Other drilling operations may also use diesel fuel mixed with toluene, but this mixture is more expensive and less convenient to transport.
This helps to answer the question what is toluene used for.

Solvent in the production of paints:
Toluene is also used as a solvent in the production of paints that are made for rust-proofing.
Toluene works by dissolving the paint and allowing Toluene to penetrate deeper into the metal, making Toluene ideal for use with vehicles exposed to water and elements.
However, Toluene is not used in products intended for commercial or residential houses because of Toluene toxicity when inhaled.

Solvent for removal of residual coatings from fabrics
Another use of toluene is as a solvent for removing residual coatings from fabrics such as polyester and cotton.
About 2-4% toluene is added to the mixture, which is then sprayed on one side of fabric.

In conclusion, toluene has a variety of uses and is widely used in industry.

However, as a result of Toluene toxic nature when inhaled, any worker handling this chemical compound must take the following precautions:
(1)Use a respirator with a strong air supply in case toluene is being released into the atmosphere.

(2)Wear gloves whenever handling products containing toluene, especially paint and cleaning products that may cause exposure when spilled.

(3)Keep an eye on other workers in case they start to exhibit signs of dyspnea or respiratory distress, which are both symptoms of prolonged exposure.
Dyspnea means shortness of breath while respiratory distress is characterized by breathing through the mouth because air cannot be forced through the nose.

(4)Keep all equipment used for handling solvents away from the body as much as possible for maximum protection.

Toluene is primarily used as a mixture added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.

However, toluene is also used in the production of various chemicals, including:
Benzene
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Benzoic Acid
Benzoyl Chloride
Toluene Diisocyanate

In addition to the production of certain chemicals and being a gasoline additive, toluene is also used to produce a number of consumer products, including:
Paints
Paint Thinner
Antifreeze
Lacquers
Coatings
Synthetic Fragrances
Adhesives
Inks
Cleaning Agents
Polyurethane
Plastic Soda Bottles
Pharmaceuticals
Dyes
Nylon
Heating Oil
Kerosene
Cosmetic Nail Products
Shoe polish

Uses of Toluene:
The major use of toluene is as a mixture added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.
Toluene is also used to produce benzene and as a solvent in paints, coatings, synthetic fragrances, adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents.

Derived from petroleum, toluene is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
Purified toluene contains about 0.01% benzene, but crude toluene may contain as much as 25% benzene.

Rotogravure printers were exposed to high concentrations of toluene (decreasing from about 1710 ppm in 1969 to about 43-157 ppm in 1980).
Toluene is used in photography (color retouching)

Toluene is a component of gasoline, paints, inks, lacquers, paint thinners, adhesives, fingernail polish, cleaning agents, and rubber.
BTX (a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylene) is added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.
Toluene is used to produce benzene, trinitrotoluene (TNT), nylon, plastics, and polyurethanes.

Toluene is used in paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes.
Gasoline, which contains 5 to 7 perfect toluene by weight, is the largest source of atmospheric emissions and exposure of the general populace.

Precursor to benzene and xylene:

Toluene is mainly used as a precursor to benzene via hydrodealkylation:
C6H5CH3 + H2 → C6H6 + CH4

The second ranked application involves Toluene disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene.

Nitration:
Nitration of toluene gives mono-, di-, and trinitrotoluene, all of which are widely used.
Dinitrotoluene is the precursor to toluene diisocyanate, which used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam.
Trinitrotoluene is the explosive typically abbreviated TNT.

Oxidation:
Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde are produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
Typical catalysts include cobalt or manganese naphthenates.

Solvent:
Toluene is a common solvent, e.g. for paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants.

Fuel:
Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels for internal combustion engines as well as jet fuel.
Toluene at 86% by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in Formula One during the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team.

The remaining 14% was a "filler" of n-heptane, to reduce the octane rating to meet Formula One fuel restrictions.
Toluene at 100% can be used as a fuel for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines; however, due to the density of the fuel and other factors, the fuel does not vaporize easily unless preheated to 70 °C (158 °F).
Honda solved this problem in their Formula One cars by routing the fuel lines through a heat exchanger, drawing energy from the water in the cooling system to heat the fuel.

In Australia in 2003, toluene was found to have been illegally combined with petrol in fuel outlets for sale as standard vehicular fuel.
Toluene incurs no fuel excise tax, while other fuels are taxed at more than 40%, providing a greater profit margin for fuel suppliers.
The extent of toluene substitution has not been determined.

Niche applications:
In the laboratory, toluene is used as a solvent for carbon nanomaterials, including nanotubes and fullerenes, and Toluene can also be used as a fullerene indicator.
The color of the toluene solution of C60 is bright purple.

Toluene is used as a cement for fine polystyrene kits (by dissolving and then fusing surfaces) as Toluene can be applied very precisely by brush and contains none of the bulk of an adhesive.
Toluene can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.

Toluene has also been used as a coolant for Toluene good heat transfer capabilities in sodium cold traps used in nuclear reactor system loops.
Toluene had also been used in the process of removing the cocaine from coca leaves in the production of Coca-Cola syrup.

Transportation:
Toluene is produced in the manufacturing of gasoline, and Toluene is also a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles.
The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion.
Toluene is used in these applications because Toluene is dense and contains significant energy per unit of volume, which enhances power generation for vehicles.

Personal Care Products:
Toluene has been used as an ingredient in nail polish removers, due to Toluene ability to help dissolve other substances, such as resins and plasticizers.
Toluene has also been used in the formulation of nail products to enable nail polishes, hardeners and lacquers to be applied smoothly.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Toluene is used in the following products: coating products, adhesives and sealants, fuels, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Toluene is used in the following areas: building & construction work, scientific research and development and health services.

Toluene is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Toluene is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Toluene is used in the following products: coating products, adhesives and sealants, polymers, fuels, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners and lubricants and greases.
Toluene is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Toluene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Toluene can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and formulation of mixtures.

Toluene is typically used in the production of paints, rubber, lacquers, glues and adhesives because Toluene can help dry, dissolve and thin other substances.
Toluene is used in the production process to make other chemicals, including benzene, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane and in the synthesis of trinitrotoluene (TNT), benzoic acid, benzoyl chloride and toluene diisocyanate.

Industry Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Anti-adhesive agents
Anti-adhesive/cohesive
Catalyst
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Defoamer
Diluent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Other
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Photosensitive chemicals
Plasticizers
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Sealant (barrier)
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Surface active agents
Surface modifier
Viscosity adjustors
Wetting agent (non-aqueous)

Consumer Uses:
Toluene is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), textile treatment products and dyes, anti-freeze products, leather treatment products, fuels and adhesives and sealants.
Other release to the environment of Toluene is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Other Consumer Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Anti-adhesive/cohesive
Catalyst
Corrosion inhibitor
Defoamer
Diluent
Dispersing agent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Plasticizer
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Sealant (barrier)
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Painting (Solvents)
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Leather Tanning and Processing
Photographic Processing
Silk-Screen Printing

Activities with risk of exposure:
Painting
Woodworking
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Properties of Toluene:
Toluene is more reactive to electrophiles than benzene.
Due to the greater part of the methyl group than the electron-releasing properties, Toluene reacts normal fragrant in the same position.
Toluene faces sulphonation to provide an acid called p-toluenesulfonic and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene.

Chemical properties:
The distance between carbon atoms in the toluene ring is 0.1399 nm.
The C-CH3 bond is longer at 0.1524 nm, while the average C-H bond length is 0.111 nm.

Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Because the methyl group has greater electron-releasing properties than a hydrogen atom in the same position, toluene is more reactive than benzene toward electrophiles.
Toluene undergoes sulfonation to give p-toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene.

Importantly, the methyl side chain in toluene is susceptible to oxidation.
Toluene reacts with potassium permanganate to yield benzoic acid, and with chromyl chloride to yield benzaldehyde (Étard reaction).

The C-H bonds of the methyl group in toluene are benzylic, which means that they are weaker than C-H bonds in simpler alkanes.

Reflecting this weakness, the methyl group in toluene undergoes halogenation under free radical conditions.
For example, when heated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of AIBN, toluene converts to benzyl bromide.
The same conversion can be effected with elemental bromine in the presence of UV light or even sunlight.

Toluene may also be brominated by treating Toluene with HBr and H2O2 in the presence of light.

C6H5CH3 + Br2 → C6H5CH2Br + HBr
C6H5CH2Br + Br2 → C6H5CHBr2 + HBr

The methyl group in toluene undergoes deprotonation only with very strong bases; Toluene pKa is estimated to be approximately 41.
Complete hydrogenation of toluene gives methylcyclohexane. The reaction requires a high pressure of hydrogen and a catalyst.

Miscibility of Toluene:
Toluene is miscible (soluble in all proportions) with ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and carbon disulfide, but immiscible with water.

Structure of Toluene:
Toluene is widely used as an industrial raw material and a solvent for manufacturing many commercial products, including paints and glues.

Production of Toluene:
Toluene occurs naturally at low levels in crude oil and is a byproduct in the production of gasoline by a catalytic reformer or ethylene cracker.
Toluene is also a byproduct of the production of coke from coal.
Final separation and purification is done by any of the distillation or solvent extraction processes used for BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers).

Other preparative routes:
Toluene can be prepared by a variety of methods.

For example, benzene reacts with methanol in presence of a solid acid to give toluene:
C6H6 + CH3OH ->[t^o]C6H5CH3 + H2O

Manufacturing Methods of Toluene:
Toluene is possible to synthesize toluene industrially by alkylation of benzene with methanol, and by cyclization of n-heptane with subsequent aromatization.
However, for economic reasons toluene is extracted from reformates from crude petroleum distillates; liquid products from the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons (steam cracking) /and/ liquid products from the gasification or coking (pyrolysis) of coal, lignite, etc.

An important aspect of the extraction of toluene is the fact that the pyrolysis products (from steam cracking, coking, etc.) must be hydrogenated before pure toluene can be extracted.
The unsaturated components are converted to saturated ones and the heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are removed.

In the case of reformates such pretreatment is usually unnecessary.
For the separation of toluene from other components within the same boiling range several methods are available, depending on quality requirements.

Fine fractionation is now suitable only for the production of toluene with lower purity, and involves significant losses in fores and tails.
Azeotropic distillation uses entrainers, such as methanol, to separate toluene from nonaromatics; a nonaromatics - methanol fraction with a lower bp than the methanol - toluene azeotrope distills at the column head, while pure toluene is removed from Toluene base.

Methanol is recovered from the distillate by washing with water.
For economic reasons, extractive distillation is now used only for the separation of toluene from nonaromatics.

Technical grade solvents with higher bp than toluene have proved to be suitable extraction agents, e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone (Distapex process, Lurgi Ol-Gas-Chemie), and morpholine (Morphylane process, Krupp-Koppers).
Extractive distillation essentially involves two distillation columns between which the extraction agent is circulated.

The toluene-containing material is charged to the extraction column; the extraction agent is charged to the column head.
The extraction agent - toluene mixture leaves the column at the bottom, and is separated into pure toluene and extraction agent in a second recovery column.

Toluene obtained at the distillation head of the extraction column contains the nonaromatic components of the starting material and the extraction agent.
This fraction is separated in the recovery column into raffinate (nonaromatics) and extraction agent.
The latter is then combined with the main portion of extraction agent from the recovery column, and fed back into the extraction column.

Catalytic reforming of petroleum steams accounts for 87% of total toluene production.
An additional 9% is separated from pyrolysis gasoline produced in steam crackers during manufacture of ethylene and propylene coal-tar separation from coke ovens produces 1% of total toluene up to 2% of the toluene produced is obtained as a by-product from styrene manufacture.

(1) By catalytic reforming of petroleum.
(2) By fractional distillation of coal tar light oil.

General Manufacturing Information of Toluene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Services
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Identification of Toluene:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

Method: NIOSH 1501, Issue 3
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: toluene
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 0.7 ug/sample.

Method: NIOSH 2549, Issue 1
Procedure: thermal desorption, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry
Analyte: toluene
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 100 ng per tube or less.

Method: NIOSH 3800, Issue 1
Procedure: extractive fourier transform infrared spectrometry
Analyte: toluene
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 1.16 ppm at 10-meter absorption pathlength.

Method: NIOSH 4000, Issue 2
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: toluene vapor
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 0.01 mg/sample.

History of Toluene:
Toluene was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of pine oil by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Filip Neriusz Walter, who named Toluene rétinnaphte.
In 1841, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville isolated a hydrocarbon from balsam of Tolu (an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree Myroxylon balsamum), which Deville recognized as similar to Walter's rétinnaphte and to benzene; hence he called the new hydrocarbon benzoène.

In 1843, Jöns Jacob Berzelius recommended the name toluin.
In 1850, French chemist Auguste Cahours isolated from a distillate of wood a hydrocarbon which he recognized as similar to Deville's benzoène and which Cahours named toluène.

Handling and Storage of Toluene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling Toluene must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Toluene without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Safe Storage of Toluene:
Fireproof.
Separated from strong oxidants.

Storage Conditions of Toluene:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Handle and store under inert gas.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials.
Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist.

Toluene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), since violent reactions occur.
Protect storage containers from physical damage.

Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where toluene is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.
Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of toluene should be grounded and bonded.

Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters.
Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of toluene.

Outside or detached storage is preferred.
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.
Separate from oxidizing materials.

First Aid Measures of Toluene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Toluene:
The majority of these products have a very low flash point.
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.
If Toluene can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Accidental Release Measures of Toluene:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Toluene:

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection:
Chemical protection suit and self-contained breathing apparatus.
Remove all ignition sources.

Do NOT wash away into sewer.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Identifiers of Toluene:
CAS Number: 108-88-3

Abbreviations:
PhMe
MePh
BnH
Tol

ChEBI: CHEBI:17578
ChEMBL: ChEMBL9113
ChemSpider: 1108
DrugBank: DB01900
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.297
IUPHAR/BPS: 5481
KEGG: C01455
PubChem CID: 1140
RTECS number: XS5250000
UNII: 3FPU23BG52
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7021360
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3
Key: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3
Key: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES: Cc1ccccc1

EC / List no.: 203-625-9
CAS no.: 108-88-3
Mol. formula: C7H8

Properties of Toluene:
Chemical formula: C7H8
Molar mass: 92.141 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet, pungent, benzene-like
Density: 0.8623 g/mL (25 °C)
Melting point: −95.0 °C (−139.0 °F; 178.2 K)
Boiling point: 110.60 °C (231.08 °F; 383.75 K)
Solubility in water: 0.54 g/L (5 °C)
0.519 g/L (25 °C)
0.63 g/L (45 °C)
1.2 g/L (90 °C)
log P: 2.73
Vapor pressure: 2.8 kPa (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −66.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity: 0.1310 W/(m·K) (25 °C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4941 (25 °C)
Viscosity: 0.560 mPa·s (25 °C)

Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 92.062600255 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 92.062600255 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 42
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Toluene:
Dipole moment: 0.375 D

Thermochemistry of Toluene:
Heat capacity (C): 157.3 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 12.4 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 3.910 MJ/mol

Related compounds of Toluene:
methylcyclohexane

Related aromatic hydrocarbons:
benzene
xylene
naphthalene

Names of Toluene:

Regulatory process names:
Antisal 1a
Benzene, methyl-
Methacide
Methane, phenyl-
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
Phenylmethane
Tolu-Sol
Tolueen
Toluen
Toluene
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
Tolueno
Toluol
Toluolo

Translated names:
metylobenzen (pl)
tolueen (et)
tolueen (nl)
Tolueeni (fi)
toluen (cs)
toluen (da)
toluen (hr)
toluen (mt)
toluen (no)
toluen (pl)
Toluen (ro)
toluen (sl)
toluen (sv)
toluen metylobenzen (pl)
toluenas (lt)
toluene (it)
tolueno (es)
tolueno (pt)
Toluol (de)
toluol (hu)
toluols (lv)
toluène (fr)
toluén (sk)
τολουόλιο (el)
толуен (bg)

IUPAC names:
1-Methylbenzene
1-Methylbenzene
ARON S-1030C
Benzene, methyl
Benzene, methyl-
fenilmetano
METHYL BENZENE
Methyl Benzene
Methyl benzene
methyl benzene
Methylbenzen
methylbenzen
METHYLBENZENE
Methylbenzene
methylbenzene
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
METILBENZENE
metilbenzene
metylobenzen
Phenylmethane
Toluen
toluen
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
Toluene (TR0009B)
Toluol
Toluol
Toluène
Toulene
Touol technisch

Preferred IUPAC name:
Toluene

Systematic IUPAC name:
Methylbenzene

Trade names:
1-Methylbenzene
Antisal 1a
Benzene, methyl- (9CI)
CP 25
CP 25 (solvent)
Crosslinker 181 S
Methacide
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
Phenylmethane
POLYTONE AP 108
POLYTONE AP 109
POLYTONE AP 109 D
POLYTONE AP 110
POLYTONE AP 111
POLYTONE AP 111 HM
POLYTONE AP 112
POLYTONE AP 112 SR
POLYTONE AP 114
POLYTONE AP 120
POLYTONE AP 130
Pure Toluene
Reintoluol
SS 8010
Toluene
toluene
Toluene (8CI)
TOLUENO
Tolueno
Toluol
Toluol (L)
Toluol technisch
TSC920

Other names:
Methyl benzene
Benzylene
Phenylmethane
Toluol
Anisen

Other identifiers:
1053657-77-4
108-88-3
1202864-97-8
601-021-00-3

Synonyms of Toluene:
toluene
methylbenzene
108-88-3
toluol
Phenylmethane
Benzene, methyl-
methacide
methylbenzol
antisal 1a
Toluen
tolu-sol
monomethyl benzene
Methane, phenyl-
Tolueen
Toluolo
phenyl methane
1-Methylbenzene
methyl-Benzene
p-toluene
RCRA waste number U220
NCI-C07272
4-methylbenzene
Benzene, methyl
CP 25
NSC 406333
UN 1294
PHME
Toluene-13C6
NSC-406333
TOLUENE (RING-D5)
CHEMBL9113
3FPU23BG52
DTXSID7021360
CHEBI:17578
Toluene, anhydrous
MFCD00008512
NCGC00090939-02
Tolueen [Dutch]
Toluen [Czech]
Toluene, analytical standard
Tolueno [Spanish]
Toluolo [Italian]
DTXCID501360
Caswell No. 859
Tolueno
methyl benzene
para-toluene
Toluene, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
Toluene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
CAS-108-88-3
CCRIS 2366
HSDB 131
EINECS 203-625-9
UN1294
RCRA waste no. U220
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 080601
UNII-3FPU23BG52
Dracyl
phenyl-methane
toluene solvent
2-methylbenzene
toluene-
AI3-02261
MePh
Titration Solvent
2-methyl benzene
4-methyl-benzene
Benzylidyne radical
Toluene ACS Grade
Toluene HPLC grade
Methylbenzene, 9CI
Toluene (Technical)
Toluene, for HPLC
PhCH3
Toluene, ACS reagent
Toluene, HPLC Grade
4i7k
TOLUENE [HSDB]
TOLUENE [IARC]
TOLUENE [INCI]
Toluene, 99.5%
TOLUENE [MI]
TOLUENE [MART.]
TOLUENE [USP-RS]
Toluene Reagent Grade ACS
EC 203-625-9
Toluene, Environmental Grade
Toluene, Semiconductor Grade
Toluene, LR, >=99%
C6H5CH3
TOLUENE [GREEN BOOK]
WLN: 1R
BIDD:ER0288
Toluene, anhydrous, 99.8%
Toluene, ASTM, 99.5%
Toluene, p.a., 99.5%
GTPL5481
Toluene, AR, >=99.5%
Toluene, for HPLC, 99.9%
Toluene, LR, rectified, 99%
DTXSID00184990
Toluene, HPLC grade, 99.8%
Toluene, Spectrophotometric Grade
Toluene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
Toluene, LR, sulfur free, 99%
Toluene, AR, rectified, 99.5%
Toluene, technical grade, 95.0%
BCP16202
Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.8%
Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Toluene, histology grade, practical
Toluene, PRA grade, >=99.8%
Toluene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Tox21_111042
Tox21_201224
BDBM50008558
NSC406333
Toluene, purification grade, 99.8%
AKOS015840411
DB11558
Toluene, anhydrous, (water < 50ppm)
Toluene, puriss., >=99.5% (GC)
Toluene, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
NCGC00090939-01
NCGC00090939-03
NCGC00258776-01
Toluene [UN1294] [Flammable liquid]
Toluene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
Toluene, Laboratory Reagent, >=99.3%
RAMIPRIL IMPURITY G [EP IMPURITY]
Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.7% (GC)
Toluene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.5%
Toluene, anhydrous, ZerO2(TM), 99.8%
FT-0688208
T0260
Toluene, suitable for determination of dioxins
C01455
Q15779
Toluene, suitable for scintillation, >=99.7%
Toluene liquid density, NIST(R) SRM(R) 211d
A801937
SR-01000944565
Toluene, ACS spectrophotometric grade, >=99.5%
SR-01000944565-1
Toluene, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.5%
Toluene, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.5%
Toluene, absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.7% (GC)
Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Residual Solvent - Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Toluene, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7% (GC)
25013-04-1
108-88-3 [RN]
1262769-46-9 [RN]
203-625-9 [EINECS]
635760 [Beilstein]
Benzene, methyl
Benzene, methyl- [ACD/Index Name]
MeC6H5 [Formula]
Methane, phenyl-
Methyl benzene
methylbenzene [Wiki]
methyl-benzene
MFCD00008512 [MDL number]
MFCD08460928 [MDL number]
phenyl methane
phenylmethane
Tolueen [Dutch]
Toluen [Czech]
Toluen [Turkish]
Toluene [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Toluène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Tolueno [Spanish]
Toluol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Toluolo [Italian]
Τολουόλιο [Modern Greek (1453-)]
Толуол [Russian]
トルエン [Japanese]
分子式 [Chinese]
1,3-Dideuterio-5-methylbenzene
1124-18-1 [RN]
1603-99-2 [RN]
1-methylbenzene
22904-44-5 [RN]
Methyl benzol
Methylbenzene, FM approval
Methylbenzene203-625-9MFCD00008512
Methylbenzene-d5
methylene, phenyl-
MFCD00012047 [MDL number]
otoline
Phenyl-Methane
Phenylmethylene
TOLUENE (METHYL-D3)
Toluene, GlenDry, anhydrous
toluene-d5
Toluol, Methylbenzene
Tolu-Sol [Trade name]
TOLUENE-2,5-DIOL
Toluene-2,5-diol is a versatile compound that finds many applications in polymer science due to its good binding properties and strength.
Toluene-2,5-diol is an off-white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 124.137 g/mol and a melting point ranging around 110-112°C.
Additionally, Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a stabilizer in acrylics and as an antioxidant for fatty esters, linseed oil, and other inedible fats and oils.

CAS Number: 95-71-6
EC number: 202-443-7
Molecular Formula: CH3C6H3-1,4-(OH)2
Molecular Weight: 124.14

Synonyms: Toluhydroquinone, 2-Toluhydroquinone, 95-71-6, 2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Toluhydroquinone, p-Toluhydroquinone, Toluquinol, p-Toluquinol, Tolylhydroquinone, p-Toluhydroquinol, 2,5-Toluenediol, Methyl-p-hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-, 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylbenzene, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol, METHYL HYDROQUINONE, Hydroquinone, methyl-, Hydroquinone, tolyl-, Pyrolin, 2-Methyl-1,4-hydroquinone, NSC 4962, UNII-332W51E0OC, MFCD00002345, NSC4962, 332W51E0OC, EINECS 202-443-7, BRN 2041489, 2-Methyl-benzene-1,4-diol, methylhydroquinon, 3-methyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, AI3-14932, 2-methylhydroquinol, methyl-p-hydroquinol, monoToluhydroquinone, 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-Methyl-hydroquinone, monomethyl hydroquinone, 2-Methyl-p-hydroquinone, DSSTox_CID_876, Toluhydroquinone, 99%, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenol, 4-hydroxy-2-methylphenol, EC 202-443-7, 2-Methylbenzene-1,4-diole, DSSTox_RID_75840, Toluhydroquinone, >=99%, WLN: L6V DVJ X1, DSSTox_GSID_20876, SCHEMBL36349, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene polymer, 2,5-DHTOP, 4-06-00-05866, 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, CHEMBL450917, WLN: L6V DVJ XR X1, 3-metyl-1,4-dihydroxy benzene, DTXSID4020876, 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroxy benzene, CHEBI:133842, BDBM176768, ZINC388086, NSC-4962, Tox21_200506, AKOS015856210, AC-4660, CS-W013533, MCULE-7035325950, CAS-95-71-6, NCGC00248664-01, NCGC00258060-01, AS-15442, CAS# 95-71-6, P353, FT-0613052, M0342, Toluhydroquinone, purum, >=98.0% (HPLC), E83005, US9688816, 8, Q1925586, W-109360, F0001-2277, N-a-Fmoc-N-?-allyloxycarbonyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionicacid, 7DV, 2-Methyl-p-hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-, 202-443-7, 2041489, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol, 2-Méthyl-1,4-benzènediol, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzoldiol, 2-Methylbenzene-1,4-diol, 2-Toluhydroquinone, 95-71-6, Toluhydroquinone, MFCD00002345, MX6700000, QR DQ B1, "1,4-BENZENEDIOL, 2-METHYL-", "1,4-BENZENEDIOL, 2-METHYL-"|"2-METHYLBENZENE-1,4-DIOL", "2-METHYLBENZENE-1,4-DIOL", p-toluquinol, 1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propanone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylbenzene, 135648-79-2, 140627-29-8, 2,4-DCT, 2,5-DHTOP, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Toluhydroquinone, 2,5-Toluenediol, 202-443-7MFCD00002345, 202-445-8, 29763-99-3, 2-METHYLHYDROQUI, 2-Toluhydroquinone;2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, 4-05-00-00815, 4-06-00-05866, 437-50-3, 65916-21-4, 78446-96-5, 7DV, 95-73-8, 96937-50-7, EINECS 202-443-7, Gentisin, Hydroquinone, methyl-, Toluhydroquinone, Toluhydroquinone|2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Methyl-p-hydroquinone, PHENOXY, 4-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-, S1, THQ (VAN), WLN: L6V DVJ X1, WLN: L6V DVJ XR X1

Toluene-2,5-diol typically appears as white to off-white crystals or a powder.
Toluene-2,5-diol has a melting point ranging around 110-112°C and is sparingly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and chloroform.

Toluene-2,5-diol is a versatile compound.
Toluene-2,5-diol finds many applications in the field of polymer science due to Ant good binding properties as well as Toluene-2,5-diol strength.

Toluene-2,5-diol is an off-white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 124.137 g/mol.
Toluene-2,5-diol has a characteristic odor and Toluene-2,5-diol melting point is 262.4°F.

Toluene-2,5-diol is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can bind to DNA, forming covalent adducts.
Toluene-2,5-diol has been shown to have an optimum concentration of 10 μM, and the hydroxyl group on Toluene-2,5-diol phenolic ring enables Toluene-2,5-diol to form hydrogen bonding interactions with nucleic acids.

Toluene-2,5-diol has been shown to inhibit angiogenic process in vitro and in vivo, as well as inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by binding to DNA.
Toluene-2,5-diol also inhibits the transfer of methyl groups from methyl donors such as S-adenosylhomocysteine and methionine to acceptor molecules such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Toluene-2,5-diol Chemical which is a tan to white crystalline solid.
Toluene-2,5-diol is a highly active inhibitor in the free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers and unsaturated polyesters.

Toluene-2,5-diol undergoes chemical reactions similar to those of hydroquinone.
The presence of a methyl group in the ortho position in the Toluene-2,5-diol molecule is the slight structural and behavioral difference between Toluene-2,5-diol and hydroquinone.

Toluene-2,5-diol or Toluquinol belongs to a class of compounds called Hydroquinones with one of the benzene hydrogens replaced by a methyl group.
Toluene-2,5-diol is produced by the oxidation of o-cresol by the mutants G103S, G103S/A107G, and G103S/A107T.

Toluene-2,5-diol is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.

Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a stabilizer in acrylics and as an antioxidant for fatty esters, linseed oil and other inedible fats and oils.
Further research may identify additional product or industrial usages of this chemical.

Toluene-2,5-diol is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H8O2.
Toluene-2,5-diol is a derivative of hydroquinone, featuring a methyl group attached to the benzene ring at the 2-position.
This structural modification alters Toluene-2,5-diol's properties compared to hydroquinone.

Toluene-2,5-diol typically appears as white to off-white crystals or powder.
Toluene-2,5-diol has a melting point ranging around 110-112°C.
While sparingly soluble in water, Toluene-2,5-diol is more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Toluene-2,5-diol finds application in various industries:

Photography:
Toluene-2,5-diol serves as a developing agent in black-and-white photographic developers, facilitating the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver for image formation.

Polymerization Inhibition:
Toluene-2,5-diol acts as an inhibitor in the polymerization of monomers like acrylic acid and styrene, preventing unwanted polymerization during storage and transportation.

Chemical Synthesis:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other organic compounds.

Antioxidant:
Toluene-2,5-diol exhibits antioxidant properties due to its phenolic structure, aiding in stabilizing materials against oxidative degradation.
While considered to have low acute toxicity, Toluene-2,5-diol may pose health risks upon prolonged or repeated exposure and can cause skin sensitization in sensitive individuals.
Toluene-2,5-diol should be handled with appropriate precautions and stored away from incompatible materials and ignition sources.

In the environment, Toluene-2,5-diol is expected to biodegrade, although the rate of degradation may vary depending on environmental conditions.
Limited data are available on Toluene-2,5-diol's ecotoxicity, emphasizing the importance of proper handling and disposal to minimize environmental impact.

Toluene-2,5-diol's versatility and utility in various industrial processes make it a valuable compound, but careful management is essential to ensure both safety and environmental responsibility.

Applications of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a stabilizer for unsaturated polyesters and as an antioxidant for fatty esters, linseed oil, and other nonfood fats and oils.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a stabilizer to inhibit peroxide formation in ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethyl cellulose.
Toluene-2,5-diol is also used as an intermediate to manufacture other stabilizers, dyes, pharmaceuticals and plasticizers.

Toluene-2,5-diol is a marine fungus metabolite, showing activity as an angiosupressor that interferes with the Akt pathway.
Allows for screening of novel inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Toluene-2,5-diol is used as a general adhesive and binding agent in various preparations.
In the automotive industry, Toluene-2,5-diol is widely used for repair as well as maintenance and also caring for automobiles viz, auto shampoo, wax, polish, brake grease.

Toluene-2,5-diol is the main ingredient of any paint.
Toluene-2,5-diol is polymers that form a continuous film on a solid surface.
Toluene-2,5-diol ensure that the coating is evenly spread and well adsorbed on to the surface.

Toluene-2,5-diol also have the major role of holing the pigment molecules responsible for color evenly across the coating.
Toluene-2,5-diol is one of the most widely used a binder for paints.

The technology of thermal insulation of buildings is one of the many steps that men have taken for a sustainable future.
Thermal insulation of buildings reduces energy consumption and prevent heat loss or gain by buildings.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used for thermal insulation as well as soundproofing.

In the construction of buildings and ships, Toluene-2,5-diol is used for plumbing, electrical work, and also bricklaying.
Toluene-2,5-diol is also used to repair sporting boats.

Toluene-2,5-diol can be used as a reactant to prepare:
A semiflexible thermotropic polyester via polycondensation reaction with 4,4′-sebacoyldioxydibenzoyl chloride.
A sesquiterpene (±)-helibisabonol A.
-poly{hexakis[(methyl)(4-hydroxyphenoxy)]cyclotriphosphazene} by reacting with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
-6-Hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one by treating with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of H2SO4 as a catalyst.

Uses of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Toluene-2,5-diol finds application in various industries due to its properties.

Some of Toluene-2,5-diol's common uses include:

1. Photography:
Toluene-2,5-diol serves as a developing agent in black-and-white photographic developers.
Toluene-2,5-diol facilitates the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver, aiding in the formation of photographic images.

2. Polymerization Inhibition:
Toluene-2,5-diol acts as an inhibitor in the polymerization of monomers such as acrylic acid and styrene.
By preventing unwanted polymerization during storage and transportation, Toluene-2,5-diol helps maintain the stability of monomeric solutions.

3. Chemical Synthesis:
Toluene-2,5-diol is utilized as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Toluene-2,5-diol is employed in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other specialty chemicals.

4. Antioxidant:
Due to its phenolic structure, Toluene-2,5-diol exhibits antioxidant properties.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used to stabilize materials against oxidative degradation in industries such as plastics, rubber, and personal care products.

5. Chemical Analysis:
In analytical chemistry, Toluene-2,5-diol is employed as a reagent for the determination of certain metals, such as iron and copper.

6. Research and Development:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used in laboratory research and development for its reactivity and ability to modify organic compounds.

These applications highlight the versatility and utility of Toluene-2,5-diol in various industrial processes, ranging from photography and polymerization inhibition to chemical synthesis and antioxidant protection.

Toluene-2,5-diol is antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used as stabilizer and antioxidant in aerylic monomers to prevent polymerization.

Toluene-2,5-diol is a marine fungus metabolite, showing activity as an angiosupressor that interferes with the Akt pathway.
Allows for screening of novel inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Consumer Uses:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used in the following products: coating products.
Other release to the environment of Toluene-2,5-diol is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Uses at industrial sites:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used in the following products: coating products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and adhesives and sealants.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Toluene-2,5-diol can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as processing aid, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Toluene-2,5-diol is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Toluene-2,5-diol is used in the following areas: building & construction work.

Toluene-2,5-diol is used for the manufacture of: plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Toluene-2,5-diol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Synthesis of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Toluene-2,5-diol can be synthesized through various methods, including the alkylating hydroquinone with methyl iodide in the presence of a base, or the oxidation of 2-methylphenol (o-cresol) using oxidizing agents such as nitric acid or potassium permanganate.

Manufacturing of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Toluene-2,5-diol or methyl ether derivative thereof is prepared by contacting paramethoxyphenol or para-dimethoxybenzene with an acid catalyst, preferably a solid acid catalyst, at a temperature ranging from 100° to 300° C.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Toluene-2,5-diol inhibits the growth of endothelial and tumor cells in culture in the micromolar range and is a promising drug candidate in the treatment of cancer and other angiogenesis-related pathologies.

Identifiers of Toluene-2,5-diol:
CAS: 95-71-6
Molecular Formula: C7H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 124.14
MDL Number: MFCD00002345
InChI Key: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 7253
IUPAC Name: 2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol
SMILES: CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O

IUPAC Name: 1-Methyl-4-(2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol)
CAS Number: 2468-81-9
Molecular Formula: C7H8O2
SMILES: CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)C(O)=C
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8O2/c1-5-2-4-7(9)6(8)3-5/h2-4,9H,1H3
InChI Key: CHUINQENSVKLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Molecular Weight: 124.14
XLogP3: 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 124.052429494
Monoisotopic Mass: 124.052429494
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 92.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Quality Level: 100
Assay: 99%
Form: solid
Autoignition temp.: 851 °F
mp: 128-130 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: Cc1cc(O)ccc1O
InChI: 1S/C7H8O2/c1-5-4-6(8)2-3-7(5)9/h2-4,8-9H,1H3
InChI key: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Number: M0342
Purity / Analysis Method: >98.0%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C7H8O2 = 124.14
Physical State (20 deg.C). Solid
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Condition to Avoid: Light Sensitive,Air Sensitive
CAS RN: 95-71-6
Reaxys Registry Number: 2041489
PubChem Substance ID: 87572412
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 3439
MDL Number: MFCD00002345

Melting point: 128-130 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285°C
Density: 1.1006 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.4922 (estimate)
Flash point: 172 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: 77g/l
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: pK1:10.03;pK2:11.62 (25°C)
color: Grayish-white to light beige
Water Solubility: 77 g/L (25 ºC)
BRN: 2041489
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChIKey: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 95-71-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 332W51E0OC
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-(95-71-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Toluene-2,5-diol (95-71-6)

Physicochemical Information of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Flash point: 172 °C
Ignition temperature: 468 °C
Melting Point: 128 - 130 °C
Solubility: 77 g/l

Specifications of Toluene-2,5-diol:
Assay (HPLC, area%): ≥ 97.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 125 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 128 °C
Identity (IR): passes test
Purity: >98.0%(T)

Names of Toluene-2,5-diol:

Regulatory process names:
2-Toluene-2,5-diol
2-Toluene-2,5-diol

CAS names:
1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-

IUPAC names:
2-METHYL HYDROQUINONE
2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol
2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol
2-Toluene-2,5-diol
2-Toluene-2,5-diol
Toluene-2,5-diol
Toluene-2,5-diol

Other identifiers:
135648-79-2
140627-29-8
29763-99-3
65916-21-4
78446-96-5
95-71-6
96937-50-7
TOLUHYDROQUINONE
Toluhydroquinone, a derivative of hydroquinone with a methyl group attached to the benzene ring at the 2-position, typically appears as white to off-white crystals or powder, with a melting point ranging around 110-112°C.
Toluhydroquinone is sparingly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.
Toluhydroquinone finds applications in polymer science, serving as a stabilizer in acrylics and as an antioxidant for various fats and oils.

CAS Number: 95-71-6
EC number: 202-443-7
Molecular Formula: CH3C6H3-1,4-(OH)2
Molecular Weight: 124.14

Synonyms: Toluhydroquinone, 2-Toluhydroquinone, 95-71-6, 2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Toluhydroquinone, p-Toluhydroquinone, Toluquinol, p-Toluquinol, Tolylhydroquinone, p-Toluhydroquinol, 2,5-Toluenediol, Methyl-p-hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-, 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylbenzene, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol, METHYL HYDROQUINONE, Hydroquinone, methyl-, Hydroquinone, tolyl-, Pyrolin, 2-Methyl-1,4-hydroquinone, NSC 4962, UNII-332W51E0OC, MFCD00002345, NSC4962, 332W51E0OC, EINECS 202-443-7, BRN 2041489, 2-Methyl-benzene-1,4-diol, methylhydroquinon, 3-methyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, AI3-14932, 2-methylhydroquinol, methyl-p-hydroquinol, monoToluhydroquinone, 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-Methyl-hydroquinone, monomethyl hydroquinone, 2-Methyl-p-hydroquinone, DSSTox_CID_876, Toluhydroquinone, 99%, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenol, 4-hydroxy-2-methylphenol, EC 202-443-7, 2-Methylbenzene-1,4-diole, DSSTox_RID_75840, Toluhydroquinone, >=99%, WLN: L6V DVJ X1, DSSTox_GSID_20876, SCHEMBL36349, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene polymer, 2,5-DHTOP, 4-06-00-05866, 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, CHEMBL450917, WLN: L6V DVJ XR X1, 3-metyl-1,4-dihydroxy benzene, DTXSID4020876, 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroxy benzene, CHEBI:133842, BDBM176768, ZINC388086, NSC-4962, Tox21_200506, AKOS015856210, AC-4660, CS-W013533, MCULE-7035325950, CAS-95-71-6, NCGC00248664-01, NCGC00258060-01, AS-15442, CAS# 95-71-6, P353, FT-0613052, M0342, Toluhydroquinone, purum, >=98.0% (HPLC), E83005, US9688816, 8, Q1925586, W-109360, F0001-2277, N-a-Fmoc-N-?-allyloxycarbonyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionicacid, 7DV, 2-Methyl-p-hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-, 202-443-7, 2041489, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol, 2-Méthyl-1,4-benzènediol, 2-Methyl-1,4-benzoldiol, 2-Methylbenzene-1,4-diol, 2-Toluhydroquinone, 95-71-6, Toluhydroquinone, MFCD00002345, MX6700000, QR DQ B1, "1,4-BENZENEDIOL, 2-METHYL-", "1,4-BENZENEDIOL, 2-METHYL-"|"2-METHYLBENZENE-1,4-DIOL", "2-METHYLBENZENE-1,4-DIOL", p-toluquinol, 1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propanone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylbenzene, 135648-79-2, 140627-29-8, 2,4-DCT, 2,5-DHTOP, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, 2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Toluhydroquinone, 2,5-Toluenediol, 202-443-7MFCD00002345, 202-445-8, 29763-99-3, 2-METHYLHYDROQUI, 2-Toluhydroquinone;2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, 4-05-00-00815, 4-06-00-05866, 437-50-3, 65916-21-4, 78446-96-5, 7DV, 95-73-8, 96937-50-7, EINECS 202-443-7, Gentisin, Hydroquinone, methyl-, Toluhydroquinone, Toluhydroquinone|2,5-Dihydroxytoluene, Methyl-p-hydroquinone, PHENOXY, 4-HYDROXY-2-METHYL-, S1, THQ (VAN), WLN: L6V DVJ X1, WLN: L6V DVJ XR X1

Toluhydroquinone typically appears as white to off-white crystals or a powder.
Toluhydroquinone has a melting point ranging around 110-112°C and is sparingly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and chloroform.

Toluhydroquinone is a versatile compound.
Toluhydroquinone finds many applications in the field of polymer science due to Ant good binding properties as well as Toluhydroquinone strength.

Toluhydroquinone is an off-white crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 124.137 g/mol.
Toluhydroquinone has a characteristic odor and Toluhydroquinone melting point is 262.4°F.

Toluhydroquinone is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can bind to DNA, forming covalent adducts.
Toluhydroquinone has been shown to have an optimum concentration of 10 μM, and the hydroxyl group on Toluhydroquinone phenolic ring enables Toluhydroquinone to form hydrogen bonding interactions with nucleic acids.

Toluhydroquinone has been shown to inhibit angiogenic process in vitro and in vivo, as well as inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by binding to DNA.
Toluhydroquinone also inhibits the transfer of methyl groups from methyl donors such as S-adenosylhomocysteine and methionine to acceptor molecules such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Toluhydroquinone Chemical which is a tan to white crystalline solid.
Toluhydroquinone is a highly active inhibitor in the free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers and unsaturated polyesters.

Toluhydroquinone undergoes chemical reactions similar to those of hydroquinone.
The presence of a methyl group in the ortho position in the toluhydroquinone molecule is the slight structural and behavioral difference between toluhydroquinone and hydroquinone.

Toluhydroquinone or Toluquinol belongs to a class of compounds called Hydroquinones with one of the benzene hydrogens replaced by a methyl group.
Toluhydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of o-cresol by the mutants G103S, G103S/A107G, and G103S/A107T.

Toluhydroquinone is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Toluhydroquinone is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.

Toluhydroquinone is used as a stabilizer in acrylics and as an antioxidant for fatty esters, linseed oil and other inedible fats and oils.
Further research may identify additional product or industrial usages of this chemical.

Toluhydroquinone, also known as 2-Methylhydroquinone or Toluene-2,5-diol, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H8O2.
Toluhydroquinone is a derivative of hydroquinone, featuring a methyl group attached to the benzene ring at the 2-position.
This structural modification alters Toluhydroquinone's properties compared to hydroquinone.

Toluhydroquinone typically appears as white to off-white crystals or powder.
Toluhydroquinone has a melting point ranging around 110-112°C.
While sparingly soluble in water, Toluhydroquinone is more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Toluhydroquinone finds application in various industries:

Photography:
Toluhydroquinone serves as a developing agent in black-and-white photographic developers, facilitating the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver for image formation.

Polymerization Inhibition:
Toluhydroquinone acts as an inhibitor in the polymerization of monomers like acrylic acid and styrene, preventing unwanted polymerization during storage and transportation.

Chemical Synthesis:
Toluhydroquinone is used as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other organic compounds.

Antioxidant:
Toluhydroquinone exhibits antioxidant properties due to its phenolic structure, aiding in stabilizing materials against oxidative degradation.
While considered to have low acute toxicity, toluhydroquinone may pose health risks upon prolonged or repeated exposure and can cause skin sensitization in sensitive individuals.
Toluhydroquinone should be handled with appropriate precautions and stored away from incompatible materials and ignition sources.

In the environment, toluhydroquinone is expected to biodegrade, although the rate of degradation may vary depending on environmental conditions.
Limited data are available on Toluhydroquinone's ecotoxicity, emphasizing the importance of proper handling and disposal to minimize environmental impact.

Toluhydroquinone's versatility and utility in various industrial processes make it a valuable compound, but careful management is essential to ensure both safety and environmental responsibility.

Applications of Toluhydroquinone:
Toluhydroquinone is used as a stabilizer for unsaturated polyesters and as an antioxidant for fatty esters, linseed oil, and other nonfood fats and oils.
Toluhydroquinone is used as a stabilizer to inhibit peroxide formation in ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethyl cellulose.
Toluhydroquinone is also used as an intermediate to manufacture other stabilizers, dyes, pharmaceuticals and plasticizers.

Toluhydroquinone is a marine fungus metabolite, showing activity as an angiosupressor that interferes with the Akt pathway.
Allows for screening of novel inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Toluhydroquinone is used as a general adhesive and binding agent in various preparations.
In the automotive industry, Toluhydroquinone is widely used for repair as well as maintenance and also caring for automobiles viz, auto shampoo, wax, polish, brake grease.

Toluhydroquinone is the main ingredient of any paint.
Toluhydroquinone is polymers that form a continuous film on a solid surface.
Toluhydroquinone ensure that the coating is evenly spread and well adsorbed on to the surface.

Toluhydroquinone also have the major role of holing the pigment molecules responsible for color evenly across the coating.
Toluhydroquinone is one of the most widely used a binder for paints.

The technology of thermal insulation of buildings is one of the many steps that men have taken for a sustainable future.
Thermal insulation of buildings reduces energy consumption and prevent heat loss or gain by buildings.
Toluhydroquinone is used for thermal insulation as well as soundproofing.

In the construction of buildings and ships, Toluhydroquinone is used for plumbing, electrical work, and also bricklaying.
Toluhydroquinone is also used to repair sporting boats.

Toluhydroquinone can be used as a reactant to prepare:
A semiflexible thermotropic polyester via polycondensation reaction with 4,4′-sebacoyldioxydibenzoyl chloride.
A sesquiterpene (±)-helibisabonol A.
-poly{hexakis[(methyl)(4-hydroxyphenoxy)]cyclotriphosphazene} by reacting with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
-6-Hydroxy-4,7-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one by treating with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of H2SO4 as a catalyst.

Uses of Toluhydroquinone:
Toluhydroquinone finds application in various industries due to its properties.

Some of Toluhydroquinone's common uses include:

1. Photography:
Toluhydroquinone serves as a developing agent in black-and-white photographic developers.
Toluhydroquinone facilitates the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver, aiding in the formation of photographic images.

2. Polymerization Inhibition:
Toluhydroquinone acts as an inhibitor in the polymerization of monomers such as acrylic acid and styrene.
By preventing unwanted polymerization during storage and transportation, Toluhydroquinone helps maintain the stability of monomeric solutions.

3. Chemical Synthesis:
Toluhydroquinone is utilized as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Toluhydroquinone is employed in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and other specialty chemicals.

4. Antioxidant:
Due to its phenolic structure, toluhydroquinone exhibits antioxidant properties.
Toluhydroquinone is used to stabilize materials against oxidative degradation in industries such as plastics, rubber, and personal care products.

5. Chemical Analysis:
In analytical chemistry, toluhydroquinone is employed as a reagent for the determination of certain metals, such as iron and copper.

6. Research and Development:
Toluhydroquinone is used in laboratory research and development for its reactivity and ability to modify organic compounds.

These applications highlight the versatility and utility of toluhydroquinone in various industrial processes, ranging from photography and polymerization inhibition to chemical synthesis and antioxidant protection.

Toluhydroquinone is antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor.
Toluhydroquinone is used as stabilizer and antioxidant in aerylic monomers to prevent polymerization.

Toluhydroquinone is a marine fungus metabolite, showing activity as an angiosupressor that interferes with the Akt pathway.
Allows for screening of novel inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Consumer Uses:
Toluhydroquinone is used in the following products: coating products.
Other release to the environment of Toluhydroquinone is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Uses at industrial sites:
Toluhydroquinone is used in the following products: coating products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and adhesives and sealants.
Toluhydroquinone is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Toluhydroquinone can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as processing aid, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Toluhydroquinone is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Toluhydroquinone is used in the following areas: building & construction work.

Toluhydroquinone is used for the manufacture of: plastic products.
Other release to the environment of Toluhydroquinone is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Synthesis of Toluhydroquinone:
Toluhydroquinone can be synthesized through various methods, including the alkylating hydroquinone with methyl iodide in the presence of a base, or the oxidation of 2-methylphenol (o-cresol) using oxidizing agents such as nitric acid or potassium permanganate.

Manufacturing of Toluhydroquinone:
Toluhydroquinone or methyl ether derivative thereof is prepared by contacting paramethoxyphenol or para-dimethoxybenzene with an acid catalyst, preferably a solid acid catalyst, at a temperature ranging from 100° to 300° C.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Toluhydroquinone:
Toluhydroquinone inhibits the growth of endothelial and tumor cells in culture in the micromolar range and is a promising drug candidate in the treatment of cancer and other angiogenesis-related pathologies.

Identifiers of Toluhydroquinone:
CAS: 95-71-6
Molecular Formula: C7H8O2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 124.14
MDL Number: MFCD00002345
InChI Key: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 7253
IUPAC Name: 2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol
SMILES: CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O

IUPAC Name: 1-Methyl-4-(2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol)
Common Names: Toluhydroquinone, 2-Methylhydroquinone, Toluene-2,5-diol
CAS Number: 2468-81-9
Molecular Formula: C7H8O2
SMILES: CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)C(O)=C
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8O2/c1-5-2-4-7(9)6(8)3-5/h2-4,9H,1H3
InChI Key: CHUINQENSVKLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Toluhydroquinone:
Molecular Weight: 124.14
XLogP3: 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 124.052429494
Monoisotopic Mass: 124.052429494
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 92.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Quality Level: 100
Assay: 99%
Form: solid
Autoignition temp.: 851 °F
mp: 128-130 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: Cc1cc(O)ccc1O
InChI: 1S/C7H8O2/c1-5-4-6(8)2-3-7(5)9/h2-4,8-9H,1H3
InChI key: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Number: M0342
Purity / Analysis Method: >98.0%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C7H8O2 = 124.14
Physical State (20 deg.C). Solid
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Condition to Avoid: Light Sensitive,Air Sensitive
CAS RN: 95-71-6
Reaxys Registry Number: 2041489
PubChem Substance ID: 87572412
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 3439
MDL Number: MFCD00002345

Melting point: 128-130 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285°C
Density: 1.1006 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.4922 (estimate)
Flash point: 172 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: 77g/l
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: pK1:10.03;pK2:11.62 (25°C)
color: Grayish-white to light beige
Water Solubility: 77 g/L (25 ºC)
BRN: 2041489
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChIKey: CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 95-71-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 332W51E0OC
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-(95-71-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Toluhydroquinone (95-71-6)

Physicochemical Information of Toluhydroquinone:
Flash point: 172 °C
Ignition temperature: 468 °C
Melting Point: 128 - 130 °C
Solubility: 77 g/l

Specifications of Toluhydroquinone:
Assay (HPLC, area%): ≥ 97.0 % (a/a)
Melting range (lower value): ≥ 125 °C
Melting range (upper value): ≤ 128 °C
Identity (IR): passes test
Purity: >98.0%(T)

Names of Toluhydroquinone:

Regulatory process names:
2-Toluhydroquinone
2-Toluhydroquinone

CAS names:
1,4-Benzenediol, 2-methyl-

IUPAC names:
2-METHYL HYDROQUINONE
2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol
2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol
2-Toluhydroquinone
2-Toluhydroquinone
Toluhydroquinone
Toluhydroquinone

Other identifiers:
135648-79-2
140627-29-8
29763-99-3
65916-21-4
78446-96-5
95-71-6
96937-50-7
TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na)
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is light yellow liquid, it can be used for antirust and corrosion inhibitor, anti-fading for metal product, antiseptic and anticoagulant agent, anti-fogging for photograph, ultraviolet absorbent, anti-freezing agent, cycling cooling water treatment.


CAS Number: 64665-57-2
EC Number: 265-004-9
MDL Number:MFCD01941195
Molecular Formula: C7H6N3Na



Tolyltriazole (TTA) synonyms 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole,1-methyl-, 1H-Benzotriazole,1-methyl, 1-Methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 1-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 1-methylbenzotriazole, Tolutriazole, Stabinol MBTZ, cobratectt100, tolytriazole, 1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl-, Tolyltriazole, Tolutriazole,TOLYLTRIAZOLES,Tolyltriazol,1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 7-methyl-,tdlyltriazole, MFCD00167158, Seetec T, EINECS 249-596-6, 4-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 4-methyl-,Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole, Tolyltriazole(TTA) TTAS, TTA-S SODIUM TOLYLTRIAZOLE, Tolyltriazole,sodiumsalt, Tolytriazole Sodium Salt, Tolyltriazole sodium salt, Sodium Tolyltriazole(TTA-S), Sodium Tolyltriazole (TTAS), sodium 4-methylbenzotriazol-1-ide,
4(or5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolsodiumsalt, sodium 4(or 5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolide, 1H-Benzotriazole,4(or5)-methyl-,sodiumsalt, TTA50,SODIUM TOLYLTRIAZOLE, COBRATEC(R) TT-85, PMC Cobratec TT-85, COBRATEC(R) TT-50 S, Tolytriazole sodium, Tolyltriazole (sodium), Tolytriazole Sodium Sal, TOLYTRIAZOLE SODIUM SALT, Tolyltriazole,sodiumsalt, Sodium of 5-Methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole, Sodium of Methybenzotriazole, Tolytriazole Sodium Salt, Sodium 4-tolyltriazole, 64665-57-2, 1-H-METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE,SODIUMSALT, Tolytriazole sodiumsalt, sodium,4-methylbenzotriazol-1-ide, 63394-06-9, 1H-Benzotriazole, 4-methyl-, sodium salt,
4-Methyl-1-sodio-1h-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 1H-Benzotriazole, 7-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1), 27034S05ER, sodium 4-methylbenzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ide,
1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl-, sodium salt, UNII-27034S05ER, AKOS006279362, F20812, SODIUM 4-(P-TOLYL)-1,2,3-TRIAZOL-1-IDE, Q27254142, Sodium 4-methylbenzotriazol-1-ide [ACD/IUPAC Name], 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 4-methyl-, sodium salt 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 4-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1), [ACD/Index Name] 1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl-, sodium salt 265-004-9 [EINECS], Tolytriazole Sodium Salt 63394-06-9, SODIUM 4-METHYL-2H-1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZOL-2-IDE SODIUM 4-TOLYLTRIAZOLE, Sodium Tolyltriazole 50% UNII :27034S05ER,



Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is an organic compound used as a corrosion inhibitor and water treatment agent.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on the metal surface to form a thin membrane.
This membrane can protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.


The membrane is more uniform.
The effect is better when used together with MBT.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is one of the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloy used in various industries.


First, Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is dissolved with alcohol or alkali.
Then Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is added into the circulating water system; 2~10mg/L is preferred.
If the metal is badly rusted, 5-10 times of normal dosage should be expected.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) should be stored in a cool, dry place and away from direct sunlight to prevent degradation.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) should be sealed tightly when not in use and handled with proper care by safety standards.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is the sodium salt of Tolyltriazole (TTA).


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a white, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) and its related Na salts do belong to the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) does further show positive effects in protection of steel, gray iron, cadmium and nickel.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is light yellow liquid, it can be used for antirust and corrosion inhibitor, anti-fading for metal product, antiseptic and anticoagulant agent, anti-fogging for photograph, ultraviolet absorbent, anti-freezing agent, cycling cooling water treatment.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a colorless crystalline powder with little toxicity.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) appears as colorless crystals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is white granule or powder, TTA is a mixture of 4-methyl-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-benzotriazole, the melting point is from 80℃ to 86℃, soluble in alcohol, benzene、toluene、chloroform and watery lye, and hardly soluble in water.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a colourless solid and a non-volatile, versatile and powerful reagent for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc), for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on the metal surface to form a thin membrane.


This membrane can protect copper and other metals from air corrosion and other harmful subjects.
In addition, the membrane is more uniform.
Therefore, the effect is better when used together with MBT.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used as a corrosion inhibitor in various industries, including the oil and gas industry.
Corrosion inhibitor of copper Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be absorbed on the surface of metal , to form a thin membrane to protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.


The dosage of Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is 2-4mg/L in recirculated water.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be used as anti-blushing agent of copper and silver , protection of stainless steel ,cadmium and nickel alloy, cooling liquid of cars , additive of lubricating oil.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) applied in copper and copper alloy antirust corrosion inhibitor, can be used for stainless steel, cast iron, cadmium and nickel alloy's protection.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as the antirusting agent and corrosion inhibitor of metal (silver, copper, lead, nickel and zinc etc.),


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is widely used in antirust oil (grease) products, as air phase corrosion inhibitor in copper and copper alloy, lubricating oil additives, circulating water finishing agent, motor vehicle antifreeze fluid, it can be also used with various antisludging agent and germicidal agent.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used with many kinds of scale inhibitor, bactericide and algicide in recirculated cooling water system and the effect is better .


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is light yellow liquid, it can be used for antirust and corrosion inhibitor, anti-fading for metal product, antiseptic and anticoagulant agent, anti-fogging for photograph, ultraviolet absorbent, anti-freezing agent, cycling cooling water treatment.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, it also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper,zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, TTA•Na also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on metal surface to form a thin membrane to protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.
The membrane is more uniform.


When Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) used together with MBT, the effect is better.
Corrosion inhibitor of copper Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be absorbed on the surface of metal , to form a thin membrane to protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used with many kinds of scale inhibitor ,bactericide and algicide in recirculated cooling water system and the effect is better .
The dosage is 2-4mg/L in recirculated water.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used in method for preparing Me benzotriazole chloride.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be used as anti-blushing agent of copper and silver , protection of stainless steel ,cadmium and nickel alloy, cooling liquid of cars , additive of lubricating oil.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on metal surface to form a thin membrane to protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.


The membrane is more uniform.
When Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used together with MBT•Na, the effect is better.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is an organic compound used as a corrosion inhibitor and water treatment agent.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used in various industrial applications, including metalworking, textile processing, and papermaking.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is also effective at preventing the growth of algae and bacteria in water systems.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be dissolved in either alcohol or alkaline solutions for use in circulating water systems.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is recommended to use a dosage of 2-10mg/L; however, if the metal has severe corrosion damage, 5-10 times this amount may be necessary.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust agent and corrosion inhibitor for metals.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is widely used in the antirust oil products such as gas phase corrosion inhibitor, in treating agent for recycling water, in antifreeze for cars antifogging for photograph, also used as stabilizer for macromolecular compound growth regulator for plant, lubricant additive, ultraviolet absorbent etc.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used together with many kind of scale inhibitors and bactericide and algaecide, show excellent anticorrosion effect in close recycling cooling water system.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used in different applications in major industries.


For example, Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used in cooling water or boiler systems by the industrial water treatment industry.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be also used in coolants or antifreeze products.
Another application of Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is the use as an additive in industrial lubricants, like e.g. drilling and cutting fluids.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) does also work to protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets and can be further used in metal detergents.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as copper and copper alloy rust inhibitor, can also be used in stainless steel, cast iron, cadmium and nickel alloy protection.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is widely used in anti-rust oil (grease) products, and more used as copper and copper alloy vapor corrosion inhibitor, recycled water treatment agent, car antifreeze, UV absorbers.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can also be used with a variety of scale inhibitors, disinfection and algaecides used in conjunction, especially closed loop cooling water system corrosion inhibitor effect is very good.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used in the chemical industry to protect copper from being contaminated in order to save the purity.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na)also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, and is commonly used in water cooling systems.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a urea derivative and used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used for synthesis of caffeine, theophylline, pharmachemicals, textile aids, herbicides and others.
In the textile processing industry Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used as intermediate for the production of formaldehyde-free easy-care finishing agents for textiles.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used agriculture Intermediates, Organic Intermediates, Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Intermediates, Textile Auxiliaries.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used for the synthesis of caffeine, theophylline, pharmaceuticals, textile aids, herbicides, etc.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also finds application in metal-ion complexation, material science, etc.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used Antifreeze & Coolant, Corrosion Inhibitors, Swimming Pool Chemicals, Water Treatment & Pool Chemicals
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) has been identified as an effective copper corrosion inhibitor in cooling systems using treated municipal effluent as makeup water.


Chemical structure of the coordination polymer from benzotriazolate and copper(I), the active ingredient in the BT-derived corrosion inhibition.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used as a corrosion inhibitor for metals such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is also used in anti-rust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, a lubricant additive, cooling tower systems, and auto antifreeze.


One reason for the use of TT-50 over pure TTA is the solubility of TT-50 is greater and therefore easier to formulate.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is an efficient, reliable, and high-performance solution designed to cater to a wide range of sectors spanning from material sciences to pharmaceuticals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is appreciated for its excellent quality and versatile applications, including c-h activation.


Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a urea derivative and used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a colorless crystalline powder with little toxicity.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used for synthesis of caffeine, theophylline, pharmachemicals, textile aids, herbicides and others.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used in the textile processing industry.


-Antirust and corrosion inhibator for metals uses of Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na):
This invention relates to an improved process for the production of tolyltriazole in which the tolyltriazole is a lighter colored product.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy; it also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, it also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals and for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and alloy, lubricant additive, water circulation treatment, grease’s adding and auto antifreeze.


-Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is used for protection:
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) acts as a corrosive inhibitor and is used as corrosion protection on top of metals such as copper.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloy heat exchanger components in power plant cooling water systems.

When Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is the free tolyltriazole, rather than the water soluble salt, the free triazole can be readily generated by the addition of a sufficient amount of acid to neutralize the basic salt.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, it also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
This invention relates to an improved process for the production of Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) in which the tolyltriazole produced is a lighter color than tolyltriazole produced by conventional processes.



USAGE OF TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
First, dissolve with alcohol or alkali.
Then added into a circulating water system.
A dosage of 2~10 mg/L is preferred.
If the metal is badly corroded, 5~10 times of normal dosage should be expected.



PROPERTIES OF TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys, providing anti-corrosive protection against air and other harmful agents.
In addition, when used in combination with MBT, the efficacy of the membrane formed on the metal surface is more consistent and reliable.
This membrane serves to protect copper and other metals from corrosion and offers superior protection compared to alternative solutions.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is a clear yellow liquid that is miscible with water in any proportion.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is soluble in methanol, benzene, toluene and other organic solvents.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is mainly used as metal (such as silver, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, etc.) rust inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor, widely used in anti-rust oil (Grease) products, mostly used for copper and copper alloy gas phase corrosion inhibitor, lubricating Oil additives, circulating water treatment agent, automotive antifreeze.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na)can also be used in combination with a variety of scale inhibitors and biocide, especially for closed circulating cooling water system.



HOW DOES TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na) WORK?
As a corrosion inhibitor, Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) decreases the corrosion rate of metals and alloys.
This works by forming a coating, a passivation layer, which prevents access of the corrosive substance to the metal or alloy underneath.

This is of particular importance in industries where fluids routinely need to be in continuous contact with metals that require protection.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) does show outstanding thermic and oxidative stability and is also resistant to UV light.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) does not negatively affect the appearance of the metal it's applied to.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is very bright in color so that solutions – either aqueous or in different solvents – are clear and almost colorless.
A table of solubility properties and max concentrations is available on request.



PROPERTIES OF TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as corrosion inhibitor of copper and copper alloy, it also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on metal surface to form a thin membrane to protect copper and other metals from corrosion of air and other harmful subjects.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used with a variety of scale inhibitors, sterilization algae in the circulating cooling water system. The membrane is more uniform.
The effect is better when used together with MBT.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be used as a copper and copper alloy corrosion inhibitor.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) also has corrosion inhibition for black metals.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is absorbed on the metal surface to form a thin membrane.

Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can prevent copper and other metals from air corrosion and other harmful subjects.
In addition, the membrane is more uniform.
When used together with 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, the effect is better.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF USING TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na)?
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) provides excellent metal corrosion protection, particularly in high-temperature and high-pressure environments.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) is also effective at preventing the formation of scale on metal surfaces.



HOW DO I USE TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na)?
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can be added to water or other liquids at a concentration of 0.1-0.5%.
Tolyltriazole sodium (TTA-Na) can also be used as a coating for metal surfaces.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
Appearance: Amber transparent liquid
Active content (wt), %: 50.0 Min.
Density (20°C), g/cm3: 1.2 Min.
Melting Point: 76-87°C
Boiling Point: 360.6±11.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 181.5±12.2 °C
Molecular Formula: C14H14N6
Molecular Weight: 133.151
Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Appearance: Amber transparent liquid
Solid content % 50.0 min
Density (20℃) g/cm3: 1.18 min
PH(1% water solution): 11.0-12.0
CAS: 64665-57-2
EINECS: 265-004-9
InChI: InChI=1/C7H6N3.Na/c1-5-3-2-4-6-7(5)9-10-8-6;/h2-4H,1H3;/q-1;+1

Molecular Formula: C7H6N3Na
Molar Mass: 155.13
Density: 1.323[at 20℃]
Water Solubility: 664g/L at 20℃
Vapor Presure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
pKa: 8.85[at 20 ℃]
CBNumber:CB6680196
Molecular Formula:C7H6N3Na
Molecular Weight:155.13
MDL Number:MFCD01941195
MOL File:64665-57-2.mol

Density: 1.323[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
pka: 8.85[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 664g/L at 20℃
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6N3.Na/c1-5-3-2-4-6-7(5)9-10-8-6;/h2-4H,1H3;/q-1;+1
InChIKey: REERYFLJRPUSHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C12N=NN([Na])C=1C=CC=C2C
LogP: 1.087 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 64665-57-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII: YY3120P3TN
EPA Substance Registry System: Tolyl triazole sodium salt (64665-57-2)

Molecular Weight: 155.13 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 155.04594149 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 155.04594149 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 11
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 131
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula:C7N3H6Na
Appearance:Yellow and red brown clear liquid
Appearance: Transparent Liquid
Odor: Characteristic
Odor threshold: Not available
Color: Pale Yellow to Amber Liquid
pH (10% Soln.): 10.5 - 12.0
Melting Point: Not available
Freezing Point: < -5 to - 10ᵒC
Boiling Point: ~106 ᵒC @ 1013 hPa
Flash Point: 170◦C (closed up)

Viscosity (cPs) @ 25 ᵒC : Not available
Decomposition Temp. : Not available
Evaporation Rate : Not available
Lower Explosive Limit : Not available
Upper Explosive Limit: Not available
Vapor Pressure: 0.00533 kPa @ 20 ᵒC (Water)
Vapor Density: Not available
Specific Gravity: 1.180 - 1.250
Solubility : 55 Vol % @ 20°C
Partition Coefficient : Not available
Auto Ignition Temp. : 500°C
VOC Content : 50% Calculated value



FIRST AID MEASURES of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sensitive to carbon dioxide Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TOLYLTRIAZOLE SODIUM (TTA-Na):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


Tolyltriazole (TTA)
Tolutriazole; Methyl-1H-benzotriazole; Metil-1H-benzotriazol; 5-Methylbenzotriazole; 5-Methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole; Méthyl-1H-benzotriazole; Tolyltriazole; Methylbenzotriazole; 4(or 5)-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole; Stabinol MBTZ; CAS NO:29385-43-1
TOLYTRIAZOLE
Tolytriazole is a specific corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys.
Tolytriazole can be compounded with other organic corrosion inhibitors or added separately.
Tolytriazole is a white to off-white granules or powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and other organic solvents, soluble in dilute lye.


CAS Number: 136-85-6 / 29385-43-1
EC Number: 205-265-8
MDL number: MFCD00005702
Name: 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
Molecular Formula: C7H7N3


Tolytriazole has a corrosion inhibition effect on copper and copper alloy.
Tolytriazole can be compounded with other organic corrosion inhibitors or added separately.
Tolytriazole is used at a concentration of 2 to 10 mg/L.



Tolytriazole is used as a corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloy, similar to benzotriazole (BTA), and the actual commodity also includes 4-methylbenzotriazole ([29878-31-7]) or a mixture of the two, referred to as TTA.
Benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors can form insoluble stable complexes with cuprous ions, adsorbed on the metal surface, forming a stable and inert protective film with a thickness of only 5 × 10-7cm, but It is very stable in various media, so that the copper alloy is protected.


The corrosion inhibition effect of BTA in the pH range of 5.5-10 is limited, but the corrosion inhibition effect of Tolytriazole is stronger than that of BTA in low pH medium.
Other triazole compounds, such as triazole and naphthalene triazole, also have corrosion inhibition effects on copper and copper alloys, but they are not as good as BTA and Tolytriazole.


Tolytriazole is a white to off-white granules or powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and other organic solvents, soluble in dilute lye.
Tolytriazole is cream to beige crystalline powder.


Tolytriazole is a member of the class of benzotriazoles that is 1H-benzotriazole substituted by a methyl group at position 5.
Tolytriazole is an active component of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluid.
Tolytriazole prevents the corrosion of copper and brass in a variety of corrosive environments.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
Tolytriazole is mainly used as an antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals.
Such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc.
Tolytriazole is also for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compounds, and auto antifreeze.


Tolytriazole also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide.
Tolytriazole has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close-cycle cooling water systems.
Compared with benzotriazole, Tolytriazole has better corrosion inhibition, thermal stability, and chlorine resistance.


Tolytriazole can replace benzotriazole in the automotive industry and water treatment industries.
Tolytriazole is a very effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys.
Tolyltriazole is especially useful in systems where fluids are in continuous contact with metals that require protection.


In addition to copper, and Tolytriazole's alloys, other metals that can be protected include zinc, cobalt and silver.
Tolyltriazole has one more methyl group than benzotriazole in the molecular structure, which improves the complex film’s hydrophobicity.
And the presence of methyl group does not interfere with the binding between molecule and copper.


Tolytriazole is mainly used as metal (silver, lead, nickel, zinc, copper and copper metal) rust inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor
Tolytriazole is also used in organic synthesis.
Tolytriazole is used as a rust inhibitor for copper


Tolytriazole is mainly used as a rust inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor for metals (silver, lead, nickel, zinc, copper and copper metals)
Tolytriazole is mainly used for metal (such as silver, copper, lead, nickel and zinc) rust inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor.
Tolytriazole is widely used in anti rust oil (grease) products, used for copper and copper alloy gas phase corrosion inhibitor in circulating water treatment agent, antifreeze, polymer stabilizers, plant growth regulator.


Tolytriazole is used as lubricating oil additives, UV absorbent.
Tolytriazole can also be used in conjunction with a variety of scale inhibitor, biocide.
Tolytriazole acts as a pre-vulcanization retarder.


These white to off-white granules are used for chlorinated rubber and halobutyl rubbers.
Tolytriazole is used a potential nitrification inhibitor of urea fertilizer in agricultural soils.
Tolytriazole was used in determination of benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles in waste water samples by GC-MS.


Tolytriazole is also used as a potential nitrification inhibitor of urea fertilizer in agricultural soils.
Tolytriazole is a low potency inhibitor of glycol ethers.
Tolytriazole has been shown to be effective in wastewater treatment and can be used as an additive to inhibit the corrosion of zirconium oxide.


Tolytriazole has been shown to significantly reduce the amount of air entrained in water droplets and the corrosion of copper pipes in laboratory studies.
Tolyltriazole is a versatile intermediates involved in the production of: Corrosion Inhibitors, Anti-fading agent for metals, Antiseptic and Anticoagulant agent, Anti-fog for photograph, UV-absorbers, Anti-freeze Agent, Photoconductor, Copying systems, , pesticide products and other specialty chemicals.


Tolytriazole is mainly used as antitrust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antitrust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze.
Tolytriazole also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system.


Tolytriazole is mainly used as rust inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, etc.)
Tolyltriazole is a very effective corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloys.
Tolytriazole is especially useful in systems where fluids are in continuous contact with metals that require protection.


In addition to copper, and its alloys, other metals that can be protected include zinc, cobalt and silver.
When Tolytriazole is used in multi-metal systems with other corrosion inhibitors, it will also protect aluminum and steel.
Tolyltriazole is used circulating water treatment agent, automobile antifreeze, polymer stabilizer, plant growth regulator, lubricating oil additive, ultraviolet absorber, etc.


Tolytriazole can also be used in conjunction with a variety of scale inhibitors, bactericidal and algicides.
Tolytriazole can also be used in conjunction with a variety of scale inhibitors, bactericidal and algicides, especially for the corrosion inhibition effect of circulating cooling water systems.


Tolytriazole is used Lubricating oil additive; metal deactivator; extreme pressure agent, bacterial and oxidation inhibitor, Tolytriazole is used as an antioxidant in internal combustion engine oils.


-Uses of Tolytriazole:
*Fertilizer
*Anticorrosive Agent
*Automotive Coolants
*Brake Fluids
*Circulating Water Cooling Systems
*Water Treatment Industry
*Dishwashing Detergents
*Antimicrobial Agent



PRODUCTION METHOD OF TOLYTRIAZOLE:
Similar to the preparation method of benzotriazole, Tolytriazolecan be obtained by diazotization and cyclization of toluenediamine.
An older method is obtained by the reaction of m-toluidine diazonium salt and p-toluenesulfonamide.



NATURE OF TOLYTRIAZOLE:
Tolytriazole is a light brown powder, easily soluble in methanol, acetone, cyclohexane, ether, etc., difficult to dissolve in water and petroleum solvents.
The aqueous solution of Tolytriazole is weakly acidic, and the pH value is 5.5~6.5.
Tolytriazole is stable to acid and alkali, and can form stable metal salts with alkali metal ions.



PREPARATION METHOD OF TOLYTRIAZOLE:
The crude methyl benzotriazole was obtained by diazotization of Toluene diamine, cyclization in acetic acid, and then distillation under reduced pressure.
After recrystallization, purification and drying, a relatively pure methyl benzotriazole was obtained.
There is also a method for obtaining a relatively pure methyl benzotriazole by using methyl O-Phenylenediamine and ethylhexyl nitrite as raw materials and ethylhexanol as a solvent without rectification.



PRODUCTION OF TOLYTRIAZOLE:
1. Feeding: Put o-phenylenediamine, sodium nitrite, and water into the stainless steel reaction kettle in the ratio of 1:1.1~1.2:10~15.
2. Raise temperature and pressure: turn on the stirring, raise the temperature to 240~260℃, control the pressure between 3.0~4.0MPa, and keep the reaction warm for 3~3.5 hours.
3. Transfer to acidification kettle: lower the temperature to 120~130℃, and transfer the reaction product to the kettle.
4. Adjust pH and stratification: Adjust pH from 11.7 to 5.0 with concentrated sulfuric acid and stratify.
5. Purification and collection: The stratified oil layer goes into the distillation kettle for purification under reduced pressure, and the 202~204℃/15mmHg fraction products are collected.



SYNTHESIS OF TOLYTRIAZOLE:
1. An older method is obtained by reacting m-toluidine diazonium salt with p-toluene sulfonamide.
2. Toluidine is diazotized, cyclized in acetic acid, and then distilled under reduced pressure to obtain crude tolytriazole.
After recrystallization, refinement, and drying, a purer Tolytriazole can be produced.
3. There is another method to produce purer Tolytriazole without distillation: methyl o-phenylenediamine and Ethylhexyl nitrite as raw materials and ethyl hexanol as solvent.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
Appearance: White granular
Purity, %: 99.0 Min.
Moisture, %: 0.2 Max.
Melting point, ℃: 80~86
Ash content, %: 0.05 Max.
pH value: 5.5~6.5
Molecular Formula: C7H7N3
Molar Mass: 133.15
Density: 1.1873 (rough estimate)
Melting Point: 80-82°C(lit.)
Boling Point: 210-212°C12mm Hg(lit.)
Flash Point: 210-212°C/12mm
Water Solubility: 6.0 g/L (25 ºC)
Vapor Presure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
Appearance: White solid
Color: Cream to beige
Maximum wavelength(λmax): ['276nm(H2O)(lit.)']
BRN: 116658
pKa: 8.74±0.40(Predicted)

Storage Condition: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
Refractive Index: 1.5341 (estimate)
MDL: MFCD00167158
Melting Point: 80-84°C
Boiling Point: 210-212°C
Melting point: 80-82 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 210-212 °C12 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.1873 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.5341 (estimate)
Flash point: 210-212°C/12mm
storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pka: 8.74±0.40(Predicted)
form: Crystalline Powder
color: Cream to beige
Water Solubility: 6.0 g/L (25 ºC)
λmax: 276nm(H2O)(lit.)
BRN: 116658

InChIKey: LRUDIIUSNGCQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C7H7N3
Molecular Weight: 133.15
Exact Mass: 266.12800
Boiling Point: 289.3ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 76-87ºC
Flash Point: 137.4ºC
Density: 1.273 g/cm³
Appearance: White to off-white granules or powder
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 80 - 82 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 210 - 212 °C at 16 hPa - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Molecular Weight: 133.15 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 1.4

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 133.063997236 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 133.063997236 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 126
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Safety glasses with side-shields
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TOLYTRIAZOLE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
TTA
5M-BTA
Retrocure G
TOLYTRIAZOLE
Vulkalent TM
Tolyltriazole
m-Tolylazoimide
m-Aziminotoluene
COBRATEC(R) TT 100
Methybenzotriazole
Tolyltriazole (TTA)
Methyl Benzotriazole
5-Methylbenzotriazole
1-H-Methylbenzotriazole
Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole
5-methyl-1h-benzotriazol
5-Methyl-3H-benzotriazole
5-Methyl-2H-benzotriazole
5-methyl-2H-benzotriazole
6-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole,5-methyl-
1H-Benzotriazole,4(5)-methyl-
5-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole,4(or5)-methyl-
4,5,6,7-TetrahydroTolyltriazole
5-Methyl-1H-benzo-1,2,3-triazole
Stabinol MBTZ
cobratectt100
tolytriazole
1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl-
Tolyltriazole
Tolutriazole
TOLYLTRIAZOLES
Tolyltriazol
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 7-methyl-
tdlyltriazole
MFCD00167158
Seetec T
EINECS 249-596-6
4-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 4-methyl-
Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole
Tolyltriazole(TTA)
1H-Benzotriazole,4(or5)-methyl-,sodiumsalt
4(or5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolsodiumsalt
Tolyltriazole,sodiumsalt
Tolytriazole50%SodiumSalt
1-H-METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE
Tolytriazole 50% SodiuM Salt(TTAS)
SODIUM TOLYLTRIAZOLE
sodium 4(or 5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolide
29878-31-7
4-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
4-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole
4-Methyl-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
4-Tolyltriazole
4-METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE
Tolytriazole
4-methyl-2H-benzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole, 4-methyl-
7-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
Methylbenzotriazole
1H-Benzotriazole,7-methyl-
4-methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole
7-methyl-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
QKK8999IZA
DTXSID50274037
DSSTox_CID_6171
DSSTox_RID_78044
DSSTox_GSID_26171
1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl-
CAS-29385-43-1
4-METHYL-1H-BENZO(D)(1,2,3)TRIAZOLE
UNII-QKK8999IZA
Teltolytriazole
Tolyl triazole
EINECS 249-921-1
4MeBT
4-methyl-benzotriazole
4-MeBT
4Me-BT
Tolyltriazole (Granular)
4-Me-BTR
4-Me-BT
Tolyltriazole 99.0% min
SCHEMBL107037
SCHEMBL446696
CHEMBL3184205
BENZOTRIAZOLE, 4-METHYL-
ALBB-005409
Tox21_201321
Tox21_303186
1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE, 7-METHYL-
MFCD00035800
STK503394
AKOS023092909
AKOS037652935
7-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole #
FS-5046
NCGC00249024-01
NCGC00249024-02
NCGC00256993-01
NCGC00258873-01
BB 0254273
FT-0638850
FT-0671521
1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole, 4-(methyl-d3)-
4-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole, analytical standard
C80091
AB01319782-02
EN300-6996464
A876362
Q27287307
Z1198147968
1H-Benzotriazole,4(or5)-methyl-,sodiumsalt
4(or5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolsodiumsalt
Tolyltriazole,sodiumsalt
Tolytriazole50%SodiumSalt
SODIUM TOLYLTRIAZOLE
sodium 4(or 5)-methyl-1h-benzotriazolide
TOLYTRIAZOLE SODIUM SALT
COBRATEC(R) TT-50 S
TOLYTRIAZOLE
5-Methyl-2H-benzotriazole
5-Methyl-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
5MBT
5-methyl-1h-benzotriazol
6-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
Retrocure G
Vulkalent TM
Azimidotoluene
m-Tolylazoimide
5-Methylbenzotriazole
TOLYTRIAZOLE
1H-Benzotriazole,5-methyl-
5-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole
5-Methyl-1H-benzo-1,2,3-triazole
5-methyl-1h-benzotriazol
m-Tolylazoimide
Retrocure G
Vulkalent TM
COBRATEC(R) TT 100
Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole
Methyl Benzotriazole
1-H-Methylbenzotriazole
Tolyltriazole
1H-Benzotriazole,4(5)-methyl-
1H-Benzotriazole,4(or5)-methyl-
Methybenzotriazole
5-methyl-2H-benzotriazole
TTA
4,5,6,7-TetrahydroTolyltriazole
5M-BTA
Tolyltriazole (TTA)

TOLYTRIAZOLE
Tolytriazole Chemical Properties of Tolytriazole light brown powder or granules Uses of Tolytriazole A potential labelled nitrification inhibitor of urea fertilizer in agricultural soils. General Description of Tolytriazole Tan to light brown granules or beige pellets with a characteristic odor. Air & Water Reactions of Tolytriazole Insoluble in water. Reactivity Profile of Tolytriazole Tolytriazole is incompatible with oxidizing agents . Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Fire Hazard of Tolytriazole Tolytriazole is combustible. Corrosion inhibition of tolytriazole for galvanized steel was studied in 5 mM NaCl by using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The results of EIS and polarization tests indicate that tolytriazole is effective in corrosion inhibition of galvanized steel. As the concentration of tolytriazole is increased to 0.01 M, the inhibiting efficiency reaches above 98%. The low values of anodic and cathodic current density in SVET maps suggest that the complex of tolytriazole with galvanized steel inhibits the anodic and cathodic reactions of corrosion of zinc. The adsorption behaviour of tolytriazole is found to conform to Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which is typical chemical adsorption. USES of Tolytriazole The use of Tolytriazole as a corrosion inhibitor for copper Tolytriazole is a specific corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys. It is now widely used in industry to reduce the corrosion of these alloys under both atmospheric and immersed conditions. Corrosion of copper may produce a surface stain or tarnish, pitting of surfaces of pipes or promote pitting of other metals, such as aluminium, which are in contact with dissolved copper in the water. Tolytriazole is used to reduce these forms of attack and the methods by which it is applied are discussed in this paper. Use: Tolytriazole is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids Use of Tolytriazole as antimicrobial agents Tolyltriazole is commonly used as a corrosion-inhibitor for: Automotive coolants. Brake fluids. Circulating water cooling systems. Use of Tolytriazole (TTA) as a ligand of choice Tolytriazole is inexpensive and stable. It behaves as an acid (pKa 8.2) and is highly soluble in basic solutions. It is soluble in ethanol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, and DMF. As one of the most useful synthetic auxiliary, it displays the following characteristics: •It can be easily introduced into molecules and activates then toward various transformations. •It is stable during various operations, •It is easy to remove and can be recovered and used again. Tolytriazole can be used in different applications in major industries. For example, it is used in cooling water or boiler systems by the industrial water treatment industry. Tolyltriazole can be also used in coolants or antifreeze products. Another application is the use as an additive in industrial lubricants, like e.g. drilling and cutting fluids. It does also work to protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets and can be further used in metal detergents. How does Tolytriazole work? As a corrosion inhibitor, Tolyltriazole decreases the corrosion rate of metals and alloys. This works by forming a coating, a passivation layer, which prevents access of the corrosive substance to the metal or alloy underneath. This is of particular importance in industries where fluids routinely need to be in continuous contact with metals that require protection. The product does show outstanding thermic and oxidative stability and is also resistant to UV light. It does not negatively affect the appearance of the metal it's applied to. Tolytriazole is very bright in color so that solutions – either aqueous or in different solvents – are clear and almost colorless. A table of solubility properties and max concentrations is available on request. Grades available: Granular Fine granular Powder Production and use Tolytriazole is used as a component of aircraft de-icing fluid, pickling inhibitor in boiler scale removal, restrainer, developer and antifogging agent in photographic emulsions, corrosion inhibitor for copper, chemical intermediate for dyes, in pharmaceuticals, and as fungicide. (HSDB 1998). Tolyltriazole is used as inhibitor of corrosion of copper and copper alloys, in antioxidants, and photographic developers (NTP 1991b). In Denmark, Tolytriazole and benzotriazole are reported to be used in small amounts (0.1-0.2 %) in de-icing fluids, e.g. propylene glycol (MST 1999). They are also used as a corrosion inhibitor in antifreeze chemicals containing glycol (MST 2000). USAGE areas of Tolytriazole - Corrosion inhibitor - Stabilizing Bronze Objects - Antimicrobial agents - ligand of choice - anticorrosive agent - Circulating water cooling systems - corrosion-inhibitor for Automotive coolants - additive in industrial lubricants - cooling water or boiler systems - water treatment industry - coolants or antifreeze products - protect silver ware in dishwashing tablets - metal detergents Although zinc has protective effect on steel, it is also needed to apply other measures to improve the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel since zinc layer is normally thin. Recently, researchers have attempted to use corrosion inhibitors to protect galvanized steel, which restrains zinc from the formation of white corrosion products in the corrosive media Tolytriazole. Literature has reported that some organic molecules with hetero-atoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and so on) can serve as corrosion inhibiting agents, which may be adsorbed on the surface of metals or react with metals to generate undissolved and stable metal complexes [12]. Tolytriazole-type organic compounds, especially benzotriazole, including nitrogen are particularly used as corrosion inhibitors for copper, cast iron, zinc and so on. Benzotriazole, which has low toxicity and is economical, finds use as a good corrosion inhibitor. Benzotriazole has been studied as a corrosion inhibitor for galvanized steel in aerated corrosive solutions [23, 24, 25]. Tolytriazole (TTA) [26], a mixture of 4- and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, as a derivative of benzotriazole, is similar in chemical structure (Fig. 1). However, the effect and mechanism of Tolytriazole on corrosion inhibition of galvanized steel is still not fully understood. The aim of the present work is to study the inhibition effect of Tolytriazole on corrosion of galvanized steel in neutral NaCl solution. Additionally, the inhibition efficiency of Tolytriazole on galvanized steel was investigated by using Langmuir adsorption isotherm model to obtain better understanding regarding the role of Tolytriazole on galvanized steel. Description of Tolytriazole: Sodium Tolytriazole 50% Solution is a yellowish to amber liquid with a characteristic odor. Applications of Tolytriazole: Sodium Tolytriazole 50% Solution is a copper corrosion inhibitor designed for use in open cooling towers and closed recirculating systems to inhibit corrosion on copper, copper alloys and other metals. Packaging Options of Tolytriazole: Sodium Tolytriazole 50% Solution is available in bulk and 44 lb pails. Galvanized steel used in the present work is a commercial one. Figure 2a, b show the SEM images of surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the galvanized steel. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the cross section of the sample indicates the top layer is 100% Zn, and the bottom layer is 100% Fe. The thickness of the Zn layer is approximately from 6 to 12 μm. The dimension of the samples for the experiments is 10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm. Methyl-1H-benzotriazole (Tolytriazole) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company, China. It was used as corrosion inhibitor for the galvanized steel, which was added into the aqueous solution of 5 mM NaCl. The appropriate amount of Tolytriazole was weighed and mixed with 5 mM NaCl to prepare different concentrations of Tolytriazole of in 5 mM NaCl. Full Immersion Tests Samples of the galvanized steel with dimension of 10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm were used. Before immersion tests, the back side and four cut edges of the samples were sealed by epoxy resin mixed with polyamide hardener (100:32 by weight). After rinsing with distilled water and degreasing with ethanol, the samples were immersed in aerated 5 mM NaCl without Tolytriazole or 5 mM NaCl with 0.01 Mol/L Tolytriazole for different times (1, 4 and 24 h) at room temperature. After 1, 4 and 24 h, the samples were removed out and taken photos. Before and after the immersion tests, the samples were observed by XL30-type environment scanning electronic microscope (SEM) integrated with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used for investigation of sample surface after 24 h of immersion in 5 mM NaCl with 0.01 Mol/L Tolytriazole. A Spectrum 400 (Perkin Elmer Co., USA) measurement system, fitted with a Universal ATR sampling accessory, was used for infrared spectroscopy. Tolytriazole structure Chemical Name:Tolytriazole CBNumber of Tolytriazole:CB2492203 Molecular Formula of Tolytriazole:C9H9N3 Formula Weight of Tolytriazole:159.19 Tan to light brown granules or beige pellets with a characteristic odor. Other Known Names: tolytriazole, tolutriazole Molecular Formula of Tolytriazole: C9H9N3 Applications of Tolytriazole: fertilizer Applications of Tolytriazole: Sodium Tolytriazole 50% Solution is a copper corrosion inhibitor designed for use in open cooling towers and closed recirculating systems to inhibit corrosion on copper. Property Name of Tolytriazole Property Value Reference Molecular Weight of Tolytriazole 266.3 g/mol Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Tolytriazole 2 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Tolytriazole 4 Rotatable Bond Count of Tolytriazole 0 Exact Mass of Tolytriazole 266.127994 g/mol Monoisotopic Mass of Tolytriazole 266.127994 g/mol Topological Polar Surface Area of Tolytriazole 83.1 Ų Heavy Atom Count of Tolytriazole 20 Formal Charge of Tolytriazole 0 Complexity of Tolytriazole 252 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 Isotope Atom Count of Tolytriazole 0 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Tolytriazole 0 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Tolytriazole 0 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Tolytriazole 0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Tolytriazole 0 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Tolytriazole 2 Compound Is Canonicalized of Tolytriazole Yes Corrosion inhibition of copper by tolytriazole (TTAH) in comparison with benzotriazole (BTAH) was investigated in unpolluted and sulfide polluted 3.5 % NaCl. Both Tolytriazole and BTAH give approximately similar results in unpolluted salt water. Electrochemical techniques illustrate that Tolytriazole gives about (40%) higher efficiency than BTA in case of sulfide polluted media. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the presence of both sulfide and Tolytriazole on the corroded surface. In sulfide polluted salt water Tolytriazole shows better performance than BTAH. The mechanism of protection is attributed to the formation of protective film of Tolytriazole or BTAH. The rate of destruction of the protective film in Tolytriazole is lower than that of BTAH in the presence of sulfide ions. This result is established at sulfide concentration as low as 10 -3 M in the presence of 10-2 M Tolytriazole. The gained results prove that Tolytriazole gives better resistance against sulfide attack. Tolitriazole is an anticorrosive and corrosion inhibitor produced in granular or powder form. It is used to prevent corrosion of metals such as silver, copper, lead, nickel. The melting point of Tolitriazole is between 80 and 86 degrees. The structure consists of 4-methyl-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-benzotriazole. Tolitriazole is soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform and has low solubility in water.It is used to prevent the metal from losing color. Chemical Properties of Tolytriazole light brown powder or granules Uses A potential labelled nitrification inhibitor of urea fertilizer in agricultural soils. General Description of Tolytriazole Tan to light brown granules or beige pellets with a characteristic odor. The Tolytriazole is being produced at our partner Nantong Botao in Rugao/China. Together with 1,2,3 Benzotriazole (see separate product information) it is one of the most effective corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloy used in various industries. Further positive effects can be seen in protection of steel, gray iron, cadmium and nickel. Applications of Tolytriazole Cooling water systems / industrial water treatment Industrial lubricants (e.g. drilling and cutting fluids) Dishwashing tablets (silver protection) Metal detergents and polishing Coolants VCI papers / metal packaging Antifogging agent (photo) Grades available of Tolytriazole Granular Fine granular Powder Tolytriazole is mainly used as antitrust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antitrust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze. It also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system. Properties of Tolytriazole Tolytriazole is non-toxic, non-explosive materials, soluble in water, chloroform, benzene, toluene and other organic solvents, with a lower alcohol, ethylene glycol miscible in any proportion. Use: antirust and corrosion inhibitor, anti-fading for metal product, antiseptic and anticoagulant agent, anti-fogging for photograph, ultraviolet absorbent, anti-freezing agent, cycling cooling water treatment. Tolytriazole is non-toxic,non-explosive materials,soluble in water,chloroform,benzene,toluene and other organic solvents,with a lower alcohol, ethylene glycol miscible in any proportion. Properties of Tolytriazole Pure Tolytriazole is white granule or powder, Tolytriazole is a mixture of 4-methyl-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-benzotriazole, the melting point is from 80? to 86?, soluble in alcohol, benzene?toluene?chloroform and watery lye, and hardly soluble in water. Tolytriazole is mainly used as antirust and corrosion inhibitor for metals (such as silver, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, etc..), and for antirust oil (tallow) products, the gas phase corrosion inhibitor of copper and aldary, lubricant additive, cycle water treating compound and auto antifreeze. Tolytriazole also can be concernedly used with manifold sterilization algaecide and has a very fine corrosion mitigation effect on close cycle cooling water system. SVET Measurements The corrosion behaviour of the galvanized steel samples immersed in 5 mM NaCl without and in the presence of 0.01 Mol/L Tolytriazole was studied by SVET. A commercial system from Applicable Electronics, controlled by the science wares ASET 2.0 software, was used to perform the SVET measurements. For the tests, the Pt-Ir probes (Microprobe Inc.) were platinized to form a small 30 μm diameter, ball of platinum black at the tip. The frequency of probe vibration in perpendicular direction to the sample surface is 325 Hz. The measurements were taken at open-circuit potential. The time of acquisition for each SVET data point is 1.2 s. The local ionic current densities were mapped on a 30 × 30 grid. The current densities were detected on 150 μm over the sample surface within an area of c.a. 4 mm2. The samples were tested after 1, 4 and 24 h of exposure in the 5 mM NaCl without and in the presence of 0.01 Mol/L Tolytriazole. The solutions in the cell were added by distilled water to maintain the original level while measuring. The data of current density were visualized by QuikGrid software. Immersion Tests After immersion in 5 mM NaCl solutions without or with 0.01 M Tolytriazole for 24 h, the photographs of the galvanized steel samples are shown in Fig. 3a-f, respectively. From Fig. 3a-c, it can be seen that the galvanized steel sample immersed in 5 mM NaCl was severely corroded, while almost no corrosion was seen on the sample surface immersed in 5 mM NaCl containing Tolytriazole (see Fig. 3d-f). Meanwhile, the other two parallel samples immersed in the above solutions were used for SEM observation of surface and cross-sectional morphologies. From the SEM image shown in Fig. 4a, the corrosion products were fully distributed on the surface of the sample after immersion in 5 mM NaCl. Figure 4b shows the surface morphology of the sample after immersion in 5 mM NaCl containing Tolytriazole. It is obvious that there is only slight corrosion on the surface, which reflects the effective corrosion inhibition. ATR-FTIR spectra of Tolytriazole, sample surface after 24 h of immersion in 5 mM NaCl with 0.01 Mol/L Tolytriazole were recorded in order to examine the presence of Tolytriazole on the galvanized steel. As shown in Fig. 5a, the transmission absorption peaks of Tolytriazole are shown at 1092 and 1031 cm-1, which are attributed to N-H in-plane bending and C-H in-plane bending [27, 28]. The peak at 1632 cm-1 is also attributed to N-H in-plane bending [28]. As shown in Fig. 5b, the presence of peaks at 1632, 1092 and 1031 cm-1 indicates that Tolytriazole was complexed with galvanized steel. Polarization Curves Figure 6 shows the polarization curves of the galvanized steel samples immersed in 5 mM NaCl and 5 mM NaCl solutions containing different concentrations of Tolytriazole. Table 1 shows the electrochemical parameters (corrosion potential, Ecorr; corrosion current density, Icorr; polarization resistance, Rp) obtained by Rp extrapolation in the vicinity of the open-circuit potential (± 15 mV). The corrosion efficiency IE is formulated as following [29], where Icorr is the corrosion current density in 5 mM NaCl; I′corr is the corrosion current density in 5 mM NaCl solutions containing different concentrations of Tolytriazole. IE is used to evaluate the inhibition effect of Tolytriazole acted on the surface of galvanized steel. From Fig. 6, it can be seen that with the increase of concentration of Tolytriazole, the corrosion potential shifts to more anodic direction and the corrosion current density shifts to much lower values in comparison to those of the control sample immersed in 5 mM NaCl, indicating that Tolytriazole has good inhibiting effect on corrosion of galvanized steel. Obviously, as the concentration of Tolytriazole reaches 0.01 Mol/L, Icorr is the lowest. From Table 1, it can be seen that Icorr shows a decrease of two orders of magnitude for the sample immersed in 5 mM NaCl containing 0.01 M Tolytriazole, comparing with Icorr for the sample immersed in 5 mM NaCl. Meanwhile, IE reaches to the maximum value at this concentration. When the concentration of Tolytriazole is increased from 0.001 to 0.005 M, Rp shows a sharp increase. Correspondingly, IE increases remarkably from 55.62 to 94.94%. Figure 7 shows the polarization curves of the galvanized steel samples immersed in 5 mM NaCl and 5 mM NaCl solution containing 0.01 M of Tolytriazole after different immersion times. Table 2 gives the fitting results of the polarization curves by Rp extrapolation in the vicinity of the open-circuit potential (± 15 mV). From Table 2, it is clear that Ecorr shifts to the noble direction when 0.01 M Tolytriazole was added to 5 mM NaCl. For Icorr and Rp values, there is an opposite oscillating behaviour, which can be ascribed to the adsorption and desorption of Tolytriazole during the immersion period. EIS Measurements EIS measurements were taken, aiming to study the characteristic at the interface of the galvanized steel and electrolyte. Figure 8 shows the EIS plots of galvanized steel samples exposed to 5 mM NaCl and 5 mM NaCl in the presence of 0.01 M Tolytriazole at different immersion times. From the EIS spectra, the diameter of capacitance loop increases with the addition of Tolytriazole, indicating Tolytriazole has a passive effect on the electrode. In comparison to the EIS spectra measured in 5 mM NaCl, there are larger capacitive loops in the low frequency range in the presence of Tolytriazole, which is caused by the charge transfer during the procedure of the metal dissolution and adsorption of inhibitor [15, 30, 31, 32]. The diameter of the capacitance loop grows with the immersion time before 72 h. It can be inferred that Tolytriazole may be adsorbed at the interface between the metal and the aggressive solution, blocking the available active centre of the galvanized steel. After immersion for 72 h, there is a drop in the diameter of the capacitance loop, which demonstrates that the protecting ability of Tolytriazole acting on the surface of the galvanized steel is becoming weaker. The decrease in capacitance loop can be ascribed to corrosion on the surface. The EEC, R(Q(R(QR))), was fitted with all the impedance data from 0 to 120 h of the immersion. All the fitted data for the impedance spectra are shown in Table 3. It is clear that the value of the film resistance, Rf increases from 0 to 120 h of immersion due to the chemical adsorption of Tolytriazole on galvanized steel, especially after 24 h of immersion. Correspondingly, there shows a decrease of Qf from 24 to 72 h. It is obvious that the value of Rct has an oscillating behaviour, indicating the adsorption and desorption process. The increase of Qdl is possibly due to the intense complexing reactions between Tolytriazole and galvanized steel. The active sites on Tolytriazole are the positively charged N atoms, which are able to complex with negatively charged Cl- adsorbed on the metal surface [7]. Figure 11a-c shows the SVET current density on the galvanized steel during immersion in 5 mM NaCl containing Tolytriazole. The anodic and cathodic current densities show even distribution immediately after immersion (1 h), indicating that Tolytriazole effectively blocks crevice corrosion. The maximum values of anodic current density are c.a. 26 μA/cm2, and the maximum values of cathodic current density are c.a. - 19 μA/cm2. As the immersion time increased to 4 h, the maximum values of anodic current density decrease to c.a. 10 μA/cm2 and the maximum values of cathodic current density change to c.a. - 6 μA/cm2. After 24 h, the maximum values of anodic current density decrease to c.a. 1 μA/cm2 and the maximum values of cathodic current density change to c.a. - 1.5 μA/cm2. The shrinking of anodic and cathodic current densities as the elongation of immersion time clearly suggests that Tolytriazole is effective in corrosion inhibition of the galvanized steel. Meanwhile, the mechanism of Tolytriazole inhibiting the corrosion on the surface of galvanized steel is chemical absorption because the value of ∆G is lower than - 40 kJ/mol, which means that the formation of chemical bonds between the solid and the adsorption needs a larger number of chemical energy than 40 kJ/mol or more and the absorption is single-layer. In contrast, the essence of physical adsorption is van der Waals forces, very small (> - 20 kJ/mol) [39]. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the adsorption of Tolytriazole is chemical adsorption. Corrosion inhibition of copper by tolytriazole (TTAH) in comparison with benzotriazole (BTAH) was investigated in unpolluted and sulfide polluted 3.5 % NaCl. Both Tolytriazole and BTAH give approximately similar results in unpolluted salt water. Electrochemical techniques illustrate that Tolytriazole gives about (40%) higher efficiency than BTA in case of sulfide polluted media. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the presence of both sulfide and Tolytriazole on the corroded surface. In sulfide polluted salt water Tolytriazole shows better performance than BTAH. The mechanism of protection is attributed to the formation of protective film of Tolytriazole or BTAH. The rate of destruction of the protective film in Tolytriazole is lower than that of BTAH in the presence of sulfide ions. This result is established at sulfide concentration as low as 10 -3 M in the presence of 10-2 M Tolytriazole. The gained results prove that TTAH gives better resistance against sulfide attack. Figure 1 shows the effect of Tolytriazole and BTAH on the polarization behavior of copper in 3.5 % NaCl. The obtained data refers to the Tolytriazole shows higher effect of inhibition for the copper surface in saline media and this is very clear from the magnitude of the limiting currents. The protective film of Tolytriazole copper complex which appeared in the anodic region gives better effect than the BTAH copper complex. These results were accepted because of the presence of methyl group in Tolytriazole which have positive inductive effect (+I) makes the lone electron all the time on nitrogen atom and providing a good chance for coordination bond with copper surface. The passive regions in Tolytriazole and BTAH ends at the break down potential, Eb, 0.56 and 0.58 V respectively, beyond which the current increases rapidly as the potential becomes more anodic. The rapid increase in current above Eb is caused by localized corrosion as a result of the breakdown of the protective film of Tolytriazole and BTAH [36]. Figure 7 a and b illustrate the effect of sulfide injection on the current transients of copper electrodes which pretreated for 1 hr at the passive potential 0.0 V in 10-2 M Tolytriazole and BTAH salt solution before injection. The injected sulfide concentrations were 10-4 M and 10-3 M respectively. The obtained results showed rapid increase in current upon injection of sulfide ions that appears in all concentrations of sulfide ions. The results indicate that destroying of the protective film of Tolytriazole and BTAH but with difference of resistance of sulfide attack with copper surface. The magnitude of this sudden increase in current upon injection of sulfide ions is taken as a measure of the intensity of sulfide attack. The sulfide concentration of 10-3 M makes rapid increase in current of about 200 µA in case of BTAH and 78 µA in case of Tolytriazole. This indicates that the resistance of sulfide attack of Tolytriazole is greater than BTAH by about 40 %. In case of sulfide concentration of 10-4 M the increase of current 12 µA in case of BTAH and 2 µA in case of Tolytriazole. In general the two inhibitors does not prevent the sulfide attack, however the Tolytriazole lower its intensity against copper surface. The reasons of current jump upon sulfide ions injection is related to the oxidation of sulfide ions to CuS and the increase of corrosion rate of copper. Some reviews proved that the oxidation of the sulfide ions contributes only 8% of the charge passed upon injection of the sulfide ions while the rest of the charge is due to enhanced corrosion of copper [43, 44]. The high magnification images in Figure 9 shows the difference between Tolytriazole and BTAH in the depth and width of the inter-granular corrosion. It is clearly noticed that the image of BTAH have more depth and width more than Tolytriazole. The SEM images in figure give further prove for the good resistance of Tolytriazole compared with BTAH in polluted media. Figures 10a explain the XPS spectrum obtained from the corroded copper surface in sulfide polluted salt water in the presence of 0.01 M Tolytriazole and 0.01M BTAH. The electrode was subjected to 0.01M Tolytriazole for 1 hr at 0.0V vs Ag/AgCl before injection of 0.001 M sulfide ions, which remained in contact with copper surface for another 1 hr. The XPS spectrum shows a peak of S2p at a binding energy of 162.0 eV reveals the presence of sulfide ions in the form of copper sulfide. The absence of an S2p at 164.0 eV reveals the absence of elemental sulfur on the corroded copper surface [43]. The XPS results of Tolytriazole show a counts of sulfide ion of 260 and 120 in case of BTAH, which indicates that the amount of sulfide ions on the copper surface in case of Tolytriazole are more than the case of BTAH and this proves that the Tolytriazole is more resistant to the sulfide attack than BTAH. The dissolution of copper as copper sulfide in case of BTAH is more than in case of Tolytriazole as shown by the low counts of sulfide ions on the copper surface in case of BTAH, furthermore the fully destruction of BTAH protective film. The high amount of sulfide ions reveals to low dissolution rate of copper as copper sulfide due to the presence of covered area with Tolytriazole protective film. The current transients reveal interesting interaction between the injected sulfide ions and the Tolytriazole on copper surface as well as the effect of the concentration of sulfide ions. BTAH gives lower efficiency against the injection of sulfide ions, which depends on the sulfide concentration. On the contrary, an order of magnitude the Tolytriazole gives 40 % higher efficiency than BTAH in case of 10-3 M sulfide ion concentration and gives about 16.6% higher that BTAH in case of 10-4 M sulfide concentration. It is concluded that the Tolytriazole gives higher effect more than BTAH against sulfide attack on the copper surface. Extended pre-passivation of the copper surface in the presence of Tolytriazole improves its resistance to sulfide attack more than BTAH. Generators of steam turbines play a key role in power plants. Deionized water is normally used as the cooling media in cooling systems of generators of steam turbines. The quality of cooling water is checked to ensure that the concentration of Cu2+ is no more than 40 ppb and conductivity is <5 µ s/cm (25°C) when the copper inhibitors are added in the system (GB/T12145-1999[1]). There is copper corrosion in hollow-sectioned copper conductors in cooling water. Although the conductivity of water is low, it is a threat to reliable operation. Inhibition of copper corrosion in deionized water is of great interest to the power plants. Benzotriazole (BTA) has been recognized as an effective inhibitor of copper corrosion in aqueous acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions.1-5 Tolytriazole (TTA) has been found to have equal or superior anticorrosion properties in recirculating cooling water systems.6 In this paper, the inhibitive effects of Tolytriazole and BTA for copper in deionized water are reported. The inhibition effects of BTA and Tolytriazole were evaluated from polarization curves. Effects of concentration, temperature, and time of inhibition efficiency of BTA and Tolytriazole were studied. It was revealed that effective inhibition of copper corrosion can be achieved when adding Tolytriazole or BTA (>6 ppm) to deionized water. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of BTA and Tolytriazole were also calculated. Corrosion inhibition of copper by tolytriazole (TTAH) in comparison with benzotriazole (BTAH) was investigated in unpolluted and sulfide polluted 3.5 % NaCl. Both Tolytriazole and BTAH give approximately similar results in unpolluted salt water. Electrochemical techniques illustrate that Tolytriazole gives about (40%) higher efficiency than BTA in case of sulfide polluted media. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the presence of both sulfide and Tolytriazole on the corroded surface. In sulfide polluted salt water Tolytriazole shows better performance than BTAH. The mechanism of protection is attributed to the formation of protective film of Tolytriazole or BTAH. The rate of destruction of the protective film in Tolytriazole is lower than that of BTAH in the presence of sulfide ions. This result is established at sulfide concentration as low as 10 -3 M in the presence of 10 -2 M Tolytriazole. The gained results prove that Tolytriazole gives better resistance against sulfide attack.
TOLYTRIAZOLE GRANULAR
Tolutriazole; Methyl-1H-benzotriazole; Metil-1H-benzotriazol; 5-Methylbenzotriazole; 5-Methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole; Méthyl-1H-benzotriazole; Tolyltriazole; Methylbenzotriazole; 4(or 5)-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole; Stabinol MBTZ cas no: 29385-43-1
TOLYTRIIAZOL 
tolytriazole, Numéro CAS : 29385-43-1, METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE-1H, 1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE, 4(5)-METHYL-, 1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE, METHYL-, METHYLBENZO-1H TRIAZOLE, METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE-1H, TOLYL TRIAZOLE, tolytriazol, tolitriazol, TTA. PurTTAEst granule blanc ou poudre. TTAEst un mélange de 4-methyl-benzotriazole et 5-methyl-benzotriazole. Le point de fusion est de 80 ℃ à 86 ℃, soluble dans l'alcool, le benzène, le toluène, chloroforme andwatery lessive, difficilement soluble dans l'eau.TTAEst principalement utilisé comme anti-rouille et inhibiteur de corrosion pour les métaux. Y compris l'argent, le cuivre, le zinc, le plomb, le nickel et ainsi de suite.TTAEst largement utilisé dans les produits de l'huile anticorrosive. Il est également utilisé dans la phase gazeuse inhibiteur de corrosion du cuivre et aldary, additif lubrifiant, cycle de traitement de l'eau composé et automatique antigel. TTAPeut également être utilisé avec une variété des inhibiteurs de tartre et d'algicide de stérilisation. Il a un bon effet d'atténuation de la corrosion sur cycle rapproché système d'eau de refroidissement.Noms français : 1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE, 4(5)-METHYL- 1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE, METHYL- METHYLBENZO-1H TRIAZOLE METHYLBENZOTRIAZOLE-1H TOLYL TRIAZOLE Utilisation et sources d'émission Agent anticorrosif Methyl-1H-benzotriazole CAS names 1H-Benzotriazole, 6(or 7)-methyl- IUPAC names 1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole 1-methyl-1H-benzotriazole , 1-methylbenzotriazole 1H-Benzotriazole, 4(5)-methyl- 1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl- 4(or5)-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole , 4(or5)-methyl-1H-benzotriazole 4-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole 4-methyl-2H-benzotriazole 5-Methyl-1,2,3-benzotriazol 5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole METHYL 1H BENZOTYRIAZOLE methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole Methyl-1H-benzotriazol Methyl-1H-benzotriazole (mixture) METHYL-1H-BENZOTRIAZOLE- Reaction mass of 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole Reaction mass of 6-methylbenzotriazole and 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole Tolyltriazol Tolyltriazole
TOOTHPASTE GRADE SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC)

Toothpaste grade sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a specialized form of CMC that is specifically designed for use in toothpaste formulations.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves several functions in toothpaste manufacturing and contributes to the overall performance and quality of the product.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile water-soluble polymer.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6

Synonyms: Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC, Sodium CMC, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Cellulose gum, Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium carboxymethyl ether, Carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, Carmellose sodium, Carmellose, E466, E466 (additive), CMC sodium, Sodium carmellose, Cellulose methyl ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, Carmalose sodium, Sodium CMC gum, Aqualon CMC, CMC-Na, CMC, Na, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose gum, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)-, sodium salt, Carbose, Methocel, Tylose, Tylose C, Akucell, Aquaplast, Clarcel, Cellogen, Nymcel, Cekol, Aqualon, Akucell AF 3265, CLD CMC, Cellofas, Finnfix, Nymcel ZSB 10, Cellulose, 2-(carboxymethoxy)



APPLICATIONS


Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is commonly used as a thickening agent in food products such as sauces, dressings, and beverages.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a stabilizer in ice cream, preventing the formation of ice crystals and maintaining a smooth texture.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to dairy products like yogurt and cheese to improve viscosity and texture.
In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC is used as a binder in tablet formulations to hold ingredients together.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in oral care products like toothpaste and mouthwash to provide viscosity and stability.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a suspending agent in liquid medications to ensure uniform distribution of active ingredients.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to personal care products such as lotions, creams, and shampoos for its thickening and stabilizing properties.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in textile printing as a thickener for dye pastes, improving print quality and color yield.
In the paper industry, CMC is applied as a surface sizing agent to improve paper strength and printability.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a flocculant in wastewater treatment, aiding in the removal of suspended solids and clarification.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in oil drilling fluids as a rheology modifier to control viscosity and fluid loss.

In the construction industry, CMC is added to cement and mortar to improve workability and water retention.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of ceramics as a binder to enhance green strength and machinability.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in adhesives and glues to provide viscosity and tackiness for bonding applications.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to detergents and cleaning products to improve viscosity and stabilize formulations.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the manufacture of latex paints and coatings to provide stability and viscosity control.

In the agricultural sector, CMC is added to pesticide formulations to improve adhesion and coverage on plant surfaces.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of battery separators to improve electrolyte retention and ion conductivity.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a sizing agent in the textile industry to add strength and stiffness to yarns and fabrics.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in fire-fighting foams to improve stability and effectiveness in extinguishing fires.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to pet foods to improve texture and stabilize emulsions, ensuring uniform distribution of nutrients.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the cosmetics industry for its thickening, stabilizing, and film-forming properties.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in ceramic glazes to improve suspension and reduce settling of pigments.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a binder in the production of dietary supplements, ensuring the integrity of tablet formulations.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile ingredient with a wide range of applications across various industries, contributing to the quality and performance of numerous products.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the manufacture of rubber and latex products to improve processing and mechanical properties.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to ceramic bodies to improve green strength and reduce cracking during drying and firing.
In the mining industry, CMC is used as a flocculant in mineral processing to improve solid-liquid separation.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of wallpaper adhesives to improve adhesion and workability.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the oilfield industry as a drilling mud additive to control fluid loss and improve hole stability.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to textile finishing formulations to impart wrinkle resistance and crease recovery properties.
In the automotive industry, CMC is used in the formulation of brake pads to improve friction and wear resistance.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a binder in ceramic tile adhesives to enhance adhesion and prevent tile slippage.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of latex condoms to improve lubricity and reduce breakage.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to petrochemical drilling fluids to enhance rheology and suspension properties.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the production of latex foam mattresses to improve comfort and durability.

In the cosmetics industry, CMC is used in mascara formulations to improve texture and adhesion to lashes.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the manufacture of artificial snow for winter-themed decorations and events.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a stabilizer in ceramic glazes, preventing settling of pigments and ensuring uniform coverage.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the production of biodegradable films and coatings for packaging materials.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the construction of fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) to improve resin flow and wet-out.

In the textile industry, CMC is added to fabric softeners to improve dispersion and softening properties.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is utilized in the production of polymer composites to enhance strength and dimensional stability.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the formulation of firefighting gels to improve viscosity and adherence to surfaces.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to dishwashing detergents to improve cleaning performance and reduce spotting on dishes.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a binder in the production of ceramic filters for water purification and filtration.
In the printing industry, CMC is used in the formulation of inks to improve color intensity and print definition.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in the production of controlled-release pharmaceutical formulations to modulate drug release.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) finds applications in the production of battery electrolytes to improve ion conductivity and stability.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) continues to find new and innovative applications across a wide range of industries, showcasing its versatility and value as a functional additive.



DESCRIPTION


Toothpaste grade sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a specialized form of CMC that is specifically designed for use in toothpaste formulations.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves several functions in toothpaste manufacturing and contributes to the overall performance and quality of the product.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile water-soluble polymer.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is derived from cellulose, a natural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is commonly used as a thickening agent in various industries.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has a white to off-white appearance and is typically in the form of a fine powder.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is odorless and tasteless, making it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is soluble in water, forming clear or slightly opalescent solutions.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is known for its ability to modify the viscosity of liquids, ranging from low to high viscosity grades.
The viscosity of CMC solutions can be adjusted by varying factors such as concentration and molecular weight.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) exhibits pseudoplastic behavior, where its viscosity decreases under shear stress.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can form films when dried from solution, providing barrier properties and film-forming capabilities.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is often used as a stabilizer in emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water phases.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as a suspending agent, keeping insoluble particles uniformly dispersed in liquid formulations.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making it a preferred choice in eco-conscious products.
Its film-forming properties make CMC suitable for use in coatings and adhesives.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is compatible with a wide range of other additives, including surfactants and polymers.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the food industry as a thickener and stabilizer in products such as sauces, dressings, and dairy items.
In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC is used as a binder in tablet formulations to hold ingredients together.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is employed in personal care products such as lotions, creams, and shampoos for its thickening and stabilizing properties.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used in the textile industry as a sizing agent to improve fabric strength and smoothness.
In the construction industry, CMC is added to cement and mortar to improve workability and water retention.

Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is also used in the production of ceramics, paints, and adhesives.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is anionic in nature due to the presence of carboxylate groups.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has a wide range of industrial applications, contributing to the quality and performance of numerous products.

Its versatility, stability, and effectiveness make CMC a valuable ingredient in various industries worldwide.
Toothpaste grade Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) plays a crucial role in enhancing the functionality and performance of diverse products across different sectors.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Solubility: Soluble in water, forming a clear or slightly opalescent solution. Insoluble in organic solvents.
Density: Typically around 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ for the powder form.
Viscosity: Varies depending on the molecular weight and degree of substitution; can range from a few centipoises (cP) to several thousand cP for a 1% solution at 25°C.
pH: Usually between 6.5 and 8.5 for a 1% aqueous solution.
Particle Size: Fine powder with particle size typically around 80-100 mesh.
Moisture Content: Generally less than 10% for most commercial grades.
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from the air.
Ash Content: Typically less than 1%.



FIRST AID


1. Inhalation

Immediate Actions:
If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.

Assessment:
Check the individual's breathing. If breathing is difficult, ensure a clear airway and administer oxygen if available.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical assistance if respiratory symptoms persist or worsen.


2. Skin Contact

Immediate Actions:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.

Washing:
Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice if irritation persists or if skin damage is evident.


3. Eye Contact

Immediate Actions:
Flush the eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids occasionally to ensure thorough rinsing.

Contact Lenses:
Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing.

Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, pain, or visual disturbances occur.


4. Ingestion

Immediate Actions:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.

Medical Attention:
Seek medical advice immediately.
Provide medical personnel with information about the ingested substance.


Additional First Aid Information

Personal Protection:
Ensure the safety of first responders by providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

Documentation:
Record details of the exposure, including the route of exposure, symptoms observed, and actions taken.

Monitoring:
Monitor the affected individual for signs of respiratory distress, skin irritation, or other symptoms.

Transportation:
If medical attention is required, transport the individual to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Follow-Up:
Provide follow-up care as necessary and monitor for delayed or secondary effects of exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory Protection:
Use appropriate respiratory protection (e.g., dust mask) if handling CMC in dusty environments or where airborne exposure is possible.

Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves, clothing, and footwear to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or face shield to protect eyes from potential splashes or dust.


2. Handling Practices

Minimize Dust:
Avoid generating dust by handling CMC carefully and using dust control measures such as local exhaust ventilation or wet methods.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Minimize direct skin contact with CMC. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Do Not Eat, Drink, or Smoke:
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking while handling CMC to prevent accidental ingestion.

Work Area Hygiene:
Maintain good housekeeping practices in work areas to prevent the accumulation of dust and spills.


3. Equipment and Tools

Use Suitable Equipment:
Use appropriate handling equipment (e.g., scoops, shovels) to transfer CMC to minimize dust generation.

Cleaning Equipment:
Clean handling equipment regularly to prevent cross-contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers of CMC with product information and handling precautions.


Storage

1. Storage Conditions

Temperature:
Store CMC in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and direct sunlight.

Humidity Control:
Maintain humidity levels to prevent moisture absorption, which can affect the quality and flow properties of CMC.

Avoid Contamination:
Store CMC away from incompatible materials, such as acids, oxidizing agents, and strong bases.

Segregation:
Separate CMC from food, feed, and other materials to prevent contamination.


2. Container Handling

Original Packaging:
Store CMC in its original packaging or in suitable containers that are tightly sealed to prevent moisture ingress.

Avoid Damage:
Handle containers carefully to prevent damage that could lead to spills or contamination.

Check Integrity:
Regularly inspect containers for signs of damage or leaks. Dispose of damaged containers appropriately.


3. Special Considerations

Bulk Storage:
If storing CMC in bulk quantities, use appropriate storage facilities equipped with dust control measures and fire protection systems.

Temperature Control:
Monitor storage temperatures to prevent exposure to extreme heat or cold, which could affect product stability.

Emergency Response:
Have spill response procedures and cleanup materials readily available in case of accidental spills or releases.


Transportation

Packaging:
Ensure that CMC is properly packaged and labeled according to regulatory requirements for transportation.

Secure Load:
Secure containers during transportation to prevent shifting or damage.

Compliance:
Adhere to transportation regulations and guidelines for the safe handling and transport of CMC.


Waste Management

Disposal:
Dispose of CMC and its packaging in accordance with local regulations and guidelines for hazardous waste disposal.

Recycling:
Where possible, recycle empty containers and packaging materials according to applicable recycling programs.


Training and Awareness

Employee Training:
Provide training to personnel involved in the handling, storage, and transportation of CMC on proper procedures and safety precautions.

Emergency Preparedness:
Conduct regular drills and training exercises to ensure readiness for handling emergencies involving CMC.

TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM
Tosylchloramide sodium is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa.
Tosylchloramide sodium has a role as an antifouling biocide, a disinfectant and an allergen.
Tosylchloramide sodium is commonly used as cyclizing agent in the synthesis of aziridine, oxadiazole, isoxazole and pyrazoles.


CAS Number: 127-65-1 / 7080-50-4 (trihydrate)
EC Number: 204-854-7
Molecular Formula: C7H7ClNNaO2S
Chemical formula: C7H7ClNO2S•Na / C7H7ClNO2S•Na•(3H2O) (hydrate)



SYNONYMS:
Chloramine-T, Sodium chloro(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)azanide, N-Chloro-para-toluenesulfonylamide, Sodium N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulphonomite, Chloraseptin, Chlorazol, Clorina, Disifin, Halamid, Hydroclonazone, Trichlorol, Minachlor, Tosylchloramide Sodium, N-chlorotosylamide, sodium salt, Aseptoclean, Chloraseptine, Sodium N-chloro 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide trihydrate, Sodium N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide trihydrate, Sodium n-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide trihydrate, Tosylchloramide sodium, Chloramine-T, CHLORAMINE T, 127-65-1, Chloralone, Chlorasan, Chlorazene, Chlorozone, Acti-chlore, Tosylchloramide sodium, Chloraseptine, Chlorazan, Chlorazone, Chlorosol, Chlorseptol, Heliogen, Mannolite, Tampules, Tochlorine, Tolamine, Sodium chloramine T, Monochloramine T, Multichlor, Aktivin, Sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramide, Chlorina Aktivin, Sodium chloro(tosyl)amide, Sodium tosylchloramide, Euclorina, Clorina, Tosilcloramida sodica, Tosylchloramide sodique, (N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamido)sodium, Sodium p-toluenesulfonylchloramide, Tosylchloramidum natricum, Berkendyl, Halamid, N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium, Sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, Anexol, chloramine-T anhydrous, Cloramine T, Gyneclorina, Clorosan, Mianine, Gansil, Chloramin Heyden, Kloramine-T, CHEBI:53767, Tosylchloramide sodium [INN], Chloramin Dr. Fahlberg, 328AS34YM6, N-Chlorotoluenesulfonamide sodium salt, NSC-36959, N-Chloro-4-methylbenzylsulfonamide sodium salt, DTXSID6040321, [chloro(p-tolylsulfonyl)amino]sodium, Aseptoclean, Desinfect, Tosylchloramid-natrium, sodium chloro(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)azanide, Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt, 149358-73-6, Tosylchloramide sodium (INN), N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium salt, Caswell No. 170, Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1), Chloramine-t [NF], TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM (EP IMPURITY), TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [EP IMPURITY], TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM (EP MONOGRAPH), TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [EP MONOGRAPH], p-Toluenesulfonchloramide Sodium Salt, sodium chloro((4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)azanide, sodium chloro[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]azanide, HSDB 4303, SR-01000872612, EINECS 204-854-7, Tosilcloramida sodica [INN-Spanish], N-Chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium salt, NSC 36959, Tosylchloramide sodique [INN-French], (N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide)sodium, Tosylchloramidum natricum [INN-Latin], AI3-18426C, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076502, UNII-328AS34YM6, Chloramin T, p-Toluenesulfonamide, N-chloro-, sodium salt, Tosyl chloramide sodium, Sodiumchloro(tosyl)amide, CHLORAMINE-T [MI], Epitope ID:116223, CHLORAMINE-T [HSDB], SCHEMBL19335, CHEMBL1697734, DTXCID4020321, HMS3264N19, AMY37206, BCP12015, HY-B0959, s6403, Sodium N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide, AKOS015890257, CCG-213937, CS-4435, TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [WHO-DD], USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 076502, DA-72163, Sodium N-chloro 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, NS00066780, sodium;chloro-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide, Chloramine-T 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-75322, D02445, D88065, Q420695, J-008582, SR-01000872612-2, SR-01000872612-3, W-108379, Chloramine (T) N-Chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide,sodium salt, Z1172235461, Acti-chlore, Aktiven, Aktivin, Anexol, Asepto-Sol, Aseptoclean, Berkendyl, Chloralone, Chloramine-T, Chlorasan, Chloraseptine, Chlorazan, Chlorazene, Chlorazene Hydrosol, Chlorazone, Chlorozone, Chlorseptol, Cloramine T, Clorina, Clorosan, Desinfect, Euclorina, Gansil, Gyneclorina, Halamid, Heliogen, Kloramin, Kloramin B, Kloramine-T, Mannolite, Mianine, Monochloramine T, Multichlor, N-Chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide Sodium Salt, N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide Sodium, N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide Sodium Salt, N-Chlorotoluenesulfonamide Sodium Salt, Sodium N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, Sodium N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, Sodium Chloramine T, Sodium p-Toluenesulfochloramide, Sodium p-Toluenesulfonchloramide, Sodium p-Toluenesulfonylchloramide, Sodium Tosylchloramide, Tampules, Toc, (N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamido)sodium, Acti-chlore, Aktivin, Anexol, Aseptoclean, Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt, Berkendyl, Chloralone, Chloramin Dr. Fahlberg, Chloramin Heyden, Chloramine T, Chlorasan, Chloraseptine, Chlorazan, Chlorazene, Chlorazone, Chlorina Aktivin, Chlorosol, Chlorozone, Chlorseptol, Cloramine T, Clorina, Clorosan, Desinfect, Euclorina, Gansil, Gyneclorina, Halamid, Heliogen, Kloramin, Kloramine-T, Mannolite, Mianine, Monochloramine T, Multichlor, N-Chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium salt, N-Chloro-4-methylbenzylsulfonamide sodium salt, N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium, N-Chlorotoluenesulfonamide sodium salt, Sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, Sodium chloramine T, Sodium derivative of N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, trihydrate, Sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramide, Sodium p-toluenesulfonylchloramide, Sodium tosylchloramide, Tampules, Tochlorine, Tolamine, Tosilcloramida sodica [INN-Spanish], Tosylchloramid-natrium, Tosylchloramide sodique [INN-French], Tosylchloramide sodium, Tosylchloramidum natricum [INN-Latin], p-Toluenesulfonamide, N-chloro-, sodium salt, [ChemIDplus] UN1759, Chloramine-T, Benzene Sulfonamide Sodium Salt , Sodium chloro(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)azanide , N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium salt , Clorina, Euclorina, Tosylchloramide sodium , N-chloro tosylamide, sodium salt, N-Chloro 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, sodium salt , sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramide, N-Chloro para-toluenesulfonylamide, EC 615-172-8, Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt, Chloralone, Chlorasan, Chlorozone, chloralone, Chloramine-T, Cloramine T, tosylchloramide sodium, chloramine-t trihydrate, Sodium Chloro(tosyl)amide, Sodium N-chloro-4-methylbenzene-sulfonimidate, Chloramine-T, sodium chloro(tosyl)amide, N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide Sodium Salt Trihydrate, Tosylchloramide Sodium Trihydrate, (N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamido)sodium Trihydrate, N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide Sodium Salt Trihydrate



Tosylchloramide sodium is an organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.
Tosylchloramide sodium has a role as an antifouling biocide, a disinfectant and an allergen.
Tosylchloramide sodium contains a chloro(p-tolylsulfonyl)azanide.


Tosylchloramide sodium is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa.
Both the anhydrous salt and Tosylchloramide sodium's trihydrate are known.
Both are white powders.


Tosylchloramide sodium is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Tosylchloramide sodium is commonly used as cyclizing agent in the synthesis of aziridine, oxadiazole, isoxazole and pyrazoles.
Tosylchloramide sodium's inexpensive, has low toxicity and acts as a oxidizing agent.


In addition, Tosylchloramide sodium also acts as a source of nitrogen anions and electrophilic cations.
Tosylchloramide sodium may undergo degradation on long term exposure to atmosphere such that care must be taken during its storage.
Tosylchloramide sodium is an organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.


Tosylchloramide sodium is a white or slightly yellow crystals or crystalline powder.
Tosylchloramide sodium is one of numerous organometallic compounds manufactured.
Organometallics are useful reagents, catalysts, and precursor materials with applications in thin film deposition, industrial chemistry, pharmaceuticals, LED manufacturing, and others.


Tosylchloramide sodium, known as Chloramine-T (CAT), is a low-cost mild oxidizing agent with a wide range of uses.
Tosylchloramide sodium acts as a source of halonium cation and nitrogen anion and thus acts as base and nucleophile.
Tosylchloramide sodium reacts with a wide range of functional groups and carries different molecular transformations.


Tosylchloramide sodium is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 to < 100 tonnes per annum.
Tosylchloramide sodium is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa.


Both the anhydrous salt and Tosylchloramide sodium's trihydrate are known.
Both are white powders.
Tosylchloramide sodium's inexpensive, has low toxicity and acts as a oxidizing agent.


In addition, Tosylchloramide sodium also acts as a source of nitrogen anions and electrophilic cations.
Tosylchloramide sodium may undergo degradation on long term exposure to atmosphere such that care must be taken during its storage.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a disinfectant that is used to treat wastewater and as a preservative for water.


Tosylchloramide sodium has been shown to be effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Tosylchloramide sodium is an antimicrobial agent that reacts with the matrix in which it is applied to form chloramines-T (NHClO).
Tosylchloramide sodium inhibits the activity of enzymes such as those involved in DNA synthesis and protein synthesis.


This reaction also generates an electric current due to the redox potentials of the reactants.
The presence of aziridines in Tosylchloramide sodium leads to crosslinking between proteins, which enhances its effectiveness as a disinfectant.


Tosylchloramide sodium has been shown to have no adverse effects on human erythrocytes or DNA when used at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a white crystal powder.
Tosylchloramide sodium has a slight smell of chlorine gas, no bitterness, and slowly decomposes in the exposed air.


The effective chlorine is reduced by 0.1% in one year, gradually loses chlorine and turns yellow, is easily soluble in water and ethanol, and is insoluble in chloroform, ether or benzene.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a white to yellow crystals with a slight odor of Chlorine.


Tosylchloramide sodium is a titrimetric reagent, and an oxidizing agent.
Tosylchloramide sodium is an investigational animal drug used in the aquaculture industry and also is a very effective odor control compound.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
Tosylchloramide sodium is used reagent in amidohydroxylation
Tosylchloramide sodium is used the Sharpless oxyamination converts an alkene to a vicinal aminoalcohol.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used a common source of the amido component of this reaction is chloramine-T.


Vicinal aminoalcohols are important products in organic synthesis and recurring pharmacophores in drug discovery.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used the Sharpless oxyamination and Oxidant.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a strong oxidant.


Tosylchloramide sodium oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide.
Tosylchloramide sodium converts iodide to iodine monochloride (ICl).
ICl rapidly undergoes electrophilic substitution predominantly with activated aromatic rings, such as those of the amino acid tyrosine.


Thus, Tosylchloramide sodium is used to incorporate iodine into peptides and proteins.
Tosylchloramide sodium together with iodogen or lactoperoxidase is commonly used for labeling peptides and proteins with radioiodine isotopes.
This disinfectant is for external use only, Tosylchloramide sodium can exterminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, spore.


The action principle is that chlorine can sterilize slowly and lastingly, and also can dissolve necrotic tissue, chlorine come from hypochlorous acid which is produced by Tosylchloramide sodium solution.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used apply to disinfect drinking water container,food,all kind of tableware, fruits and vegetables,and cleaning wound, mucous membrane.


Tosylchloramide sodium is used in preparation of Acetoxy Chloro Me Butene.
Most importantly, Tosylchloramide sodium can be used in acidic, neutral, and basic conditions.
As a result, Tosylchloramide sodium’s been widely used in chemistry, particularly in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry.


Tosylchloramide sodium is used in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Tosylchloramide sodium is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water.


Tosylchloramide sodium is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Release to the environment of Tosylchloramide sodium can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.


Release to the environment of Tosylchloramide sodium can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.


Tosylchloramide sodium is commonly used as cyclizing agent in the synthesis of aziridine, oxadiazole, isoxazole and pyrazoles.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a disinfectant with broad-spectrum bactericidal ability for external use.
Tosylchloramide sodium contains 24 to 25% of available chlorine.


Tosylchloramide sodium is relatively stable and has a killing effect on bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores.
The principle of action is that the solution produces hypochlorous acid to release chlorine, which has a slow and long-lasting bactericidal action and can dissolve necrotic tissue.


Tosylchloramide sodium has mild and long-lasting effect, no irritation to mucous membranes, no side effects, and excellent effect.
Tosylchloramide sodium is often used for washing and disinfecting wounds and ulcers.
Tosylchloramide sodium is widely used in the sterilization of sterile rooms and disinfection of medical devices in pharmaceutical companies.


Tosylchloramide sodium is also used for food utensils, fruit and vegetable breeding industry disinfection, wound surface, mucous membrane washing.
Tosylchloramide sodium was originally used as a bleach in a manner similar to Chloramine B.


Tosylchloramide sodium is now primarily used as an Disinfectant and Fungicide.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used as a bleaching agent and oxidizing desizing agent in the printing and dyeing industry, used as a reagent for supplying chlorine.


Tosylchloramide sodium has other applications that include: algaecide, bactericide, germicide, parasite control, and for drinking water disinfection.
Tosylchloramide sodium is also highly effective against bacteria, viruses, and spores.


In the aquaculture and aquafarming industries, Tosylchloramide sodium (Tosylchloramide Sodium Salt) is used to treat external bacterial infections in salmonid fish such as koi, salmon, trout, and whitefish.
In the personal care industry, Tosylchloramide sodium is used in hydrotherapy treatments to revitalize, maintain, and restore health.


Hydrotherapeutic applications of Tosylchloramide sodium include whirlpools, saunas, steam baths, foot baths, and sitz baths.
Tosylchloramide sodium is also used for disinfection in saunas, solariums, gyms, sport centres, kitchens, sanitary facilities, and air conditioning units.


As an anti-microbial agent, Tosylchloramide sodium it has had widespread use in a broad range of practices, including medical, dental, verterinary food processing and agricultural.
Tosylchloramide sodium also has been used in direct contact with tissues because it has a low degree of cytotoxicity.



REACTIONS OF TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
Tosylchloramide sodium contains active (electrophilic) chlorine.
Tosylchloramide sodium's reactivity is similar to that of sodium hypochlorite.

Aqueous solutions of Tosylchloramide sodium are slightly basic (pH typically 8.5).
The pKa of the closely related N-chlorophenylsulfonamide C6H5SO2NClH is 9.5.

Tosylchloramide sodium is prepared by oxidation of toluenesulfonamide with sodium hypochlorite, with the latter being produced in situ from sodium hydroxide and chlorine (Cl2).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 226.9783716 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 226.9783716 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 43.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 231
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C7H7ClNO2S•Na
C7H7ClNO2S•Na•(3H2O) (hydrate)
Molar mass: 227.64 g/mol
281.69 g/mol (trihydrate)
Appearance: White powder
Density: 1.4 g/cm3
Melting point Releases chlorine at 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Solid melts at 167–169 °C
Solubility in water >100 mg/mL (hydrate)
Molecular Weight: 227.64

Appearance: Solid
Formula: C7H7ClNNaO2S
CAS No.: 127-65-1
SMILES: O=S(C1=CC=C(C)C=C1)(N([Na])Cl)=O
Shipping: Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage: 4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
Appearance: White Powder
Purity: ≥99%
Active Chlorine: ≥24.5%
PH: 8.0-11.0
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available

Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Water Solubility: 1.52 mg/mL
logP: -1
logP: 1.85
logS: -2.2

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 4.89
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 3
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 43.37 Å2
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 47.79 m3•mol-1
Polarizability: 18.65 Å3
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

Chemical Formula: C7H7ClNO2S•Na
Hydrate Formula: C7H7ClNO2S•Na•(3H2O)
Molecular Weight:
227.64 g/mol (anhydrous)
281.69 g/mol (trihydrate)
Appearance: White powder
Density: 1.4 g/cm³
Melting Point:
Releases chlorine at 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K)
Solid melts at 167–169 °C
Solubility in Water: >100 g/L (hydrate)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1

Exact Mass: 226.9783716 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 226.9783716 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 43.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 231
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical Name: Sodium; chloro-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide
Compound Formula: C7H7ClNNaO2S
Molecular Weight: 227.644 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or crystals
Density: 1.4 g/cm³
Melting Point: 167-170 °C
Boiling Point: 314.3 °C at 760 mmHg (est.)
Flash Point: 143.9 °C (291.00 °F, TCC)
Solubility in Water: >100 mg/mL (est.)
Exact Mass: 226.978378 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 226.978378 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Topological Polar Surface Area: 42.52 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 231
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C7H7ClNO2S.Na/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)12(10,11)9-8;/h2-5H,1H3;/q-1;+1
InChI Key: VDQQXEISLMTGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(=O)[N-]Cl.[Na+]
EC Number: 204-854-7
PubChem CID: 3641960

RTECS Number: XT5616800
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00%
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Vapor Pressure: 0.000472 mmHg @ 25 °C (est.)
logP (o/w): 2.268 (est.)
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
May decompose violently if heated above 130 °C.
May decompose on exposure to air.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place

Chemical name: Tosylchloramide Sodium,
CAS Number: 127-65-1,
Category: sulphur and selenium compounds, aromatics,
Synonyms: Sodium Chloro(tosyl)amide; Sodium N-chloro-4-methylbenzene-sulfonimidate; Chloramine-T,
Molecular formula: C7H7ClNNaO2S,
Appearance: NA,
Molecular weight: 227.64,
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator,
Shipping Conditions: Ambient,
Applications: NA



FIRST AID MEASURES of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available


TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM
An organic sodium salt derivative of Tosylchloramide sodium with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.
Tosylchloramide sodium is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa.
Both the anhydrous salt and its trihydrate are known.

CAS: 127-65-1
MF: C7H7ClNNaO2S
MW: 227.64
EINECS: 204-854-7

Both are white powders.
Tosylchloramide sodium is used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
Tosylchloramide sodium is commonly used as cyclizing agent in the synthesis of aziridine, oxadiazole, isoxazole and pyrazoles.
Tosylchloramide sodium's inexpensive, has low toxicity and acts as a mild oxidizing agent.
In addition, Tosylchloramide sodium also acts as a source of nitrogen anions and electrophilic cations.
Tosylchloramide sodium may undergo degradation on long term exposure to atmosphere such that care must be taken during its storage.

Tosylchloramide sodium is a disinfectant agent widely used in laboratories, kitchens and hospitals.
Tosylchloramide sodium is also used as a biocide in air fresheners and deodorants.
Tosylchloramide sodium or N-chloro tosylamide, sodium salt, sold as chloramine-T, is a N-chlorinated and N-deprotonated sulfonamide used as a biocide and a mild disinfectant.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a white powder that gives unstable solutions with water.
Trade names of Tosylchloramide sodium products include Chloraseptin, Chlorazol, Clorina, Disifin, Halamid, Hydroclonazone, Trichlorol, Minachlor, and generic Chloramin T or Tosylchloramide Sodium, among others.

Tosylchloramide sodium Chemical Properties
Melting point: 167-170 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.401[at 20℃]
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
Storage temp.: Sealed in dry,2-8°C
Solubility: H2O: >100 mg/mL
pka: 0.39[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 150g/L at 25℃
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. May decompose violently if heated above 130 C. May decompose on exposure to air.
LogP: -1.3 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 127-65-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Tosylchloramide sodium (127-65-1)

Reactions
Tosylchloramide sodium contains active (electrophilic) chlorine.
Tosylchloramide sodium's reactivity is similar to that of sodium hypochlorite.
Aqueous solutions of Tosylchloramide sodium are slightly basic (pH typically 8.5).
The pKa of the closely related Tosylchloramide sodium C6H5SO2NClH is 9.5.

Uses
Tosylchloramide sodium is for external use only, it can exterminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, spore.
The action principle is that chlorine can sterilize slowly and lastingly, and also can dissolve necrotic tissue, chlorine come from hypochlorous acid which is produced by Tosylchloramide sodium solution.
Apply to disinfect drinking water container,food,all kind of tableware, fruits and vegetables,and cleaning wound, mucous membrane.

Reagent in amidohydroxylation
The Sharpless oxyamination converts an alkene to a vicinal aminoalcohol.
A common source of the amido component of this reaction is Tosylchloramide sodium.
Vicinal aminoalcohols are important products in organic synthesis and recurring pharmacophores in drug discovery.

Iodination and radioiodination
Hypochlorite released from Tosylchloramide sodium acts as an effective oxidizing agent for iodide to form iodine monochloride (ICl).
ICl rapidly undergoes electrophilic substitution predominantly with activated aromatic rings, such as those of the amino acid tyrosine.
Thus, Tosylchloramide sodium is widely used for the incorporation of iodine to peptides and proteins.
Tosylchloramide sodium together with iodogen or lactoperoxidase is commonly used for labeling peptides and proteins with radioiodine isotopes (123I, 125I or 131I).

Biocide
Tosylchloramide sodium is available in tablet or powder form and has to be dissolved before use.
Tosylchloramide sodium is sprayed on a surface and allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes before being wiped off or allowed to dry.
Tosylchloramide sodium used in areas such as hospitals, laboratories, nursing homes, funeral homes, medical, dental and veterinary facilities, where control of pathogens is required, for disinfecting surfaces and soaking medical and dental equipment.
Tosylchloramide sodium is also used for parasite control and for drinking water disinfection.

Tosylchloramide sodium is as an algicide, bactericide, virucide, fungicide (including spores), germicide.
Tosylchloramide sodium is also effective against mycobacteria such as tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza.
The molecular structure of Tosylchloramide sodium is similar to para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in bacterial metabolism, which is disrupted by this sulfonamide (in the same way as by a sulfa drug).
Therefore, Tosylchloramide sodium is capable of inhibiting with bacterial growth with two mechanisms, with the phenylsulfonamide moiety and the hypochlorite, which destroys the DNA structure via oxidation and thereby prevents microbes from reproducing and reforming.

Protective agent
Tosylchloramide sodium reacts readily with mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide; Tosylchloramide sodium derivatives are being studied as protective agents against poison gas.

Oxidant
Tosylchloramide sodium is a strong oxidant.
Tosylchloramide sodium oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide.

Tosylchloramide sodium converts iodide to iodine monochloride (ICl).
ICl rapidly undergoes electrophilic substitution predominantly with activated aromatic rings, such as those of the amino acid tyrosine.
Thus, Tosylchloramide sodium is used to incorporate iodine into peptides and proteins.
Tosylchloramide sodium together with iodogen or lactoperoxidase is commonly used for labeling peptides and proteins with radioiodine isotopes.

Synthesis
Tosylchloramide sodium is prepared in 75 – 95 % yield by passing chlorine into a sodium hydroxide solution of p-toluenesulfonamide.
Tosylchloramide sodium is a strong electrolyte in acid solution and a good oxidizing agent in base.
Tosylchloramide sodium is fairly soluble in water, and practically insoluble in benzene, chloroform, and ether.
Tosylchloramide sodium reacts readily with mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide; Tosylchloramide sodium derivatives are being studied as protective agents against poison gas.

Synonyms
Chloramine-T
CHLORAMINE T
127-65-1
Chloralone
Chlorasan
Chlorozone
Tosylchloramide sodium
Acti-chlore
Chloraseptine
Chlorazene
Chlorazone
Chlorseptol
Multichlor
Tochlorine
Aktivin
Chlorazan
Chlorosol
Heliogen
Mannolite
Tampules
Tolamine
Sodium chloramine T
Chlorina Aktivin
Monochloramine T
Sodium tosylchloramide
Sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramide
Berkendyl
Anexol
Tosilcloramida sodica
Sodium chloro(tosyl)amide
Cloramine T
Tosylchloramide sodique
Tosylchloramidum natricum
Clorina
Euclorina
Aseptoclean
Gyneclorina
(N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamido)sodium
Clorosan
Desinfect
Kloramin
Mianine
Gansil
Tosylchloramid-natrium
Sodium p-toluenesulfonylchloramide
Chloramin Heyden
Kloramine-T
N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium
Sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide
Halamid
Caswell No. 170
chloramine-T anhydrous
Chloramin Dr. Fahlberg
N-Chlorotoluenesulfonamide sodium salt
Tosylchloramide sodium [INN]
Chloramine-t [NF]
CHEBI:53767
HSDB 4303
N-Chloro-4-methylbenzylsulfonamide sodium salt
EINECS 204-854-7
Tosilcloramida sodica [INN-Spanish]
N-Chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium salt
NSC 36959
Tosylchloramide sodique [INN-French]
Tosylchloramidum natricum [INN-Latin]
AI3-18426C
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076502
UNII-328AS34YM6
p-Toluenesulfonamide, N-chloro-, sodium salt
sodium chloro(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)azanide
328AS34YM6
[chloro(p-tolylsulfonyl)amino]sodium
Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt
sodium;chloro-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide
149358-73-6
Tosylchloramide sodium (INN)
Benzenesulfonamide, N-chloro-4-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1)
NSC-36959
p-Toluenesulfonchloramide Sodium Salt
C7H7ClNNaO2S
SR-01000872612
N-Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium salt
Chloramin T
(N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide)sodium
Sodiumchloro(tosyl)amide
CHLORAMINE-T [MI]
Epitope ID:116223
CHLORAMINE T [INCI]
CHLORAMINE-T [HSDB]
SCHEMBL19335
C7-H8-Cl-N-O2-S.Na
CHEMBL1697734
DTXSID6040321
HMS3264N19
AMY37206
BCP12015
HY-B0959
s6403
AKOS015890257
CCG-213937
CS-4435
TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [WHO-DD]
SODIUM P-TOLUENESULFONCHLOROAMIDE
LS-154121
TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [EP IMPURITY]
FT-0654742
TOSYLCHLORAMIDE SODIUM [EP MONOGRAPH]
Chloramine-T 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-75322
sodium chloro[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]azanide
D02445
D88065
Q420695
J-008582
SR-01000872612-2
SR-01000872612-3
W-108379
N-Chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium salt (1:1)
Chloramine (T) N-Chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide,sodium salt
Z1172235461
Chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, sodium salt, n-; (Chloramine T) (see also SFV550)
TRANS-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
Trans-butenedioic acid has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.
Trans-butenedioic acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.

CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC Number: 203-743-0
Chemical Formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol

Trans-butenedioic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, Trans-butenedioic acid occurs widely in nature.

Trans-butenedioic acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Trans-butenedioic acid E number is E297.

The salts and esters are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
Trans-butenedioic acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Trans-butenedioic acid can be prepared by fermentation by employing Rhizopus species.
Recently, industrial-scale synthesis of Trans-butenedioic acid from renewable feedstocks and lignocellulosic biomass has been proposed

Trans-butenedioic acid is an organic compound (this means Trans-butenedioic acid consists of carbon).
The chemical formula of Trans-butenedioic acid is C4H4O4.

Trans-butenedioic acid is mostly found in Trans-butenedioic acid solid state and is white in color.
Trans-butenedioic acid has a fruit-like taste.

Trans-butenedioic acid is also known as Allomaleic acid.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.

Trans-butenedioic acid is widely used as a food additive.
Even the human skin produces Trans-butenedioic acid when Trans-butenedioic acid is exposed to sunlight.

Trans-butenedioic acid is a by-product of the urea cycle in human beings.
The salts and esters of Trans-butenedioic acid are collectively known as fumarates.
Fumaric and maleic acids were discovered by Braconnet and by Vauquelin separately while they were performing the dry distillation of malic acid in the year 1817.

Trans-butenedioic acid appears as a colorless crystalline solid.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used to make paints and plastics, in food processing and preservation, and for other uses.

Trans-butenedioic acid is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.
Trans-butenedioic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

Trans-butenedioic acid has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a conjugate acid of a fumarate(1-).

Trans-butenedioic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Trans-butenedioic acid or Fumaric acid, is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals.
Trans-butenedioic acid is also an essential ingredient in plant life.

When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of Trans-butenedioic acid results in persistent, long lasting sourness and flavor impact.
The versatile compound also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs greater than 4.5.
Trans-butenedioic acid low molecular weight gives Trans-butenedioic acid more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.O.

Because of Trans-butenedioic acid strength, less Trans-butenedioic acid is required when compared to other organic food acids, therefore reducing costs per unit weight.

Trans-butenedioic acid (C4H4O4) is an organic acid widely found in nature, and is a component of organic biosynthesis is humans.
Chemically, Trans-butenedioic acid is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid.

Trans-butenedioic acid exists as white or nearly white crystals, odorless with a very tart taste.
Trans-butenedioic acid is generally nontoxic and nonirritant.

Trans-butenedioic acid has been used in food and beverage products since the 1940s.
Food research shows that Trans-butenedioic acid can improve quality and reduce the costs of many food and beverage products.

Trans-butenedioic acid is non-hygroscopic (absorbs no moisture).
In the cosmetic industry, Trans-butenedioic acid is used as a bath salt cleaning agent for dentures.

Trans-butenedioic acid also is used in animal feeds.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and has been used clinically in the treatment of psoriasis.
Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) is the methyl ester of Trans-butenedioic acid, and was approved in 2013 for use in multiple sclerosis.

Trans-butenedioic acid is obtained from the transformation of maleic anhydride or maleic acid solutions resulting from the isomerization process (washing) of phthalic anhydride.
Trans-butenedioic acid application areas are unsaturated polyester resins, the acidifying animal feed and plasticized products.

Trans-butenedioic acid is an important specialty chemical with wide industrial applications ranging from Trans-butenedioic acid use as feedstock for the synthesis of polymeric resins to acidulant in foods and pharmaceuticals.
Currently, Trans-butenedioic acid is mainly produced by petroleum-based chemical synthesis.
Limited petroleum resources, rising oil prices, and heightened environmental concern of chemical synthesis have prompted interest in the development of bio-based Trans-butenedioic acid from renewable resources.

Filamentous fungal fermentation with Rhizopus spp can produce Trans-butenedioic acid from glucose via a reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway and was once used in the industry before the rising of the petrochemical industry.
However, conventional Trans-butenedioic acid fermentation is expensive because of Trans-butenedioic acid low product yield and productivity.

Filamentous fungal fermentation is also difficult to operate because of Trans-butenedioic acid morphology.
Methods to control cell growth in the pellet form and to immobilize the mycelia in biofilm have been developed to improve fermentation performance.

Trans-butenedioic acid attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-Κb signaling.
Trans-butenedioic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer-causing metabolite.

High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.
Trans-butenedioic acid oncogenic action appears due to Trans-butenedioic acid ability to inhibit prolyl Hydroxylase-containing enzymes.

Trans-butenedioic acid (Fumarate, 2-Butenedioic acid, Fumaric acid) is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food; also a product of the urea cycle.

Trans-butenedioic acid is an organic compound with the formula (COOH)CH=CH(COOH).
A white solid, Trans-butenedioic acid occurs widely in nature.

Trans-butenedioic acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Trans-butenedioic acid E number is E297.

Trans-butenedioic acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Trans-butenedioic acid is produced naturally in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, which is involved in ATP production.
The food grade product can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by biosynthesis.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used for controlling malolactic fermentation in wines under conditions stipulated by regulation.

Production by chemical synthesis is the most common:
Trans-butenedioic acid involves the isomerisation of maleic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride, produced from the oxidation of butane or benzene. Production by biosynthesis, which is more sustainable, should develop rapidly.
Trans-butenedioic acid involves the fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae, in particular, of agri-food residues (e.g. from apples).

The Trans-butenedioic acid is prepared in solution in a volume of wine before incorporation.

Applications of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Trans-butenedioic acid has been used as a standard for the quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in nettle samples by HPLC.
Trans-butenedioic acid may be used in the preparation of L-Lysine-Trans-butenedioic acid crystals.
Trans-butenedioic acid may also be employed for the industrial manufacture of synthetic resins and eco-friendly/biodegradable polymers.

When used in wine, Trans-butenedioic acid enables you to control malolactic fermentation.
In fact, when added at an early stage after the end of alcoholic fermentation (fructose/glucose under 1 g/L), Trans-butenedioic acid blocks all malolactic fermentation.

Added during malolactic fermentation, Trans-butenedioic acid allows the fermentation to be partially completed.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a tool of great interest when you wish to limit [the use of SO2] or make wines without SO2.

Uses of Trans-butenedioic acid:
The esters of Trans-butenedioic acid are used for the treatment of psoriasis due to the antioxidants and anti-inflammation properties.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used as a food additive.

Trans-butenedioic acid helps preserve the taste and quality of the food products due to the low water absorption capacity of the Trans-butenedioic acid.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used by pharmacies to produce ferrous fumarate and alexipharmic.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the production of Tartaric acid.

Trans-butenedioic acid is related to malic acid, and, like malic acid, Trans-butenedioic acid is involved in the production of energy (in the form of adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) from food.

Trans-butenedioic acid is an essential biochemical in the cellular respiration of plants and animals.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used as a fortifier (paper size resins, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd surface coating resins), food antioxidant, dye mordant, and medication.

Trans-butenedioic acid is also used in dentifrices (stain remover) and to make other chemicals.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in rosin esters and adducts, drying oils, printing inks, and foods (acidulant and flavoring agent).

Trans-butenedioic acid is used primarily in liquid pharmaceutical preparations as an acidulant and flavoring agent.
Trans-butenedioic acid may be included as the acid part of effervescent tablet formulations, although this use is limited as Trans-butenedioic acid has an extremely low solubility in water.

Trans-butenedioic acid is also used as a chelating agent which exhibits synergism when used in combination with other true antioxidants.
In the design of novel pelletized formulations manufactured by extrusion-spheronization, Trans-butenedioic acid was used to aid spheronization, favoring the production of fine pellets.

Trans-butenedioic acid has also been investigated as an alternative filler to lactose in pellets.
Trans-butenedioic acid has been investigated as a lubricant for effervescent tablets, and copolymers of Trans-butenedioic acid and sebacic acid have been investigated as bioadhesive microspheres.

Trans-butenedioic acid has also been used in film-coated pellet formulations as an acidifying agent and also to increase drug solubility.
Trans-butenedioic acid is also used as a food additive at concentrations up to 3600 ppm, and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin disorders.

Trans-butenedioic acid is naturally produced by the body, however for industrial applications Trans-butenedioic acid is synthesized chemically.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods.

Trans-butenedioic acid is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas.
Trans-butenedioic acid is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product.

Trans-butenedioic acid is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread.
In cake mixes, Trans-butenedioic acid is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix.

In fruit drinks, Trans-butenedioic acid is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color.
Trans-butenedioic acid also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate.

When added to wines, Trans-butenedioic acid helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements.
In this fashion, Trans-butenedioic acid helps to stabilize the taste of wine.

Trans-butenedioic acid can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies.
Trans-butenedioic acid helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.

Food:
Trans-butenedioic acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Trans-butenedioic acid is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.

As a food additive, Trans-butenedioic acid is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
Trans-butenedioic acid is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.

Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
Trans-butenedioic acid is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of Trans-butenedioic acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, Trans-butenedioic acid is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.

The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that Trans-butenedioic acid is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.

Medicine:
Trans-butenedioic acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
Trans-butenedioic acid activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, plant protection products, inks and toners and pH regulators and water treatment products. Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the following areas: scientific research and development, building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing. Trans-butenedioic acid is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, furniture and electrical, electronic and optical equipment. Release to the environment of Trans-butenedioic acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates). Other release to the environment of Trans-butenedioic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites:
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, pharmaceuticals, inks and toners and laboratory chemicals.
Trans-butenedioic acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.
Trans-butenedioic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trans-butenedioic acid can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediates
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Surface active agents
Waterproofing agent

Consumer Uses:
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Trans-butenedioic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use as processing aid.

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Flavoring and nutrient
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)

Therapeutic Uses:
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and food products, and is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material.

Trans-butenedioic acid preparations are used as long term and effective treatment of psoriasis.

Trans-butenedioic acid and Trans-butenedioic acid esters (FAE) are already in use for treatment of psoriasis and are known to have an immunomodulatory effect.
A phase II clinical study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with the modified Trans-butenedioic acid ester BG-12 showed as "proof of principle" in a frequent MRI design that FAE significantly reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions after 24 weeks of treatment.
Further phase III studies have been started to explore the long-term efficacy of this substance.

Oral treatment of psoriasis on an outpatient basis, using a preparation containing Trans-butenedioic acid derivatives, was evaluated as initial monotherapy (3 months) and as long-term basic therapy (12-14 months) in 13 and 11 patients, respectively.
The course of the disease was analysed in each individual case.

After completion of both parts of the trial, half of the patients that had only responded poorly to conventional antipsoriatic therapy showed a significant improvement which occurred after several weeks of treatment.
In 4 patients the medication had to be stopped because of abdominal pain.

No severe side effects, particularly of renal, hepatic or hematological nature, could be established.
Studies in mice and rats disclosed only a low acute toxicity of the Trans-butenedioic acid derivatives used.

In additional analyses, hypotheses were dealt with concerning the mechanism of action of Trans-butenedioic acid in psoriasis.
To establish Trans-butenedioic acid derivatives in the treatment of psoriasis, studies on chronic toxicity and pharmacokinetics will have to be conducted.
Further clinical trials should evaluate a single Trans-butenedioic acid derivative instead of mixtures.

Other uses:
Trans-butenedioic acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When Trans-butenedioic acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Pulp and Paper Processing
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Typical Properties of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Physical Properties:
Trans-butenedioic acid mostly appears as a white-colored solid.
Trans-butenedioic acid has a fruit-like odor.

The molecular weight of Trans-butenedioic acid is 116 amu.
Trans-butenedioic acid is Combustible but Trans-butenedioic acid is difficult to start a fire.

Trans-butenedioic acid undergoes sublimation at 200 C.
The melting point of Trans-butenedioic acid is 572 to 576 °F.

Chemical Properties:
Trans-butenedioic acid is soluble in ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Trans-butenedioic acid is soluble in alcohol but is insoluble in benzene, water, and chloroform.

The capacity to absorb atmospheric moisture is very less.
The pH of Trans-butenedioic acid is 3.19
When Trans-butenedioic acid is heated in presence of Bayers reagent Trans-butenedioic acid gives rise to Racemic Tartaric Acid.

Characteristics of Trans-butenedioic acid:
One of Trans-butenedioic acid properties is to inhibit or block malolactic fermentation at a certain concentration.
Trans-butenedioic acid is therefore a tool of choice to limit the use of the SO2 previously used for this purpose.

Synthesis and Reactions of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Trans-butenedioic acid was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.

Currently, industrial synthesis of Trans-butenedioic acid is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.

The chemical properties of Trans-butenedioic acid can be anticipated from Trans-butenedioic acid component functional groups.
This weak acid forms a diester, Trans-butenedioic acid undergoes additions across the double bond, and Trans-butenedioic acid is an excellent dienophile.

Trans-butenedioic acid does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly.
For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.

Formula of Trans-butenedioic acid:
The Trans-butenedioic acid formula, also named as Allomaleic acid formula is discussed in this article.
Trans-butenedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and a conjugate acid of fumarate.
The molecular or chemical formula of Trans-butenedioic acid is C4H4O4.

Trans-butenedioic acid is a precursor to L-malate in the TCA cycle.
Trans-butenedioic acid is generated by oxidizing succinic acid using succinate dehydrogenase.

Fumarate is converted to malate by the enzyme fumarase.
High levels of Allomaleic acid is present in biofluids surrounding tumours or inside the tumours.

Manufacturing Methods of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Commercially, Trans-butenedioic acid may be prepared from glucose by the action of fungi such as Rhizopus nigricans, as a by-product in the manufacture of maleic and phthalic anhydrides, and by the isomerization of maleic acid using heat or a catalyst.
On the laboratory scale, Trans-butenedioic acid can be prepared by the oxidation of furfural with sodium chlorate in the presence of vanadium pentoxide.

Maleic acid or maleic anhydride, especially the maleic acid-containing wash water from the production of maleic anhydride or phthalic anhydride, serves as starting material for the manufacture of Trans-butenedioic acid.
The maleic acid concentration should be at least 30%.

Maleic acid is converted almost quantitatively by thermal or catalytic isomerization into the sparingly soluble Trans-butenedioic acid, which is recovered by filtration.
Various substances have been proposed as catalysts: mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid); sulfur compounds such as thiocyanates, thiazoles, thiosemicarbazides, thioureas; or bromine compounds in combination with peroxides (e.g., persulfate).

Thiourea is most commonly used in practice.
The maleic acid-containing wash water contains impurities that can affect quality and yield.

This problem can be largely avoided (1) by thermal pretreatment of the wash water, (2) by adding urea if thiourea is used as catalyst, and (3) by addition of sulfites or passaged of sulfur dioxide and addition of mineral acids.
The crude Trans-butenedioic acid obtained is purified by recrystallization from water, combined with purification by active charcoal.
Losses during purification are about 10%.

General Manufacturing Information of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing

Human Metabolite Information of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Tissue Locations:
Placenta
Prostate

Cellular Locations:
Extracellular
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biosynthesis and Occurrence of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Trans-butenedioic acid is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Trans-butenedioic acid is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid.
In Trans-butenedioic acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z).

Trans-butenedioic acid is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
Trans-butenedioic acid is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.

Human skin naturally produces Trans-butenedioic acid when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.

Handling and storage of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 11: Combustible Solids

Stability and Reactivity of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Reactivity
Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating.
A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical.

The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures:
In correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may generally be assumed.

Chemical stability:
Trans-butenedioic acid is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reactions possible with:
Oxidizing agents
Bases
Reducing agents
Amines

Conditions to avoid:
Strong heating.

Incompatible materials:
No data available

Safety of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Trans-butenedioic acid is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.

First Aid Measures of Trans-butenedioic acid:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Solid streams of water may spread fire.

Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.
Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters:
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Accidental release measures of Trans-butenedioic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid inhalation of dusts.
Avoid substance contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.

Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.

Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Identifiers of Trans-butenedioic acid:
CAS Number: 110-17-8
Beilstein Reference: 605763
ChEBI: CHEBI:18012
ChEMBL: ChEMBL503160
ChemSpider: 10197150
DrugBank: DB04299
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.404
EC Number: 203-743-0
E number: E297 (preservatives)
Gmelin Reference: 49855
KEGG: C00122
PubChem CID: 444972
RTECS number: LS9625000
UNII: 88XHZ13131
UN number: 9126
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3021518
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
InChI=1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDBF
SMILES: C(=C/C(=O)O)\C(=O)O

CAS number: 110-17-8
EC index number: 607-146-00-X
EC number: 203-743-0
Grade: ChP,NF,JPE
Hill Formula: C₄H₄O₄
Chemical formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80

Synonym(s): (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid, Trans-butenedioic acid
Linear Formula: HOOCCH=CHCOOH
CAS Number: 110-17-8
Molecular Weight: 116.07
Beilstein: 605763
EC Number: 203-743-0
MDL number: MFCD00002700
eCl@ss: 39021709
PubChem Substance ID: 329757345
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.072 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 4.9 g/L at 20 °C
Acidity (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: non zero

vapor pressure: 1.7 mmHg ( 165 °C)
Quality Level: 200
grade: purum
Assay: ≥99.0% (T)
form: powder
autoignition temp.: 1364 °F
expl. lim.: 40 %
mp: 298-300 °C (subl.) (lit.)
solubility: 95% ethanol: soluble 0.46 g/10 mL, clear, colorless
SMILES string: OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O
InChI: 1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
InChI key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N

Boiling point: 290 °C (1013 hPa) (sublimed)
Density: 1.64 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 273 °C
Ignition temperature: 375 °C
Melting Point: 287 °C
pH value: 2.1 (4.9 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: <0.001 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 4.9 g/l

Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 119
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Assay (calc. on anhydrous substance): 99.5 - 100.5 %
Assay (HPLC; calc. on anhydrous substance): 98.0 - 102.0 %
Identity (IR): passes test
Identity (JPE 1): passes test
Identity (JPE 2/ChP 1): passes test
Identity (JPE 3): passes test
Identity (HPLC): passes test
Appearance of solution: passes test
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.010 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 2 ppm
Malic acid (HPLC) (NF): ≤ 1.5 %
Maleic acid (HPLC) (NF): ≤ 0.1 %
Maleic acid (HPLC) (JPE): passes test
Maleic acid (HPLC) (ChP): ≤ 0.1 %
Any individual unspecified impurity (HPLC): ≤ 0.1 %
Sum of all impurities (HPLC): ≤ 0.2 %
Residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by production process
Water (K. F.): ≤ 0.5 %
Sulfated ash: ≤ 0.05 %

Related Products of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Telaglenastat (CB-839)New
Setanaxib (GKT137831)New
LB-100New
Puromycin 2HCl
Cyclosporin A
Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate
Ganciclovir
Calcitriol
Ribavirin (ICN-1229)
BAPTA-AM

Related Compounds of Trans-butenedioic acid:
Fumaryl chloride
Fumaronitrile
Dimethyl fumarate
Ammonium fumarate
Iron(II) fumarate

Related carboxylic acids:
Maleic acid
Succinic acid
Crotonic acid

Names of Fumaric acid:

Regulatory process names:
Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid

Translated names:
acide fumarique (fr)
acido fumarico (it)
Fumaarhape (et)
Fumaarihappo (fi)
fumaarzuur (nl)
fumarna kiselina (hr)
fumarna kislina (sl)
fumaro rūgštis (lt)
fumarová kyselina (cs)
fumarsyra (sv)
fumarsyre (da)
fumarsyre (no)
Fumarsäure (de)
fumársav (hu)
fumārskābe (lv)
kyselina fumarová (sk)
ácido fumárico (es)
ácido fumárico (pt)
φουμαρικό οξύ (el)
фумарова киселина (bg)

IUPAC names:
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E) but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-Fumaric acid
2-Butenedioic acid, E-
acide fumarique
But-2-enedioic acid
but-2-enedioic acid
E-butenedioic Acid
FA Flakes
FUMARIC ACID
Fumaric Acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid
Fumaric Acid
Fumaric acid
fumaric acid
fumaric acid ,Butenedioic acid , Allomaleic acid , Boletic acid , Donitic acid , Lichenic acid
Fumarsäure
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic
trans-2-Butenedioïc acid
trans-Butendisäure
Trans-Butenedioic Acid

Preferred IUPAC name:
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid

Trade names:
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Fumaric Acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
TRANS-BUTENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID

Other names:
Fumaric acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Donitic acid
Lichenic acid

Other identifiers:
110-17-8
607-146-00-X
623158-97-4
909873-99-0

Synonyms of Trans-butenedioic acid:
fumaric acid
110-17-8
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
fumarate
Lichenic acid
Boletic acid
Tumaric acid
(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
Allomalenic acid
But-2-enedioic acid
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaricum acidum
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Kyselina fumarova
Butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
USAF EK-P-583
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
FEMA No. 2488
(2E)-2-butenedioic acid
Caswell No. 465E
FEMA Number 2488
NSC-2752
Fumarsaeure
Allomaleic-acid
Boletic-acid
Lichenic acid (VAN)
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
CCRIS 1039
HSDB 710
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
Kyselina fumarova [Czech]
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
U-1149
ammonium fumarate
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201
AI3-24236
6915-18-0
EINECS 203-743-0
fumarate, 10
BRN 0605763
Fumaric acid (NF)
Fumaric acid [NF]
INS NO.297
DTXSID3021518
UNII-88XHZ13131
CHEBI:18012
E-2-Butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid (8CI)
INS-297
NSC2752
ethylenedicarboxylic acid
FC 33 (acid)
88XHZ13131
E297
DTXCID601518
Maleic acid-2,3-13C2
E-297
2(TRANS)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
EC 203-743-0
4-02-00-02202 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
fum
Maleic-2,3-d2 acid
F0067
FUMARIC ACID (II)
FUMARIC ACID [II]
(E)-2-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water
FUMARIC ACID (MART.)
FUMARIC ACID [MART.]
FUMARIC ACID (USP-RS)
FUMARIC ACID [USP-RS]
(2E)-but-2-enedioate
FUMARIC ACID (USP IMPURITY)
FUMARIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Donitic acid
but-2-enedioicacid
CAS-110-17-8
trans-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-1,2-Ethylenediccarboxylic acid
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
fumarsaure
Allomaleate
Boletate
Lichenate
Acide fumarique
Acido lichenico
fumeric acid
Acido boletico
Acido fumarico
Acidum fumaricum
Acido allomaleico
trans-Butenedioate
NCGC00091192-02
24461-33-4
26099-09-2
Fumaric Acid,(S)
MFCD00002700
trans-2-Butendisaure
trans-2-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioate
Fumaric acid, 99%
Acido trans butendioico
FUM (CHRIS Code)
trans-Ethylendicarbonsaure
(Trans)-butenedioic acid
Fumaric acid, >=99%
FEMA Number: 2488
bmse000083
D03GOO
FUMARIC ACID [MI]
WLN: QV1U1VQ-T
FUMARIC ACID [FCC]
Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid
SCHEMBL1177
FUMARIC ACID [FHFI]
FUMARIC ACID [HSDB]
FUMARIC ACID [INCI]
FUMARIC ACID [VANDF]
MLS002454406
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid #
S04-0167
FUMARIC ACID [WHO-DD]
CHEMBL503160
FUMARICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
BDBM26122
CHEBI:22958
2-Butenedioic acid (2E-(9CI)
HMS2270C12
Pharmakon1600-01301022
Fumaric acid, >=99.0% (T)
AMY30339
STR02646
Acido trans 1,2-etenedicarbossilico
Tox21_201769
Tox21_302826
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI)
Acido trans 1,2-etilendicarbossilico
Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG
LS-500
NA9126
NSC760395
s4952
AKOS000118896
Fumaric acid, qNMR Standard for DMSO
CCG-266065
CS-W016599
DB01677
HY-W015883
NSC-760395
OR17920
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 051201
NCGC00091192-01
NCGC00091192-03
NCGC00256360-01
NCGC00259318-01
BP-13087
Fumaric acid, tested according to USP/NF
SMR000112117
Fumaric acid, puriss., >=99.5% (T)
EN300-17996
Fumaric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%
1, (E)
C00122
D02308
D85166
Q139857
Fumaric acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
J-002389
Fumarate; 2-Butenedioic acid; Trans-Butenedioic acid
Z57127460
F8886-8257
Fumaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
26B3632D-E93F-4655-90B0-3C17855294BA
Fumaric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), >=99%
Fumaric acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Fumaric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Fumaric Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
623158-97-4
Fumaric acid [Wiki]
(2E)-2-Butendisäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-Butenedioic acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
110-17-8 [RN]
203-743-0 [EINECS]
2-Butenedioic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (2E)- [ACD/Index Name]
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
605763 [Beilstein]
Acide (2E)-2-butènedioïque [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acidum fumaricum
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
E-2-Butenedioic acid
MFCD00002700 [MDL number]
trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid
trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
TRANS-2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
trans-but-2-enedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(E)-2-Butenedioate
(E)-but-2-enedioate
(E)-but-2-enedioic acid
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-(E)-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
4-02-00-02202 [Beilstein]
605762 [Beilstein]
Allomalenic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
cis-Butenedioic acid
Fumaric acidmissing
Fumaricum acidum
Fumarsaeure
Kyselina fumarova [Czech]
Lichenate
Lichenic acid (VAN)
phenanthrene-9,10-dione
phenanthrene-9,10-dione;9,10-Phenanthraquinone
QV1U1VQ-T [WLN]
STR02646
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-1,2-Ethylentricarboxylic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-Butenedioate
延胡索酸 [Chinese]
TRI ETILEN GLIKOL 
SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Glycerin triacetate; Triacetylglycerol; Glycerol triacetate; Glyceryl triacetate; Glyped; Kesscoflex TRA; Triacetine; Vanay; Glycerol triacetate CAS NO. 102-76-1
TRIACETIN
DESCRIPTION:
Triacetin, is the organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
Triacetin is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol.
Triacetin is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point.

CAS Number: 102-76-1
EC Number: 203-051-9
Systematic IUPAC name: Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
Formula: C9H14O6


Triacetin has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations.
Triacetin is one of the glycerine acetate compounds.
Triacetin is a triglyceride, a type of lipid formed from glycerol and three fatty acids.

Triacetin is used in cosmetics as a solvent, preservative and texture enhancer.
Triacetin works to help dissolve and dilute substances, creating a consistent formulation.

Beyond this, Triacetin assists in extending a product’s shelf life as a preservative, preventing the growth of unwanted substances within a product.
As a raw material, Triacetin appears as a colorless, viscous liquid.
Triacetin also has applications in the food industry.

Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate), Food Grade is used as an ingredient in many food and cosmetic products.
Its high solvency power and low volatility make triacetin a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.
One of its main uses is as a plasticizer in chewing gum.

The United States Food and Drug Administration affirmed triacetin as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in human food.
Triacetin is also generally recognized as safe in animal feeds, as a pesticide adjuvant, and in food packaging.
Triacetin, Food Grade, meets all Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) specifications and is manufactured under good manufacturing practices (GMP).

Triacetin is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
Triacetin is also a component of casting liquor with TG.

Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, triacetin was listed as one of the 599 cigarette additives.
The triacetin is applied to the filter as a plasticizer.

Because Triacetin is in some sense the simplest possible fat, it is being considered a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
Triacetin is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from triacetin.

Triacetin, also known as Glyceryl Triacetate, is a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%.
Triacetin is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances.
Triacetin was affirmed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) human food ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Triacetin is used as an inactive ingredient additive in some drug formulations.
Triacetin has been used as a plasticizer in the tests of acrylic polymer films for drug delivery.
Triacetin is not toxic to animals.
However, in one study, Triacetin caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation, and did cause some irritation in rabbit eyes.
Concentration of triacetin in consumer products is in the range of about 0.005-2 % for cosmetics, and has been reported to be as high as 15-33 % for one specific antifungal drug.


USES OF TRIACETIN:
Triacetin is a common food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
Triacetin is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.

Uses Areas:
• Solvent in Flavorings
• Chewing Gum
• Humectant
• Pharmaceuticals
• Plasticizer
• Fuel Additive
• Cosmetic Products

Triacetin or Glycerol Triacetate (C9H14O6 or C3H5(OCOCH3)3, 102-76-1 is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Triacetin is commonly used as a food additive due to its humectant function, emulsification properties and anti fungal properties.

Triacetin is widely employed as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where Triacetin is used as a humectant, a plasticizer and as a solvent.
Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent in petrol and distillates, as well as to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

Triacetin is used As a plasticizer and fragrance fixative, ink solvent, also used in medicine and dye synthesis.
Triacetin is used As a chromatographic fixative, solvent, toughener and fragrance fixative.

Triacetin is used as Humectants; carrier solvents; plasticizers; it can absorb carbon dioxide from the natural gas.
Triacetin is used In the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and dyes, plasticizers for cigarette filter rods, and so on.

Triacetin is used in cosmetics, casting, medicine, dyes and other industries.
This product is non-toxic, non-irritating.
As the substrate for the determination of lipase, perfume fixative, solvent, gas chromatographic fixative (maximum temperature of 85 ℃, solvent: methanol, chloroform), separation of gas and aldehyde analysis.

POTENTIAL USES OF TRIACETIN:
The plasticizing capabilities of triacetin have been utilized in the synthesis of a biodegradable phospholipid gel system for the dissemination of the cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX).
In the study, triacetin was combined with PTX, ethanol, a phospholipid and a medium chain triglyceride to form a gel-drug complex.
This complex was then injected directly into the cancer cells of glioma-bearing mice.
The gel slowly degraded and facilitated sustained release of PTX into the targeted glioma cells.

Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.

Triacetin has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
Triacetin is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from triacetin.

PRODUCTION OF TRIACETIN:
Triacetin can be derived from the esterification of glycerol and acetic acid.
After preheating glycerol to 50-60 ° C, add acetic acid, benzene and sulfuric acid.
Heat and stir for refluxing dehydration, and recycle the benzene.

Then add acetic anhydride for heating of 4h.
After cooling, the mixture was neutralized with 5% sodium carbonate to pH 7, and the crude layer was dried and the crude oil was dried with calcium chloride.
Distill under reduced pressure, collect the 128-131 ° C (0.93 kPa) fraction, namely glycerol triacetate.

SYNTHESIS OF TRIACETIN:
Triacetin was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
Triacetin was prepared in the 19th century from glycerol and acetic acid.
Its synthesis from acetic anhydride and glycerol is simple and inexpensive.

3 (CH3CO)2O + 1 C3H5(OH)3 → 1 C3H5(OCOCH3)3 + 3 CH3CO2H
This synthesis has been conducted with catalytic sodium hydroxide and microwave irradiation to give a 99% yield of triacetin.
It has also been conducted with a cobalt(II) Salen complex catalyst supported by silicon dioxide and heated to 50 °C for 55 minutes to give a 99% yield of triacetin

LIST OF MEDICATIONS USING TRIACETIN:
Triacetin (C9H14O6), also known as glyceryl triacetate, is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, and has been used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.
Triacetin is a liquid, and has been approved by the FDA as a food additive.
Triacetin is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may also have a role as a parenteral nutrient according to animal studies.

Triacetin is also used in the perfume and cosmetic industries.
Triacetin is listed on the FDA Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) List.
According to the FDA, triacetin has been found to be non-toxic in long-term feeding tests in rats at levels that were several orders of magnitude greater than those to which consumers are exposed.

Additionally, in a toxicology report from 2002, triacetin and a group of related triglycerides did not represent a hazard to human health based on the anticipated daily intake of 7.8 mg/day/adult, and other available data.
One case of skin toxicity (allergic contact eczema) due to industrial use in cigarette filter production has been reported.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIACETIN:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIACETIN:
Chemical formula C9H14O6
Molar mass 218.205 g•mol−1
Appearance Oily liquid
Density 1.155 g/cm3
Melting point −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K)
at 760 mmHg
Boiling point 259 °C (498 °F; 532 K)
at 760 mmHg
Solubility in water 6.1 g/100 mL
Solubility Miscible in EtOH
Soluble in C6H6, (C2H5)2O, acetone
Vapor pressure 0.051 Pa (11.09 °C)
0.267 Pa (25.12 °C)
2.08 Pa (45.05 °C)
ln(P/Pa)=22.819-4493/T(K)-807000/T(K)²
Refractive index (nD) 1.4301 (20 °C)
1.4294 (24.5 °C)
Viscosity 23 cP (20 °C)
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C) 389 J/mol•K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 458.3 J/mol•K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −1330.8 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) 4211.6 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight:218.20400
Exact Mass:218.20
EC Number:203-051-9
UNII:XHX3C3X673
ICSC Number:1203
NSC Number:757364|4796
DSSTox ID:DTXSID3026691
Color/Form:Colorless liquid|Colorless somewhat oily liquid
HScode:2915390090
PSA:78.90000
XLogP3:0.2
Appearance:Liquid
Density:1.1562 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C
Melting Point:-78 °C
Boiling Point:258-260 °C
Flash Point:148ºC
Refractive Index:1.429-1.433
Water Solubility:H2O: 64.0 g/L (20 ºC)
Storage Conditions:Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Vapor Pressure:0.0141mmHg at 25°C
Vapor Density:7.52 (vs air)
Toxicity:LD50 i.v. in mice: 1600 ±81 mg/kg (Wretlind)
Flammability characteristics:Lower flammable limit: 1.0% by volume at 373 deg F (189 deg C)
Explosive limit:1.05%, 189°F
Odor:Slightly fatty odor
Taste:MILD, SWEET TASTE, BITTER ABOVE 0.05%
Henrys Law Constant:Henry's Law constant = 1.2X10-8 at 25 °C atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)
Experimental Properties:Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 8.5X10-12 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)
Autoignition Temperature:812 °F (433 °C)|433 °C
Flammable Limits:Lower flammable limit: 1.0% by volume at 373 °F (189 °C)

Melting point 3 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 258-260 °C(lit.)
Density 1.16 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density 7.52 (vs air)
vapor pressure 0.00248 mm Hg @ 250C
FEMA 2007 | (TRI-)ACETIN
refractive index n25/D 1.429-1.431(lit.)
Flash point 300 °F
storage temp. Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility Soluble in water, miscible with ethanol (96 per cent) and toluene.
form Liquid
color Clear colorless
Odor Characteristic odour
explosive limit 1.05%, 189°F
Water Solubility 64.0 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck 14,9589


SYNONYMS OF TRIACETIN:
1,2,3-Propanetriol
1,2,3-triacetate
Acetin,tri-
1,2,3-Propanetriol,triacetate
Enzactin
Fungacetin
Glycerol triacetate
Glyceryl triacetate
Kesscoflex TRA
Triacetin
Triacetine
Triacetylglycerin
Vanay
Glycerin triacetate
Glyped;1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
Estol 1581
Ujostabil
Triacetylglycerol
Priacetin 1580
Priacetin 1581
NSC 4796
Edenor GTA
DRA 150
Speziol GTA
Kollisolv GTA
Triacetin 1584
Triacetain glycerol
Captex 500;Alphacure 920
DAR 150
Edenor GTA Kosher
106C
GTA
2,3-Diacetyloxypropyl acetate
1,3-Bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate
DRA-150
2102168-03-4
Triacetin [INN] [USP] [Wiki]
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate [ACD/Index Name]
1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,2,3-Propantriyl-triacetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
1,2,3-triacetylglycerol
102-76-1 [RN]
1VO1YOV1&1OV1 [WLN]
2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate
203-051-9 [EINECS]
AK3675000
glycerol triacetate
Glyceryl triacetate
MFCD00008716 [MDL number]
Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
Triacétate de 1,2,3-propanetriyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
triacetina [Spanish] [INN]
triacétine [French] [INN]
triacetinum [Latin] [INN]
XHX3C3X673
триацетин [Russian] [INN]
ثلاثي أسيتين [Arabic] [INN]
三醋汀 [Chinese] [INN]
[2-acetoxy-1-(acetoxymethyl)ethyl] acetate
1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL ACETATE
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9CI
1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate
1,2,3-triacetyl-glycerol
1,2,3-triacetyl-sn-glycerol
1,3-bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate
1,3-diacetyloxypropan-2-yl acetate
1,3-diacetyloxypropan-2-yl ethanoate
159510-46-0 [RN]
2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate
2,3-diacetoxypropyl acetate
2-acetyloxy-1-(acetyloxymethyl)ethyl acetate
4-02-00-00253 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
acetic acid [2-acetoxy-1-(acetoxymethyl)ethyl] ester
Acetic, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester
Acetin, tri-
Blekin
BSPBio_002896
carbonic acid [4-[[2-[[(4-ethoxycarbonyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-oxomethyl]amino]ethylamino]-oxomethyl]-2-methoxyphenyl] ethyl ester
E 1518
E1518
E-1518
EINECS 203-051-9
Enzacetin
ENZACTIN [Trade name]
Enzactin (TN)
Estol 1581
Euzactin
FEMA 2007
Fungacet
Fungacetin
Glycerin triacetate
Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)
Glycerol triacetate tributyrin
Glyceryl triacetate;Glyceryl triacetate;1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
Glyped
IDI1_000740
Kesscoflex TRA
Kodaflex triacetin
Motisil
NCGC00091612-02
NCGC00091612-03
NCGC00091612-04
Pharmakon1600-01500585
SPECTRUM1500585
Spectrum5_001376
Tri-Acetin
TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE)
Triacetin (USP)
Triacetin (usp/inn)
Triacetin [inn]
Triacetin USP FCC EP Kosher Tech
Triacetin, 8CI, BAN, INN, USAN
triacetin, cp
Triacetin, GTA F.G (1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL TRIACETATE)
triacetin; triacetina; triacetine; triacetinum
Triacetina
Triacetina [INN-Spanish]
Triacetin-d5
Triacetine
triacétine
Triacetine [INN-French]
Triacetinum
Triacetinum [INN-Latin]
Triacetyl glycerin
Triacetyl glycerine
Triacetyl glycerol
triacetylglycerol
UNII:XHX3C3X673
UNII-XHX3C3X673
VANAY
WLN: 1VO1YOV1 & 1OV1





TRIACETIN (E1518)
Triacetin (E1518) is an organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, oily substance with a faint greasy smell.
Its high solvency power and low volatility makes Triacetin (E1518) a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.


CAS Number: 102-76-1
EC Number: 203-051-9
MDL number: MFCD00008716
E number: E1518 (additional chemicals)
Linear Formula: (CH3COOCH2)2CHOCOCH3
Molecular Formula: C9H14O6 / C3H5(OCOCH3)3


Triacetin (E1518) is obtained from acetic acid and glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) is more generally known as glycerin triacetate.
Triacetin (E1518) is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid.


Triacetin (E1518) is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.
Triacetin (E1518) is also a component of casting liquor with TG.


In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, Triacetin (E1518) was listed as one of the 599 cigarette additives.
The Triacetin (E1518) is applied to the filter as a plasticizer.
Because Triacetin (E1518) is in some sense the simplest possible fat, it is being considered a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.


It is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from Triacetin (E1518).
Triacetin (E1518) is commercially prepared from acetic acid and glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) is non-toxic and non-irritating.


Triacetin (E1518), CAS No.102-76-1, food emulsifier, manufacturing process through chemical synthesis from glycerol and Acetic Acid, available as Clear transparent oily liquid.
Triacetin (E1518), also known as glyceryl triacetate, is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets.


Triacetin (E1518) is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) derives from an acetic acid.


Triacetin (E1518) has a very faint, fruity odor.
Triacetin (E1518) has a mild, sweet taste that is bitter above 0.05%.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless liquid; slight fatty odor; bitter taste.


Triacetin (E1518) is slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, ether, and other organicsolvents.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slightly fatty odor.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.


Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, oily substance with a faint greasy smell.
The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as Triacetin (E1518) and glycerin triacetate.
Triacetin (E1518) is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.


Triacetin (E1518) is a colourless, viscous and odorless liquid with a high boiling point.
Triacetin (E1518) was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
Triacetin (E1518) is a glyceryl triacetate.


Triacetin (E1518) has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topic.
Triacetin (E1518) is a good solubilizer for insoluble ingredients and a fragrance fixative or carrier in perfume.
Triacetin (E1518) has low volatility and color, high solvent power, and low toxicity.


Triacetin (E1518) is a triester of glycerin and acetic acid, a food-grade ingredient used as a solvent and carrier in pharmaceutical preparations and as a solvent and fixative in the compounding of perfumes and flavors.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triester formed by the combination of glycerol and acetic acid.


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic liquid, Triacetin (E1518), possesses a pleasant sweet taste.
Triacetin (E1518) finds extensive use as a plasticizer and solvent across various applications, including the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.


Triacetin (E1518) acts as a plasticizer.
Triacetin (E1518) is a clear liquid, free of suspended matter with a slight odor.
Its high solvency power and low volatility makes Triacetin (E1518) a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.


Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, oily liquid of slight fatty odor and bitter taste.
Triacetin (E1518) is soluble with water and is miscible with alcohol and ether.
Triacetin (E1518) functions in foods as a humectant and solvent.


Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triester of glycerin and acetic acid that occurs naturally in papaya.
The United States Food and Drug Administration affirmed Triacetin (E1518) as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in human food.


Triacetin (E1518) is also generally recognized as safe in animal feeds, as a pesticide adjuvant, and in food packaging.
Triacetin (E1518) is a liquid, and has been approved by the FDA as a food additive.
Triacetin (E1518) is a water-soluble short-chain triglyceride that may also have a role as a parenteral nutrient according to animal studies.


Triacetin (E1518) is the organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
Triacetin (E1518) is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol with acetic acid.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point.


Triacetin (E1518) has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations.
Triacetin (E1518) is one of the glycerine acetate compounds.
Triacetin (E1518) is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera with data available.


Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.


It is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from Triacetin (E1518).
Triacetin (E1518) is an organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3.
Triacetin (E1518) is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol.


Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point.
Triacetin (E1518) has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations
Triacetin (E1518) is one of the glycerine acetate compounds


Triacetin (E1518) is listed on the FDA Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) List.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triacetin compound that is used in the production of glycerol and glycerin.
The water vapor-resistant nature of Triacetin (E1518) makes it an excellent candidate for use in projects where water vapor may be present.


Triacetin (E1518) is also known as triacetin, and it appears as a clear colorless oily liquid.
Triacetin (E1518) is a trihydric alcohol; the term “glycerol” generally applies only to the pure chemical compound 1,2,3-propanetriol, while the term “glycerine” applies to the purified commercial products normally containing more than 99,5% of glycerol.


Triacetin (E1518) is the triester of glycerol.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid at room temperature.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, oily liquids with a sweet, creamy and fruity taste.


Triacetin (E1518) is a natural ingredient from papayas.
Triacetin (E1518) is also a Fungicide and a fragrance and flavor solvent.
Triacetin (E1518) is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS(generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E1518.


Triacetin (E1518) is a short-chain triglyceride, also known as glyceryl triacetate, which is obtained by a chemical process of acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
Glyceryl triacetate, also known as triacetin, is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid.


Triacetin (E1518) is a synthetic compound that produces a clear, combustible, and oily liquid with a bitter taste that is used as a food additive with E number E1518.
Triacetin (E1518) is slightly soluble in water but very soluble in ether or alcohol.


Triacetin (E1518) is a glycerin triacetate molecule.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride, triester of glycerol, food additive with E number E1518.
The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate.


Triacetin (E1518) has a very faint, fruity odor.
Triacetin (E1518) has a mild, sweet taste that is bitter above 0.05%.
Triacetin (E1518) is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.


Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid.
Triacetin (E1518) is an artificial chemical compound, commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIACETIN (E1518):
The most important use of Triacetin (E1518) is as a plasticizer for cigarette filters.
Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a plasticizer and solvent for acetate fiber and nitrocellulose.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used for natural rubber and synthetic rubber.


Triacetin (E1518) is used plasticizing and does not affect vulcanization operations.
In the Food Industry: Triacetin (E1518) has low toxicity and can be used as a mild fungicide for vegetables, fruits, animal glue and synthetic glue, and as a food additive, it can increase by 75% in volume.


Triacetin (E1518) is a triester of glycerin and acetic acid, a food-grade ingredient used as a solvent and carrier in pharmaceutical preparations and as a solvent and fixative in the compounding of perfumes and flavors.
Triacetin (E1518) also serves as an ingredient in inks for printing on plastics and other nonabsorbent surfaces.


In nature, Triacetin (E1518) is found in wine grapes and approved by FDA as a food additive.
Triacetin (E1518) is easily hydrolyzed, releasing free acetic acid.
Processes requiring in situ generation of acid, such as textile dyeing, can utilize Triacetin (E1518).


In skin care preparations, Triacetin (E1518) exhibits fungistatic properties thanks to acetic acid released after hydrolysis.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.


In skin and hair care applications Triacetin (E1518) can be used as an antimicrobial agent, film forming, hair dyeing, plasticizer, or a solvent that is also compatible with cellulose.
Triacetin (E1518) has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.


Triacetin (E1518) has a role as a plant metabolite, a solvent, a fuel additive, an adjuvant, a food additive carrier, a food emulsifier, a food humectant and an antifungal drug.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as cellulose plasticizer for cigarette filters; in binders for solid rocket fuels; as fixative in perfumes; to make cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as solvent for celluloid and photographic films; to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas; and as topical antifungal medication.


Technical Triacetin (E1518) (mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) used as a solvent for basic dyes (especially indulines) and tannin in dyeing.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in cigarette filters.


Triacetin (E1518) is used skin sensitization reported in a worker at a cigarette manufacturing plant.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as chromatographic fixative, solvent, toughening agent and fragrance fixative.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as plasticizer and fragrance fixative, ink solvent.


Triacetin (E1518) is also used in the synthesis of medicine and dyes; humectant; carrier solvent; plasticizer; natural gas absorb carbon dioxide.
Triacetin (E1518) is allowed to be used in spices.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as spice fixative, solvent, toughening agent.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in the production of cosmetics, medicines and dyes, as a plasticizer for cigarette filter rods, etc.
Triacetin (E1518) is used Substrate for determination of lipase, fragrance fixative.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as fixative in perfumery; solvent in manufacture of celluloid, photographic films.
Technical Triacetin (E1518) (a mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) as a solvent for basic dyes, particularly indulines, and tannin in dyeing.


In the Daily Chemical Industry: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a fixative and a moisturizing base for cosmetics, and can also be formulated into a non-alkaline and chlorine-free household bleach.
As a Gasoline Additive: Triacetin (E1518) can reduce the amount of lead discharged in the air.


Triacetin (E1518) has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.
Triacetin (E1518) is mainly used as a synthetic flavoring agent in ice-creams, nonalcoholic beverages and baked goods.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used for natural rubber and synthetic rubber.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as plasticizer.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as curing agent.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as fragrance fixing agent.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as fiber solvent.
The most important use of Triacetin (E1518) is as a plasticizer for cigarette filters.
Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a plasticizer and solvent for acetate fiber and nitrocellulose.


As an Additive to Anti-corrosion Materials: Triacetin (E1518) has excellent corrosion resistance to hydrocarbons.
In the Printing and Dyeing Industry: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a swelling agent and stabilizer for cellulose acetate;Ink, cellulose, film and some alkaline solvents are also used as plasticizers for synthetic plastic films.


Triacetin (E1518) is plasticizing and does not affect vulcanization operations.
In the Food Industry: Triacetin (E1518) has low toxicity and can be used as a mild fungicide for vegetables, fruits, animal glue and synthetic glue, and as a food additive, it can increase by 75% in volume.


In the Daily Chemical Industry: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a fixative and a moisturizing base for cosmetics, and can also be formulated into a non-alkaline and chlorine-free household bleach.
As a Gasoline Additive: Triacetin (E1518) can reduce the amount of lead discharged in the air.


As an Additive to Anti-corrosion Materials: Triacetin (E1518) has excellent corrosion resistance to hydrocarbons.
In the Printing and Dyeing Industry: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a swelling agent and stabilizer for cellulose.
Triacetin (E1518) is also widely employed in laboratory settings as a buffer, stabilizer, or solvent.


Triacetin (E1518) can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Food grade Triacetin (E1518) used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in Tobacco industry, Dairy food, hard candy, butter and beverage, Chewing gum, Bakes food.


In Food: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as humectant, emlusifier, binder in food such as in baked goods, beverages, chewing gum, flavoring agents, dairy desserts, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, confectionery.
In Beverage: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as emulsifier, flavor enhancer in beverage.


In Pharmaceutical: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent in Pharmaceutical.
In Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry feed: Triacetin (E1518) can be used as feed ingredients in agriculture/animal feed/poultry feed.


Notably, Triacetin (E1518) displays amphiphilic properties, enabling it to interact with both polar and non-polar molecules. his unique characteristic allows for the dissolution and stabilization of a wide range of compounds.
Moreover, Triacetin (E1518) has been found to have diverse biochemical and physiological effects.


Triacetin (E1518) has demonstrated the ability to inhibit specific enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
Additionally, Triacetin (E1518) has shown a reduction in the expression of certain genes involved in inflammation and cancer.
Moreover, Triacetin (E1518) has exhibited a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.


Furthermore, Triacetin (E1518) has demonstrated the ability to hinder the growth of specific cancer cells and mitigate the toxicity of certain drugs.
Thus, in the realm of scientific research, Triacetin (E1518) finds extensive applications in vitro studies.
With its amphiphilic nature, Triacetin (E1518) can interact with a wide range of molecules, dissolve various compounds, and stabilize solutions.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as core sand binder in metal foundry sector.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as solvent in printing inks.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as a highly effective plasticizer for cellulose-based plastics.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as solvent in building wall coating.
Mostly, Triacetin (E1518) is used in the food and cosmetics industry.
Here Triacetin (E1518) can be found in chewing gum as a softener or as a flavor carrier.


Triacetin (E1518) has shown significant biochemical and physiological effects, such as enzyme inhibition and gene expression modulation.
Furthermore, Triacetin (E1518)'s applications extend to diverse areas of scientific research, offering valuable contributions to in vitro studies.
In summary, Triacetin (E1518) is a versatile triester utilized as a plasticizer, solvent, and stabilizer.


Triacetin (E1518) is used food ingredients, HTF - food/feed/beverage processing, Other-food chemicals, and Packaging inks non-food contact.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as an ingredient in many food and cosmetic products.
Triacetin (E1518)'s high solvency power and low volatility make triacetin a good solvent and fixative for many flavors and fragrances.


Triacetin (E1518) as an antimicrobial effect which is why it is used as an emollient and as a humectant.
Within the European Union Triacetin (E1518) is allowed to be added to food solely in chewing gum and as a flavor carrier.
Triacetin (E1518) can be identified by its e-number (E1518).


One of Triacetin (E1518)'s main uses is as a plasticizer in chewing gum.
Triacetin (E1518) is often used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function.
Triacetin (E1518) is mainly used in dairy products, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, confectionery, etc.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as a plasticizer and fragrance fixative, ink solvent, also used in medicine and dye synthesis.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as a chromatographic fixative, solvent, toughener and fragrance fixative.
Humectants; carrier solvents; plasticizers; Triacetin (E1518) can absorb carbon dioxide from the natural gas.


Triacetin (E1518) is used in the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and dyes, plasticizers for cigarette filter rods, and so on.
Triacetin (E1518) is used applied in cosmetics, casting, medicine, dyes and other industries.
Triacetin (E1518) is non-toxic, non-irritating.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as the substrate for the determination of lipase, perfume fixative, solvent, gas chromatographic fixative (maximum temperature of 85 ℃, solvent: methanol, chloroform), separation of gas and aldehyde analysis.
Triacetin (E1518) is an organic compound which is widely used in food, flavors & fragrances, pharmaceutical, cigarette, plasticiser, foundry, and textiles.


Triacetin (E1518) is used food additive as a solvent for other additives, especially flavors.
Triacetin (E1518) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.


Triacetin (E1518), also known as glyceryl triacetate, is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used in the food, perfume and cosmetic industries.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as a carrier, solvent or as a wetting agent.
Triacetin (E1518) is added to chewing gum, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, food additives.
In addition to food, Triacetin (E1518) is added to toothpaste, hair dyes, cigarette filters or perfumes.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as a binder for solid rocket fuels.
Triacetin (E1518) is used Fungicide, humectant and solvent for flavours derived from glycerol and acetic acid.
Triacetin (E1518) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of bio diesel.


Triacetin (E1518) is also a component of casting liquor with TG and as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant, a plasticiser, and as a solvent.
Triacetin (E1518) is used to coat fresh fruit in the US, essences, cigarette filters, as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function.


Triacetin (E1518) has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.
Triacetin (E1518) has a role as a plant metabolite, a solvent, a fuel additive, an adjuvant, a food additive carrier, a food emulsifier, a food humectant and an antifungal drug.


Triacetin (E1518) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Triacetin (E1518) is a common food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518.


Triacetin (E1518) is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.
The plasticizing capabilities of Triacetin (E1518) have been utilized in the synthesis of a biodegradable phospholipid gel system for the dissemination of the cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX).


In the study, Triacetin (E1518) was combined with PTX, ethanol, a phospholipid and a medium chain triglyceride to form a gel-drug complex.
Triacetin (E1518) was then injected directly into the cancer cells of glioma-bearing mice.
Triacetin (E1518) slowly degraded and facilitated sustained release of PTX into the targeted glioma cells.


Triacetin (E1518) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.
Triacetin (E1518) is used Solvent for flavors & fragrance, Cosmetic fixative, Food additive (E1518), Plasticizer in chewing gu, and Plasticizer for cigarette filter tips.


Triacetin (E1518) is used in ink coating, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate plasticizer and solvent, and Plasticizer and curing agent in foundry resins.
Triacetin (E1518) is used primarily for flavors and extracts, as well as chewing pastes.


Triacetin (E1518) is used Softening agents in thickeners.
Since Triacetin (E1518) also has a moisturizing effect, it is used as a plasticizer for plastics and as a solubilizer for paint, textile, paper and leather treatment agents.


Both substances are readily absorbed, broken down and used calorically by the body.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as an emulsifier, an agent that forms or preserves a mixture of substances that are normally immiscible, such as oil and water.


Triacetin (E1518) is also used as a humectant, a substance that helps prevent food from drying out.
In beverage, Triacetin (E1518) is used as emulsifier and flavor enhancer.
Triacetin (E1518) is one of the few food grade carrier for flavors and fragrances.


Triacetin (E1518) is used in food and cosmetic products.
It’s high solvency power and high volatility make Triacetin (E1518) a good solvent and fixative for flavors and fragrances.
Triacetin (E1518) is a triester of glycerol manufactured through chemical synthesis, available as Clear transparent oily liquid.


Antimicrobial agent: Triacetin (E1518) is able to suppress or inhibit the growth and replication of a broad spectrum of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses by making the stratum corneum temporarily bactericidal and fungicidal.
Triacetin (E1518) is widely used as emulsifier.


Cosmetics and fragrances: Triacetin (E1518) is used Humectant, plasticiser, solvent and fixative for fragrances, also used in dye synthesis and perfume fixative.
Film-forming agent: Triacetin (E1518) produces, upon application, a very thin continuous film with an optimal balance of cohesion, adhesion and stickiness on skin, hair or nails to counteract or limit damage from external phenomena such as chemicals, UV rays and pollution.


Triacetin (E1518) is often used as a food additive because of its wetting, solvent and plasticizer properties.
In pharmaceuticals, Triacetin (E1518) is used as a plasticizer in the production of gelatin capsules.
In cosmetics, Triacetin (E1518) is used for its moisturizing and emollient properties.


Triacetin (E1518)-mediated acetate supplementation may provide a new safe chemotherapeutic adjuvant to reduce the growth of glioma tumours, particularly the more rapidly proliferating glycolytic and hypoacetylated mesenchymal glioma tumours.
Triacetin (E1518) is used as a substrate for lipase determination.


Labelled as a humectant with the number E1518 in the European food additives list.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in cooking food and dairy products to promote fermentation.
Triacetin (E1518) is used Chromatographic fixative, solvent, hardener, curing agent that can absorb carbon dioxide from natural gas.


Triacetin (E1518) is used Environmentally friendly plasticiser containing no phthalates.
Triacetin (E1518) can be used as a plasticiser and solvent of printing ink, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, ethacellulose and ellulose acetate butyrate.
In casting, Triacetin (E1518) is used as a moulding sand hardener.


Application generally takes place in a spray chamber where Triacetin (E1518) is applied to the filter in the form of an aqueous aerosol.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in the food industry as a solvent for flavouings, and is used as a humectant in pharmaceutical products.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used as a plasticiser and a solvent.


Triacetin (E1518) is approved to use as food additive in EU.
Triacetin (E1518) is used Plasticizer for paints and adhesives, additive for special hardeners, adhesive for cigarette filter production, plasticizer for chewing gum or as a flavor carrier, food additive E 1518.


Triacetin (E1518) is also a component of casting liquor with TG and as an excipient in pharmaceutical products where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.
Triacetin (E1518) is also used in the perfume and cosmetic industries.


Triacetin (E1518) can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in chewing gum and other food contact related plastic compound.


Triacetin (E1518) has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions.
It is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from Triacetin (E1518).
Triacetin (E1518) also has some anti-fungal activity.


Triacetin (E1518) has been shown to have a high resistance to solid phase microextraction and can be used as a model system for studying the interactions of triacetates with other materials.
Triacetin (E1518) is pharmaceutical excipient used in manufacturing of capsules and tablets, and has been used as a humectant, plasticizer, and solvent.


The reaction solution containing Triacetin (E1518) is acidic, which may lead to problems with water permeability if not properly treated.
This analytical method utilizes hydrogen bonding interactions between glycerol and glycerine molecules to measure the concentration of each component in the sample.


-Pharmaceutical Applications:
Triacetin (E1518) is mainly used as a hydrophilic plasticizer in both aqueous and solvent-based polymeric coating of capsules, tablets, beads, and granules; typical concentrations used are 10–35% w/w.
Triacetin (E1518) is used in cosmetics, perfumery, and foods as a solvent and as a fixative in the formulation of perfumes and flavors.


-Clinical Use of Triacetin (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, oilyliquid with a slight odor and a bitter taste.
Triacetin (E1518) issoluble in water and miscible with alcohol and most organicsolvents.
The activity of Triacetin (E1518) is a result of the acetic acid releasedby hydrolysis of the compound by esterases presentin the skin.
Acid release is a self-limiting process because the esterases are inhibited below pH 4.


-In Health and Personal care
Triacetin (E1518), an oil, is the triester of Glycerol and Acetic Acid.
In cosmetics and personal-care products, Triacetin (E1518) is used in makeup as well as in nail polish and nail enamel removers.
Triacetin (E1518) helps cleanse the skin or prevent odor by destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Triacetin (E1518) is also a plasticizer and commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances.


-Fragrance:
Triacetin (E1518) plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability.
Triacetin (E1518) is able to create a perceptible pleasant odour, masking a bad smell.
The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.


-Plasticiser uses of Triacetin (E1518).
Triacetin (E1518) is added to the formulation with the purpose of retaining fragrance and colour, increasing flexibility, flowability, deformability, durability of various ingredients allowing better processing.
Triacetin (E1518) softens and makes flexible synthetic polymers that otherwise could not be easily processed, stretched or deformed.


-Solvent uses of Triacetin (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) is the substance for dissolving or dispersing surfactants, oils, dyes, flavourings, bactericidal preservatives in solution.
In fact, Triacetin (E1518) dissolves other components present in a cosmetic formulation.
Solvents are generally liquid (aqueous and non-aqueous).


-Medical uses of Triacetin (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) is both the shortest chain triglyceride (SCT), which contains fatty acids with two carbon atoms, and the only triglyceride that is up to 6 per cent soluble in water.
Triacetin (E1518)'s approval by the Food and Drug Administration as a safe human food ingredient has led to a series of studies examining its potential as a therapeutic agent.



FOOD USES OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
As a food additive, the influence of the choice of aromatic solvent between propylene glycol (PG) or Triacetin (E1518) (TA) was investigated during the accelerated shelf life test (ASL) of biscuits and tartlets.

In particular, the differential effect on the stability of added vanillin, the natural baked marker compound 5- (hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF), specific oxidative rancidity markers (2,4-decadienal, 2,4-heptadienal) and the structural parameters of hardness and fractureability.

More HMF was formed during baking of biscuits prepared with Triacetin (E1518); these biscuits were also more stable to oxidative degradation and vanillin loss during ageing than biscuits prepared with PG.
Fresh Triacetin (E1518) biscuits were significantly more brittle than fresh PG biscuits.

There was no impact of the choice of solvent on hardness.
Sensory evaluation of hardness, vanilla flavour and oily note were tested during the ASL-tests.
There was no significant impact on the retention of sensory ratings for PG or Triacetin (E1518) biscuits.



FUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) is used as a solvent for flavours; it also has some anti-fungal activity.



DIETARY RESTRICTIONS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) can be used by all religious groups, vegetarians and vegans.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) has a very faint, fruity odor.
Triacetin (E1518) has a mild, sweet taste that is bitter above 0.05%.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless liquid; slight fatty odor; bitter taste.
Triacetin (E1518) is slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, ether, and other organic solvents.

Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slightly fatty odor.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless, odorless oily liquid. It is miscible with ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents, soluble in acetone, insoluble in mineral oil.
Triacetin (E1518) is slightly soluble in water. 25 ° C in water solubility of 5.9g / 100ml.



FUNCTIONS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
*Fatty Acids & Lipids
*Flavoring Agent
*Solubilizer
*Solvent
*Carrier
*Antiseptic



FUNCTIONS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
1. Flavor / Flavoring / Flavor Enhancer - Provides or enhances a particular taste or smell.
2. Fragrance / Fragrance Component - Provides or enhances a particular smell or odor.
3. Humectant - Binds with water to increase skin hydration. Also enhances water absorption of the skin



WHAT IS TRIACETIN (E1518) AND HOW DOES TRIACETIN (E1518) WORK?
Triacetin (E1518) (glycerine triacetate and 1,2,3-propanetriyl triacetate) is an ester compound of glycerin and acetic acid.
Triacetin (E1518) is a colorless liquid that smells oily to rancid.
Triacetin (E1518)´s used as an emollient, as a humectant or as a flavor carrier in various industries.
Triacetin (E1518) has a viscosity (7.83 cSt at 40 oC) .



FUNCTIONAL CLASS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
*Flavouring Agent
*FLAVOURING_AGENT
*Food Additives
*CARRIER_SOLVENT
*HUMECTANT



PRODUCTION METHODS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) is prepared by the esterification of glycerin with acetic anhydride.



PREPARATION OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
By direct reaction of glycerol with acetic acid in the presence of Twitchell’s reagent, or in benzene solution of glycerol and boiling acetic acid in the presence of a cationic resin (Zeo-Karb H) pretreated with dilute H2SO4.



MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
200 grams of allyl acetate, 450 grams of glacial acetic acid and 3.71 grams of cobaltous bromide were charged to the reactor and the mixture was heated to 100°C.
Pure oxygen was then introduced into the reactor below the surface of the liquid reaction mixture at the rate of 0.5 standard cubic feet per hour.

Initially, all of the oxygen was consumed, but after a period of time oxygen introduced into the mixture passed through unchanged.
During the course of the reaction, a small quantity of gaseous hydrogen bromide (a total of 1.9 grams) was introduced into the reaction zone, along with the oxygen.

The reaction was allowed to continue for 6 hours following which the reaction mixture was distilled.
Essentially complete conversion of the allyl acetate took place.
A yield of 116 grams of Triacetin (E1518) was obtained, this being accomplished by distilling the Triacetin (E1518) overhead from the reaction mixture, at an absolute pressure of approximately 13 mm of mercury.



MORE ADDITIVES AND FOOD ADDITIVES OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
*Shellac wax
*Conditioning agents
*Solvents
*Fumaric acid
*Flame retardants
*Maleic anhydride functionalized polymers



FOOD ADDITIVES OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
*Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
*Citrate
*Potassium metabisulphite / Potassium disulphite
*Sugar substitutes
*Flavorants / fragrances
*E vitamins



PRODUCTION OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
For commercial use, Triacetin (E1518) is produced synthetically from acetic acid and glycerol.



SYNTHESIS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.
Triacetin (E1518) was prepared in the 19th century from glycerol and acetic acid.

Triacetin (E1518)'s synthesis from acetic anhydride and glycerol is simple and inexpensive.
3 (CH3CO)2O + 1 C3H5(OH)3 → 1 C3H5(OCOCH3)3 + 3 CH3CO2H

This synthesis has been conducted with catalytic sodium hydroxide and microwave irradiation to give a 99% yield of Triacetin (E1518).
Triacetin (E1518) has also been conducted with a cobalt(II) Salen complex catalyst supported by silicon dioxide and heated to 50 °C for 55 minutes to give a 99% yield of Triacetin (E1518).



SAFETY OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
The US Food and Drug Administration has approved it as Generally Recognized as Safe food additive and included it in the database according to the opinion from the Select Committee On GRAS Substances (SCOGS).
Triacetin (E1518) is included in the SCOGS database since 1975.



THE NAME DEFINES THE STRUCTURE OF TRIACETIN (E1518) MOLECULE:
Triacetin (E1518) refers to a triester that is derived from glycerol and acetic acid.
The prefix "tri-" indicates that there are three acetic acid molecules esterified to each glycerol molecule.
The synthesis process of Triacetin (E1518) takes place in several stages:

*Preparation of glycerin:
The process begins with the preparation of glycerin, which is commercially available.

*Esterification:
Glycerol reacts with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst, often sulfuric acid.
The reaction is heated, which initiates the esterification process.
This reaction causes the formation of Triacetin (E1518) and water.

*Separation:
The reaction mixture is allowed to cool.
Triacetin (E1518), being less polar than water, will separate from the reaction mixture.

*Purification:
Triacetin (E1518) is then purified.
This typically involves distillation, where Triacetin (E1518) is heated and vapors are collected and condensed.
This process helps to remove any remaining impurities.

*Quality control:
The final product is tested to ensure it meets the specifications required for use in the intended applications.
This includes checking its purity, color and smell.

It is in the form of an odourless and colourless clear liquid, starts to sublimate when heated to 160°C and at 300°C, decomposes to chlorine and phosphorus trichloride.
Soluble in water, soluble in carbon disulphide, carbon tetrachloride and benzoyl chloride.
In moist air it is hydrolysed into phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.



PRODUCTION OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Triacetin (E1518) can be derived from the esterification of glycerol and acetic acid.
After preheating glycerol to 50-60 ° C, add acetic acid, benzene and sulfuric acid.
Heat and stir for refluxing dehydration, and recycle the benzene.
Then add acetic anhydride for heating of 4h.

After cooling, the mixture was neutralized with 5% sodium carbonate to pH 7, and the crude layer was dried and the crude oil was dried with calcium chloride.
Distill under reduced pressure, collect the 128-131 ° C (0.93 kPa) fraction, namely Triacetin (E1518).



CONTENT ANALYSIS OF TRIACETIN (E1518):
Accurately weigh about 1g of the sample, put it into a suitable pressure bottle, add 25 mL of 1mol / L. potassium hydroxide solution and 15 mL of isopropyl alcohol, add stopper, wrap with cloth and put it in a canvas bag.
Put it into the water bath of 98 ℃ ± 2 ℃ for 1h, and the water level in the water bath should be slightly higher than the bottle level.

Take the bottle out from the bag, cool it to room temperature in the air, unfold the cloth and stopper to release the residual pressure in the bottle, and then remove the cloth.
Add 6 to 8 drops of phenolphthalein test solution (TS-167), apply 0.5mol / L sulfuric acid for titration of excess alkali until the pink could just disappeared.

At the same time, perform a blank test.
Each mL of 0.5mol / L sulfuric acid is equivalent to 36.37 mg of Triacetin (E1518) (C9H14O6).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIACETIN (E1518):
Molecular Weight: 218.20 g/mol
XLogP3: 0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 8
Exact Mass: 218.07903816 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 218.07903816 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 78.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 229
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
EC Number: 203-051-9
E number: E1518 (additional chemicals)

Chemical formula: C9H14O6
Molar mass: 218.205 g·mol−1
Appearance: Oily liquid
Density: 1.155 g/cm3
Melting point: −78 °C (���108 °F; 195 K) at 760 mmHg
Boiling point: 259 °C (498 °F; 532 K) at 760 mmHg
Solubility in water: 6.1 g/100 mL
Solubility: Miscible in EtOH
Soluble in C6H6, (C2H5)2O, acetone
Vapor pressure: 0.051 Pa (11.09 °C)
0.267 Pa (25.12 °C)
2.08 Pa (45.05 °C)
ln(P/Pa)=22.819-4493/T(K)-807000/T(K)²
Refractive index (nD): 1.4301 (20 °C)
1.4294 (24.5 °C)
Viscosity: 23 cP (20 °C)
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 389 J/mol·K

Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 458.3 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1330.8 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 4211.6 kJ/mol
Chemical Composition: Glyceryl triacetate
CAS Number: 102-76-1
Physical Form:Liquid
Appearance: Clear and free of suspended matter
Food contact approval: Yes
CAS number: 102-76-1
EC number: 203-051-9
Molecular formula: C 9 H 14 O 6
Boiling point: 258°C
Melting point: −77.8 °C
Density: 1.16 g/ cm3
Vapor pressure: < 0.1 Pa (25 °C)
Solubility: slightly soluble in water: 64 g/l (20 °C)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Extinguishing media:
--Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
--Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use impervious clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIACETIN (E1518):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
triacetin
102-76-1
Glyceryl triacetate
Glycerol triacetate
Enzactin
Glycerin triacetate
Triacetine
Triacetylglycerol
Fungacetin
Glyped
Vanay
Triacetyl glycerine
Kesscoflex TRA
Kodaflex triacetin
1,2,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
1,2,3-triacetoxypropane
Acetin, tri-
Triacetina
Triacetinum
propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,2,3-triacetate
Ujostabil
Triacetyl glycerin
Triacetyl glycerol
Estol 1581
Triacetin [INN]
FEMA No. 2007
1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate
1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol
Glyceryltriacetate
FEMA Number 2007
NSC 4796
HSDB 585
Ins no.1518
Acetic, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester
NSC-4796
EINECS 203-051-9
UNII-XHX3C3X673
Glycerine triacetate
2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate
Ins-1518
BRN 1792353
CCRIS 9355
CHEBI:9661
XHX3C3X673
DTXSID3026691
AI3-00661
Triacetin (USP/INN)
E1518
ENZACTIN (TN)
E-1518
1,2,3-triacetyl-glycerol
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate
1,2,3-triacetyl-sn-glycerol
DTXCID906691
EC 203-051-9
4-02-00-00253 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NCGC00091612-04
TRIACETIN (II)
TRIACETIN [II]
Triacetin (1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate)
TRIACETIN (MART.)
E 1518
TRIACETIN (USP-RS)
TRIACETIN (EP MONOGRAPH)
Triacetyl-glycerol
CAS-102-76-1
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-((acetyloxy)methyl)ethyl acetate
TRIACETIN (GLYCEROL TRIACETATE)
Triacetin [USP:INN:BAN]
Enzacetin
Euzactin
Fungacet
Motisil
Blekin
tri-acetin
Acetin-tri
Triacetin, CP
Triacetin, FCC
Triacetin, USP
3-Triacetoxypropane
MFCD00008716
Triacetin, 99%
Triacetinum (Latin)
Spectrum_000881
TRIACETIN [FCC]
TRIACETIN [MI]
TRIACETIN [FHFI]
TRIACETIN [HSDB]
TRIACETIN [INCI]
Spectrum2_000939
Spectrum3_001368
Spectrum4_000362
Spectrum5_001376
TRIACETIN [VANDF]
Triacetin, >=99.5%
SCHEMBL3870
TRIACETIN [WHO-DD]
BSPBio_002896
Glycerol triacetate tributyrin
KBioGR_000823
KBioSS_001361
MLS002152946
1,3-Propanetriol, triacetate
DivK1c_000740
Glyceryl triacetate, >=99%
SPECTRUM1500585
Triacetin, analytical standard
SPBio_000878
1,2,3 Propanetriol triacetate
Triacetin, 99%, FCC, FG
1,2,3-propanediol triethanoate
CHEMBL1489254
FEMA 2007
HMS502E22
KBio1_000740
KBio2_001361
KBio2_003929
KBio2_006497
KBio3_002116
NSC4796
NINDS_000740
HMS1921G05
HMS2092O09
HMS2232I22
Pharmakon1600-01500585
Triacetin, >=99%, natural, FG
HY-B0896
Tox21_111155
Tox21_201745
Tox21_300111
WLN: 1VO1YOV1 & 1OV1
CCG-39680
LMGL03012615
NSC757364
s4581
Triacetin, 8CI, BAN, INN, USAN
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate, 9CI
AKOS009028851
Tox21_111155_1
Glyceryl triacetate, >=99.0% (GC)
NSC-757364
1,3-bis(acetyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate
IDI1_000740
NCGC00091612-01
NCGC00091612-02
NCGC00091612-03
NCGC00091612-05
NCGC00091612-06
NCGC00091612-07
NCGC00091612-09
NCGC00254207-01
NCGC00259294-01
LS-13668
SMR001224538
SBI-0051540.P002
FT-0626753
G0086
EN300-19216
D00384
E75962
Q83253
AB00052112_06
A800614
SR-05000002079
J-000781
SR-05000002079-1
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl acetate #
Z104473192
Triacetin, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Triacetin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate
Glycerol Triacetate, USP Grade(1.03000)
TRIACETINE
Glycerol triacetate
Glyceryl triacetate
propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
InChI=1/C9H14O6/c1-6(10)13-4-9(15-8(3)12)5-14-7(2)11/h9H,4-5H2,1-3H
Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate
Glycerol triacetate
glycerin triacetate
1,2,3-triacetylglycerol
1,2,3-triacetoxypropane
1,2,3-Triacetoxypropane
1,2,3-Triacetylglycerol
Glyceryl triacetate
Glyceryl triacetate
Triacetyl glycerine
Enzactin
Triacetin
triacetyl gycerine
Enzactin
Fungacetin
Vanay
glycerol triacetate
1,2,3-propanetriol triacetate
triacetylglycerol, 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane
triacetate glycerol ester
E 1518
1,2,3-propanetriyl triacetate
1,2,3-propanetriol triacetate, triacylglycerol.


TRIALLYLAMINE
Triallylamine is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Triallylamine is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H15N.
Triallylamine belongs to the amine group of organic compounds and is characterized by the presence of three allyl groups (CH2=CH-CH2) attached to a central amine nitrogen atom.

CAS Number: 102-70-5
Molecular Formula: C9H15N
Molecular Weight: 137.22
EINECS Number: 203-048-2

Triallylamine is manufactured using allyl chloride and ammonia under heat and pressure.
Triallylamine is used as a solvent and in organic syntheses.
Triallylamine is multifunctional, featuring a tertiary amine and three alkene groups.

Triallylamine (and mono- and diallyl amines) is produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia.
Triallylamine have particularly weak α-CH bonds, being near 80 kcal/mol.
Triallylamine is a flammble liquid. Triallylamine can be detected at 0.5 ppm and is severely irritating at 75 ppm.

Triallylamine reacts with primary aromatic amines in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst to form 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines.
The chemical structure can be represented as (CH2=CH-CH2)3N.
Triallylamine is the organic compound with the formula N(CH2CH=CH2)3.

Triallylamine undergoes hydrozirconation followed by transmetalation with germanium tetrachloride to form 1-aza-5-germa-5-chlorobicyclo undecane.
Triallylamine can react with Grignard or lithium reagents to form the corresponding 5-organo compounds.
The cycloaddition of TAA to fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles affords octahydro-2,7-methanofuro[3,2-c]pyridines.

Triallylamine is employed in the production of other chemicals.
Triallylamine is also mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifiers.
Triallylamine is used in the cross linking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.

Triallylamine can also be employed in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.
Triallylamine is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Triallylamine is commonly used in the synthesis of polymers, resins, and crosslinking agents for coatings, adhesives, and sealants.

Triallylamine can also be used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis.
Triallylamine should be handled with caution as it can cause skin irritation and eye damage if not properly protected.
Triallylamine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Performance data shows that this product meets purity standards of 99% and does not have any significant environmental impact when handled correctly.
Triallylamine may exhibit hygroscopic properties, meaning it can absorb moisture from the surrounding environment.
This can impact its handling and storage considerations.

As with many organic compounds, triallylamine may have some degree of flammability.
Triallylamine's important to take appropriate precautions to prevent the risk of fire in handling and storage.
Triallylamine can be used in the production of adhesive tapes, contributing to the adhesive properties that enable effective bonding.

In rubber processing, triallylamine may be employed as a crosslinking agent during vulcanization, enhancing the strength and elasticity of rubber products.
Triallylamine has been explored as a photoinitiator in the development of dental materials, where light exposure triggers polymerization for dental applications.
Triallylamine has been investigated for its use in the synthesis of conductive polymers, which have applications in electronic devices.

Chemists may use triallylamine in various organic synthesis reactions, taking advantage of its nucleophilic properties and allyl groups.
Research suggests potential applications in medical and biomedical fields, such as in the development of biomaterials and drug delivery systems.
Triallylamine may be chosen for its compatibility with certain resin systems, influencing the properties of the resulting composite materials.

In addition to its role as a crosslinking agent, Triallylamine may also be used as an additive in polymer formulations to achieve specific performance characteristics.
Triallylamine's chemical structure, featuring allyl groups, may make it compatible with aromatic compounds in certain reactions.
Triallylamine has been explored for its potential use in electrocatalytic processes, where it may participate in reactions at electrode surfaces.

Triallylamine can be employed in the functionalization of carbon nanotubes, leading to modified properties and enhanced compatibility in certain applications.
Due to its amine groups, triallylamine can form metal complexes, and it is involved in coordination chemistry reactions.
In the field of drug delivery, triallylamine has been investigated for its role in designing polymer matrices that release drugs in a controlled manner.

Triallylamine may be used in the development of gas separation membranes, contributing to the selectivity and permeability of the membrane material.
Triallylamine has been studied for its potential application in the development of photoresponsive materials that can undergo changes in properties upon exposure to light.

Triallylamine may be incorporated into polymer blends to achieve desired properties in the resulting material, such as improved mechanical strength or thermal stability.
Triallylamine can be utilized in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, where it may participate in reactions with target analytes.

Melting point: -70°C
Boiling point: 150-151 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.79 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 4.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 90 mm Hg ( 80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.451(lit.)
Flash point: 87 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: pK1:8.31(+1) (25°C)
form: clear liquid
color: Colorless to Yellow to Orange
Water Solubility: 250 g/100 mL
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 102-70-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1

Triallylamine is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizing agents.
Corrosive towards Al and Zn [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 912] .
Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water.

May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
Triallylamine is often employed as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers, particularly in processes where the formation of a three-dimensional network structure is desired for improved mechanical properties.

Triallylamine may exhibit chemical stability under certain conditions, making it suitable for use in various chemical reactions and processes.
Triallylamine can function as a catalyst or co-catalyst in certain chemical reactions, facilitating reaction pathways or influencing reaction kinetics.
Triallylamine might find applications in biochemical research or processes due to its amine functionality, which can participate in reactions involving amino groups.

In addition to its role in polymers, triallylamine can be used as a crosslinking agent in coatings, contributing to improved adhesion and coating properties.
Triallylamine has been studied for its use in electropolymerization processes, where polymers are formed through electrochemical reactions.
Triallylamine is utilized as a curing agent in resin systems, participating in reactions that lead to the hardening or curing of the resin.

Triallylamine can be employed for the functionalization of materials, introducing specific chemical functionalities for tailored properties.
The amine groups in triallylamine make Triallylamine a nucleophile, and it can be utilized in organic synthesis reactions involving nucleophilic substitution.
Triallylamine may be used in photocuring processes where exposure to light initiates polymerization or crosslinking reactions.

Triallylamine can play a role in adhesive formulations, contributing to the bonding strength and characteristics of adhesives.
Triallylamine has been investigated for its involvement in chemiluminescence reactions, where light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction.
Triallylamine may find application in the formulation of anti-corrosive coatings, contributing to the protective properties of the coating on metal surfaces.

Triallylamine is amine groups can act as chelating agents, forming stable complexes with certain metal ions.
In UV-curable resin systems, triallylamine may be used to initiate or contribute to crosslinking reactions upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.
There is potential for triallylamine to be explored in certain agricultural applications, such as in the development of controlled-release formulations for agrochemicals.

Uses:
Triallylamine is used in organic synthesis.Triallylamine has been proposed as a catalyst for the production of polyesters and as an initiator for the polymerization of butadiene.
Triallylamine (TAA) reacts with primary aromatic amines in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst to form 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines.
Triallylamine undergoes hydrozirconation followed by transmetalation with germanium tetrachloride to form 1-aza-5-germa-5-chlorobicyclo[3.3.3]undecane.

Triallylamine can react with Grignard or lithium reagents to form the corresponding 5-organo compounds.
The cycloaddition of Triallylamine to fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles affords octahydro-2,7-methanofuro[3,2-c]pyridines.
Triallylamine uses and applications include: unsaturated polyester resin comonomer; crosslinking comonomer; production of some rubbers, ion exchange resins, organic chemicals.

Triallylamine may be used in the formulation of adhesives, where its properties contribute to the bonding characteristics of the adhesive.
Triallylamine can serve as a crosslinking agent in the production of rubber, contributing to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure in the polymer.
Triallylamine can act as an initiator in free radical polymerization reactions, initiating the polymerization of certain monomers.

Triallylamine is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of composite materials, providing enhanced structural integrity.
In coordination chemistry, triallylamine can function as an electron donor ligand in the formation of coordination compounds.
Triallylamine may be employed in the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds, which have applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Triallylamine can be used as a photoinitiator in certain polymerization reactions initiated by light exposure.
Added to resin formulations to modify the properties of the resin, such as improving its crosslinking density.
Triallylamine is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds with specific functionalities.

Applied as a crosslinking agent in textile finishes to enhance the durability and performance of textiles.
Triallylamine can be involved in the synthesis of ion exchange resins, which find applications in water treatment and other separation processes.
Triallylamine utilized in research and development activities, particularly in laboratories exploring new materials and chemical processes.

Triallylamine is mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifier, also can be used in the crosslinking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.
According to some reports, Triallylamine can be used in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.
Triallylamine can be used as a monomer in polymerization reactions to form polymers with specific properties.

Triallylamine may be employed as a crosslinking agent in the synthesis of polymers or other materials, contributing to improved mechanical properties.
In some cases, triallylamine can serve as an initiator in certain polymerization reactions, starting the chain reaction that forms polymers.
Triallylamine is used as a reactant or reagent in various chemical synthesis processes, particularly those involving the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.

Triallylamine might be used as an additive in resin formulations to modify the properties of the resulting resin or polymer.
Triallylamine can be employed as a crosslinking agent in the formulation of coatings, contributing to enhanced durability and performance.
Triallylamine is used as a monomer in polymerization reactions to produce polymers with specific properties.

Triallylamine is allyl groups make it suitable for crosslinking reactions, leading to the formation of three-dimensional networks.
Triallylamine serves as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers and resins, enhancing the mechanical strength, durability, and other properties of the final material.
Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of adhesives, contributing to the adhesive properties and bond strength in adhesive products.

In rubber processing, triallylamine is used as a crosslinking agent during vulcanization, improving the elasticity and strength of rubber products.
Triallylamine can act as a photoinitiator in certain polymerization reactions initiated by exposure to light, enabling controlled and rapid polymerization.
Triallylamine is utilized in coatings to improve adhesion, durability, and other performance characteristics. It can act as a crosslinking agent in the curing of coatings.

Triallylamine has been studied for its potential applications in electrocatalysis and as a component in electrochemical sensors due to its reactivity.
Triallylamine is investigated for its role in designing polymer matrices for drug delivery systems, contributing to controlled release mechanisms.
Triallylamine may be used in the development of gas separation membranes, influencing selectivity and permeability in gas separation processes.

Triallylamine has been explored for its involvement in chemiluminescence reactions, which are reactions that produce light emission.
Triallylamine has been explored for potential use in dental materials, particularly in the development of materials used in dental procedures or restorations.
Triallylamine may find application in the textile industry, where its crosslinking properties could be utilized in fabric treatments or finishes to enhance the durability of textiles.

Triallylamine might be employed as a component in fuel additives to improve certain properties, stability, or combustion characteristics of the fuel.
The chelating properties of triallylamine may be relevant in water treatment processes, where it could be used in the removal or sequestration of certain metal ions.
Triallylamine could be included in formulations for metalworking fluids, providing lubrication and cooling during machining processes in the metalworking industry.

Due to its role as a photoinitiator, triallylamine may be utilized in the formulation of photocurable materials, where exposure to light initiates rapid curing or hardening.
Triallylamine might be used as an additive in concrete formulations to modify the properties of concrete, such as improving workability or enhancing the strength of cured concrete.
Triallylamine has applications in electropolymerization processes, where polymers are formed through electrochemical reactions.

In the electronics industry, Triallylamine may find use in the synthesis of materials for electronic devices, such as conductive polymers or materials with specific electronic properties.
Triallylamine may be utilized in the oil and gas industry for the formulation of certain chemicals used in oilfield applications, such as drilling fluids or production chemicals.
Triallylamine can be employed in analytical chemistry as a reagent or a component in methods requiring its specific chemical properties.

Triallylamine might be used as a component in formulations for flavors and fragrances, contributing to the overall characteristics of the final product.
In biomedical research, triallylamine may be studied for its potential applications in the development of biomaterials or drug delivery systems.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of anti-corrosive coatings, providing protection to metal surfaces against corrosion.

In UV-curable resin systems, triallylamine may contribute to crosslinking reactions upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, leading to the hardening or curing of the resin.
There is potential for triallylamine to be explored in agricultural applications, such as in the development of controlled-release formulations for agrochemicals.
Due to its amine groups, triallylamine can act as a chelating agent, forming stable complexes with certain metal ions.

Health Hazard:
Triallylamine may cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Triallylamine vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard:
Triallylamine, flammable/combustible material.
May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
Triallylamine vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

Triallylamine vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

Triallylamine, runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
Containers may explode when heated.
Many liquids are lighter than water.

Safety Profile:
Triallylamine poison by skin contact and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
Triallylamine an eye and severe skin irritant.

Triallylamine human systemic effects by inhalation: structural or functional changes in trachea or bronchi.
Flammable liquid when exposed to heat, flame or oxidlzers.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Synonyms:
TRIALLYLAMINE
102-70-5
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)prop-2-en-1-amine
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-
N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine
B6N19XC04R
DTXSID5026174
NSC-32635
Triallyl Amine
CCRIS 4876
N,N-diallylprop-2-en-1-amine
HSDB 2904
EINECS 203-048-2
NSC 32635
UN2610
BRN 1740881
UNII-B6N19XC04R
tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)amine
triallyl-amine
(CH2=CHCH2)3N
AI3-52705
4-04-00-01061 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Triallylamine, 99%
TRIALLYLAMINE [HSDB]
SCHEMBL20656
DTXCID506174
CHEMBL3188834
CHEBI:192451
N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine #
AMY22241
NSC32635
Tox21_300670
MFCD00026093
2-Propen-1-amine,N-di-2-propenyl-
WLN: 1U2N2U1 & 2U1
AKOS015840489
UN 2610
NCGC00248135-01
NCGC00254578-01
CAS-102-70-5
LS-13670
N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)-2-propen-1-amine
FT-0653420
T0332
Triallylamine [UN2610] [Flammable liquid]
EN300-7644092
A800604
J-000772
Q23779745
InChI=1/C9H15N/c1-4-7-10(8-5-2)9-6-3/h4-6H,1-3,7-9H
TRIALLYLAMINE

Triallylamine is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H15N.
Triallylamine is an organic compound belonging to the class of amines, which are compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups.
Triallylamine is specifically characterized by having three allyl groups (-CH2-CH=CH2) attached to a central nitrogen atom.

CAS Number: 102-70-5
EC Number: 203-049-8



APPLICATIONS


Triallylamine is commonly used as a comonomer in the production of cross-linked polymers and copolymers.
Triallylamine is a key ingredient in the synthesis of polyallylamine, a polymer with applications in water treatment.
Triallylamine is employed as a flocculant in the purification of water by aiding in the removal of suspended solids and impurities.

In the papermaking industry, triallylamine-based polymers are used to improve paper strength and reduce paper machine runnability issues.
Triallylamine is utilized in the production of resins and adhesives, contributing to their adhesive and bonding properties.
Triallylamine-based polymers can be found in the formulation of coatings and paints for improved durability and adhesion.
Triallylamine is used in the creation of specialty films and membranes with enhanced separation and filtration capabilities.

Triallylamine can act as a cross-linking agent in rubber compounds, improving their mechanical properties.
In the automotive industry, it can be found in rubber seals and gaskets to enhance their resistance to heat and chemicals.
Triallylamine is employed in the development of ion-exchange resins for various chemical processes.
Triallylamine-based materials are used as supports for catalysts in chemical reactions.

Triallylamine plays a role in the production of thermosetting polymers that exhibit excellent heat resistance.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of coatings for printed circuit boards (PCBs) to improve electrical performance.
In the electronics industry, it can be found in encapsulants for semiconductor devices.
Triallylamine is used in the creation of thermosetting plastics with high dimensional stability.
Triallylamine-based resins are used in composite materials to enhance their mechanical strength and durability.
Triallylamine can be found in the development of adhesives for bonding metal, glass, and plastic substrates.

In the textile industry, triallylamine-based polymers are used in fabric finishing for improved crease resistance.
Triallylamine is employed in the production of specialty inks and coatings with strong adhesion properties.
Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the creation of reinforced rubber products.
In the oil and gas sector, it can be used as a component in downhole sealing materials.
Triallylamine is used in the manufacture of specialty rubber compounds for the aerospace industry.

Triallylamine is employed in the development of pressure-sensitive adhesives for tapes and labels.
Triallylamine-based polymers are used in the formulation of dental materials for dental impression procedures.
Triallylamine's versatility in polymerization reactions makes it valuable in various industries, including automotive, electronics, construction, and healthcare.

In the construction industry, triallylamine-based polymers are used as additives in concrete formulations to improve their durability and reduce shrinkage.
Triallylamine is employed in the development of thermosetting plastics used in the manufacturing of molded parts for appliances and machinery.

Triallylamine-based materials find applications in the creation of coatings for corrosion protection in marine and industrial settings.
In the aerospace sector, it is used in composite materials for aircraft components, offering high strength-to-weight ratios.
Triallylamine can be found in the production of epoxy resins used in the construction of wind turbine blades.

Triallylamine plays a role in the formulation of high-performance adhesives for bonding composite aircraft structures.
In the automotive industry, triallylamine-based polymers are used in the production of lightweight components and fuel-efficient vehicles.
Triallylamine is employed in the development of electrical insulating materials with excellent dielectric properties.

Triallylamine-based adhesives are used in the assembly of medical devices, ensuring strong and reliable bonds.
Triallylamine can be found in the creation of high-temperature-resistant gaskets and seals for industrial applications.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for pipelines and storage tanks.
In the oil and gas sector, it can be found in the production of downhole tools and equipment.

Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the production of flexible printed circuits (FPCs) for electronics.
Triallylamine plays a role in the creation of thermosetting polymers used in the aerospace industry for composites and structural components.
In the manufacturing of optical lenses, triallylamine-based coatings are used for anti-reflective properties.

Triallylamine can be employed in the development of epoxy-based composite materials for the marine industry.
Triallylamine is used in the synthesis of specialty rubber compounds for seals, O-rings, and gaskets.
Triallylamine is found in the formulation of high-impact-resistant plastics used in safety equipment and helmets.

Triallylamine-based polymers are used in the creation of flame-retardant materials for electrical and electronic applications.
In the production of aerospace composites, it contributes to materials with low thermal expansion properties.
Triallylamine-based adhesives are used in the assembly of solar panels and photovoltaic systems.
Triallylamine plays a role in the formulation of high-performance coatings for automotive parts to improve wear resistance.
In the medical field, triallylamine-based materials are used in the development of biocompatible implants and medical devices.

Triallylamine can be found in the synthesis of thermosetting resins used in the construction of sporting goods, such as tennis rackets and golf club heads.
Triallylamine's versatility in enhancing material properties makes it an important component in the development of advanced materials across a wide range of industries.
Triallylamine is utilized in the production of epoxy-based composites used in the construction of lightweight and high-strength components for the automotive and aerospace industries.
Triallylamine is employed in the creation of specialty coatings for optical lenses to reduce glare and improve clarity.

Triallylamine-based adhesives are used in the assembly of electronic devices, ensuring strong and reliable connections in circuitry.
In the manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs), it contributes to the production of laminates with excellent electrical insulation properties.

Triallylamine can be found in the formulation of thermosetting resins used in the casting of electrical insulators and transformer components.
Triallylamine plays a role in the development of high-performance composite materials for sporting equipment like skis and snowboards.
Triallylamine-based polymers are employed in the creation of coatings for marine vessels to protect against fouling and corrosion.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of high-temperature-resistant adhesives and sealants for industrial applications.
In the energy sector, triallylamine is used in the construction of wind turbine blades to enhance their structural integrity and durability.

Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the development of advanced automotive parts, including lightweight body panels and fuel-efficient engine components.
Triallylamine can be found in the production of specialty rubber compounds for the manufacture of durable conveyor belts.

Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of adhesives for bonding various substrates, including metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Triallylamine plays a role in the creation of corrosion-resistant coatings for the protection of steel structures and pipelines in harsh environments.
In the electronics industry, triallylamine-based materials are used in the encapsulation of integrated circuits (ICs) and semiconductor devices.

Triallylamine is found in the synthesis of high-performance resins used in the construction of aircraft interiors, ensuring fire resistance and low smoke generation.
Triallylamine can be utilized in the production of flexible packaging materials with excellent barrier properties against moisture and gases.
Triallylamine-based polymers are employed in the formulation of anti-static materials for electronic packaging to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD).
Triallylamine plays a role in the development of high-impact-resistant plastics used in the manufacturing of safety helmets and protective gear.

In the food and beverage industry, triallylamine can be used in the production of food-grade coatings for packaging materials.
Triallylamine-based adhesives are utilized in the assembly of medical devices, ensuring biocompatibility and strong bonding in healthcare applications.
Triallylamine is employed in the creation of thermosetting resins used in the casting of complex and intricate parts for industrial equipment.

Triallylamine is found in the formulation of anti-corrosion coatings for offshore oil and gas platforms to protect against harsh marine environments.
Triallylamine can be used in the synthesis of radiation-curable materials for printing inks and varnishes with fast curing times.
Triallylamine-based materials are employed in the development of durable and abrasion-resistant flooring materials for commercial and industrial spaces.

In the textile industry, triallylamine can be found in fabric coatings for water and oil repellency, enhancing the performance of outdoor apparel.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of specialty sealants and gaskets for the automotive industry to provide reliable sealing against fluids and gases.
In the field of aerospace engineering, it contributes to the production of composite materials for aircraft interiors, ensuring fire resistance and reduced smoke emission in case of fires.

Triallylamine-based resins are employed in the creation of composite rocket motor casings for the space industry, offering exceptional strength and heat resistance.
Triallylamine can be found in the manufacturing of friction materials for brake pads and clutches, enhancing their performance and durability.
Triallylamine is used in the development of anti-graffiti coatings for public transportation systems and architectural structures.

In the electronics sector, it plays a role in the formulation of conformal coatings to protect printed circuit boards (PCBs) from moisture and environmental factors.
Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the construction of specialized components for the oil and gas exploration industry, including downhole tools and drill bits.
Triallylamine can be employed in the production of thermosetting resins for the casting of electrical bushings and insulators.

Triallylamine is used in the creation of radiation-curable inks for high-speed printing applications in the packaging and labeling industries.
Triallylamine contributes to the development of high-performance adhesives for the assembly of medical devices and implants, ensuring biocompatibility and long-term reliability.
In the field of marine engineering, triallylamine-based coatings are used to protect ship hulls from fouling and corrosion.
Triallylamine is found in the formulation of coatings for optical lenses, offering anti-reflective and scratch-resistant properties.
Triallylamine is employed in the creation of lightweight and high-strength materials for the construction of drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Triallylamine-based polymers are used in the development of dental materials, including dental composites and adhesives for restorative procedures.
Triallylamine plays a role in the formulation of thermosetting resins for the production of fiberglass-reinforced composites used in the construction of boats and watercraft.

In the automotive sector, triallylamine contributes to the development of lightweight and fuel-efficient vehicle components, such as engine components and structural parts.
Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the creation of coatings for architectural glass, providing solar control and energy efficiency.
Triallylamine is employed in the production of radiation-curable coatings for wood finishes, ensuring rapid curing and a durable finish.

Triallylamine can be found in the formulation of high-performance adhesives for the aerospace industry, including the bonding of composite aircraft structures.
Triallylamine plays a role in the development of specialty paints and coatings for industrial equipment, offering resistance to chemicals and harsh environments.
Triallylamine-based resins are used in the construction of fuel cells for clean energy applications, ensuring stability and durability.
Triallylamine contributes to the creation of specialty materials for 3D printing, enabling the fabrication of complex and customized parts.
Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of thermosetting polymers for the production of fire-resistant cables and wire insulation.
In the textile industry, it can be found in coatings for flame-resistant fabrics used in protective workwear and uniforms.

Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the development of high-temperature-resistant adhesives and sealants for aerospace and automotive applications.
Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of heat-resistant coatings for industrial furnaces and equipment exposed to high temperatures.
Triallylamine-based resins are used in the construction of lightweight and impact-resistant materials for the production of sports equipment, including hockey sticks and bicycle frames.
It plays a role in the development of adhesives and sealants for the installation and maintenance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Triallylamine is found in the production of thermosetting plastics used in the construction of components for electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
In the aerospace industry, it contributes to the creation of flame-retardant materials for aircraft interiors, enhancing passenger safety.
Triallylamine-based materials are utilized in the development of coatings for architectural glass, offering self-cleaning and anti-graffiti properties.
Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of radiation-curable coatings for wood flooring, providing a durable and scratch-resistant finish.

Triallylamine plays a role in the production of radiation-cured inks for high-speed printing on labels and packaging materials.
Triallylamine can be found in the synthesis of specialty resins used in the construction of high-performance golf club heads and tennis racket frames.
Triallylamine-based adhesives are used in the assembly of medical implants and devices, ensuring biocompatibility and long-lasting bonds.



DESCRIPTION


Triallylamine is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H15N.
Triallylamine is an organic compound belonging to the class of amines, which are compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups.
Triallylamine is specifically characterized by having three allyl groups (-CH2-CH=CH2) attached to a central nitrogen atom.

Triallylamine is an organic compound with a distinctive, strong odor that is often described as pungent and unpleasant.
Triallylamine is composed of three allyl groups (-CH2-CH=CH2) bonded to a central nitrogen atom.

The molecular formula of triallylamine is C9H15N.
Triallylamine is a colorless to pale yellow liquid at room temperature.
Triallylamine belongs to the class of amines, which are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom.

Triallylamine is highly reactive and can participate in various chemical reactions.
One of its primary uses is as a comonomer in the synthesis of polymers and copolymers.
Triallylamine can be polymerized to form polyallylamine, which has applications in water treatment and papermaking.

In polymer chemistry, it acts as a cross-linking agent, helping to create network-like structures in certain polymer materials.
Triallylamine can be used in the production of cross-linked polymers with improved physical and chemical properties.
Triallylamine is employed in the manufacturing of resins and adhesives, contributing to their bonding and adhesive qualities.

Triallylamine can serve as a reagent in chemical reactions to introduce allyl groups into organic molecules.
Due to its reactivity, it must be handled with care and in accordance with safety guidelines.
Triallylamine is often stored and transported in containers compatible with the chemical's properties.

Triallylamine is known for its strong tendency to polymerize spontaneously when exposed to air or heat.
Triallylamine is sensitive to moisture and should be stored in a dry environment to prevent degradation.
Triallylamine is used as a flocculant in certain industrial processes to help aggregate and settle suspended particles in water.

In addition to its industrial uses, triallylamine has applications in research and chemical synthesis.
Proper ventilation is crucial when working with triallylamine due to its noxious odor.
Personal protective equipment, including gloves and safety goggles, should be worn when handling the compound.
Triallylamine is important to follow safety data sheet (SDS) guidelines when using triallylamine in the laboratory or industrial settings.

Triallylamine's reactivity makes it valuable for creating specialty materials with specific properties.
Its chemical structure consists of a nitrogen atom surrounded by three alkene groups.
The CAS number for triallylamine is 102-70-5, and the EC number is 203-049-8.
Triallylamine plays a significant role in the development of cross-linked polymers, resins, and adhesives, contributing to various industries.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C9H15N
Molecular Weight: Approximately 137.22 grams per mole
Physical State: Liquid
Color: Colorless to pale yellow
Odor: Strong and unpleasant
Melting Point: Approximately -63°C (-81.4°F)
Boiling Point: Approximately 151-153°C (303.8-307.4°F)
Density: Approximately 0.843 g/cm³ at 25°C (77°F)
Solubility in Water: Low, only slightly soluble in water
Solubility in Common Organic Solvents: Soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether
Vapor Pressure: Low
Refractive Index (nD): Approximately 1.470 at 20°C (68°F)
Flash Point: Approximately 53°C (127.4°F)
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 200-225°C (392-437°F)
Explosive Limits: Not applicable (non-explosive)
pH: Basic (alkaline) in water
Viscosity: Low viscosity liquid
Hydrogen Bond Donor: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor: 1
Chemical Structure: Triallylamine consists of three allyl groups (-CH2-CH=CH2) attached to a central nitrogen atom.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If triallylamine fumes or vapors are inhaled and respiratory distress occurs, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
Ensure that the person is breathing in a well-ventilated area.

Seek Medical Attention:
If the individual experiences severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, or chest tightness, seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If triallylamine comes into contact with the skin, promptly remove contaminated clothing and jewelry to prevent further exposure.

Wash Skin:
Wash the affected skin area gently but thoroughly with soap and lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Avoid using hot water, which can increase skin absorption.

Seek Medical Attention:
If skin irritation, redness, blistering, or chemical burns occur, seek medical attention immediately.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
If triallylamine contacts the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Ensure that both eyes are thoroughly rinsed, holding the eyelids open to allow adequate flushing.

Remove Contact Lenses:
If applicable, remove contact lenses during the rinsing process if they can be easily removed.

Seek Medical Attention:
Even if there are no immediate symptoms, seek medical evaluation for eye exposure to ensure there is no damage or delayed effects.


Ingestion:

Do NOT Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting if triallylamine is ingested.
Rinse the mouth and lips with water to remove any residual chemical.

Seek Medical Help:
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.
Provide them with as much information as possible regarding the type and amount of exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or a face shield, a lab coat or protective clothing, and chemical-resistant footwear when handling triallylamine.
Ensure that PPE is in good condition and properly fitted.

Ventilation:
Use triallylamine only in a well-ventilated area, such as a fume hood or with local exhaust ventilation.
Adequate ventilation helps to minimize exposure to vapors and fumes.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid direct skin and eye contact with triallylamine.
In case of contact, follow the first aid measures and safety procedures outlined in the safety data sheet (SDS).

Respiratory Protection:
If there is a potential for airborne exposure or if working in an enclosed space, use appropriate respiratory protection, such as a chemical cartridge respirator or supplied-air respirator, as recommended by the SDS.

Handling Equipment:
Use chemical-resistant equipment, including containers, pumps, and transfer hoses, when transferring or dispensing triallylamine.

Avoid Open Flames and Sparks:
Triallylamine is flammable.
Avoid working near open flames, sparks, or other potential ignition sources.
Ensure that electrical equipment is suitable for use in hazardous areas.

Static Electricity:
Prevent the buildup of static electricity by using grounded containers and equipment.
Bond and ground containers before transferring or decanting triallylamine to minimize the risk of static discharge.

Labeling:
Ensure that containers are properly labeled with the chemical name, hazard warnings, and safety information as required by regulations.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store triallylamine in a cool, well-ventilated, and dry storage area away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers.

Temperature:
Store at temperatures below its boiling point to prevent excessive vapor pressure in containers.
The specific storage temperature may vary but is typically within the range of 2°C to 8°C (35.6°F to 46.4°F).

Containers:
Use chemical-resistant containers made of materials compatible with triallylamine, such as glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Keep containers tightly sealed when not in use.

Labeling:
Maintain clear and legible labels on storage containers, including the product name, hazard information, and storage instructions.

Separation:
Store triallylamine away from strong acids, strong bases, oxidizers, and incompatible materials to prevent chemical reactions or contamination.

Fire Protection:
Implement fire protection measures in the storage area, including fire extinguishers and appropriate firefighting equipment. Store away from open flames and ignition sources.

Emergency Equipment:
Ensure that emergency eyewash stations and safety showers are readily accessible in case of accidental exposure.

Spill Control:
Have spill control measures and materials (e.g., absorbents, spill kits) available in case of spills or leaks.

Security:
Restrict access to authorized personnel only, and store triallylamine away from areas with heavy foot traffic.

Inventory Control:
Keep an inventory record of the quantity of triallylamine in storage, along with its usage and disposal information.

Regulatory Compliance:
Comply with local, state, and national regulations regarding the storage and handling of hazardous chemicals, including triallylamine.



SYNONYMS


2-Propen-1-amine, N-2-propenyl-
2-Propenylamine
N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine
N-Allylallylamine
N-Allylpropen-2-amine
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
TAA
TAA-99
Allylamine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-
Tri-2-propenylamine
Allylpropenylamine
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
N,N-Diallylpropen-2-amine
N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine
Tripropenylamine
3-Propenylamine, N,N-di-
N-2-Propenylprop-2-en-1-amine
2-Propenylamine, N,N-di-
2-Propenylamine, 3-[(2-propenylamino)methyl]-1H-indole
N-Allyldiallylamine
Tris(2-propenyl)aminium chloride
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-
Triallylamin
3-[(2-Propenylamino)methyl]-1H-indole
Diallylpropenylamine
TRIALLYLAMINE
Triallylamine is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Triallylamine is manufactured using allyl chloride and ammonia under heat and pressure.
Triallylamine undergoes hydrozirconation followed by transmetalation with germanium tetrachloride to form 1-aza-5-germa-5-chlorobicyclo undecane.

CAS Number: 102-70-5
Molecular Formula: C9H15N
Molecular Weight: 137.22
EINECS Number: 203-048-2

Synonyms: TRIALLYLAMINE, 102-70-5, 2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-, Tris(2-propenyl)amine, N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)prop-2-en-1-amine, 2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-, N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine, B6N19XC04R, DTXSID5026174, NSC-32635, Triallyl Amine CCRIS 4876, N,N-diallylprop-2-en-1-amine, HSDB 2904, EINECS 203-048-2, NSC 32635, UN2610, BRN 1740881, UNII-B6N19XC04R, tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)amine, triallyl-amine, (CH2=CHCH2)3N, AI3-52705, 4-04-00-01061 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Triallylamine, 99% TRIALLYLAMINE [HSDB], SCHEMBL20656, DTXCID506174, CHEMBL3188834, CHEBI:192451, N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine #, AMY22241, NSC32635, Tox21_300670, MFCD00026093, 2-Propen-1-amine,N-di-2-propenyl-, WLN: 1U2N2U1 & 2U1, AKOS015840489,UN 2610, NCGC00248135-01, NCGC00254578-01, CAS-102-70-5, LS-13670, N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)-2-propen-1-amine, FT-0653420, T0332, Triallylamine [UN2610] [Flammable liquid], EN300-7644092, A800604, J-000772, Q23779745, InChI=1/C9H15N/c1-4-7-10(8-5-2)9-6-3/h4-6H,1-3,7-9H

Triallylamine can react with Grignard or lithium reagents to form the corresponding 5-organo compounds.
The cycloaddition of TAA to fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles affords octahydro-2,7-methanofuro[3,2-c]pyridines.
Triallylamine is employed in the production of other chemicals.

Triallylamine is also mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifiers.
Triallylamine is used in the cross linking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.
Triallylamine can also be employed in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.

Triallylamine is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
As with many organic compounds, triallylamine may have some degree of flammability.
Triallylamine's important to take appropriate precautions to prevent the risk of fire in handling and storage.

Triallylamine can be used in the production of adhesive tapes, contributing to the adhesive properties that enable effective bonding.
In rubber processing, triallylamine may be employed as a crosslinking agent during vulcanization, enhancing the strength and elasticity of rubber products.
Triallylamine has been explored as a photoinitiator in the development of dental materials, where light exposure triggers polymerization for dental applications.

Triallylamine has been investigated for its use in the synthesis of conductive polymers, which have applications in electronic devices.
Chemists may use triallylamine in various organic synthesis reactions, taking advantage of its nucleophilic properties and allyl groups.
Research suggests potential applications in medical and biomedical fields, such as in the development of biomaterials and drug delivery systems.

Triallylamine may be chosen for its compatibility with certain resin systems, influencing the properties of the resulting composite materials.
In addition to its role as a crosslinking agent, Triallylamine may also be used as an additive in polymer formulations to achieve specific performance characteristics.
Triallylamine's chemical structure, featuring allyl groups, may make it compatible with aromatic compounds in certain reactions.

Triallylamine has been explored for its potential use in electrocatalytic processes, where it may participate in reactions at electrode surfaces.
Triallylamine can be employed in the functionalization of carbon nanotubes, leading to modified properties and enhanced compatibility in certain applications.
Due to its amine groups, triallylamine can form metal complexes, and it is involved in coordination chemistry reactions.

In the field of drug delivery, triallylamine has been investigated for its role in designing polymer matrices that release drugs in a controlled manner.
Triallylamine may be used in the development of gas separation membranes, contributing to the selectivity and permeability of the membrane material.
Triallylamine has been studied for its potential application in the development of photoresponsive materials that can undergo changes in properties upon exposure to light.

Triallylamine may be incorporated into polymer blends to achieve desired properties in the resulting material, such as improved mechanical strength or thermal stability.
Triallylamine can be utilized in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, where it may participate in reactions with target analytes.
Triallylamine is commonly used in the synthesis of polymers, resins, and crosslinking agents for coatings, adhesives, and sealants.

Triallylamine can also be used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis.
Triallylamine should be handled with caution as it can cause skin irritation and eye damage if not properly protected.
Triallylamine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Performance data shows that this product meets purity standards of 99% and does not have any significant environmental impact when handled correctly.
Triallylamine may exhibit hygroscopic properties, meaning it can absorb moisture from the surrounding environment.
This can impact its handling and storage considerations.

Triallylamine is used as a solvent and in organic syntheses.
Triallylamine is multifunctional, featuring a tertiary amine and three alkene groups.

Triallylamine (and mono- and diallyl amines) is produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia.
Triallylamine have particularly weak α-CH bonds, being near 80 kcal/mol.
Triallylamine is a flammble liquid. Triallylamine can be detected at 0.5 ppm and is severely irritating at 75 ppm.

Triallylamine reacts with primary aromatic amines in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst to form 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines.
The chemical structure can be represented as (CH2=CH-CH2)3N.
Triallylamine is the organic compound with the formula N(CH2CH=CH2)3.

Triallylamine is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C9H15N.
Triallylamine belongs to the amine group of organic compounds and is characterized by the presence of three allyl groups (CH2=CH-CH2) attached to a central amine nitrogen atom.

Melting point: -70°C
Boiling point: 150-151 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.79 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 4.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 90 mm Hg ( 80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.451(lit.)
Flash point: 87 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: pK1:8.31(+1) (25°C)
form: clear liquid
color: Colorless to Yellow to Orange
Water Solubility: 250 g/100 mL
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference: 102-70-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1

Triallylamine may exhibit chemical stability under certain conditions, making it suitable for use in various chemical reactions and processes.
Triallylamine can function as a catalyst or co-catalyst in certain chemical reactions, facilitating reaction pathways or influencing reaction kinetics.
Triallylamine might find applications in biochemical research or processes due to its amine functionality, which can participate in reactions involving amino groups.

In addition to its role in polymers, triallylamine can be used as a crosslinking agent in coatings, contributing to improved adhesion and coating properties.
Triallylamine has been studied for its use in electropolymerization processes, where polymers are formed through electrochemical reactions.
Triallylamine is utilized as a curing agent in resin systems, participating in reactions that lead to the hardening or curing of the resin.

Triallylamine can be employed for the functionalization of materials, introducing specific chemical functionalities for tailored properties.
The amine groups in triallylamine make Triallylamine a nucleophile, and it can be utilized in organic synthesis reactions involving nucleophilic substitution.
Triallylamine may be used in photocuring processes where exposure to light initiates polymerization or crosslinking reactions.

Triallylamine can play a role in adhesive formulations, contributing to the bonding strength and characteristics of adhesives.
Triallylamine has been investigated for its involvement in chemiluminescence reactions, where light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction.
Triallylamine may find application in the formulation of anti-corrosive coatings, contributing to the protective properties of the coating on metal surfaces.

Triallylamine is amine groups can act as chelating agents, forming stable complexes with certain metal ions.
In UV-curable resin systems, triallylamine may be used to initiate or contribute to crosslinking reactions upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.
There is potential for triallylamine to be explored in certain agricultural applications, such as in the development of controlled-release formulations for agrochemicals.

Triallylamine is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizing agents.
Corrosive towards Al and Zn [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 912] .
Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water.

May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
Triallylamine is often employed as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers, particularly in processes where the formation of a three-dimensional network structure is desired for improved mechanical properties.

Uses:
Triallylamine has been explored for its involvement in chemiluminescence reactions, which are reactions that produce light emission.
Triallylamine has been explored for potential use in dental materials, particularly in the development of materials used in dental procedures or restorations.
Triallylamine may find application in the textile industry, where its crosslinking properties could be utilized in fabric treatments or finishes to enhance the durability of textiles.

Triallylamine might be employed as a component in fuel additives to improve certain properties, stability, or combustion characteristics of the fuel.
The chelating properties of triallylamine may be relevant in water treatment processes, where it could be used in the removal or sequestration of certain metal ions.
Triallylamine could be included in formulations for metalworking fluids, providing lubrication and cooling during machining processes in the metalworking industry.

Due to its role as a photoinitiator, triallylamine may be utilized in the formulation of photocurable materials, where exposure to light initiates rapid curing or hardening.
Triallylamine might be used as an additive in concrete formulations to modify the properties of concrete, such as improving workability or enhancing the strength of cured concrete.
Triallylamine has applications in electropolymerization processes, where polymers are formed through electrochemical reactions.

In the electronics industry, Triallylamine may find use in the synthesis of materials for electronic devices, such as conductive polymers or materials with specific electronic properties.
Triallylamine may be utilized in the oil and gas industry for the formulation of certain chemicals used in oilfield applications, such as drilling fluids or production chemicals.
Triallylamine can be employed in analytical chemistry as a reagent or a component in methods requiring its specific chemical properties.

Triallylamine might be used as a component in formulations for flavors and fragrances, contributing to the overall characteristics of the final product.
In biomedical research, triallylamine may be studied for its potential applications in the development of biomaterials or drug delivery systems.
Triallylamine is used in the formulation of anti-corrosive coatings, providing protection to metal surfaces against corrosion.

In UV-curable resin systems, triallylamine may contribute to crosslinking reactions upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, leading to the hardening or curing of the resin.
There is potential for triallylamine to be explored in agricultural applications, such as in the development of controlled-release formulations for agrochemicals.
Due to its amine groups, triallylamine can act as a chelating agent, forming stable complexes with certain metal ions.

Triallylamine is used in organic synthesis.Triallylamine has been proposed as a catalyst for the production of polyesters and as an initiator for the polymerization of butadiene.
Triallylamine (TAA) reacts with primary aromatic amines in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst to form 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines.
Triallylamine undergoes hydrozirconation followed by transmetalation with germanium tetrachloride to form 1-aza-5-germa-5-chlorobicyclo[3.3.3]undecane.

Triallylamine can react with Grignard or lithium reagents to form the corresponding 5-organo compounds.
The cycloaddition of Triallylamine to fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles affords octahydro-2,7-methanofuro[3,2-c]pyridines.
Triallylamine uses and applications include: unsaturated polyester resin comonomer; crosslinking comonomer; production of some rubbers, ion exchange resins, organic chemicals.

Triallylamine may be used in the formulation of adhesives, where its properties contribute to the bonding characteristics of the adhesive.
Triallylamine can serve as a crosslinking agent in the production of rubber, contributing to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure in the polymer.
Triallylamine can act as an initiator in free radical polymerization reactions, initiating the polymerization of certain monomers.

Triallylamine is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of composite materials, providing enhanced structural integrity.
In coordination chemistry, triallylamine can function as an electron donor ligand in the formation of coordination compounds.
Triallylamine may be employed in the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds, which have applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Triallylamine can be used as a photoinitiator in certain polymerization reactions initiated by light exposure.
Added to resin formulations to modify the properties of the resin, such as improving its crosslinking density.
Triallylamine is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds with specific functionalities.

Applied as a crosslinking agent in textile finishes to enhance the durability and performance of textiles.
Triallylamine can be involved in the synthesis of ion exchange resins, which find applications in water treatment and other separation processes.
Triallylamine utilized in research and development activities, particularly in laboratories exploring new materials and chemical processes.

Triallylamine is mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifier, also can be used in the crosslinking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.
According to some reports, Triallylamine can be used in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.
Triallylamine can be used as a monomer in polymerization reactions to form polymers with specific properties.

Triallylamine may be employed as a crosslinking agent in the synthesis of polymers or other materials, contributing to improved mechanical properties.
In some cases, triallylamine can serve as an initiator in certain polymerization reactions, starting the chain reaction that forms polymers.
Triallylamine is used as a reactant or reagent in various chemical synthesis processes, particularly those involving the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.

Triallylamine might be used as an additive in resin formulations to modify the properties of the resulting resin or polymer.
Triallylamine can be employed as a crosslinking agent in the formulation of coatings, contributing to enhanced durability and performance.
Triallylamine is used as a monomer in polymerization reactions to produce polymers with specific properties.

Triallylamine is allyl groups make it suitable for crosslinking reactions, leading to the formation of three-dimensional networks.
Triallylamine serves as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers and resins, enhancing the mechanical strength, durability, and other properties of the final material.
Triallylamine is employed in the formulation of adhesives, contributing to the adhesive properties and bond strength in adhesive products.

In rubber processing, triallylamine is used as a crosslinking agent during vulcanization, improving the elasticity and strength of rubber products.
Triallylamine can act as a photoinitiator in certain polymerization reactions initiated by exposure to light, enabling controlled and rapid polymerization.
Triallylamine is utilized in coatings to improve adhesion, durability, and other performance characteristics. It can act as a crosslinking agent in the curing of coatings.

Triallylamine has been studied for its potential applications in electrocatalysis and as a component in electrochemical sensors due to its reactivity.
Triallylamine is investigated for its role in designing polymer matrices for drug delivery systems, contributing to controlled release mechanisms.
Triallylamine may be used in the development of gas separation membranes, influencing selectivity and permeability in gas separation processes.

Safety Profile:
Triallylamine human systemic effects by inhalation: structural or functional changes in trachea or bronchi.
Flammable liquid when exposed to heat, flame or oxidlzers.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Triallylamine poison by skin contact and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
Triallylamine an eye and severe skin irritant.

Health Hazard:
Triallylamine may cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed.
Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Triallylamine vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard:
Triallylamine, flammable/combustible material.
May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
Triallylamine vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.

Triallylamine vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.

Triallylamine, runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
Containers may explode when heated.
Many liquids are lighter than water.


TRIALLYLAMINE
Triallylamine is transparent and colorless to yellowish liquid, has ammoniac odor.
The Triallylamine with CAS registry number of 102-70-5 is also called 2-Propen-1-amine,N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-.
The IUPAC name is N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)prop-2-en-1-amine.


CAS Number: 102-70-5
EC Number: 203-048-2
MDL number: MFCD00026093
Chemical formula: C9H15N


Triallylamine's EINECS registry number is 203-048-2.
In addition, the molecular formula of Triallylamine is C9H15N and the molecular weight is 137.22.
Triallylamine is a kind of dark brown liquid and belongs to the classes of Acyclic; Alkenes; Organic Building Blocks.


And Triallylamine should be stored in a cool and ventilated place.
Relative density of Triallylamine (water=1) is 0.809g/cm³ melting point:-70℃, boiling point:155-156℃, flash point:39.4℃.
In addition, Triallylamine can be used as intermediate of ion exchange resins, crosslinker of high absorbent and metal resist.


What's more, Triallylamine can react with 4-ethyl-aniline to get 2,6-diethyl-3-methyl-quinoline.
This reaction will need reagents ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and tin(II) chloride dihydrate, and solvent dioxane.
The reaction time is 20 hours at reaction temperature of 180 °C.


The yield is about 65%.
Triallylamine is the organic compound with the formula N(CH2CH=CH2)3.
Triallylamine is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.


Triallylamine is multifunctional, featuring a tertiary amine and three alkene groups.
Triallylamine (and mono- and diallyl amines) is produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia.
Allylamines have particularly weak α-CH bonds, being near 80 kcal/mol.


Triallylamine appears as a colorless liquid with a fishlike odor.
Hence Triallylamine floats on water.
Triallylamine's vapors are heavier than air.


Triallylamine is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
Triallylamine is a tertiary amino compound.
Triallylamine is not miscible or difficult to mix in water.


Triallylamine stores away from strong oxidizing agents and acids.
Triallylamine protects against electrostatic charges and keep away from ignition sources.
Triallylamine is a colorless liquid with a fishlike odor.


Triallylamine's density is 0.800 g / cm3 and insoluble in water.
Hence Triallylamine floats on water.
Triallylamine's flash point is 103°F.


Triallylamine's vapors are heavier than air.
Triallylamine reacts with primary aromatic amines in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst to form 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines.
Triallylamine undergoes hydrozirconation followed by transmetalation with germanium tetrachloride to form 1-aza-5-germa-5-chlorobicyclo[3.3.3]undecane.


Triallylamine can react with Grignard or lithium reagents to form the corresponding 5-organo compounds.
The cycloaddition of Triallylamine to fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles affords octahydro-2,7-methanofuro[3,2-c]pyridine.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIALLYLAMINE:
Triallylamine is used as a chemical intermediate to produce ion exchange resins and rubber.
Triallylamine is used as extractant of uranium and rare metals, and it can be used for organic synthesis and resin modified.
Triallylamine is mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifier, also can be used in the crosslinking of high absorbent and the intermediates of.


According to some reports, Triallylamine can be used in producing activator and the evocating agent of
Triallylamine is mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifier, also can be used in the crosslinking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.


According to some reports, Triallylamine can be used in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.
Triallylamine is used to make other chemicals.
Triallylamine is used to make other chemicals.


Triallylamine is employed in the production of other chemicals.
Triallylamine is also mainly applied in organic synthesis and resin modifiers.


Triallylamine is used in the cross linking of high absorbent and the intermediates of ion exchange resin.
Triallylamine can also be employed in producing polyester activator and the evocating agent of butadiene polymerization.
Triallylamine is used to make other chemicals.



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF TRIALLYLAMINE:
*Allylamine
*Diallylamine



PREPARATION OF TRIALLYLAMINE:
Triallylamine can be prepared by diallylamine and 3-acetoxy-propene.
This reaction will need reagent cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(Ph2PCH2)cyclopentane, catalyst [PdCl(C3H5)]2 and solvent tetrahydrofuran.
The reaction time is 130 hours at reaction temperature of 25 °C.
The yield is about 95%.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIALLYLAMINE:
Chemical formula: C9H15N
Molar mass: 137.226 g·mol−1
Appearance: colorless liquid
Density: 0.809 g/cm3
Boiling point: 155.5 °C (311.9 °F; 428.6 K)
CAS: 102-70-5
Molecular Formula: C9H15N
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 137.226
MDL Number: MFCD00026093
InChI Key: VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 137.22 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 137.120449483 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 137.120449483 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 92.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 150 - 151 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 31 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,79 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 4,74 - (Air = 1.0)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.79000 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.45100 @ 20.00 °C.

Flash Point: 87.00 °F. TCC ( 30.56 °C. )
Soluble in: water, 2500 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
ACD/LogP: 3.32
ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.69
ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 3.13
ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 4.61
ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 127.74
ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 35.71
ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 990.08
H bond acceptors: 1
Freely Rotating Bonds: 6
Polar Surface Area: 3.24 Å2
Index of Refraction: 1.462
Molar Refractivity: 46.64 cm3
Molar Volume: 169.6 cm3
Polarizability: 18.49 ×10-24cm3
Surface Tension: 25.9 dyne/cm
Density: 0.808 g/cm3
Flash Point: 30.6 °C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 39.43 kJ/mol
Boiling Point: 157.6 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 2.74 mmHg at 25°C.



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,2 mm
Break through time: 43 min
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIALLYLAMINE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
TAA
TRIALLYLAMINE
102-70-5
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)prop-2-en-1-amine
tris(prop-2-en-1-yl)amine
N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine
CCRIS 4876
HSDB 2904
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-
EINECS 203-048-2
NSC 32635
UN2610
BRN 1740881
UNII-B6N19XC04R
AI3-52705
B6N19XC04R
DTXSID5026174
4-04-00-01061 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NSC-32635
Triallyl Amine
N,N-diallylprop-2-en-1-amine
triallyl-amine
triallylamin-
(CH2=CHCH2)3N
Triallylamine, 99%
TRIALLYLAMINE [HSDB]
SCHEMBL20656
DTXCID506174
CHEMBL3188834
CHEBI:192451
LS-83
N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine #
ADAL1243817
AMY22241
NSC32635
Tox21_300670
MFCD00026093
NA2610
2-Propen-1-amine,N-di-2-propenyl-
WLN: 1U2N2U1 & 2U1
AKOS015840489
UN 2610
NCGC00248135-01
NCGC00254578-01
CAS-102-70-5
N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)-2-propen-1-amine
FT-0653420
T0332
Triallylamine [UN2610]
2-propen-1-amina, N,N-di-2-propen-1-il-
Triallylamine [UN2610]
EN300-7644092
A800604
J-000772
Q23779745
InChI=1/C9H15N/c1-4-7-10(8-5-2)9-6-3/h4-6H,1-3,7-9H
2-Propen-1-amine,N,N-di-2-propenyl- (9CI)
Triallylamine (6CI,7CI,8CI)
N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
Triallylamine
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propenyl-
AI3-52705
BRN 1740881
CCRIS 4876
HSDB 2904
N,N-Di-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-amine
NSC 32635
Tris(2-propenyl)amine
2-Propen-1-amine, N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-
Triallylamine
UN2610;AMINOTRI-2-PROPENE
N,N,N-triallylamine
tertiaryamine
tri-2-propenylamine
Trialkylamine
triallyamine
TRIALLYAMINE HCL
Triallyl-amin
TRIALLYLAMINE
TAA;Tri-2-propenylamine
TRIALLYLAMINE
(CH2=CHCH2)3N
triallylaMate;Triallylamine 99%
2-PROPEN-1-AMINE, N,N-DI-2-PROPEN-1-YL-
2-PROPEN-1-AMINE, N,N-DI-2-PROPENYL-
N,N-DI-2-PROPENYL- 2-PROPEN-1-AMINE
NSC-32635
TRIALLYLAMINE
TRIALLYLAMINE [HSDB]
TRIS(2-PROPENYL)AMINE

TRIALLYLAMINE
Tri(butyl cellosolve) phosphate; Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate; TBEP; 2-Butoxyethanol phosphate; Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester; Tributyl cellosolve phosphate; Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate; cas no: 78-51-3
TRIAZINETRIETHANOL
DESCRIPTION:
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)-5-triazine is a viscous yellow liquid.

CAS: 4719-04-4
European Community (EC) Number: 225-208-0
IUPAC Name: 2-[3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl]ethanol
Molecular Formula: C9H21N3O3


USES OF TRIAZINETRIETHANOL:
Triazinetriethanol is Used as a formaldehyde-releasing biocide in metalworking fluids;
Triazinetriethanol is An antimicrobial (possesses some fungicidal activity) used to preserve adhesives, metalworking fluids, indoor construction materials, lubricants, aqueous mineral slurries, paints, stains, coatings, fuel and oil in storage, oil field drilling muds, inks and dyes, chemical and clinical reagents, industrial water systems, and household and industrial cleansers and detergents;



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIAZINETRIETHANOL:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product





CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIAZINETRIETHANOL:
Molecular Weight 219.28 g/mol
XLogP3-AA -1.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
Rotatable Bond Count 6
Exact Mass 219.15829154 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 219.15829154 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 70.4Ų
Heavy Atom Count 15
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 130
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
CAS NO. 4719-04-4
EINECS NO. 225-208-0
FORMULA C9H21N3O3
MOL WT. 219.28
PHYSICAL STATE clear to light yellow liquid
BOILING POINT > 100 C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.14 - 1.16
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Soluble
SOLVENT SOLUBILITY
pH 10.5 - 11.5
VAPOR DENSITY 5.9
AUTOIGNITION NFPA RATINGS Health: 3; Flammability: 1; Reactivity: 1
REFRACTIVE INDEX 1.445 - 1.450
FLASH POINT > 94 C
STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions









SYNONYMS OF TRIAZINETRIETHANOL:
1,3,5-tris(hydroxy-ethyl)s-hexahydrotriazine
Grotan BK
KM 200
KM-200
4719-04-4
Actane
Grotan
2,2',2''-(1,3,5-triazinane-1,3,5-triyl)triethanol
Triazinetriethanol
Grotan BK
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine
Grotan B
Kalpur TE
Onyxide 200
1,3,5-Triazine-1,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol
Roksol T 1-7
Nipacide BK
s-Triazine-1,3,5-triethanol
Busan 1060
Grotan HD
Rancidity control agent
KM 200 (alcohol)
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine
ETA 75
KM 200
OU2JEB22IE
1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine
NSC 516387
1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)triazine
s-Triazine-1,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol
DTXSID7025394
1,3,5-Tris(hydroxy-ethyl)s-hexahydrotriazine
KM-200
tris(N-hydroxyethyl) hexahydrotriazine
1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane
NSC-516387
Bactraclean
Protectol HT
Acticide GR
Surcide D
Surcide P
Cobate C
Triadine 3
Bioban GK
Permachem OB 2
Busan 1506
Miliden X-2
Appolo-207
UNII-OU2JEB22IE
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tri(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine
SCHEMBL125784
N,N',N''-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine
DTXCID405394
ETA-75
CHEMBL3561636
C9H21N3O3
2-[3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl]ethanol
Tox21_303727
MFCD01678788
NSC516387
AKOS024462548
Tris-hydroxyethyl-hexahydro-S-triazine
CS-W018942
Hexahydro-1,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)triazine
NCGC00357283-01
s-Triazine-1,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol
PD056846
CAS-4719-04-4
Hexahydro-1,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)triazine
1,3,5-tris-hydroxyethyl perhydro-s-triazine
FT-0675394
1,3,5-TRIHYDROXYETHYLHEXAHYDROTRIAZINE
1,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine
Hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)triazine
1,3,5-tris(2-Hydroxyethyl)perhydro-s-triazine
1,5-Triazine-1,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol
EC 225-208-0
Hexahydro-1,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine
1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)perhydro-s-tria-zine
Hexahydro-1,5-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)-s-triazine
4-26-00-00010 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
Q27285845
TRIS(.BETA.-HYDROXYETHYL)HEXAHYDRO-S-TRIAZINE
TRIS(N-HYDROXYETHYL) HEXAHYDROTRIAZINE [INCI]



TRIBROMOMETHANE
Tribromomethane is a brominated organic solvent, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Tribromomethane is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Miscible with Tribromomethane, benzene, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl ether and oils.

CAS Number: 75-25-2
EC Number: 200-854-6
Molar Mass: 252.75 g/mol
Chemical Formula: CHBr3

Tribromomethane, Methane tribromide, Methyl tribromide, Bromoform, tribromomethane, 75-25-2, Methane, tribromo-, Tribrommethan, Methenyl tribromide, Methyl tribromide, Tribrommethaan, Tribromometan, Bromoforme, Bromoformio, CHBr3, RCRA waste number U225, NCI-C55130, UNII-TUT9J99IMU, NSC 8019, TUT9J99IMU, CHEBI:38682, MFCD00000128, Bromoforme, Bromoformio, Tribrommethaan, Tribrommethan, Tribromometan, CCRIS 98, Bromoform, MBR, HSDB 2517, EINECS 200-854-6, UN2515, RCRA waste no. U225, BRN 1731048, bromo form, AI3-28587, Tri bromo methane, WLN: EYEE, Bromoform, technical grade, DSSTox_CID_1374, DSSTox_RID_76118, DSSTox_GSID_21374, SCHEMBL18691, 4-01-00-00082, BIDD:ER0622, Bromoform, puriss., 97.0%, CHEMBL345248, DTXSID1021374, NSC8019, Bromoform, AMY21869, BCP10566, Bromoform (stabilized with Ethanol), NSC-8019, ZINC8101061, Tox21_200189, Bromoform 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Bromoform, 96%, stab. with ethanol, AKOS009031540, AT27291, Bromoform 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, DB03054, UN 2515, CAS-75-25-2, Bromoform, puriss., >=99.0% (GC), NCGC00091318-01, NCGC00091318-02, NCGC00257743-01, BP-21414, I606, Tribromomethane (stabilized with Ethanol), Tribromomethane 100 microg/mL in Methanol, B0806, FT-0623248, FT-0623471, S0653, T0348, Bromoform, amylene stabilized, analytical standard, Q409799, J-519947, Bromoform, contains 1-3% ethanol as stabilizer, 96%, F0001-1896, Bromoform - contains 60-120ppm 2-Methyl-2-butene as stabilizer, BROMOFORM (CONTAINS 60-120PPM 2-METHYL-2-BUTENE AS STABILIZER), Bromoform, contains 60-120 ppm 2-methyl-2-butene as stabilizer, 99%, 220-823-0, 2909-52-6, Bromform, Bromoform, Bromoforme, Bromoformi, Bromoformio, Bromofórmio, Bromoformo, CHBr3, Methane, tribromo-, methyl tribromide, MFCD00000128, Tribrommethaan, Tribrommethan, tribromometano, tribromometano, tribromomethane, Tribromométhane, [75-25-2], 200-854-6MFCD00000128, 4471-18-5, Bromoform - contains 60-120ppm 2-Methyl-2-butene as stabilizer, Bromoform|Tribromomethane, Bromoform-d, Bromoforme, Bromoforme, Bromoformio, Bromoformio, MBR, METHENYL TRIBROMIDE, Tri bromo methane, Tribrommethaan, Tribrommethaan, Tribrommethan, Tribrommethan, tribromo methane, Tribromometan, Tribromometan, Tribromomethane, Methane tribromide, Methyl tribromide, TRIBROMOMETHANE|TRIBROMOMETHANE, WLN: EYEE

Tribromomethane is a brominated organic solvent, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Tribromomethane is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform.

Tribromomethane can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating chloroform with aluminium bromide.
Currently Tribromomethane main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Tribromomethane is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Tribromomethane is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Tribromomethane is used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis as well as a laboratory reagent.
Tribromomethane is the ingredient of fire-resistant chemicals and fluid gauges.
Tribromomethane acts as a sedative and as cough reducing agent.

Tribromomethane is a brominated organic solvent with the formula CHBr3.
Tribromomethane has an odor similar to chloroform and Tribromomethane density is very high (2,89).
Miscible with chloroform, benzene, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl ether and oils.

Tribromomethane is classified as a member of the Trihalomethanes.
Trihalomethanes are organic compounds in which exactly three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4) are replaced by halogen atoms.
Trace amounts of 1,2-dibromoethane occur naturally in the ocean, where Tribromomethane is formed probably by algae and kelp.

Tribromomethane is formally rated as an unfounded non-carcinogenic (IARC 3) potentially toxic compound.
Exposure to Tribromomethane may occur from the consumption of chlorinated drinking water.

The acute (short-term) effects from inhalation or ingestion of high levels of Tribromomethane in humans and animals consist of nervous system effects such as the slowing down of brain functions, and injury to the liver and kidney.
Chronic (long-term) animal studies indicate effects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) from oral exposure to Tribromomethane.

Human data are considered inadequate in providing evidence of cancer by exposure to Tribromomethane, while animal data indicate that long-term oral exposure can cause liver and intestinal tumors.
Tribromomethane has been classified as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Most of the Tribromomethane that enters the environment is formed as disinfection byproducts known as the trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water or swimming pools to kill bacteria.

In the past, Tribromomethane was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Tribromomethane is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.
Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35.

Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock.
Tribromomethane is a pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.

Tribromomethane (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very highdensity, and sweet odor is similar to that of.
Tribromomethane is a trihalomethane, and is one of the four haloforms, the others beingfluoroform, and iodoform.

Tribromomethane can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating with aluminum bromide.
Currently Tribromomethane main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Tribromomethane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Tribromomethane is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Tribromomethane (CHBr3) is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform, a halomethane or haloform.
Tribromomethane refractive index is 1.595 (20 °C, D).

Small amounts are formed naturally by plants in the ocean.
Tribromomethane is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.
Most of the Tribromomethane that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.

Tribromomethane is one of the trihalomethanes closely related with fluoroform, chloroform and iodoform.
Tribromomethane is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Tribromomethane LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

Tribromomethane can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite or by the electrolysis of alcoholic solution of potassium or sodium bromide.

Tribromomethane is used as a solvent and to make pharmaceuticals.
Often stabilized with 1 to 3% ethanol.

Applications of Tribromomethane:
Tribromomethane is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Tribromomethane is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Tribromomethane is used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis as well as a laboratory reagent.
Tribromomethane is the ingredient of fire-resistant chemicals and fluid gauges.
Tribromomethane acts as a sedative and as cough reducing agent.

Uses of Tribromomethane:
As a fluid for mineral ore separation; as a laboratory reagent; in the electronics industry for quality assurance programs; formerly as a sedative and antitussive

Tribromomethane is a colorless to yellow liquid with a density about three times that of water.
Tribromomethane has an odor and sweetish taste similar to chloroform and is not combustible.

Tribromomethane has been used as a degreasing solvent, in chemical synthesis, and in fire extinguishers, and is no longer used as a sedative for children with whooping cough.
Currently, Tribromomethane is produced only in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

In separating mixtures of minerals.
Tribromomethane is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.

Tribromomethane was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Tribromomethane was also used in the early part of this century as a medicine to help children with whooping cough get to sleep.
Currently, Tribromomethane is only produced in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

Tribromomethane is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Tribromomethane was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Tribromomethane has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of Tribromomethane are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Tribromomethane was used as a solvent, and flame retardant, but now Tribromomethane is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Tribromomethane's high density makes Tribromomethane useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with Tribromomethane and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals lighter than Tribromomethane, and the bottom layer will contain heavier minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the Tribromomethane with a small amount of a less dense and fully miscible solvent.

Tribromomethane is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Tribromomethane has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of Tribromomethane are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Tribromomethane was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Tribromomethane is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Tribromomethane also has medical uses; injections of Tribromomethane are sometimes used instead of epinephrine to treat severe asthma cases.

Tribromomethane's high density makes Tribromomethane useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with Tribromomethane and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals less dense than Tribromomethane, and the bottom layer will contain denser minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the Tribromomethane with a small amount of a less dense and miscible solvent.

Tribromomethane is known as an inhibitor of methanogenesis and is a common component of seaweed.
Following research by CSIRO and Tribromomethane spin-off FutureFeed, several companies are now growing seaweed, in particular from the genus Asparagopsis, to use as a feed additive for livestock to reduce methane emissions from ruminants.

Tribromomethane is used as a intermediate for pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds.
Tribromomethane is also used as a solvent for waxes and oils.

Tribromomethane is used for synth of pharmaceuticals; used in shipbuilding, aircraft, and aerospace industries; used in fire extinguishers.
Tribromomethane is used as a heavy liquid floatation agent in mineral separation, sedimentary petrographical surveys, and purification of materials such as quartz.

Tribromomethane is used as an industrial solvent in liquid-solvent extractions, in nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
Tribromomethane is used as a catalyst, initiator, or sensitizer in polymer reactions, and in vulcanization of rubber.

Use Classification of Tribromomethane:
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Health Hazards - Carcinogens

Therapeutic Uses of Tribromomethane:
Tribromomethane was formerly used as an antiseptic and sedative.

Typical Properties of Tribromomethane:

Chemical Properties:
Tribromomethane is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweetish odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Tribromomethane is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Tribromomethane can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Physical properties:
Clear, colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Odor threshold concentration in water is 0.3 mg/kg

Tribromomethane is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweetish odor.
The chemical formula for Tribromomethane is CBr3H and the molecular weight is 252.75 g/mol.

The vapor pressure for Tribromomethane is 5 mm Hg at 20 °C, and Tribromomethane has an octanol/water partition coefficient(log Kow) of 2.38.
Tribromomethane has an odor threshold of 1.3 parts per million (ppm).

Tribromomethane is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Tribromomethane can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Manufacturing Methods of Tribromomethane:
Prepared from acetone and sodium hypobromite.

By heating acetone or ethanol with bromine and alkali hyroxide and recovery of distillation (similar to acetone process of chloroform).

Analytic Laboratory Methods of Tribromomethane:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and health effects, we have developed an automated analytical method using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

This method quantitates trace levels of THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and Tribromomethane) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in tap water.
Detection limits of less than 100 ng/L for all analytes and linear ranges of three orders of magnitude are adequate for measuring the THMs in tap water samples tested from across the United States.

Method: NIOSH 1003, Issue 3
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: Tribromomethane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 6.0 ug/sample.

Method: ASTM D5790
Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Analyte: Tribromomethane
Matrix: treated drinking water, wastewater, and ground water
Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Method: EPA-EAD 601
Procedure: gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity or microcoulometric detector
Analyte: Tribromomethane
Matrix: municipal and industrial discharges
Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Clinical Laboratory Methods of Tribromomethane:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and adverse health effects, an automated analytical method was developed using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with selected ion mass detection and isotope-dilution techniques.
This method quantified trace levels of THMs (including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and Tribromomethane) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in human blood.

Analyte responses were adequate for measuring background levels after extraction of these volatile organic compounds with either purge-and-trap extraction or headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
The SPME method was chosen because of Tribromomethane ease of use and higher throughput.

Detection limits for the SPME GC-MS method ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 ng/L, with linear ranges of three orders of magnitude.
This method proved adequate for measuring the THMs and MTBE in most blood samples tested from a diverse U.S. reference population.

Purification Methods of Tribromomethane:
The storage and stability of Tribromomethane and chloroform are similar.
Ethanol, added as a stabilizer, is removed by washing with H2O or with saturated CaCl2 solution, and the CHBr3, after drying with CaCl2 or K2CO3, is fractionally distilled.

Prior to distillation, CHBr3 has also been washed with conc H2SO4 until the acid layer is no longer coloured, then dilute NaOH or NaHCO3, and H2O.
A further purification step is fractional crystallisation by partial freezing.

Structure of Tribromomethane:
The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry.

MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Tribromomethane:

Carcinogens:
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals.
Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Teratogens:
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Environment and Toxicology of Tribromomethane:
Natural production of Tribromomethane by phytoplankton and seaweeds in the ocean is thought to be Tribromomethane predominant source in the environment.

However, locally significant amounts of Tribromomethane enter the environment formed as disinfection byproducts known as trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.
Tribromomethane is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.

Tribromomethane is the main trihalomethane produced in beachfront salt water swimming pools with concentrations as high as 1.2 ppm (parts per million).
Concentrations in freshwater pools are 1000 times lower.
Occupational skin exposure limits are set at 0.5 ppm.

Tribromomethane may be hazardous to the environment, and special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.
Tribromomethane volatility and environmental persistence makes Tribromomethane's release, either as liquid or vapor, strongly inadvisable.

Tribromomethane can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.
Tribromomethane is irritating to the respiratory tract, the eyes, and the skin, and may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver, resulting in impaired functions.

Tribromomethane is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Tribromomethane LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that Tribromomethane is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
The EPA classified Tribromomethane as a probable human carcinogen.

Safe Storage of Tribromomethane:
Separated from strong bases, oxidants, metals and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in the dark.
Ventilation along the floor.

Store only if stabilized.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Reactivity Profile of Tribromomethane:
Heating Tribromomethane to decomposition produces highly toxic fumes of carbon oxybromide (carbonyl bromide) and hydrogen bromide.
Reaction with powdered potassium or sodium hydroxide, Li or Na/K alloys, is violently exothermic.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers in the presence of potassium hydroxide.

Safety Profile of Tribromomethane:
Suspected carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.
A human poison by ingestion.

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.
Human mutation data reported.

Tribromomethane can damage the liver to a serious degree and cause death.
Tribromomethane has anesthetic properties simdar to those of chloroform, but is not sufficiently volatile for inhalation purposes and is far too toxic for human use.
As a sedative and antitussive Tribromomethane medicinal application has resulted in numerous poisonings.

Inhalation of small amounts causes irritation, provoking the flow of tears and saliva, and reddening of the face.
Abuse can lead to adhction and serious consequences.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers or potassium hydroxide.

Violent reaction with acetone or bases.
Incompatible with Li or NaK alloys.
When heated to decomposition Tribromomethane emits hghly toxic fumes of Br-.

First Aid of Tribromomethane:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Tribromomethane chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Tribromomethane:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Tribromomethane without risk.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter Tribromomethane.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Tribromomethane:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Isolation and Evacuation of Tribromomethane:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Tribromomethane:

Personal protection:
Complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.

Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear respiratory protection.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Disposal Methods of Tribromomethane:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U225, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations.
Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria.

Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur.
Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal.

If Tribromomethane is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, Tribromomethane must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of Tribromomethane.
Dissolve or mix Tribromomethane with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
If packaged as an aerosol, be careful when releasing in an incinerator or Tribromomethane will blow past the combustion zone.

Preventive Measures of Tribromomethane:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear respiratory protection.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.
Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling Tribromomethane.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with Tribromomethane.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.

Nonfire Spill Response of Tribromomethane:
Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Stop leak if you can do Tribromomethane without risk.
Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.

SMALL SPILL:
Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Identifiers of Tribromomethane:
CAS number: 75-25-2
EC index number: 602-007-00-X
EC number: 200-854-6
Hill Formula: CHBr₃
Molar Mass: 252.75 g/mol
HS Code: 2903 69 19
Quality Level: MQ200

Boiling point: 149.5 °C (1013 mbar)
Density: 2.89 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 30 °C does not flash
Melting Point: 8.0 °C
Vapor pressure: 7.5 hPa (25 °C)
Solubility: 3.2 g/l

CAS Number: 75-25-2
Abbreviations: R-20B3
UN: 2515
Beilstein Reference: 1731048
ChEBI: CHEBI:38682
ChEMBL: ChEMBL345248
ChemSpider: 13838404
DrugBank: DB03054
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.777
EC Number: 200-854-6
Gmelin Reference: 49500
KEGG: C14707
MeSH: Tribromomethane
PubChem CID: 5558
RTECS number: PB5600000
UNII: TUT9J99IMU
UN number: 2515
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID1021374
InChI: InChI=1S/CHBr3/c2-1(3)4/h1H
Key: DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: BrC(Br)Br

Properties of Tribromomethane:
Chemical formula: CHBr3
Molar mass: 252.731 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 2.89 g mL−1
Melting point: −4 to 16 °C; 25 to 61 °F; 269 to 289 K
Boiling point: 147 to 151 °C; 296 to 304 °F; 420 to 424 K
Solubility in water: 3.2 g L−1 (at 30 °C)
log P: 2.435
Vapor pressure: 670 Pa (at 20.0 °C)
Henry's law constant (kH): 17 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa): 13.7
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -82.60·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.595

Molecular Weight: 252.73
XLogP3-AA: 2.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 251.76079
Monoisotopic Mass: 249.76284
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count : 4
Complexity: 8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Tribromomethane:
Assay (GC, area %) : ≥ 98.0 %
Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test
Density: 2.81
Melting Point: 8°C to 9°C
Boiling Point: 148°C to 150°C
Flash Point: None
UN Number: UN2515
Beilstein: 1731048
Merck Index: 14,1420
Refractive Index: 1.585
Quantity: 250g
Solubility Information: Slightly soluble in water.
Sensitivity: Light sensitive
Formula Weight: 252.73
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Tribromomethane, Stabilized with ethanol

Thermochemistry of Tribromomethane:
Heat capacity (C): 130.5 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 6.1–12.7 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −549.1–−542.5 kJ mol−1

Related compounds of Tribromomethane:

Related alkanes:
Dibromomethane
Tetrabromomethane
1,1-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dibromoethane
Tetrabromoethane

Names of Tribromomethane:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tribromomethane

Other names:
Bromoform
Methenyl tribromide
Methyl tribromide
Tribromomethane

MeSH of Tribromomethane:
bromoform
tribromomethane
TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE

Tributoxyethyl phosphate, often abbreviated as Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C24H51O7P.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a member of the organophosphate ester family and is commonly used as a flame retardant and plasticizer in various applications, particularly in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is known for its ability to enhance the flame resistance of materials, making it valuable in industries where fire safety is a concern.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is often used in combination with other flame retardants to meet specific fire safety standards.

CAS Number: 78-51-3
EC Number: 201-122-9



APPLICATIONS


Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is primarily used as a flame retardant in various applications to improve fire safety.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a common additive in the production of plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), to reduce flammability.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the manufacture of flexible PVC products, like wire and cable insulation, to meet fire safety standards.

In the automotive industry, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in vehicle interiors to enhance the fire resistance of materials like seats, dashboards, and upholstery.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is also found in flame-resistant coatings and materials used in the construction industry.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer to improve the flexibility of plastics and synthetic materials.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is compatible with a wide range of polymers, including polyurethane and synthetic rubbers.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of synthetic leather and textile materials to impart flame resistance.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the manufacture of fire-resistant conveyor belts, especially in the mining industry.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the formulation of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and lubricants.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate functions as a flame retardant in the production of foams and insulation materials for construction and industrial applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is added to rubber compounds used in conveyor belts and hoses to enhance fire safety.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the aerospace industry to improve the fire resistance of interior components in aircraft.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in electrical and electronic applications, such as insulating materials for wires and cables.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant paints and coatings for structures and equipment.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the manufacturing of fire-resistant textiles and protective clothing.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant glazing systems, offering additional protection in case of a fire.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant foams for upholstered furniture and mattresses.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is added to fire-resistant sealants and adhesives used in the construction industry.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant conveyor belts for material handling in industrial settings.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in flame-resistant coatings for textiles and curtains in public spaces.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be applied to fireproof curtains in theaters, auditoriums, and event venues.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant tape and gaskets in various industrial applications.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant coatings for wood and wood-based materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate plays a crucial role in enhancing fire safety across a wide range of industries, from automotive and construction to aerospace and electronics, by reducing the flammability of materials and products.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the manufacturing of fire-resistant curtains and draperies for public spaces, enhancing safety in the event of a fire.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is added to fire-resistant wallpapers, wall coverings, and coatings to protect building interiors from flames and heat.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a valuable component in fire-resistant flooring materials, providing an additional layer of protection in case of fire.
In the marine industry, it is used in fire-resistant materials for ships and offshore structures to meet safety regulations.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant adhesives for bonding materials in construction and industrial settings.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant composite materials for use in aviation and aerospace applications.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is added to fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and brake fluids for aircraft and other critical applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the development of fire-resistant insulation materials for HVAC systems.
In the mining industry, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant conveyor belts to reduce the risk of fire hazards.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the production of fire-resistant gaskets and seals for use in high-temperature and fire-prone environments.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in the manufacturing of fire-resistant coatings for wood and wooden structures, such as timber-framed buildings.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant laminates and laminated products, including countertops and cabinetry.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the development of fire-resistant door components and frames.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in the formulation of fire-resistant building materials, such as fire-rated drywall and plasterboard.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant cables and wire insulation, ensuring safety in electrical installations.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the manufacturing of fire-resistant ceiling tiles and panels for commercial and industrial buildings.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant soundproofing materials for use in construction and infrastructure projects.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in the formulation of fire-resistant glass and glazing systems for enhanced building safety.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the development of fire-resistant air ducts and ventilation systems.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant paints and coatings for industrial equipment and machinery.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is added to fire-resistant mattresses and bedding materials to improve safety in residential and commercial settings.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant building wraps and insulation for residential and commercial construction.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant concrete and mortar additives for construction applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant textiles and protective gear, including firefighter uniforms and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate plays a vital role in enhancing fire safety across multiple industries, contributing to the development of materials and products that can withstand and mitigate the impact of fires.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant sealants and caulks for joints and gaps in construction materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in fire-resistant coatings for steel structures, providing protection against high-temperature conditions in industrial settings.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the development of fire-resistant insulation for industrial ovens, kilns, and furnaces.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant cladding systems for buildings, offering an additional layer of protection.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant acoustic materials for soundproofing and noise control applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant spray coatings used to protect structural elements in buildings and tunnels.

In the oil and gas industry, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids for offshore platforms.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for industrial machinery and equipment.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in fire-resistant materials for data centers and server rooms to protect critical infrastructure.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in fire-resistant coatings for aircraft hangars and aviation facilities.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be used in fire-resistant coatings for storage tanks and vessels containing flammable or hazardous materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the development of fire-resistant materials for nuclear power plants.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant fabrics for firefighter turnout gear.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for military applications, including vehicle protection.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for mass transit systems, such as trains and buses.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the development of fire-resistant materials for tunnels and underground structures.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in the production of fire-resistant materials for theme park attractions and entertainment venues.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant coatings for oil and gas pipelines and terminals.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the development of fire-resistant materials for solar energy installations.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant building materials for historical and heritage preservation.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for petrochemical plants and refineries.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for automotive and rail transportation.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant materials for renewable energy facilities, such as wind turbines.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the production of fire-resistant materials for sports stadiums and arenas.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate plays a critical role in enhancing fire safety across various industries, providing protection and durability in the face of fire and high-temperature conditions.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant automotive engine components, such as gaskets and seals.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for offshore oil rigs and drilling platforms.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for industrial storage facilities and warehouses.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the development of fire-resistant materials for power generation plants, including coal-fired and gas-fired facilities.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant materials for chemical processing and petrochemical facilities.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is found in fire-resistant materials for the construction of public transportation infrastructure, such as subway stations and bus terminals.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for airport facilities and runways.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant materials for theme park attractions and water parks.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for shipyards and maritime applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the development of fire-resistant coatings for bridges and highway infrastructure.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant materials for public libraries and archives to protect valuable documents and artifacts.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for museums and art galleries.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for telecommunications and data center facilities.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant materials for educational institutions, including schools and universities.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant materials for sports complexes and stadiums.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for hospitals and healthcare facilities.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for industrial laboratories and research facilities.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the production of fire-resistant materials for military installations and defense applications.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant materials for disaster response and emergency management centers.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is utilized in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for government and municipal buildings.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can be found in fire-resistant materials for residential buildings, contributing to overall fire safety.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant materials for shopping malls and retail spaces.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in the development of fire-resistant materials for restaurants and hospitality establishments.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is applied in the formulation of fire-resistant materials for industrial cleanrooms and controlled environments.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate plays a vital role in enhancing fire safety across a wide spectrum of applications, safeguarding lives, assets, and critical infrastructure from the devastating effects of fires and high-temperature conditions.



DESCRIPTION


Tributoxyethyl phosphate, often abbreviated as Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C24H51O7P.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a member of the organophosphate ester family and is commonly used as a flame retardant and plasticizer in various applications, particularly in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is known for its ability to enhance the flame resistance of materials, making it valuable in industries where fire safety is a concern.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is often used in combination with other flame retardants to meet specific fire safety standards.

Tributoxyethyl phosphate (Tributoxy ethyl phosphate) is an organophosphate ester with a complex chemical structure.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is often referred to by its acronym, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, which is derived from its full chemical name.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild, characteristic odor.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is known for its versatility and is used in a variety of industrial applications.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a flame retardant, which means it is added to materials to reduce their flammability and improve fire safety.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is commonly used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic materials.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate functions as a plasticizer, helping to make materials more flexible and easier to process.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is compatible with a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and synthetic rubbers.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is effective at enhancing the flame resistance of materials, making it valuable in applications where fire safety is a priority.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is often used in combination with other flame retardants to achieve specific fire safety standards.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate has a high flash point, making it less prone to combustion at typical processing temperatures.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate exhibits good thermal stability, retaining its flame-retardant properties even at elevated temperatures.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate has low volatility, reducing the risk of it becoming airborne during manufacturing processes.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is known for its compatibility with various additives used in plastics and rubber production.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can also function as a lubricant and antiwear agent in metalworking fluids.
In addition to its flame retardant properties, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate can improve the chemical resistance of materials.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is widely used in the automotive industry to enhance the fire safety of interior components.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is also employed in the construction industry for fire-resistant coatings and materials.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is used in wire and cable insulation to meet fire safety regulations.

The chemical's ability to improve materials' flexibility and flame resistance makes it suitable for electrical and electronic applications.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is subject to regulations and guidelines, particularly regarding its use in consumer products and building materials.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is important to handle Tributoxy ethyl phosphate with care and follow safety protocols to minimize exposure.

Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is not typically found in consumer products but is used by manufacturers to enhance safety.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is a valuable tool for reducing the flammability of materials, contributing to fire safety in various applications.
As a multifunctional chemical, Tributoxy ethyl phosphate plays a critical role in enhancing the properties of materials, from flexibility to flame resistance, in a wide range of industries.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C24H51O7P
Molecular Weight: Approximately 508.63 g/mol
Physical State: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is typically a clear and colorless to pale yellow liquid at room temperature.
Odor: It may have a mild, characteristic odor.
Boiling Point: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate has a relatively high boiling point, typically above 300°C (572°F).
Flash Point: It has a high flash point, reducing its flammability.
Solubility: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is generally soluble in organic solvents like alcohols, ketones, and ethers.


Chemical Properties:

Class: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate belongs to the organophosphate ester family of chemicals.
Flame Retardant: It is known for its flame-retardant properties, reducing the flammability of materials.
Plasticizer: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate functions as a plasticizer, making materials more flexible and easier to process.
Compatibility: It is compatible with a wide range of polymers, including PVC, polyurethane, and synthetic rubbers.
Stability: Tributoxy ethyl phosphate exhibits good thermal stability, retaining its flame-retardant properties at elevated temperatures.
Low Volatility: The low volatility of Tributoxy ethyl phosphate reduces the risk of it becoming airborne during processing.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Tributoxy ethyl phosphate fumes are inhaled, immediately remove the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide artificial respiration if the person is not breathing and if trained to do so.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation or signs of chemical burns develop.
Wash and thoroughly clean contaminated clothing before reuse.


Eye Contact:

If Tributoxy ethyl phosphate comes into contact with the eyes, immediately rinse the affected eye with gently flowing cool water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring the eyelids are held open and the eye is thoroughly flushed.
Seek immediate medical attention, and continue rinsing the eye until medical help arrives.


Ingestion:

If Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical professionals.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and give the person a small amount of water to drink if they are conscious and not convulsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide information about the ingested substance.


General First Aid:

If any adverse health effects or symptoms occur after exposure to Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, seek medical attention promptly.
Do not delay medical evaluation, especially if there are concerns about exposure to high concentrations or prolonged exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Conditions:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When handling Tributoxy ethyl phosphate, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, gloves, a lab coat, and chemical-resistant apron.
Ensure that PPE is clean, in good condition, and compliant with relevant safety standards.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure to Tributoxy ethyl phosphate vapors or aerosols.
If handling Tributoxy ethyl phosphate in an enclosed space, use local exhaust ventilation, fume hoods, or wear respiratory protection with the appropriate filtration.

Preventing Skin and Eye Contact:
Take precautions to avoid direct skin and eye contact with Tributoxy ethyl phosphate.
In case of accidental contact, promptly follow the first aid measures for skin and eye exposure.

Avoiding Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while working with Tributoxy ethyl phosphate to prevent accidental ingestion.
Wash hands and face thoroughly after handling the chemical, especially before eating or using the restroom.

Labeling and Identification:
Clearly label containers that hold Tributoxy ethyl phosphate with relevant hazard information, chemical name, and handling instructions.
Mark containers as "Tributoxy ethyl phosphate" to prevent confusion with other chemicals.

Spill Control:
Have spill control measures in place, such as spill kits, absorbent materials, and neutralizing agents, in case of accidental spills or releases.
Train personnel on proper spill response procedures and containment measures.


Storage Conditions:

Location:
Store Tributoxy ethyl phosphate in a designated storage area away from incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and open flames.
Ensure that the storage area is well-marked and segregated from other chemicals.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range (usually room temperature) to prevent potential degradation.
Avoid exposure to extreme heat, as high temperatures can affect the quality and stability of Tributoxy ethyl phosphate.

Protection from Moisture:
Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to clumping or changes in the chemical's properties.
Consider using airtight containers if the original packaging becomes compromised.

Original Packaging:
Whenever possible, use the original, properly labeled packaging for Tributoxy ethyl phosphate. This packaging is designed to protect the substance during storage.

Security and Accessibility:
Store Tributoxy ethyl phosphate in a location that is not accessible to unauthorized personnel, children, or pets.
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access to the storage area.

Fire Precautions:
While Tributoxy ethyl phosphate is not flammable, adhere to general fire precautions and local regulations for fire safety in the storage area.
Store Tributoxy ethyl phosphate away from open flames, sparks, and potential ignition sources.

Regular Inspection:
Periodically inspect Tributoxy ethyl phosphate containers for signs of damage, deterioration, or leaks. Replace damaged or compromised containers as needed.

Regulatory Compliance:
Adhere to all applicable local, state, and national regulations and guidelines for the handling and storage of Tributoxy ethyl phosphate.



SYNONYMS


Tri-n-butyl ethyl phosphate
Ethyl tributoxy phosphate
Phosphoric acid tributoxyethyl ester
TBP
Ethyl tributoxy ethyl phosphate
Tri(n-butyl)ethyl phosphate
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ethyl ester
Phosphoric acid tributoxyethyl ester
Butyl ethyl phosphate
Ethyl tributoxyphosphate
Ethyl tri-n-butyl phosphate
Phosphoric acid triethyl butyl ester
Ethyl tributyl ethyl phosphate
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxybenzene phosphate
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyethyl phosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphonate
Ethyl tributoxyethoxypnosphate
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ethyl ester
Phosphoric acid tributoxy ethyl ester
Tri-n-butyl ethyl phosphonate
Ethyl tributoxyethoxypnosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl phosphonate
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ethoxypn ester
Phosphoric acid tributoxyethoxy ethyl ester
Butyl ethyl tributoxy phosphate
Tributyl ethyl orthophosphate
Butyl ethyl tributoxyphosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphonate
Tri-n-butyl ethyl orthophosphate
Phosphoric acid tributoxyethyl ether
Triethyl butyl orthophosphate
Butyl ethyl tributyl orthophosphate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxy ester
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphinate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl phosphoric acid ester
Ethyl tributoxy ethoxymethyl phosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphoryl ethanolamine
Tributoxyethylphosphate
Tributoxyethyl orthophosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl phosphonite
Tributoxy ethyl orthophosphate
Ethyl tributoxyphosphinate
Tributoxyethyl ester of phosphoric acid
Butyl ethyl tributoxyphosphonate
Phosphoric acid tributoxy ethoxymethyl ester
Ethyl tributoxyethylphosphate ester
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ethyl orthophosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl phosphonate ester
Tributoxyethylphosphorylethylamine
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyphosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl phosphonate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxyethyl ester
Tri-n-butyl ethyl orthophosphonate
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyphosphonate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl orthophosphonate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxyphosphonate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl orthophosphonate ester
Ethyl tributoxy ethoxymethylphosphate
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyethyl phosphate
Phosphoric acid tributoxyethoxymethyl ester
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethylphosphonate
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl phosphoric acid ester
Butyl ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl phosphonate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl ester
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl orthophosphonate ester
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyethoxymethylphosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphonate ester
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphonate
Phosphoric acid ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphate
Ethyl tributoxyethyl orthophosphonate ester
Ethyl tributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphonate ester
Butyl ethyl orthotributoxyethoxymethyl orthophosphate
TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a slightly yellow viscous liquid.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate has a role as a flame retardant.


CAS Number: 78-51-3
EC Number: 201-122-9
MDL number: MFCD00009456
Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)3OCH2CH2O]3P(O)
Molecular formula: C18H39O7P


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a light-colored, high-boiling, non-flammable viscous liquid.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is generally used as a plasticizer in rubber and plastics, pigmented systems, and aids in floor polish (as well as in other surface coatings) formation, leveling and improves gloss.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is slightly yellow liquid with a sweetish odor.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is slightly yellow, oily liquid. Insoluble or limited solubility in glycerol, glycols, and certain amines; soluble in most organic liquids.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is an organic flame retardant. It shows PXR agonistic activity.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate was detected and quantified during the analysis of herring gull eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate (CAS# 78-51-3) is a useful research chemical.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is water soluble.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is viscous colourless or slightly yellow liquid


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate keeps container closed when not in use.
Store Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate in a tightly closed container.
Store Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is in acrylic based polishes where its coalescent and plasticising properties will improve levelling and gloss, enabling a "dry bright" finish to be obtained.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate will also reduce surface defects such as streaking, crazing, and powdering.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used also in acrylic gloss paint formulations as a coalescent and defoamer.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate also helps to improve pigment wetting and rheological properties with a minimal effect on reflectance Tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a highly effective "knockdown" defoamer used extensively in paint, textile and paper industries.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is also used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate can be used also in conjunction with other flame retardants.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is in fact a multifunctional additive that may be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems and is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.
The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in the following products: polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.


Release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials and formulation of mixtures.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in the following products: polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and washing & cleaning products.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and textile, leather or fur.


Release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, plant protection products and water treatment chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.


Other release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use as processing aid and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in the following products: plant protection products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging. Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used for the manufacture of: Other release to the environment of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is likely to occur from: outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use as processing aid.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate can be found in products with material based on: wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate may be used as an analytical reference standard for the quantification of the analyte in herring gull eggs, house dust, and urine samples using liquid chromatography technique.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used primary plasticizer for most resins and elastomers, floor finishes and waxes, flame-retarding agent.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is in fact a multifunctional additive that may be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems and is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.


The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used as a plasticizer for resins and elastomers, in floor finishes and waxes, as a flame retardant, as a plasticizer for rubber stoppers in blood specimen containers, and as a fire-resistant and light-stable plasticizer for products intended for food contact; Occupational exposure is likely to be by skin absorption during production and from floor polishes.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used as solvent for resins, a viscosity modifier in plastisols, and an antifoam agent for synthetic rubber, plastics, and lacquers.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is a plasticizer that can also be found in floor polish and finishes.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate works as film forming agent by transforming polymer particles into durable and flexible film.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used flame Retardants, Levelling Agents, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Coatings, Pigments, Plasticizers, Polymers
Without this, Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate will be brittle.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used as a plasticizer for PVC, chlorinated rubber, and nitriles due to its flame retardant nature and good low temperature flexibility.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is also used for emulsions of floor polishes, as leveling agent in latex paints and waxes, a processing aid for acrylonitrile rubber, and an antiblock agent for cast polyurethanes.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is used primary plasticizer for most resins and elastomers, floor finishes and waxes, flame-retarding agent.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate exhibits PXR agnostic activity and is an organic flame retardant.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosohate is mainly used for plastic plasticizer, plastic solvent and fire retardant.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
Molecular Weight: 398.5 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 2.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 21
Exact Mass: 398.24334058 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 72.4Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 26
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 281
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point: -70°C
Boiling point: 215-228 °C4 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.006 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 13.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.03 mm Hg ( 150 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.438(lit.)
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Store at -20°C
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly),
Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: Liquid
color: Clear colorless to very slightly yellow
Water Solubility: Soluble
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: WTLBZVNBAKMVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.75 at 20℃

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.00600 @ 25.00 °C.
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
Soluble in: water, 1100 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
water, 1.963 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Formula: C18H39O7P
InChI: InChI=1S/C18H39O7P/c1-4-7-10-20-13-16-23-26(19,24-17-14-21-11-8-5-2)25-18-15-22-12-9-6-3/h4-18H2,1-3H3
InChIKey: WTLBZVNBAKMVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 398.48
Boiling Point: 215-228C/4mm
Appearance Form: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available

Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: < -70 °C - (ECHA)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 215 - 228 °C at 5 hPa - lit.
Flash point ca.159 °C at ca.1.014,6 hPa - closed cup - ISO 1523
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,04 hPa at 150 °C
Vapor density: 13,75 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1,006 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: 1,02 at 20 °C

Water solubility: 0,66 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: 3,75
Autoignition temperature: 322 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 12,4 mPa.s at 20 °C, 1148,1 mPa.s at 35 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 32,7 mN/m at 20,2 °C
Relative vapor density: 13,75 - (Air = 1.0)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Dry



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
78-51-3
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
TBEP
Phosflex T-bep
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
KP 140
Kronitex KP-140
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
NSC 4839
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
tributoxy ethyl phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate
Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
DTXSID5021758
CHEBI:35038
RYA6940G86
tris[2-(butyloxy)ethyl] phosphate
NSC-4839
TBEP;KP 140;Hostaphat B 310
NSC-62228
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Ethanol, phosphate (3:1)
DTXCID201758
WLN: 4O2OPO&O2O4&O2O4
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
CAS-78-51-3
Phosphoric acid, tri(butoxyethyl) ester
TBOEP
CCRIS 5942
Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
HSDB 2564
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate (3:1)
EINECS 201-122-9
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate,C18H39O7P,78-51-3
BRN 1716010
tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate
UNII-RYA6940G86
AI3-04596
Amgard TBEP
MFCD00009456
EC 201-122-9
NCIOpen2_007840
SCHEMBL37268
4-01-00-02422 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Tri-(2-Butoxyethyl)phosphate
BIDD:ER0626
tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
CHEMBL1534811
NSC4839
NSC62228
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl)
Tox21_201593
Tox21_302891
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 94%
AKOS015839670
NCGC00091600-01
NCGC00091600-02
NCGC00091600-03
NCGC00256553-01
NCGC00259142-01
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
AS-59809
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl)ester
CS-0066127
FT-0689063
P0683
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) ester
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE [HSDB]
F71229
A915093
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, analytical standard
W-104277
Q27116378
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
tri(butoxyethyl)phosphate
KP-140
TBEP
Phosphoric acid tris(2-Butoxyethyl)ester
2-butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributoxyethyl Phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
KP 140
Kronitex KP-140
Phosflex T-BEP
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
TBEP
Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphat
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
TBEP
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
TBEP
TRI(BUTOXYETHYL)PHOSPHATE
TRIS(BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
TBXP
kp140
KP 140
KP-140
2-butoxy
Amgard TBEP
phosflext-bep
KP 140
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
TBEP
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Kronitex KP-140; Phosflex T-bep
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Amgard TBEP
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
NSC 4839
31227-66-4
19040-50-7
2-Butoxyethanol Phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester
Amgard TBEP
Hostaphat B 310
Hostaphat TBEP
Kronitex KP 140
Phosflex T-BEP
TBEP
TBXP
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate
Tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) Phosphate
Tris-2-Butoxyethyl Phosphate
I14-11686
AN-42105
AC1L1MR7
KSC377C2F
NCGC00259142-01
UNII-RYA6940G86
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
SCHEMBL37268
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester




TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP)
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.


CAS Number: 78-51-3
EC Number: 201-122-9
Molecular Formula: C18H39O7P


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) has good low temperature characteristics.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is in fact a multifunctional additive that may be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems and is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is a flame retardant plasticizer, mainly used for flame retardant and plasticizing of polyurethane rubber, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, etc., with good low temperature characteristics.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.


The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as floor polishing agent and processing agent of water-based adhesive; as flame retardant and plasticizer of acrylonitrile type rubber, cellulose acetate, epoxy resin, ethyecellulose, polyvinyl acetate, thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane; as defoamer in coating, detergent and textiles. Moreover, the product is also used in nitrocellulose, ethyecellulose and acrylic plastic plasticizer.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is mainly used as floor polishing agent and processing agent of water-based adhesive; as flame retardant and plasticizer of type rubber, cellulose acetate, epoxy resin, ethyecellulose, polyvinyl acetate, thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane; as defoamer in coating, detergent and textiles.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is mainly used as floor polishing agent and processing agent of water-based adhesive, flame retardant and plasticizer of acrylonitrile type rubber, cellulose acetate, epoxy resin, ethyecellulose, polyvinyl acetate, thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane.

Moreover, Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is also used in nitrocellulose, ethyecellulose .
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is mainly used in plastic plasticizer, plastic solvent and flame retardant.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is also used as defoamer in coating, detergent and textiles.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) used plasticizer, solvent and flame retardant of plastic.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as floor polishing agent and processing agent of water-based adhesive; as flame retardant and plasticizer of acrylonitrile type rubber, cellulose acetate, epoxy resin, ethyecellulose, polyvinyl acetate, thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane; as defoamer in coating, detergent and textiles. Moreover, the product is also used in nitrocellulose, ethyecellulose and acrylic plastic plasticizer.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used in acrylic based polishes where its coalescent and plasticising properties will improve levelling and gloss, enabling a "dry bright" finish to be obtained.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) will also reduce surface defects such as streaking, crazing, and powdering.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used also in acrylic gloss paint formulations as a coalescent and defoamer.
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP) also helps to improve pigment wetting and rheological properties with a minimal effect on reflectance Tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a highly effective "knockdown" defoamer used extensively in paint, textile and paper industries.


Tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP) is also used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) can be used also in conjunction with other flame retardants.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is a flame retardant plasticizer, mainly used for flame retardant and plasticizing of polyurethane rubber, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, etc., with good low temperature characteristics.


Plasticizer Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as a flame retardant plasticizer and processing aid for rubber, cellulose and resin.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is recommended for acrylonitrile rubber, cellulose acetate, epoxy resin, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate and thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used Flame Retardant Plasticizer, Mainly For Urethane Rubber, Cellulose, Polyvinyl Alcohol And Plasticizing Flame Retardant, Having Good Low Temperature Characteristics.
Plasticizer Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is Used As Rubber, Cellulose And Resin, Flame-Retardant Plasticizers And Processing Aids.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is Recommended For Acrylonitrile Rubber, Cellulose Acetate, Epoxy Resins, Ethyl Cellulose, Polyvinyl Acetate And Thermoplastic And Thermoset Polyurethane.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) also As Defoamers (Antifoaming Agent) Used In The Coatings, Detergents And Textiles.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) has Good Low-Temperature Characteristics.
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) Can Also Be Used For Nitrocellulose, Ethyl Cellulose, Acrylic Plastic Plasticizer, Make Products Having Transparency And Good Resistance To Ultraviolet Radiation.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used plasticizer, solvent and flame retardant of plastic
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is mainly used in floor polishes, water-based adhesives, inks, wall coatings and paint resins.


Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.
The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations.



PROPERTIES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
●Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is a Colourless or primrose,transparent oily liquid.
Density of Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP)(20℃)is 1.020 g/cm3.
●Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as a fire-retardant plasticizer for the plastic and the rubber,have the good low temperature softness,fire retardance,durability,can improve the processing performance,shortened the kneading periods.
●Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as a plasticizer for the nitrocellulose,the ethyl cellulose,acrylate,can make product have transparence and good function of resisting the ultraviolet radiation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
Appearance Form: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/range: < -70 °C - (ECHA)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 215 - 228 °C at 5 hPa - lit.
Flash point: ca.159 °C at ca.1.014,6 hPa - closed cup - ISO 1523
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,04 hPa at 150 °C
Vapor density: 13,75 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1,006 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: 1,02 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,66 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 3,75
Autoignition temperature: 322 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 12,4 mPa.s at 20 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Surface tension: 32,7 mN/m at 20,2 °C
Relative vapor density: 13,75 - (Air = 1.0)
Appearance: colorless transparent liquid
Acidity (mgKOH/ g): ≤0.1
Refractive index (nD25): 1.4320 —1.4380
Specific gravity (20/20℃): 1.012-1.023
Color (Pt-Co): ≤ 50
Moisture: ≤0.1%
Appearance: colorless transparent liquit
Acid value(mgKOH/g): ≤0.1
Refractive index(nD25): 1.4320-1.4380
Specific gravity(20/20℃): 1.012-1.023
Chroma(Pt-Co): ≤60
Moisture(Pt-Co): ≤0.2%
Cas No: 78-42-2

Molecular Formula: C24H51O4P
Molecular Weight: 434.64
Appearance: Colorless Transparent Liquid
Molecular Formula: C18H39O7P
Molar Mass: 398.47
Melting Point: -70℃
Boling Point: 215-228℃4 mm Hg(lit.)
Water Solubility: Soluble
Appearance: Transparent liquid
Storage Condition: 2-8℃
MDL: MFCD00009456
melting point: -70°C
boiling point: 215-228 °C4mm Hg(lit.)
density: 1.006 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 13.7 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.03mm Hg ( 150 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.438(lit.)
flash point: >230 °F
morphology: Liquid
color: Clear colorless to very slightly yellow
water solubility: Soluble
stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: WTLBZVNBAKMVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
not required
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE (TBEP):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
tri(butoxyethyl)phosphate
KP-140
TBEP
Phosphoric acid tris(2-Butoxyethyl)ester
2-butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
TBEP
2-butoxy
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
2-Butoxy-ethanolphosphate(3:1)
2-butoxy-ethanophosphate(3:1)
Amgard TBEP
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
tri(butoxyethyl)
TBXP
TBEP
KP-140
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl) Phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) ester
2-BUTOXYETHANOL PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIS (2-N-BUTOXYETHYL) ESTER
PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIS (2-BUTOXYETHYL) ESTER
TBEP
TRI (BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
TRIS (BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
TRIS (2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
2-Butoxy
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (31)
TBEP
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate




TRIBUTOXYETHYL PHOSPHATE
Tributoxyethyl Phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is in fact a multifunctional additive that may be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems and is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers. The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations. Typical applications of Tributoxyethyl phosphate are: in acrylic based polishes where its coalescent and plasticising properties will improve levelling and gloss, enabling a "dry bright" finish to be obtained. It will also reduce surface defects such as streaking, crazing, and powdering. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is used also in acrylic gloss paint formulations as a coalescent and defoamer. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) also helps to improve pigment wetting and rheological properties with a minimal effect on reflectance Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a highly effective "knockdown" defoamer used extensively in paint, textile and paper industries. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is also used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems. It can be used also in conjunction with other flame retardants. Clinical Laboratory Methods Plasticizer tributoxyethyl phosphate was identified in post-mortem blood sample. Presence of plasticizers in blood samples can arise by contamination from rubber stopper of blood specimen containers. IDENTIFICATION: Tributoxyethyl phosphate is a slightly yellow, oily liquid. It has a sweet odor. It is highly soluble in water. USE: Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used to resist flames and add flexibility in vinyl resins, other plastics, natural and synthetic rubbers, and floor finishes and waxes. EXPOSURE: Low dermal exposure can occur in workers making products containing Tributoxyethyl phosphate or applying floor finishes containing the chemical. Very low exposure to the general population can occur from food packaging plastics and synthetic rubbers used in plumbing washers. Tributoxyethyl phosphate has been detected in surface waters and a small number of drinking water samples. If Tributoxyethyl phosphate is released to the environment, it may move slowly through soil. It may not volatilize from soil or water surfaces. It is not expected to build up in aquatic organisms. Chemical break down of tri(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate in air or water is slow. Breakdown by microbes is also expected to be slow. RISK: Direct contact with Tributoxyethyl phosphate can produce mild irritation to skin or eyes. Allergic skin reactions to Tributoxyethyl phosphate were not found in a study with human volunteers. Swallowing a large amount of Tributoxyethyl phosphate can cause nervous system tissue damage and death. Microscopic changes to the liver and nervous system tissues were found in laboratory animals repeatedly given high doses of Tributoxyethyl phosphate by mouth or in food. No abortions or birth defects in offspring were found after high doses of Tributoxyethyl phosphate were given by mouth to pregnant laboratory animals. Pregnant animals given the high doses could not control muscle movements and had decreased body weight gain. The potential carcinogenicity of Tributoxyethyl phosphate has not been tested in laboratory animals. The potential for Tributoxyethyl phosphate to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is usually analysed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Reactivity Profile Organophosphates, such as Tributoxyethyl phosphate, are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides. This material may react with oxidizers. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a slightly yellow, oily liquid. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is used as a fire-resistant and light stable plasticizer in the production of vinyl resins, rubber, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, and synthetic rubber intended for contact with food or drink. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A repeat human insult patch test indicated no skin sensitization and minimal skin irritation. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute systemic mammalian toxicity and irritation potential are low. Several subchronic studies in laboratory animals have shown that the liver is the target organ. One study in male Sprague-Dawley rats suggested that Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) might cause focal myocarditis. In neurotoxicity studies in hens Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) had no effect on neuropathy target esterase (NTE). Brain and plasma cholinesterases were inhibited in treated hens. Neurotoxicity studies in rats demonstrated degenerative changes in both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of female and male animals. Although similar morphological changes were observed in both genders, females were more susceptible than males to the toxic effects of this compound. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) also induced electrophysiologic changes in sciatic nerves from rats. The long term toxicity and carcinogenicity of TBEP have not been studied. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) causes toxicity in the developing zebrafish by inhibiting the degradation and utilization of nutrients from the mother and inducing apoptosis. Teratogenicity was not observed. The compound is absorbed dermally in experimental animals but no information is available on its kinetics and metabolism. A mutagenicity test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1538, TA1537, TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation was negative. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The toxicity of Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) to aquatic organisms is moderate. Acute Exposure/ Administered orally guinea-pigs following ingestion death supervened in times varying from 3 hr (acute toxicity) to 21 days (subacute toxicity). Administration of oral doses under 1.4 mL/kg was without effect. Large doses of ... /tributoxyethyl phosphate/ produced, in half hr following ingestion, incoordination of movements (ataxia), muscular flaccidity, and loss of reflexes. Effects reached max 6 hr after ingestion. Mean lethal dose for less than 24 hr was 3 mL/kg, and for 24 days after ingestion it was 2.4 mL/kg. The mutagenicity of Tributoxyethyl phosphate was evaluated in Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, both in the presence and absence of added metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on preliminary bacterial toxicity determinations, Tributoxyethyl phosphate was tested for mutagenicity at levels of 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ug/plate using the plate incorporation method. Tributoxyethyl phosphate did not cause a reproducible positive response in any of the bacterial tester strains, either with or without metabolic activation. The test material was toxic to the bacteria at the two highest levels tested. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) was evaluated for developmental toxicity in mated Charles River COBS CD rats (25/group). Dosage levels of 0, 250, 500, and 1500 mg/kg/day were administered in a corn oil vehicle by gavage on days 6-15 of gestation. One mortality, cause not determined, occurred in a rat receiving 1500 mg/kg/day. Animals receiving 1500 mg/kg/day exhibited reduced grooming, ataxia, matted and/or stained fur, and a reduced righting reflex. The high-dose group also had reduced body weight gain compared to controls. It was noted that total implantations/dam in the mid- and high-dose groups were less than controls, but this was due to fewer corpora lutea/dam and/or an increase in pre-implantation losses and therefore was not considered a meaningful parameter for effect. Fetal body weights and the fetal gender ratio of treated groups were not significantly different from controls. There were no significant differences from controls in the incidence of observed fetal malformations or developmental effects. Tributoxyethyl phosphate's production and use as a plasticizer in most resins and elastomers, in floor finishes and waxes and as a flame-retarding agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Tributoxyethyl phosphate will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Tributoxyethyl phosphate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours. Particulate-phase Tributoxyethyl phosphate will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Tributoxyethyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Tributoxyethyl phosphate is expected to have low mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1260. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. However, in river die-away studies Tributoxyethyl phosphate degraded 100% in 30 days in one of three experiments. If released into water, Tributoxyethyl phosphate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Studies have shown that Tributoxyethyl phosphate can be degraded in environmental conditions; however the mode of degradation may be unclear. Tributoxyethyl phosphate degraded 100% in 80 days aerobic pond water and pond water with sediment, but also degraded 20-75% in 80 days in sterilized experiments. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. BCFs of <5.8 in carp suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Tributoxyethyl phosphate may undergo environmental hydrolysis based on estimated half-lives of 95-93 days at pH 5-9. Occupational exposure to Tributoxyethyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Tributoxyethyl phosphate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Tributoxyethyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing Tributoxyethyl phosphate. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP)'s production and use as a plasticizer in most resins and elastomers, in floor finishes and waxes and as a flame-retarding agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 1260, determined from a structure estimation method, indicates that Tributoxyethyl phosphate is expected to have low mobility in soil. Volatilization of Tributoxyethyl phosphate from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole, using a fragment constant estimation method. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C, determined from a fragment constant method. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process. However, in river die-away studies Tributoxyethyl phosphate degraded 100% in 30 days in one of three experiments. According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Tributoxyethyl phosphate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C, determined from a fragment constant method, will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Tributoxyethyl phosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 hours, calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method. Particulate-phase Tributoxyethyl phosphate may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. Tributoxyethyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. In one of three river water die-away tests, Tributoxyethyl phosphate degraded approx 100% in 30 days. However, in two of the three tests, its concentration only decreased slightly after 30 days. The degradation of Tributoxyethyl phosphate by bacteria in river water supplemented with polypeptone was observed to be 100% in 30 days in two of three tests while one test exhibited no change in concentration after 30 days. Tributoxyethyl phosphate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was incubated in 7 leachate samples from a sea-based waste disposal site. Water quality of the oxidation pond was: pH 8.1; DO 3.2 mg/L; DOC 36 mg/L. Water quality of the aeration pond was: pH 7.6; DO 5.5 mg/L; DOC 37 mg/L. Samples were incubated in the dark at 23-25 °C. The detection limit was 0.2 ug/L. Loss in sterilized control was observed, indicating degradation by abiotic processes. Decrease under anaerobic conditions was 10% observed over 60 days. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Tributoxyethyl phosphate may undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 95-93 days at pH 5 to 9. Tributoxyethyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices, the Koc of Tributoxyethyl phosphate can be estimated to be 1260. According to a classification scheme, this estimated Koc value suggests that Tributoxyethyl phosphate is expected to have low mobility in soil. The Henry's Law constant for Tributoxyethyl phosphate is estimated as 1.2X10-11 atm-cu m/mole using a fragment constant estimation method. This Henry's Law constant indicates that Tributoxyethyl phosphate is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-6 mm Hg, determined from a fragment constant method. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected with a mean concentration (76 samples) of 410 ng/L in groundwater samples from Nieschen, Germany collected in March 2000, November 2000, and March 2001. Groundwater samples collected at distances of 4.5, 604, 3000, and 5000 m from the Oder River in Germany contained Tributoxyethyl phosphate concentrations of 339, 126, 1611 ng/L and not detected, respectively. The concentrations of Tributoxyethyl phosphate in groundwater samples from a multilevel monitoring well in Bahnbrucke, Germany sampled in March 2001 were 109, 122, 85, 91 and 85 ng/L at depths of 3, 7, 11, 17 and 21 m, respectively. Effluent Concentrations of TBEP The concentration ranges of Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) in 5 effluents which directly discharge wastewater into the River Weser, Germany were 1260-3370, 800-2750, 2920-5299, 980-34900 and 12-836 ng/L, resulting in the discharged amount of 176-472, 12.8-44, 14.7-26.6, 19-687 and 0-2.3 g/day at the 5 locations, respectively. Effluent wastewater samples collected in July 2001 from three municipal sewage treatment plants and one industrial sewage treatment plant that discharge their treated wastewater into the Oder River in Germany had mean Tributoxyethyl phosphate concentrations of 2955 ng/L and 162 ng/L, respectively. The concentration of Tributoxyethyl phosphate in sludge samples taken from 11 sewage treatment plants located throughout Sweden was <5.1-1900 ng/g dry weight, samples were collected 2002 to 2003. The concentration of Tributoxyethyl phosphate in influent and effluent samples taken concurrently from these same plants was 5200-35,000 and 3100-30,000 ng/L, respectively. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected at median values of 0.70-0.87 ug/L in influent samples and median concentration of 0.55 ug/L in effluent samples from three waste water treatment plants located in Galicia, Spain; samples were collected Nov 2007, Feb, Jun and Sep 2008. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was identified in association with office airborne particles and its representative indoor concentration is 15.0 ng/cu m. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was below the detection limit (<0.1 ng/cu m) in indoor air from a computerized office environment. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected at <4X10-5 to 0.3 ug/cu m in the indoor air from 6 Japanese homes. Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate was not detected in an atmospheric sample collected from a theater in Zurich, Switzerland. The atmospheric deposition of Tributoxyethyl phosphate was calculated to be <0.8 ng/sq m/day in samples from Pallas, Finland; samples were collected Jul 2004. Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate was not detected in three cars; samples were collected in Zurich, Switzerland. NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 257,421 workers (105,777 of these are female) were potentially exposed to Tributoxyethyl phosphate in the US. Occupational exposure to Tributoxyethyl phosphate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Tributoxyethyl phosphate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Tributoxyethyl phosphate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing Tributoxyethyl phosphate. According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of Tributoxyethyl phosphate is 100-999; the data may be greatly underestimated. Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) concentrations were sampled in different occupational media; results included: inhalable air <50-<60 ng/cu m, particulates <20-<40 ng/cu m, absorbent patches <0.5 ng sq m and hand wash samples <10 ng/hands. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected in the air of a recycling electronic products plant at 20-36 ng/cu m in the dismantling hall, 17-19 ng/cu m in shredder during processing of plastics without brominated additives, and 20-24 ng/cu m in the shredder during processing of plastics containing brominated additives. Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate was not detected in 3 electronic stores but was detected in 1 of 3 offices and 1 of 2 furniture stores; concentrations were below reporting level; all samples were collected in and around Zurich, Switzerland. Plasticizer tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) was identified in post-mortem blood sample. Presence of plasticizers in blood samples can arise by contamination from rubber stopper of blood specimen containers. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected in 20 of 58 adipose tissue samples taken from Kingston, Ontario at 0.7-26.8 ng/g. It was also detected in 21 of 57 adipose tissue samples taken from Ottawa, Ontario at 0.9-142.2 ng/g. APPLICATION of Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is used as a plasticizer for PVC, chlorinated rubber, and nitriles due to its flame retardant nature and good low temperature flexibility. Tributoxyethyl Phosphate is also used for emulsions of floor polishes, as leveling agent in latex paints and waxes, a processing aid for acrylonitrile rubber, and an antiblock agent for cast polyurethanes. TBEP is a light-colored, high-boiling, non-flammable viscous liquid. Tributoxyethyl Phosphate is generally used as a plasticizer in rubber and plastics, and aids in floor polish formation (as well as in other surface coatings), leveling and improves gloss. Film Formulation • Permanent plasticizer - helps build solids • Primary function: film formation • Secondary function: leveling aid and gloss build • Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is 2X more efficient than standard coalescents to aid film formulation Excellent Benefits of Tributoxyethyl Phosphate Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) provides low temperature flexibility, good resilience, low compression set, and is non-reactive. Flame Retardant Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) is an alkyl flame retardant and plasticizer, which can be used in many PVC and coatings applications. USAGE areas of Tributoxyethyl Phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate uses and applications include: Primary plasticizer for most resins and elastomers; coalescing solvent, plasticizer for acrylic-based polishes, gloss paints, adhesives; leveling agent in floor finishes and waxes; flame retardant for plastics; lubricant; antiwear additive; defoamer for drilling muds, cements, fracturing fluids, plasters, paper coatings, pulp bleaching, aqueous emulsion paints, adhesives, textiles, mercerizing liquorsdye baths, antifreeze, fermentation, detergents; in food packaging adhesives; defoamer in food-contact paperpaperboard; wetting agent, rheology control agent for pigments. CLASS of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Solvent FUNCTIONS of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Resins, Flame Retardant, Additive, Lubricant INDUSTRY of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Textiles, Adhesives, Plastics, Detergent General description of TBEP Tributoxyethyl phosphate is an organic flame retardant. It shows PXR agonistic activity. Tributoxyethyl phosphate was detected and quantified during the analysis of herring gull eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization(+)-tandem mass spectrometry. Use of Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (TBEP) Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2. The major uses of Tributoxyethyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores. Tributoxyethyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates. As it has no odour, it is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives. It is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions. In oil-based lubricants addition of Tributoxyethyl phosphate increases the oil film strength. It is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties. It can be used as a heat-exchange medium. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases. Nuclear chemistry of Tributoxyethyl phosphate A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid, as part of a nuclear reprocessing process known as PUREX. The shipment of 20 tons of Tributoxyethyl phosphate to North Korea from China in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential nuclear weapons. About Tributoxyethyl phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 per annum. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites. Consumer Uses of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, plant protection products and water treatment chemicals. Other release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid. Article service life Release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release. Other release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use as processing aid and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials). Tributoxyethyl phosphate can be found in products with material based on: wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper). Widespread uses by professional workers of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in the following products: plant protection products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes. Tributoxyethyl phosphate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging. Other release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate is likely to occur from: outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use as processing aid. Formulation or re-packing of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers and textile treatment products and dyes. Release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: formulation in materials and formulation of mixtures. Uses at industrial sites of Tributoxyethyl phosphate Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers, textile treatment products and dyes and washing & cleaning products. Tributoxyethyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Tributoxyethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites. Manufacture of Tributoxyethyl phosphate ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Tributoxyethyl phosphate is most likely to be released to the environment.
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
TRI-C12-13 ALKYL CITRATE Nom INCI : TRI-C12-13 ALKYL CITRATE Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO.
Tributyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
Tributyl phosphate is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing.

CAS Number: 126-73-8
EC Number: 204-800-2
Molecular Formula: C12H27O4P
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 266.32

Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorous compound, manufactured by esterification of orthophosphoric acid with n-butanol.
This colorless and odorless liquid is used in many different industries as extracting solvent, defoaming agent, flame retardant and plasticizer.
Tributyl phosphate is a very strong, polar solvent.

The microbial degradation of tributyl phosphate was carried out using Klebsiella pneumoniae S3 isolated from the soil.
The solubilization behavior of Tributyl phosphate in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics was studied using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS).

Tributyl phosphate, known commonly as Tributyl phosphate, is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO.
This colourless, odorless liquid finds some applications as an extractant and a plasticizer.
Tributyl phosphate is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol.

Tributyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
Tributyl phosphate is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing.

Tributyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.
The major uses of Tributyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare earth metals from their ores, such as uranium and plutonium.

Tributyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where Tributyl phosphate improves their wetting properties.
Tributyl phosphate is also used as a heat exchange medium.
Tributyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water thinned paints and tinting bases.

Tributyl phosphate is liquid inorganic ester (C4H9)3PO4 made from normal butyl alcohol and phosphorus oxychloride and used chiefly as a solvent and plasticizer (as for nitrocellulose lacquers and cellulose plastics)

Tributyl phosphate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Tributyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Tributyl phosphate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Tributyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Tributyl phosphate is a contaminant that has been detected in surface water and groundwater in Minnesota.
The information in this profile was collected for the screening process of the Minnesota Department of Health’s Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC) program in February 2017.

The chemicals nominated to the CEC program are screened and ranked based on their toxicity and presence in Minnesota waters. Based on these rankings, some chemicals are selected for a full review.
CEC program staff have not selected tributyl phosphate for a full review.

Tributyl phosphate is a very strong, polar solvent.
Tributyl phosphate is acts as a flame-retardant plasticizer for cellulose based plastics and synthetic resins.

Due to the limited influence of temperature on the viscosity of Tributyl phosphate, Tributyl phosphate also serves as an important component in the manufacture of hydraulic fluids for aircraft.
Tributyl phosphate is used in the production of solutions of synthetic resins and natural rubber.
Tributyl phosphate is also used as a neutral extractant, Tributyl phosphate is able to extract both acids and metal cations.

Tributyl phosphate is an ester of phosphoric acid with n-butanol.
Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorus compound.

Tributyl phosphate is commonly known as TBP.
Tributyl phosphate is a colorless, odorless organophosphorus compound.

Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorous compound, manufactured by esterification of orthophosphoric acid with n-butanol.
This colorless and odorless liquid is used in many different industries as extracting solvent, defoaming agent, flame retardant and plasticizer.
Tributyl phosphate is a very strong, polar solvent.

On decomposition, Tributyl phosphate releases COx, toxic fumes of phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxides, and/or phosphine.
Tributyl phosphate is incompatible with strong oxidising agents and alkalis.

The major uses of Tributyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification.
Minor uses of Tributyl phosphate include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as well as a carrier for fluorescent dyes.
The major uses of Tributyl phosphate comprise over 80% of the volume produced.

Applications of Tributyl Phosphate:
Tributyl phosphate was used as defoamers and/or plasticizers, in fuel reprocessing and extraction.
Tributyl phosphate, an organic liquid solvent used in the extraction of uranium and plutonium salts from reactor effluents, as a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, and as a heat-exchange medium.

A phosphorus-containing compound with molecular formula (C4H9)3PO4, Tributyl phosphate is prepared by reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with butyl alcohol.
Tributyl phosphate is corrosive to the skin and irritating to the mucous membranes.

Tributyl phosphate is suitable for using in building material, communal facilities, structural engineering, ACE coating, printing ink, adhesive, emulsion polymerization, etc.

Other Applications:
Defoamer is paints, emulsions, adhesives, petroleum drilling, paper making industry, detergents and ethylene glycol-based antifreezes
Hydrometallurgical extraction and purification of rare earth metals from the ores

Solvent for inks, resins, gums and adhesive
Plasticizer for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate

Nonflammable constituent for hydraulic fluids
Increasing the film stability of oil-based lubricants

Herbicides, pesticides and fungicides
Wetting improvement in mercerizing liquids in textile applications

Tributyl phosphate defoamer is a plasticizer for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, chlorinated rubber and polyvinyl chloride, rare metal extractant, etc., developed, soluble in many organic solvents, insoluble Yushui is widely used in a wide range of industries.
Due to Tributyl phosphate low surface tension, Tributyl phosphate is hardly soluble in water and can be used as an industrial defoamer, effectively defoaming the formed foam film in an unstable state.

Paper Manufacture
Synthetic lubricants
Paper industry
Chemical synthesis
Chemical Industry
Metal industry
Metal recovery
Paper auxiliaries
Mineral oil and lubricant
Petroleum industry

Uses of Tributyl Phosphate:
Tributyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, vinyl resins, and lacquers; and in making fireretardants, biocides, defoamers, and catalysts.
Plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins.
Tributyl phosphate is used as an antifoaming agent; plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastic, and vinyl resins; component in hydraulic fluids for aircraft control systems.

Tributyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
Tributyl phosphate is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing.

Tributyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.
The major uses of Tributyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare earth metals from their ores, such as uranium and plutonium.

Tributyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where Tributyl phosphate improves their wetting properties.
Tributyl phosphate is also used as a heat exchange medium.
Tributyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water thinned paints and tinting bases.

Tributyl phosphate is a colorless to pale-yellow odorless liquid.
Tributyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins.

Tributyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids.
Other uses include heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, pigment grinding assistant, antifoaming agent, dielectric.

Tributyl phosphate defoamer is a plasticizer for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, chlorinated rubber and polyvinyl chloride, rare metal extractant.
Tributyl phosphate is soluble in many organic solvents.
Due to Tributyl phosphate low surface tension, Tributyl phosphate is hardly soluble in water and can be used as an industrial defoamer, effectively defoaming the formed foam film in an unstable state.

Plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins.
Tributyl phosphate is used in fire-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids.

Heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, plasticizer, pigment grinding assistant, antifoam agent, dielectric.
Extraction chromatography, in which the organic extractant is adsorbed on the surfaces of a fine, porous powder placed in a column, offers another excellent method for separating the actinide elements from each other.
Useful cation extracting agents include n-tributyl phosphate.

Tributyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.
Tributyl phosphate forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as supercritical CO2.
The major uses of Tributyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid, brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare-earth metals from their ores.

Tributyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood), and herbicide and fungicide concentrates.

As Tributyl phosphate has no odour, Tributyl phosphate is used as an anti-foaming agent in detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives.
Tributyl phosphate is also found as a de-foamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreeze solutions.

In oil-based lubricants addition of Tributyl phosphate increases the oil film strength.
Tributyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where Tributyl phosphate improves their wetting properties.

Tributyl phosphate can be used as a heat-exchange medium.
Tributyl phosphate is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.

Nuclear chemistry:
A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of tributyl phosphate in kerosene or dodecane is used in the liquid–liquid extraction (solvent extraction) of uranium, plutonium, and thorium from spent uranium nuclear fuel rods dissolved in nitric acid, as part of a nuclear reprocessing process known as PUREX.
The shipment of 20 tons of tributyl phosphate to North Korea from China in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential nuclear weapons.

Tributyl phosphate is an odorless colorless to yellow liquid.
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Tributyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Tributyl phosphate is used in the following products: coating products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polymers, pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Tributyl phosphate is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and building & construction work.

Tributyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), plastic products and fabricated metal products.
Other release to the environment of Tributyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Tributyl phosphate is used in the following products: coating products, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases, pH regulators and water treatment products, heat transfer fluids, extraction agents, adhesives and sealants and polymers.
Tributyl phosphate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and mining.

Tributyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Release to the environment of Tributyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Tributyl phosphate is used as antifoam.
Tributyl phosphate is used as plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics and vinyl resins.

Tributyl phosphate is used as a complexing agent for the extraction of metal ions from solutions of reactor products in the extraction of heavy metals, especially in the reprocessing of nuclear fuel.
Tributyl phosphate is used as aircraft hydraulic fluid.

Tributyl phosphate is used as a heat exchange medium and dielectric.
Tributyl phosphate is used as pigment grinder.

Tributyl phosphate is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters (eg. nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate).
Tributyl phosphate forms stable hydrophobic complexes with some metals; these complex are soluble in organic solvents and in supercritical CO2.

The major uses of Tributyl phosphate in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare earth metals from their ores.

Tributyl phosphate finds its use as a solvent in inks, synthetic resins, gums, adhesives (namely for veneer plywood) and herbicide and fungicide concentrates.

As Tributyl phosphate has no odour, together with a large amount of eg. isopropyl alcohol Tributyl phosphate finds use as anti-foaming agent in most detergent solutions, and in various emulsions, paints, and adhesives.
Tributyl phosphate is also found as a defoamer in ethylene glycol-borax antifreze solutions.

In oil-based lubricants addition of Tributyl phosphate increases the oil film strength.
Tributyl phosphate is used also in mercerizing liquids, where Tributyl phosphate improves their wetting properties.

Tributyl phosphate is also used as a heat exchange medium.

Other Industry Uses:
Flame retardants
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Functional fluids (open systems)
Plasticizers
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Tributyl phosphate is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, adhesives and sealants and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Other release to the environment of Tributyl phosphate is likely to occur from: outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives), indoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in tru

Other Consumer Uses:
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Hydrolic Fluid
Ink, toner, and colorant products

Advantages of Tributyl Phosphate:
Fast defoaming ability, lasting foam suppressing effect, small dosage, not any effect to the basic property of foaming system.
Good heat resistance, good chemical stability, non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-explosive, no adverse side affect.
Comparable with top quality product on market, while the price is much more affordable.

General Manufacturing Information of Tributyl Phosphate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive manufacturing
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Hydraulic Fluids/Aviation Hydraulic Fluids
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Printing ink manufacturing

Properties of Tributyl Phosphate:

Chemical Properties:
Tributyl phosphate is an odorless colorless to yellow liquid.
The solubility of Tributyl phosphate is only 280 mg/L in water at 25°C.

Tributyl phosphate is soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, carbon disulfide.
Tributyl phosphate can be miscible with ethanol.

Tributyl phosphate is stable, but Tributyl phosphate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorus compound widely used as a solvent in nuclear fuel reprocessing for the extraction of uranium and plutonium from other radionuclides.

The major uses of tributyl phosphate in industry are as a flame retardant component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification.
Minor uses of Tributyl phosphate include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, as an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as a solvent in nuclear fuel processing, and as a carrier for fluorescent dyes.

The microbial degradation of tributyl phosphate was carried out using Klebsiella pneumoniae S3 isolated from the soil.
The solubilization behavior of Tributyl phosphate in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics was studied using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS).

Production of Tributyl Phosphate:
Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.

POCl3 + 3 C4H9OH → PO(OC4H9)3 + 3 HCl
Production is estimated at 3,000–5,000 tonnes worldwide.

Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by esterification of orthophosphoric acid with butyl alcohol.

This is a high volume chemical with production estimated at 3,000 – 5,000 tonnes worldwide.

Preparation of Tributyl Phosphate:
Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
A 1-liter four-necked flask is fitted with an efficient condenser, an air-tight stirrer, a short-stemmed dropping funnel and a thermometer.

Calcium chloride tubes are attached to the top of dropping funnel and the reflux condenser.
137 ml (111 g) of dry n-butyl alcohol, 132.5 ml (130 g) of dry pyridine and 140 ml of dry benzene are placed in the flask, which is stirred and cooled in an ice-salt mixture until the temperature falls to – 5° C.

40.5 ml (76.5 g) of freshly redistilled (b.p. 106-107° C) phosphorus oxychloride are dropwise added from the funnel at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 10° C.
When all phosphorus oxychloride has been added the reaction mixture is gently refluxed for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature.

250 ml of water are added in order to dissolve the pyridine hydrochloride, the benzene layer is separated, washed several times with water until the washings are neutral, and dried over anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulfate.
The benzene is removed by evaporation and crude tributyl phosphate is purified by distillation in a vacuum.
The fraction boiling at 160-162°/15 mm or 138-140°/6 mm is collected yielding 95 g of pure tributyl phosphate.

Purification Methods of Tributyl Phosphate:
The main contaminants in commercial samples are organic pyrophosphates, monoand dibutyl phosphates and butanol.
Tributyl phosphate is purified by washing successively with 0.2M HNO3 (three times), 0.2M NaOH (three times) and water (three times), then fractionally distilled under vacuum.

Tributyl phosphate has also been purified via Tributyl phosphate uranyl nitrate addition compound, obtained by saturating the crude phosphate with uranyl nitrate.
Tributyl phosphate is crystallised three times from n-hexane by cooling to -40o, and then decomposed by washing with Na2CO3 and water.

Hexane is removed by steam distillation; the water is then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue is distilled under reduced pressure.
Alternatively, wash Tributyl phosphate with water, then with 1% NaOH or 5% Na2CO3 for several hours, then finally with water.

Dry Tributyl phosphate under reduced pressure and fractionate Tributyl phosphate carefully under vacuum.
Tributyl phosphate is a stable colourless oil, sparingly soluble in H2O (1mL dissolves in 165mL of H2O), but freely miscible in organic solvents.

The microbial degradation of tributyl phosphate was carried out using Klebsiella pneumoniae S3 isolated from the soil.
The solubilization behavior of Tributyl phosphate in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics was studied using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS).

Extraction and Purification of Tributyl Phosphate:

Electronic: Purification of rare metals, such as Hafnium and Nickel
Nuclear: Purification of Uranium, Zirconium, Thorium and Platinum
Minerals: Purification of Phosphoric acid by wet process route
Cellulose: Solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate

Flame retardant:
Aircraft industry for hydraulic fluids
Automotive industry for silicone based brake fluids

Defoaming Agent:
Oilfield: Fracturing gass wells, cementing oil mud wells
Construction chemicals: Concrete
Printing inks and paints: Continuous inkjet printing inks, pigment paste
Metallurgy: Metal casting
Detergence: Defoamer for dry cleaning and laundry

Wetting agent:
Textile and Adhesive Industry

Handling and Storage of Tributyl Phosphate:

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics:
Dry lime or soda ash.

Safe Storage:
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.
Separated from bases and strong oxidants.

Storage Conditions:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Tributyl Phosphate:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, administer a slurry of activated charcoal in water and simultaneously call a hospital or poison control center.

IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Accidental Release Measures of Tributyl Phosphate:

Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of Tributyl phosphate.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking liquid in sealable non-plastic containers.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Tributyl Phosphate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Identifiers of Tributyl Phosphate:
CAS Number: 126-73-8
ChEBI: CHEBI:35019
ChemSpider: 29090
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.365
KEGG: C14439
PubChem CID: 31357
UNII: 95UAS8YAF5
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID3021986
InChI: InChI=1S/C12H27O4P/c1-4-7-10-14-17(13,15-11-8-5-2)16-12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H3
Key: STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C12H27O4P/c1-4-7-10-14-17(13,15-11-8-5-2)16-12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H3
Key: STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYAN
SMILES: O=P(OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC

Synonym(s): TBP, TBPA
Linear Formula: (CH3(CH2)3O)3PO
CAS Number: 126-73-8
Molecular Weight: 266.31
Beilstein: 1710584
EC Number: 204-800-2
MDL number: MFCD00009436
PubChem Substance ID: 329752548

EC / List no.: 204-800-2
CAS no.: 126-73-8
Mol. formula: C12H27O4P

CAS number: 126-73-8
EC index number: 015-014-00-2
EC number: 204-800-2
Hill Formula: C₁₂H₂₇O₄P
Chemical formula: (C₄H₉O)₃PO
Molar Mass: 266.31 g/mol
HS Code: 2919 90 00

CAS: 126-73-8
Molecular Formula: C12H27O4P
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 266.32
MDL Number: MFCD00009436
InChI Key: STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 31357
ChEBI: CHEBI:35019
IUPAC Name: tributyl phosphate
SMILES: CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC

Properties of Tributyl Phosphate:
Chemical formula: C12H27O4P
Molar mass: 266.318 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid
Density: 0.9727 g/mL
Melting point: −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K)
Boiling point: 289 °C (552 °F; 562 K)
Solubility in water: 0.4 g/L
Vapor pressure: 0.004 mmHg (25°C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4231 (at 20 °C)

Vapor density: 9.2 (vs air)
Quality Level: 200

Vapor pressure:
27 mmHg ( 178 °C)
7.3 mmHg ( 150 °C)

Assay: ≥99%
Form: liquid
Autoignition temp.: 770 °F
Refractive index: n20/D 1.424 (lit.)
bp: 180-183 °C/22 mmHg (lit.)
mp: −79 °C (lit.)

Solubility:
Organic solvents: miscible
Water: soluble (1mL in 165mL)

Density: 0.979 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC
InChI: 1S/C12H27O4P/c1-4-7-10-14-17(13,15-11-8-5-2)16-12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H3
InChI key: STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling point: 289 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Evaporation number: <0.001
Flash point: 146 °C
Ignition temperature: 400 °C
Melting Point: -79 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.008 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 6 g/l

Molecular Weight: 266.31 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 12
Exact Mass: 266.16469634 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 266.16469634 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 44.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 17
Complexity: 175
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Tributyl Phosphate:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 0.976 - 0.978
Identity (IR): passes test

Melting Point: -79.0°C
Density: 0.9790g/mL
Boiling Point: 289.0°C
Flash Point: 146°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 99% min. (GC)
Packaging: Glass Bottle
Linear Formula: [CH3(CH2)3O]3P(O)
Refractive Index: 1.4230 to 1.4250
Quantity: 1 L
Beilstein: 01,II,397
Merck Index: 15,9781
Specific Gravity: 0.979
Viscosity: 3.5 mPa.s (25°C)
Formula Weight: 266.32
Percent Purity: 99+%
Physical Form: Liquid
Chemical Name or Material: Tributyl phosphate, 99%

Names of Tributyl Phosphate:

Regulatory process names:
Butyl phosphate
Butyl phosphate, ((BuO)3PO)
Butyl phosphate, tri-
Celluphos 4
Disflamoll TB
MCS 2495
Phosphoric acid, tributyl ester
TBP
Tri-n-butyl phosphate
Tributilfosfato
Tributoxyphosphine oxide
Tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate
Tributyle (phosphate de)
Tributylfosfaat
Tributylfosfat
Tributylphosphat

Translated names:
fosfato de tributilo (es)
fosfato de tributilo (pt)
Fosforan(V) tributylu (pl)
Fosforan(V) tributylu ortofosforan(V) tributylu (pl)
ortofosforan(V) tributylu (pl)
phosphate de tributyle (fr)
tributil fosfat (sl)
tributil-fosfat (hr)
tributil-foszfát (hu)
tributilfosfat (ro)
tributilfosfatas (lt)
tributilfosfato (it)
tributilfosfāts (lv)
tributyl-fosfát (cs)
tributyl-fosfát (sk)
tributylfosfaat (nl)
tributylfosfat (no)
tributylfosfat (sv)
tributylphosphat (da)
Tributylphosphat (de)
Tributyylifosfaatti (fi)
Tributüülfosfaat (et)
φωσφορικός τριβουτυλεστέρας (el)
трибутил фосфат (bg)

IUPAC names:
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester
tetrossofosfato (V) di tri-1-butile
Tributyl Phosphate
Tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate
Tributyl Phosphate
Tributyl phosphate
Tributyl phosphate (TBP)
Tributylphosphat

Trade names:
BAYSOLVEX TBP
Entschäumer T
Maslo Gazpromneft GL-4 75W-90
PHOSPHORIC ACID, TRIBUTYL ESTER
TBP
TRI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
Tributyl phosphate
Tributylphosphat

Other identifiers:
015-014-00-2
1238174-19-0
126-73-8
15158-85-7
19824-61-4
329184-61-4
80094-39-9

Synonyms of Tributyl Phosphate:
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
126-73-8
Tri-n-butyl phosphate
Tributylphosphate
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester
Butyl phosphate
Tributylphosphat
Celluphos 4
Disflamoll TB
Phosphoric acid, tributyl ester
Tributilfosfato
Tributylfosfaat
Tributyle (phosphate de)
Butyl phosphate, tri-
Tributoxyphosphine oxide
Tributylfosfat
Butyl phosphate, ((BuO)3PO)
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ester
UNII-95UAS8YAF5
NSC 8484
N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
95UAS8YAF5
DTXSID3021986
CHEBI:35019
MFCD00009436
Tri-N-butylphosphate
DSSTox_CID_1986
Tributyl phosphate, 99+%
DSSTox_RID_76443
DSSTox_GSID_21986
tbpa
Tributylfosfat [Czech]
Tributylfosfaat [Dutch]
Tributilfosfato [Italian]
Tributylphosphat [German]
CAS-126-73-8
CCRIS 6106
HSDB 1678
Tributyle (phosphate de) [French]
MCS 2495
EINECS 204-800-2
BRN 1710584
AI3-00399
Tributylphsophate
Kronitex TBP
Tributyl ester of phosphoric acid
ACMC-20ajfh
Tributyle(phosphate de)
Phosphoric acid tributyl
tris(1-butyl) phosphate
Tributyl phosphate, 97%
Tributyl phosphate, 99%
bmse000777
EC 204-800-2
Syn-O-Ad 8412
SCHEMBL18570
Tributyl phosphate, >=99%
Phosphoric acid, tri-n-butyl ester
Tributyl phosphate, analytical standard
Tributyl phosphate 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
Tributyl Phosphate 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tributyl phosphate, puriss., >=99.0% (GC)
Tributyl phosphate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Tributyl phosphate, Selectophore(TM), >=98.0%
A805594
Q613394
J-005429
F1905-7225
Tributyl phosphate, 10 mug/mL in hexane, analytical standard
Tributyl phosphate, for extraction analysis, >=99.0% (GC)
Tri-n-butyl phosphate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Tributyl phosphate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
AURORA KA-1641
BUTYL PHOSPHATE
O,O,O-Tributylphosphate
TRIBUTYLPHOSPHATE extrapure
Nitrogen-Oxygen free radical piperidycol
Phosphoric acid tributyl
Tributyl phosphate 5g [126-73-8]
Tributyl phosphate 10g [126-73-8]
Tributyl phosphate, 99+% 1LT
Tributyl phosphate puriss., >=99.0% (GC)
Tributylphosph
Tributyl phosphate, 99%, analytical grade
Tributyl phosphate, Tri-n-butyl phosphate, Butyl phosphate,Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ester
ANTIFOAM T
Butyl phosphate, ((BuO)3PO)
Butyl phosphate, tri-
Celluphos 4
celluphos4
Disflamoll TB
disflamolltb
Kronitex TBP
mcs2495
Phos-Ad 100
phosphatedetributyle
Syn-O-Ad 8412
Tributilfosfato
Tributoxyphosphine oxide
tributoxyphosphineoxide
tributyl
Tributyl ester of phosphoric acid
Tributyle
Tributyle(phosphate de)
tributyle(phosphatede)
tributyle(phosphatede)(french)
Tributylfosfaat
Tributylfosfat
Tributylphosphat
tri-butylphosphat
tributylphosphate(tbp)
Tributylphsophate
TBP
N-BUTYL-O-PHOSPHORIC ACID
N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
N-TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHORIC ACID TRIBUTYL ESTER
PHOSPHORIC ACID TRI-N-BUTYL ESTER
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
TRI-N-BUTYL ORTHOPHOSPHATE
TRI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
tributylphospate
Phosphorsuretri-n-butylester
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE, 98+%
Tributyl Phosphsate
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE, FOR EXTRACTION ANALY SIS
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE, 99+%
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE GC STANDARD
TributylPhosphate,Certified
linsuansandinhzi
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
126-73-8
Tri-n-butyl phosphate
Tributylphosphate
Butyl phosphate
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester
Tributylphosphat
Celluphos 4
Disflamoll TB
Phosphoric acid, tributyl ester
tbpa
Tributilfosfato
Tributylfosfaat
Tributyle (phosphate de)
TBP
Butyl phosphate, tri-
Tributoxyphosphine oxide
Tributylfosfat
Butyl phosphate, ((BuO)3PO)
Phosphoric acid tri-n-butyl ester
NSC 8484
DTXSID3021986
95UAS8YAF5
CHEBI:35019
TRI-N-BUTYL-D27 PHOSPHATE
NSC-8484
Tri-N-butylphosphate
DTXCID701986
Tributylfosfat [Czech]
Tributylfosfaat [Dutch]
Tributilfosfato [Italian]
Tributylphosphat [German]
CAS-126-73-8
TNBP
CCRIS 6106
HSDB 1678
Tributyle (phosphate de) [French]
MCS 2495
EINECS 204-800-2
UNII-95UAS8YAF5
BRN 1710584
AI3-00399
Tributylphsophate
Kronitex TBP
Tributyl ester of phosphoric acid
Tributyle(phosphate de)
Phosphoric acid tributyl
tris(1-butyl) phosphate
Tributyl phosphate, 97%
Tributyl phosphate, 99%
bmse000777
EC 204-800-2
Syn-O-Ad 8412
SCHEMBL18570
Tributyl phosphate, >=99%
4-01-00-01531 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0345
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE [MI]
CHEMBL1371096
NSC8484
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE [HSDB]
Phosphoric acid, tri-n-butyl ester
Tox21_201872
Tox21_300107
MFCD00009436
WLN: 4OPO & O4 & O4
AKOS015995460
TRI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE [MART.]
Tributyl phosphate, analytical standard
NCGC00091588-01
NCGC00091588-02
NCGC00091588-03
NCGC00091588-04
NCGC00254202-01
NCGC00259421-01
FT-0657452
P0266
TRI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Tributyl phosphate 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
Tributyl Phosphate 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tributyl phosphate, puriss., >=99.0% (GC)
Tributyl phosphate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Tributyl phosphate, Selectophore(TM), >=98.0%
A805594
Q613394
J-005429
F1905-7225
Tributyl phosphate, 10 mug/mL in hexane, analytical standard
Tri-n-butyl phosphate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Tributyl phosphate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
126-73-8 [RN]
1710584 [Beilstein]
203-777-6 [EINECS]
204-800-2 [EINECS]
butyl phosphate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
MFCD00009436 [MDL number]
n-butyl phosphate
Phosphate de tributyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester
PHOSPHORIC ACID TRI-N-BUTYL ESTER
Phosphoric acid, tributyl ester [ACD/Index Name]
Phosphoric acid, tri-n-butyl ester
Phosphorsäuretributylester [German]
TBP
TC7700000
Tributilfosfato
Tributilfosfato [Italian]
Tributyl phosphate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Tributyle (phosphate de) [French]
Tributylfosfaat
Tributylfosfaat [Dutch]
Tributylphosphat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Tributylphsophate
tri-n-butyl phosphate
Tri-n-butyl-phosphat [German]
Трибутилфосфат [Russian]
[126-73-8] [RN]
15158-85-7 [RN]
19824-61-4 [RN]
4-01-00-01531 [Beilstein]
4-01-00-01531 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
52933-01-4 [RN]
61196-26-7 [RN]
80094-39-9 [RN]
Butyl phosphate, tri-
Celluphos 4
Disflamoll TB
Dtxsid701016869
EINECS 204-800-2
Kronitex TBP
NCGC00091588-02
Phosphoric Acid Tributyl Ester-d27
Syn-O-Ad 8412
Tributilfosfato [Italian]
tributoxy-hydroxyphosphanium
tributoxy-hydroxy-phosphanium
tributoxy-hydroxyphosphonium
tributoxy-hydroxy-phosphonium
Tributoxyphosphine oxide
Tributyl ester of phosphoric acid
Tributyl phosphate 10 ?g/mL in Cyclohexane
Tributyle (phosphate de) [French]
Tributyle(phosphate de)
Tributylfosfaat [Dutch]
Tributylfosfat [Czech]
Tributylfosfat [Czech]
Tributylphosphat [German]
TRIBUTYLPHOSPHATE [Wiki]
Tri-n-butylphosphate
WLN: 4OPO & O4 & O4
TRIBUTYLAMINE
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, a dental cement, and in isoprene polymerization.
Butyl amines are highly flammable, colorless liquids (n-turns yellow on standing) with ammoniacal or fishlike odors.
Tributylamine is a tertiary amine.

CAS: 102-82-9
MF: C12H27N
MW: 185.35
EINECS: 203-058-7

Tributylamine is a tertiary amine.
A pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Less dense than water.
Very irritating to skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.
May be toxic by skin absorption.
Low toxicity.
Used as an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids.

Tributylamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)3N.
Tributylamine is a colorless liquid with an amine-like odor.
Tributylamine appears as a pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Less dense than water.

Tributylamine Chemical Properties
Melting point: −70 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 216 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.778 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor density: 6.38 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.3 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.428(lit.)
Fp: 146 °F
Storage temp.: Store at RT.
Solubility: sparingly soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents; soluble in acetone and benzene; very soluble in alcohol and ether
pka: 9.99±0.50(Predicted)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear
Water Solubility: 0.386 g/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,9618
BRN: 1698872
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Hygroscopic.
LogP: 3.34 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 102-82-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Tributylamine(102-82-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: Tributylamine (102-82-9)

Uses
Tributylamine is an important intermediate in the production of phase transfer catalysts like tributylmethylammonium chloride and tributylbenzylammonium chloride.
Tributylamine is also used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, surfactants, lubricant additives, vulcanization accelerators and dyes.
Tributylamine acts as a catalyst and as a solvent in organic syntheses and polymerization reactions.
Tributylamine serves as a strong base anion exchanger, acid acceptor, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids and an emulsifying agent.
Further, Tributylamine is used to prepare photographic chemicals.
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, a dental cement, and in isoprene polymerization.
Solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, intermediate.
Tributylamine is used as a catalyst (proton acceptor) and as a solvent in organic syntheses and polymerization (including polyurethanes).

Industrial uses
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids and a chemical intermediate.
Tributylamine is also used as a catalyst in a wide range of chemical reactions, as an insecticide, an emulsifying agent and in dental cements.

Production Methods
Tributylamine is manufactured by vapor phase alkylation of ammonia with butanol to produce a technical grade compound.

Purification Methods
Purify the amine by fractional distillation from sodium under reduced pressure.
Pegolotti and Young heated the amine overnight with an equal volume of acetic anhydride, in a steam bath.
The amine layer was separated and heated with water for 2hours on the steam bath (to hydrolyse any remaining acetic anhydride).
The solution was cooled, solid K2CO3 was added to neutralize any acetic acid that had been formed, and the amine was separated, dried (K2CO3) and distilled at 44mm pressure.
Davis and Nakshbendi treated the amine with one-eighth of its weight of benzenesulfonyl chloride in aqueous 15% NaOH at 0-5o.
The mixture was shaken intermittently and allowed to warm to room temperature.
After a day, the amine layer was washed with aqueous NaOH, then water and dried with KOH.
(This treatment removes primary and secondary amines.)
Tributylamine was further dried with CaH2 and distilled under vacuum.

Reactivity Profile
Tributylamine can react with oxidizing materials.
Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water.
May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Health Hazard
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

In an occupational setting, humans are primarily exposed to Tributylamine by the inhalation or dermal.
Tributylamine is poisonous when inhaled or ingested, acting as an alkaline corrosive agent.
Vapors can cause irritation of the nose and throat, distressed breathing and coughing.
Pneumonia and bronchitis may follow if respiratory tract infection ensues.
Inhalation or ingestion of Tributylamine has been found to cause harmful esophageal burns with the risk of perforation.
Direct contact can cause secondary burns.

Synonyms
TRIBUTYLAMINE
102-82-9
Tri-n-butylamine
N,N-dibutylbutan-1-amine
1-Butanamine, N,N-dibutyl-
N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine
Tributilamina
Tris[N-butylamine]
C3TZB2W0R7
DTXSID4026183
CHEBI:38905
Tris-n-butylamine
Amine, tributyl-
DTXCID406183
Tributilamina [Romanian]
CAS-102-82-9
CCRIS 4879
HSDB 877
EINECS 203-058-7
UN2542
UNII-C3TZB2W0R7
BRN 1698872
tributylamin
tributyl amine
tributyl-amine
trin-butylamine
tri n-butylamin
tri-butyl amine
AI3-15424
tri-n-butyl amine
tri-n-butyl-amine
Tri(n-butyl)amine
tris(1-butyl)amine
MFCD00009431
N,N-dibutylbutanamine
Bu3N
NBu3
n-Bu3N
SCHEMBL896
TRIBUTYLAMINE [MI]
N(n-Bu)3
EC 203-058-7
TRIBUTYLAMINE [HSDB]
Tributylamine, >=98.5%
N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine #
(n-C4H9)3N
CHEMBL1877658
Tox21_200423
Tox21_300020
BBL011498
STL146610
Tributylamine [UN2542] [Poison]
AKOS005721142
UN 2542
NCGC00164374-01
NCGC00164374-02
NCGC00164374-03
NCGC00254008-01
NCGC00257977-01
BP-30098
VS-02963
FT-0652663
T0357
EN300-19754
Tributylamine, puriss. plus, >=99.5% (GC)
Tributylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (GC)
Q905558
J-000810
J-525054
F0001-0072
InChI=1/C12H27N/c1-4-7-10-13(11-8-5-2)12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H
TRIBUTYLAMINE
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, a dental cement, and in isoprene polymerization.
Butyl amines are highly flammable, colorless liquids (n-turns yellow on standing) with ammoniacal or fishlike odors.
Tributylamine is a tertiary amine.

CAS: 102-82-9
MF: C12H27N
MW: 185.35
EINECS: 203-058-7

Tributylamine is a tertiary amine.
A pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Less dense than water.
Very irritating to skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.
May be toxic by skin absorption.
Low toxicity.
Used as an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids.

Tributylamine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)3N.
Tributylamine is a colorless liquid with an amine-like odor.
Tributylamine appears as a pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Less dense than water.

Tributylamine Chemical Properties
Melting point: −70 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 216 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.778 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor density: 6.38 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.3 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.428(lit.)
Fp: 146 °F
Storage temp.: Store at RT.
Solubility: sparingly soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents; soluble in acetone and benzene; very soluble in alcohol and ether
pka: 9.99±0.50(Predicted)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear
Water Solubility: 0.386 g/L (25 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,9618
BRN: 1698872
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Hygroscopic.
LogP: 3.34 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 102-82-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Tributylamine(102-82-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: Tributylamine (102-82-9)

Uses
Tributylamine is an important intermediate in the production of phase transfer catalysts like tributylmethylammonium chloride and tributylbenzylammonium chloride.
Tributylamine is also used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, surfactants, lubricant additives, vulcanization accelerators and dyes.
Tributylamine acts as a catalyst and as a solvent in organic syntheses and polymerization reactions.
Tributylamine serves as a strong base anion exchanger, acid acceptor, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids and an emulsifying agent.
Further, Tributylamine is used to prepare photographic chemicals.
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, a dental cement, and in isoprene polymerization.
Solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, intermediate.
Tributylamine is used as a catalyst (proton acceptor) and as a solvent in organic syntheses and polymerization (including polyurethanes).

Industrial uses
Tributylamine is used as a solvent, an inhibitor in hydraulic fluids and a chemical intermediate.
Tributylamine is also used as a catalyst in a wide range of chemical reactions, as an insecticide, an emulsifying agent and in dental cements.

Production Methods
Tributylamine is manufactured by vapor phase alkylation of ammonia with butanol to produce a technical grade compound.

Purification Methods
Purify the amine by fractional distillation from sodium under reduced pressure.
Pegolotti and Young heated the amine overnight with an equal volume of acetic anhydride, in a steam bath.
The amine layer was separated and heated with water for 2hours on the steam bath (to hydrolyse any remaining acetic anhydride).
The solution was cooled, solid K2CO3 was added to neutralize any acetic acid that had been formed, and the amine was separated, dried (K2CO3) and distilled at 44mm pressure.
Davis and Nakshbendi treated the amine with one-eighth of its weight of benzenesulfonyl chloride in aqueous 15% NaOH at 0-5o.
The mixture was shaken intermittently and allowed to warm to room temperature.
After a day, the amine layer was washed with aqueous NaOH, then water and dried with KOH.
(This treatment removes primary and secondary amines.)
Tributylamine was further dried with CaH2 and distilled under vacuum.

Reactivity Profile
Tributylamine can react with oxidizing materials.
Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water.
May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Health Hazard
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

In an occupational setting, humans are primarily exposed to Tributylamine by the inhalation or dermal.
Tributylamine is poisonous when inhaled or ingested, acting as an alkaline corrosive agent.
Vapors can cause irritation of the nose and throat, distressed breathing and coughing.
Pneumonia and bronchitis may follow if respiratory tract infection ensues.
Inhalation or ingestion of Tributylamine has been found to cause harmful esophageal burns with the risk of perforation.
Direct contact can cause secondary burns.

Synonyms
TRIBUTYLAMINE
102-82-9
Tri-n-butylamine
N,N-dibutylbutan-1-amine
1-Butanamine, N,N-dibutyl-
N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine
Tributilamina
Tris[N-butylamine]
C3TZB2W0R7
DTXSID4026183
CHEBI:38905
Tris-n-butylamine
Amine, tributyl-
DTXCID406183
Tributilamina [Romanian]
CAS-102-82-9
CCRIS 4879
HSDB 877
EINECS 203-058-7
UN2542
UNII-C3TZB2W0R7
BRN 1698872
tributylamin
tributyl amine
tributyl-amine
trin-butylamine
tri n-butylamin
tri-butyl amine
AI3-15424
tri-n-butyl amine
tri-n-butyl-amine
Tri(n-butyl)amine
tris(1-butyl)amine
MFCD00009431
N,N-dibutylbutanamine
Bu3N
NBu3
n-Bu3N
SCHEMBL896
TRIBUTYLAMINE [MI]
N(n-Bu)3
EC 203-058-7
TRIBUTYLAMINE [HSDB]
Tributylamine, >=98.5%
N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine #
(n-C4H9)3N
CHEMBL1877658
Tox21_200423
Tox21_300020
BBL011498
STL146610
Tributylamine [UN2542] [Poison]
AKOS005721142
UN 2542
NCGC00164374-01
NCGC00164374-02
NCGC00164374-03
NCGC00254008-01
NCGC00257977-01
BP-30098
VS-02963
FT-0652663
T0357
EN300-19754
Tributylamine, puriss. plus, >=99.5% (GC)
Tributylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (GC)
Q905558
J-000810
J-525054
F0001-0072
InChI=1/C12H27N/c1-4-7-10-13(11-8-5-2)12-9-6-3/h4-12H2,1-3H
TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE
Tributyltin oxide is a genotoxic compound that inhibits the activities of enzymes such as sulfamoyl chloride and hydroxyl group.
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is a chemical compound that the organometallic compounds belongs and primarily as underwater paint (fungicide) was used in shipbuilding.
Tributyltin oxide has the form of a colorless to pale yellow liquid that is only slightly soluble in water (20 ppm) but highly soluble in organic solvents.

CAS Number: 56-35-9
EC Number: 200-268-0
Chemical Formula: C24H54OSn2
Molar Mass: 596.112

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is an organotin compound chiefly used as a biocide (fungicide and molluscicide), especially a wood preservative.
Tributyltin oxide chemical formula is [(C4H9)3Sn]2O.

Tributyltin oxide is a colorless viscous liquid.
Tributyltin oxide is poorly soluble in water (20 ppm) but highly soluble in organic solvents.
Tributyltin oxide is a potent skin irritant.

Historically, tributyltin oxide's biggest application was as a marine anti-biofouling agent.
Concerns over toxicity of these compounds have led to a worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization.

Tributyltin oxide is now considered a severe marine pollutant and a Tributyltin oxide of Very High Concern by the EU.
Today, Tributyltin oxide is mainly used in wood preservation.

Tributyltin oxide is a genotoxic compound that inhibits the activities of enzymes such as sulfamoyl chloride and hydroxyl group.
Tributyltin oxide also causes cell lysis, which leads to bacterial death.

Tributyltin oxide has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Tributyltin oxide has also been shown to be effective against microbial infection in mice.
Tributyltin oxide is toxic to the liver, causing fatty changes and lesions, as well as decreased levels of atp and hepatic tissues.

Tributyltin oxide is an inorganic molecular entity.

Tributyltin oxide appears as clear pale yellow liquid.
Toxic by skin absorption or inhalation of vapors.
Tributyltin oxide is used as a bactericide, fungicide and chemical intermediate.

Tributyltin oxide is an organotin compound.
Tributyltins are the main active ingredients in certain biocides used to control a broad spectrum of organisms, and are also used in wood preservation, marine paints (as antifouling pesticides), and textiles and industrial water systems (as antifungal agents).

They also considered moderately to highly persistent organic pollutants and are especially hazardous to marine ecosystems.
The main toxic component of tributyltins is tin.

Tributyltin oxide is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
Tributyltin oxide is a natural component of the earth's crust and is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where Tributyltin oxide occurs as tin dioxide.

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is a chemical compound that the organometallic compounds belongs and primarily as underwater paint (fungicide) was used in shipbuilding.

Tributyltin oxide has the form of a colorless to pale yellow liquid that is only slightly soluble in water (20 ppm) but highly soluble in organic solvents.
Tributyltin oxide is used in Anti Fouling Paints and Wood Preservatives.
Tributyltin compounds had been used as marine anti-biofouling agents.

Tributyltin oxide, or, more formally, bis(tri-1-butyltin) oxide, is a rather nasty substance and a potent biocide.
Like most volatile organotin compounds, Tributyltin oxide can cause ill effects ranging from skin irritation to convulsions.

Tributyltin oxide main use is as a wood preservative.
Tributyltin oxide was formerly used as a marine anti-biofouling agent, but evidence of toxicity to marine animals led to a worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization.
Other pesticide uses of the compound have also been discontinued.

Tributyltin oxide appears as thin, colourless to pale yellow, flammable and combustible liquid.
Tributyltin oxide is soluble in organic solvents.

Tributyltin oxide, or bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, is an organotin compound used as a biocide, fungicide, and molluscicide.
Tributyltin oxide is uses of tributyltin also include as an anti-fouling chemical in marine paints for boats, anti-fungal agent in textiles and industrial water systems, in cooling tower and refrigeration water systems, wood pulp preservative in paints and paper mill systems, inner surfaces of cardboard, and in the manufacturing processes of leather goods, textiles, wood, plastics, and mothproof stored garments.
In fact, TBT compounds are considered the most hazardous of all tin compounds.

Tributyltin oxide is an organotin compound used as a fungicide and molluscicide, particularly in wood preservation.
Tributyltin oxide was used as an active component in marine antifouling paints but is not longer used due to Tributyltin oxide toxicity and is considered a severe marine pollutant.

Tributyltin oxide is widely used in Europe for the preservation of timber, millwork, and wood joinery, eg, window sashes and door frames.
Tributyltin oxide is applied from organic solution by dipping or vacuum impregnation.

Tributyltin oxide imparts resistance to attack by fungi and insects but is not suitable for underground use.
An advantage of Tributyltin oxide is that Tributyltin oxide does not interfere with subsequent painting or decorative staining and does not change the natural color of the wood.

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is an organotin compound chiefly used as a biocide (fungicide and molluscicide), especially a wood preservative.
Tributyltin oxide has the form of a colorless to pale yellow liquid that is only slightly soluble in water (20 ppm) but highly soluble in organic solvents.

Tributyltin oxide is a potent skin irritant.
Tributyltin oxide had been used as marine anti-biofouling agents.

Concerns over toxicity of these compounds have led to a worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization.
Tributyltin oxide is now considered a severe marine pollutant and a Substance of Very High Concern by the EU.

Tributyltin oxide is used as an antifouling and biocide agent against fungi, algae and bacteria in paints and is an irritant.
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is a chemical compound that the organometallic compounds belongs and primarily as underwater paint ( fungicide ) was used in shipbuilding.

Tributyltin oxide is an organotin compound.
Tributyltin oxide are the main active ingredients in certain biocides used to control a broad spectrum of organisms, and are also used in wood preservation, marine paints (as antifouling pesticides), and textiles and industrial water systems (as antifungal agents).
They also considered moderately to highly persistent organic pollutants and are especially hazardous to marine ecosystems.

The main toxic component of Tributyltin oxide is tin.
Tributyltin oxide is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
Tributyltin oxide is a natural component of the earth's crust and is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where Tributyltin oxide occurs as tin dioxide

Tributyltin oxide is employed in the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated methyl ketones, isoxazoles.

Tributyltin oxide (TBTO), or bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, is an organotin compound chiefly used as a biocide (fungicide and molluscicide), especially a wood preservative.
Tributyltin oxide chemical formula is C24H54OSn2.

Tributyltin oxide has the form of a thin, colorless to pale yellow liquid with melting point -45 °C, boiling point 180 °C, and slight water solubility (20 ppm).
Tributyltin oxide is combustible and soluble in organic solvents.

Tributyltin oxide is available under names AW 75-D, Bio-Met TBTO, Biomet, Biomet 75, BTO, Butinox, C-SN-9, Hexabutyldistannoxane, Hexabutylditin, and others.
Tributyltin oxide is a potent skin irritant.

Tributyltin oxide had been used as marine anti-biofouling agents.
Concerns over toxicity of these compounds (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 nanogram per liter) have led to a world-wide ban by the International Maritime Organization.
Tributyltin oxide is now considered a severe marine pollutant.

Tributyltin oxide are organic derivatives of tetravalent tin.
They are characterized by the presence of covalent bonds between carbon atoms and a tin atom and have the general formula (n-C4H9)3Sn-X (where X isan anion).

The purity of commercial Tributyltin oxide is generally above 96%; the principal impurities are dibutyltin derivatives and, to a lesser extent, tetrabutyltin and other trialkyltin compounds.
Tributyltin oxide is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and a relative density of 1.17 to 1.18.

Tributyltin Oxide (TBTO) has been used as an anti-fouling paint on commercial ships for decades, inhibiting mollusks or barnacles from attaching themselves to ships.
However, Tributyltin oxide has also been recognized as a toxic chemical that causes reproductive defects in and death of crustaceans.
Tributyltin oxide is a common problem on both coasts of North America, and is a growing concern in the great lakes.

Tributyltin oxide, or, more formally, bis(tri-1-butyltin) oxide, is a rather nasty substance and a potent biocide.
Like most volatile organotin compounds, Tributyltin oxide can cause ill effects ranging from skin irritation to convulsions.

Tributyltin oxide main use is as a wood preservative.
Tributyltin oxide was formerly used as a marine anti-biofouling agent, but evidence of toxicity to marine animals led to a worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization.
Other pesticide uses of the compound have also been discontinued.

Uses of Tributyltin oxide:
Tributyltin oxide is used as antimicrobial and slimicide for cooling-water treatment, disinfectant for hard-surface, sanitizer for laundry, mildewcides in water-based emulsion paints, preservative for timber, millwork, wood, textiles, paper, leather, and glass, and as fungicide and bactericide in underwater and antifouling paints.
Tributyltin oxide is also used as pesticide, molluscicide, rodent repellant, and insecticide.

Tributyltin oxide is used as a bactericide, fungicide, and chemical intermediate.
Tributyltin oxide is used as fungicide, disinfectant, algicide, microbiocide, and microbiostat for cooling tower water, wood preservation (paints, stains, and waterproofing formulations), hard surfaces (livestock, veterinary, and other animal facilities), building materials (drywall, joint compound MDF board, and particulate board), building material adhesives, and adhesives for other manufacturing applications.

Tributyltin oxide is also used to treat textile fabrics (except laundry and clothing), paper, fiberfill, foam, rope, sponges, and other materials.
Tributyltin oxides are also used in petrochemical injection fluids, metal working fluids, irrigation tubing for non-agricultural uses, rubber for sonar domes, and instruments for oceanographic observations.

Antimicrobials and slimicides for cooling-water treatment and as hard-surface disinfectants.
Also laundry sanitizers and mildewcides to prevent mildew formation in the dried film of water-based emulsion paints.

Tributyltin oxide is widely used in Europe for the preservation of timber, millwork, and wood joinery, e.g., window sashes and door frames.
Tributyltin oxide is used in fungicide and bactericide in underwater and antifouling paints, pesticide.

Tributyltins are the main active ingredients in certain biocides used to control a broad spectrum of organisms, and are also used in wood preservation, marine paints (as antifouling pesticides), and textiles and industrial water systems (as antifungal agents).

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Pulp and Paper Processing
Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing)
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Applying Wood Preservatives
Using Disinfectants or Biocides

General Manufacturing Information of Tributyltin oxide:
Tributyltin antifouling paint can be classified into three chemical groups based on the way the tributyltin is incorporated into the paint coating and subsequently released.

The first group includes paints in which the tributyltin active ingredient is mixed into the paint matrix and the tributyltin ion is released from the paint by diffusion.
These are called free association paints.

The second group has the tributyltin moiety chemically bound to the paint matrix.
These paints are called copolymer paints and under slightly alkaline conditions (such as sea water), the tributyltin ion is released by chemical hydrolysis.
Because the paint surface is softened by the loss of the tributyltin moiety, the outer layer is exposed.

A third category, tributyltin ablative paints, have characteristics of both groups.
The tributyltin active ingredient is mixed into the paint matrix, but because these are relatively soft paints, the surface ablates or sloughs off as the painted vessel moves through the water.

The use of tributyltin compounds in antifoulants are restricted because of their toxicity to aquatic organisms and EPA is cooperating in international efforts for a global phase-out.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Tributyltin oxide:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Tributyltin oxide:

Disinfectants of Tributyltin oxide:
Tributyltin oxide is used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity.
Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying spores as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms.
They are distinguished from antiseptics which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals.

Fungicides, Industrial of Tributyltin oxide:
Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.

Immunosuppressive Agents of Tributyltin oxide:
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action.
Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting dna synthesis.

Others may act through activation of t-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells.
While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Tributyltin oxide:
Tributyltin oxide is absorbed from the gut (20-50%, depending on the vehicle) & via the skin of mammals (approx 10%).
Other data suggest absorption in the 1-5% range via the skin.
Tributyltin oxide can be transferred across the blood-brain barrier & from the placenta to the fetus.

Absorbed material is rapidly & widely distributed among tissues (principally the liver and kidney).
The rate of Tributyltin oxide loss differs with different tissues.
Tributyltin oxide & its metabolites are eliminated principally via the bile.

Handling and Storage of Tributyltin oxide:

Nonfire Spill Response:

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE:
If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material.
Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal.

Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution.
Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS:
You should store this material in a refrigerator.

Safe Storage:
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

First Aid Measures of Tributyltin oxide:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic).
IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them.

Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting.
Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care.

If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting of Tributyltin oxide:
Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher.

Isolation and Evacuation of Tributyltin oxide:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Tributyltin oxide:
Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Carefully collect remainder.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Cleanup Methods of Tributyltin oxide:
Do NOT wash away into sewer.
Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Disposal Methods of Tributyltin oxide:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Preventive Measures of Tributyltin oxide:
Employees who handle Tributyltin oxide should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent & water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

If Tributyltin oxide gets on the skin, immediately flush with large amounts of water, then wash with soap or mild detergent & water.
If Tributyltin oxide soaks through the clothing, remove the clothing immediately & flush with large amounts of water & then wash using soap or mild detergent & water.
Get medical attention immediately.

Eating & smoking should not be permitted in areas where Tributyltin oxide is handled, processed, or stored.

The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting.
The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Tributyltin oxide, but also on factors including the form of Tributyltin oxide, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.

In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Tributyltin oxide:
CAS Number: 56-35-9
ChEBI: CHEBI:81543
ChEMBL: ChEMBL511667
ChemSpider: 10218152
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.244
EC Number: 200-268-0
KEGG: C18149
PubChem CID: 16682746
RTECS number: JN8750000
UNII: 3353Q84MKM
UN number: 2788 3020 2902
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID9020166
InChI: InChI=1S/6C4H9.O.2Sn/c6*1-3-4-2;;;/h6*1,3-4H2,2H3;;;
Key: APQHKWPGGHMYKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/6C4H9.O.2Sn/c6*1-3-4-2;;;/h6*1,3-4H2,2H3;;;/rC24H54OSn2/c1-7-13-19-26(20-14-8-2,21-15-9-3)25-27(22-16-10-4,23-17-11-5)24-18-12-6/h7-24H2,1-6H3
Key: APQHKWPGGHMYKJ-XAMPVVILAF
SMILES: CCCC[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC

Linear Formula: (CH3CH2CH2CH2)3SnOSn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)3
CAS Number: 56-35-9
Molecular Weight: 596.10
Beilstein: 745057
EC Number: 200-268-0
MDL number: MFCD00009418
PubChem Substance ID: 24891834
NACRES: NA.22

Substance name: Tributyltin oxide
EC number: 200-268-0
CAS number: 56-35-9

Formula: C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂
MW: 596,11 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 475 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1,17 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Storage Temperature: Ambient
MDL Number: MFCD00009418
CAS Number: 56-35-9
EINECS: 200-268-0
UN: 2788
ADR: 6.1,III

Properties of Tributyltin oxide:
Chemical formula: C24H54OSn2
Molar mass: 596.112
Appearance: colorless oil
Density: 1.17 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting point: −45 °C (−49 °F; 228 K)
Boiling point: 180 °C (356 °F; 453 K) at 2 mm Hg
Solubility in water: 20 mg/L
Solubility: Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, THF
log P: 5.02

Vapor pressure: Quality Level: 200
Assay: 96%
Form: liquid
Refractive index: n20/D 1.486 (lit.)
bp: 180 °C/2 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.17 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: CCCC[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC
InChI: 1S/6C4H9.O.2Sn/c6*1-3-4-2;;;/h6*1,3-4H2,2H3;;;
InChI key: APQHKWPGGHMYKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 596.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 20
Exact Mass: 596.22128
Monoisotopic Mass: 598.22187
Topological Polar Surface Area: 9.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 27
Complexity: 246
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Names of Tributyltin oxide:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Hexabutyldistannoxane

Other names:
Bis(tributyltin) oxide, tri-n-butyltin oxide, bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, AW 75-D, Bio-Met TBTO, Biomet, Biomet 75, BTO, Butinox, C-SN-9

Synonyms of Tributyltin oxide:
Tributyltin oxide
56-35-9
BIS(TRIBUTYLTIN) OXIDE
TBTO
Hexabutyldistannoxane
Distannoxane, hexabutyl-
Bis(tributyltin)oxide
Butinox
Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide
Lastanox Q
Biomet
Mykolastanox F
Biomet 66
Stannicide A
Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide
Lastanox F
Lastanox T
Biomet TBTO
BioMeT SRM
Bis(tributylstannyl)oxide
Lastanox T 20
Tin, oxybis(tributyl-
Vikol AF-25
Vikol LO-25
Oxybis(tributylstannane)
Hexabutyl distannoxane
Oxyde de tributyletain
C-Sn-9
Bis(tributyloxide) of tin
Bis-(tri-n-butylcin)oxid
Oxybis(tributyltin)
Hexabutyldistannioxan
Bis(tri-N-butylzinn)-oxyd
Bis(tributylstannium) oxide
OTBE
Tin, bis(tributyl)-, oxide
Kyslicnik tri-N-butylcinicity
ENT 24,979
Stannane, tri-N-butyl-, oxide
tributyl(tributylstannyloxy)stannane
L.S. 3394
NSC 22332
Oxybis[tributyltin]
6-Oxa-5,7-distannaundecane, 5,5,7,7-tetrabutyl-
Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, technical grade
Stannane, oxide
3353Q84MKM
NSC-22332
Bis(tributyltin oxide)
oxybis(tributyl tin)
Oxybis[tributylstannane]
Distannoxane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexabutyl-
bis(tributyl tin)oxide
OTBE [French]
Caswell No. 101
6-Oxa-5, 5,5,7,7-tetrabutyl-
HBD
Hexabutyldistannioxan [Czech]
CCRIS 3697
WLN: 4-SN-4&4&O-SN-4&4&4
HSDB 6505
Bis-(tri-n-butylcin)oxid [Czech]
Bis(tri-n-butylzinn)-oxyd [German]
EINECS 200-268-0
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO)
Kyslicnik tri-n-butylcinicity [Czech]
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083001
ZK 21995
tributyltinoxide
UNII-3353Q84MKM
AI3-24979
tributyltin hydrate
Tributyl tin oxide
hexabutyidistannoxane
MFCD00009418
TBOT
Tributyltin(IV) oxide
(nBu3Sn)2O
Tributyltin(IV) oxide;
(Bu3Sn)2O
bis(tributyl stannyl)oxide
EC 200-268-0
bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide
bis(tri-n-butylstannyl)oxide
SCHEMBL19183
Keycide X-10 (Salt/Mix)
bis(tri-n-butylstannyl) oxide
Bis[tri-n-butyltin(IV)]oxide
Bis(tributyltin) oxide, 96%
TBTO (Bis(tributyltin) oxide)
DTXSID9020166
TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE [HSDB]
APQHKWPGGHMYKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-
CHEBI:81543
NSC22332
NSC28132
Tox21_203001
NSC-28132
tributyl[(tributylstannyl)oxy]stannane
AKOS015909709
ZINC169743007
CAS-56-35-9
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexabutyldistannoxane #
NCGC00163942-01
NCGC00163942-02
NCGC00260546-01
BP-20397
TBTO, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
FT-0623098
C18149
EN300-219085
A831016
Q384794
TRICALCIUM CITRATE
Tricalcium citrate, a naturally occurring chemical in most plants and animals, is the calcium salt derived from citric acid.
Tricalcium citrate is present in foods which have naturally occurring citric acid.
Tricalcium citrate is used as a calcium supplement and may be used to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia/rickets), decreased activity of the parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism), and a certain muscle disease (latent tetany).

CAS: 813-94-5
MF: C12H10Ca3O14
MW: 498.43
EINECS: 212-391-

Tricalcium citrate is white powder, odorless, slightly hygroscopic.
Tricalcium citrate is slightly soluble in water, soluble in acid, almost insoluble in ethanol.
The crystal water is heated to 100 ° C to gradually lose moisture, and completely loses water at 120 ° C.
Tricalcium citrate may be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.
Tricalcium citrate is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, and as a nutrient, sequestrant, buffer, antioxidant, firming agent, acidity regulator (in jams and jellies, soft drinks and wines), as a raising agent and an emulsifying salt.
Tricalcium citrate is also used to improve the baking properties of flours and as a stabilizer.

Tricalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid.
Tricalcium citrate is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor.
In this sense, Tricalcium citrate is similar to sodium citrate.
Tricalcium citrate is also used as a water softener because the citrate ions can chelate unwanted metal ions.
Tricalcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal).
Calcium makes up 21% of calcium citrate by weight.
Tricalcium citrate is an organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.
Tricalcium citrate has a role as a nutraceutical, a food additive, a food preservative and a flavouring agent.
Tricalcium citrate contains a citrate(3-).

Tricalcium citrate is a type of calcium salt derived from citric acid.
Tricalcium citrate is an important mineral supplement used in a variety of applications, including dietary supplements, food fortification, and laboratory experiments.
Tricalcium citrate has several advantages over other forms of calcium supplementation, such as better absorption and solubility in water.

Tricalcium citrate is used in a variety of scientific research applications.
Tricalcium citrate is often used as a buffer in biochemical and physiological experiments.
Tricalcium citrate can also be used as a nutrient supplement in cell culture media.
Tricalcium citrate is also used in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Additionally, Tricalcium citrate is used in the production of food additives and food fortification.

Tricalcium citrate is a mineral supplement that is absorbed into the body through the digestive system.
Once absorbed, Tricalcium citrate is transported to the bones and other tissues where it is used for various biochemical processes.
Tricalcium citrate is also used to regulate the electrical activity of the heart and other organs.
Additionally, Tricalcium citrate is used to regulate the activity of certain enzymes and hormones.

Tricalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid.
Tricalcium citrate is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor.
In this sense, Tricalcium citrate is similar to sodium citrate.
Tricalcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal or Caltrate).
Calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous) and 21.1% of calcium citrate (tetrahydrate) by mass.
The tetrahydrate occurs in nature as the mineral Earlandite.

Tricalcium citrate Chemical Properties
Solubility: 0.1 M HCl: 0.01 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Odor: at 100.00%. odorless
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -1.721 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 813-94-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Tricalcium citrate (813-94-5)

Tricalcium citrate is sparingly soluble in water.
Needle-shaped crystals of tricalcium dicitrate tetrahydrate [Ca3(C6H5O7)2(H2O)2]·2H2O were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis.
The crystal structure comprises a three-dimensional network in which eightfold coordinated Ca2+ cations are linked by citrate anions and hydrogen bonds between two non-coordinating crystal water molecules and two coordinating water molecules.

Production Methods
Tricalcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially.
The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by calcium hydroxide, precipitating insoluble Tricalcium citrate.
This is then filtered off from the rest of the broth and washed to give clean Tricalcium citrate.
The calcium citrate thus produced may be sold as-is, or Tricalcium citrate may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid.

3 Ca(OH)2(s) + 2 C6H8O7(l) → Ca3(C6H5O7)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)
The Tricalcium citrate thus produced may be sold as-is, or Tricalcium citrate may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Tricalcium citrate is more easily absorbed (bioavailability is 2.5 times higher than calcium carbonate); Tricalcium citrate is easier to digest and less likely to cause constipation and gas than calcium carbonate.
Tricalcium citrate can be taken without food and is more easily absorbed than calcium carbonate on an empty stomach.
Tricalcium citrate is also believed that it contributes less to the formation of kidney stones.
Tricalcium citrate consists of around 24% Ca2+, which means that 1000 mg calcium citrate contains around 240 mg Ca2+.
The lower Ca2+ content together with the higher price makes Tricalcium citrate a more expensive treatment option compared to calcium carbonate, but its slightly different application field can justify this.

Biological Activity
In many individuals, bioavailability of Tricalcium citrate is found to be equal to that of the cheaper calcium carbonate.
However, alterations to the digestive tract may change how calcium is digested and absorbed.
Unlike calcium carbonate, which is basic and neutralizes stomach acid, Tricalcium citrate has no effect on stomach acid.
Individuals who are sensitive to antacids or who have difficulty producing adequate stomach acid should choose Tricalcium citrate over calcium carbonate for supplementation.
According to recent research into calcium absorption after gastric bypass surgery , Tricalcium citrate may have improved bioavailability over calcium carbonate in Rouxen- Y gastric bypass patients who are taking calcium citrate as a dietary supplement after surgery.
Tricalcium citrate is mainly due to the changes related to where calcium absorption occurs in the digestive tract of these individuals.

Synthesis Method
Tricalcium citrate is synthesized by combining calcium hydroxide and citric acid.
Calcium hydroxide is a white, odorless powder that is soluble in water.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is found naturally in citrus fruits.
The synthesis of Tricalcium citrate is a simple and straightforward process.
First, the calcium hydroxide and citric acid are mixed together in a ratio of 1:2.
The mixture is then heated to a temperature of 80-90°C.
At this temperature, the calcium hydroxide reacts with the citric acid to form calcium citrate.
The reaction is complete when the mixture has cooled to room temperature.

Side Effects
Tricalcium citrate is a calcium salt derived from citric acid, a nutritional supplement for the prevention and treatment of calcium deficiency, Tricalcium citrate can promote the health of teeth and bones, and help to lose weight.
Because Tricalcium citrate is soluble in water, Tricalcium citrate is the most easily absorbed calcium by the human body.
Although there are many benefits, but there are also some side effects.
Common side effects include bloating, constipation, and hiccups.
If symptoms such as constipation, Nausea, Vomit, dry mouth or decreased appetite occur after taking calcium citrate, Tricalcium citrate should be stopped immediately and contact the doctor in time.
Serious side effects include Dyspnea, difficulty swallowing, bone or Myalgia, severe weight loss, frequent urination, thirst, irregular heart rate and weakness, etc.

Synonyms
Calcium citrate
813-94-5
Tricalcium dicitrate
Acicontral
TRICALCIUM CITRATE
Calcitrate
Citracal
Citrical
Calcium citrate, tribasic
Tribasic calcium citrate
Calcium citrate [USAN]
Calcium Citrate anhydrous
HSDB 5756
Citric acid, calcium salt (2:3)
EINECS 212-391-7
Calcium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (3:2)
tricalcium citrate tetrahydrate
INS NO.333(III)
UNII-86117BWO7P
INS-333(III)
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid calcium salt (2:3)
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt (2:3)
86117BWO7P
E-333(III)
tricalcium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Calcimax
EC 212-391-7
7693-13-2
Calcium (as citrate)
calcium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (3:2)
calciumcitrate
Lime citrate
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, calcium salt
Calcium Citrate Powder
calcium citrate tribasic
Calcium Citrate USP, FCC
tricalcium bis(citric acid)
CALCIUM CITRATE [MI]
CALCIUM CITRATE [HSDB]
C6H8O7.3/2Ca
CHEMBL2106123
DTXSID7061148
CALCIUM CITRATE [WHO-DD]
citric acid calcium salt (2:3)
CHEBI:190513
FNAQSUUGMSOBHW-UHFFFAOYSA-H
C6-H8-O7.3/2Ca
AKOS015839590
DB11093
Calcium Citrate Malate Glycinate 21% 40M
LS-180488
Q420280
Calcium Citrate Malate Carbonate 23%, Coarse Granu
J-509604
calcium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (3/2)
tricalcium bis(2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid)
TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Tricalcium phosphate is a compound with formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate is also known as calcium orthophosphate, tertiary calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, or "bone ash" (calcium phosphate being one of the main combustion products of bone).


CAS Number: 7758-87-4
EC Number: 231-840-8
MDL Number: MFCD00015984
Molecular formula: Ca3(PO4)2



SYNONYMS:
Calcium phosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium bis(phosphate), Calcium Hydroxyapitite, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Durapatite, E 341, Hydroxyapatite, TCP, Tricalcium Orthophosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate Orthophosphate, Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic, Pentacalcium Hidroxy Monophosphate, Calcium Hydroxyapatite, Tricalcium Monophosphate, Calcium orthophosphate, Tertiary calcium phosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, Bone ash, β-Calcium phosphate tribasic, β-Tricalcium phosphate, tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate, tert-Calcium phosphate, tricalcium;diphosphate, TCP, Calcium orthophosphate, Tricalcium diphosphate, Calcium phosphate tribasic, Calcigenol simple, Tricalcium orthophosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, Synthos, α-tri-Calcium phosphate, β-Calcium phosphate, β-Tricalcium phosphate, β-tri-Calcium phosphate, tert-Calcium phosphate, tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate, calcium diphosphate, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate (3:2), tricalcium bis(orthophosphate), tricalcium bis(phosphate), tricalcium diphosphate, tricalcium orthophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), tricalcium;diphosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, Bone phosphate of lime, Calcium phosphate, Calcium Hydroxyapitite, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Durapatite, E 341, Hydroxyapatite, TCP, Tricalcium Orthophosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate Orthophosphate, Tribasic Calcium Phosphate and Bone Phosphate of Lime, BPL, Calcium Orthophosphate, Hydroxylapatite, Precipitated Calcium Phosphate, Tertiary Calcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Diorthophosphate, E341, TRI-CAL WG, TRI-TAB, Tri-Cafos



Various calcium phosphates are used as diluents in the pharmaceutical industry.
Diluents are added to pharmaceutical tablets or capsules to make Tricalcium Phosphate large enough for swallowing and handling, and more stable.
Some Tricalcium Phosphate salts can be anhydrous, meaning the water has been removed from the salt form.


Other calcium phosphates are termed dibasic, meaning they have two replaceable hydrogen atoms.
There is no evidence in the available information on Tricalcium Phosphate that demonstrates or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future.


Tricalcium Phosphate is the inorganic salt that consists of a variable mixture of calciumphosphates having the approximate composition.
Tricalcium Phosphate is the calcium salt of phosphiric acid.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used in the food industry as an anticaking agent and has the E number E341.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a white crystalline powder
Tricalcium phosphate is a compound with formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate is also known as calcium orthophosphate, tertiary calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, or "bone ash" (calcium phosphate being one of the main combustion products of bone).


Tricalcium Phosphate has an alpha and a beta crystal form, the alpha state being formed at high temperatures.
As rock, Tricalcium Phosphate is found in Whitlockite.
Tricalcium Phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid that is commonly used as an ingredient in food products and nutritional supplements.


Tricalcium phosphate typically comes in a fine white powder that is almost insoluble in water.
Its chalky texture makes Tricalcium Phosphate useful as a free-flowing agent.
Tricalcium phosphate is not considered toxic or irritating unless ingested in very high concentrations, and it is considered safe as a food additive within recommended limits.


While it is slightly soluble in water, tricalcium phosphate is insoluble in alcohols and acetic acid.
Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.
Tricalcium Phosphate's primary function is to increase the calcium content of foods.


Tricalcium Phosphate is almost insoluble in water, has a very low flavor profile and usually comes in a fine white powder.
Tricalcium phosphate is an ingredient that is heavily used across many other industries besides food – toothpaste, antacids, baby powder, water filtration, nutritional supplements, and ceramic coatings.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a calcium and phosphorus source derived from bone, mineral rock or milk.
Tricalcium Phosphate can be used to supplement calcium and phosphorus in equine diets, but it is less common than dicalcium phosphate.
Tricalcium Phosphate is an inorganic mineral excipient and calcium salt of orthophosphoric acid.


Tricalcium Phosphate corresponds to the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2 and the Ca/P ratio is 1.5.
Although it occurs naturally in the mineral apatite, Tricalcium Phosphate is obtained synthetically by reacting calcium hydroxide with orthophosphoric acid.
Tricalcium Phosphate is supplied as a white, odourless, tasteless powder or crystalline solid.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium Phosphate is a white solid of low solubility.


Most commercial samples of "Tricalcium Phosphate" are in fact hydroxyapatite.
Tricalcium Phosphate appears in white or slightly yellow powder form.
Tricalcium Phosphate is moderately soluble in water.


Tricalcium Phosphate can be easily dissolved in dilute acids.
The usage rate varies between 1% and 5% depending on the effect of Tricalcium Phosphate and its interaction with other substances.
Tricalcium Phosphate is an important raw material for the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers, for example in the Odda process.


Tricalcium Phosphate appears as a white, odourless with a crystalline structure.
Tricalcium Phosphate, is a naturally occurring inorganic compound that plays a significant role in various fields, including medicine, food production, and materials science.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritious value and can be found in many living organisms, e.g, bone mineral and tooth enamel.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a supplement form of calcium phosphate used to treat or prevent calcium deficiency.
Tricalcium Phosphate is considered safe to use as a food additive and supplement.
Tricalcium Phosphate, more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.


Tricalcium Phosphate is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium Phosphate is a white solid of low solubility.
Most commercial samples of "Tricalcium Phosphate" are in fact hydroxyapatite.


Tricalcium Phosphate exists as three crystalline polymorphs α, α′, and β.
The α and α′ states of Tricalcium Phosphate are stable at high temperatures.
Tricalcium Phosphate consists of calcium and phosphate ions, making it a vital component of bones and teeth in humans and animals.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Misc: Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as a free flow agent, its also used in ceramics, polymers and chemical industries.
Tricalcium Phosphate is also used as a nutritional supplement.
There is some debate about the different bioavailabilities of the different calcium salts.


Tricalcium Phosphate is commonly used in porcelain and dental powders, and medically as an antacid or calcium supplement, although calcium carbonate is more common in this regard.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anti-caking agent.


Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as a calcium and/or phosphorus nutrient supplement in pharmaceuticals and multivitamins.
Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as an excipient in the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical or over-the-counter (e.g., multivitamin) products.
Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as a desensitizer in certain toothpaste formulations.


Tricalcium Phosphate is used as an anticoagulant, nutritional supplement, calcium intensifier, and a pH regulator.
Tricalcium Phosphate is a white powder which has low solubility in water.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used in dairy products, pudding, wine, carbonated beverages, candy, jams, meats and powdered spices.


Tricalcium Phosphate also sees use in a wide range of other products from toothpaste and antacids to water filtration systems and bone grafting material.
Due to its white color, Tricalcium Phosphate can also be used to bleach flour and to improve coloring.
And due to its mineral source, tricalcium phosphate can be used in vegan foods and is also allowed in certified organic products in the US.


Tricalcium Phosphate is a mineral that is used as a supplement in people who do not get enough calcium from food.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used to treat calcium deficiencies that may be associated with low blood calcium, a parathyroid disorder, or osteoporosis and other bone conditions.


Tricalcium Phosphate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used bakery.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used leavening acids allow tailored bakery solutions for home and industrial baking.


Beverage uses of Tricalcium Phosphate: Phosphates, phosphoric acid and complex blends provide solutions for many beverage applications.
Dairy uses of Tricalcium Phosphate: Specialties that provide fundamental functionalities in dairy products enhancing appearance, eating quality and shelf life.


Uses and Applications of Tricalcium Phosphate: Anticaking Agent; Buffering Agent; Dietary Supplement; Glidant, and Tablet and Capsule Diluent.
Tricalcium Phosphate, known as Ca3(PO4)2 or tribasic calcium phosphate, is a vital mineral compound with diverse applications.
Primarily recognized for its role in bone health, Tricalcium Phosphate supplies both calcium and phosphorus, essential for strong bones and teeth, aiding in the prevention of bone loss and osteoporosis.


Beyond dietary supplements, Tricalcium Phosphate finds use in dental products and as an industrial additive.
Notably, commercial “Tricalcium Phosphate” samples often comprise hydroxyapatite, widely employed in dental and medical contexts for its biocompatibility and bone growth promotion.


Tricalcium Phosphate's versatility spans pharmaceuticals, food additives, and industrial applications, contributing to the well-being of individuals and various industries.
Tricalcium Phosphate often functions as a mattifier, opacifier and emulsion stabilizer in cosmetic products.


This inorganic compound, Tricalcium Phosphate, is widely used, especially in powder and powder-based cosmetic products.
Thanks to its mattifying feature, Tricalcium Phosphate helps reduce shine and oiliness in oily skin, while it helps to give whiteness and opacity to the products thanks to its opacifying effect.


Additionally, Tricalcium Phosphate helps stabilize the mixture of water and oil phases in cosmetic products containing water and oil, supporting the homogeneity of the products.
Tricalcium Phosphate is a mineral salt found in rocks and bones, it is used in cheese products.


Another practical application of Tricalcium Phosphate is its use in gene transfection.
The calcium ions can make a cell competent (a euphemism for "rip holes in its membrane") to allow exogenous genes to enter the cell by diffusion.
A heat shock afterwards then invokes the cell to repair itself.


This is a quick and easy method for transfection, albeit a rather inefficient one.
Tricalcium phosphate is also used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items and as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.


-Uses of Tricalcium Phosphate
Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider.
No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.

Tricalcium phosphate is one of many forms of calcium supplements available.
Some people take calcium supplements if they are not getting enough calcium from their diet alone.
Calcium supplements have also been shown to help maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis.


-Manufacturing and Agriculture: Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as water treatment, as a source of phosphorus, and in the production of fertilizers.
Also Tricalcium Phosphate's a common anti-caking ingredient.


-Science:
Tricalcium Phosphate is used in materials science for its excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance.
Tricalcium Phosphate is used as a ceramic material in the fabrication of high-temperature resistant coatings, catalysts, and as a component in the production of specialized glasses and ceramics.


-Medical and Health:
Tricalcium Phosphate is used as material for bone grafts and dental implants due to its similarity to natural bone mineral.
Tricalcium Phosphate's also an added ingredient in toothpaste, antiacids and medical supplies.


-Applications of Tricalcium Phosphate in Pharma:
*Calcium Supplement in Tablets:
Utilize Tricalcium Phosphate, Heavy, as a calcium supplement in tablet formulations, promoting bone health.
*Filler in Capsules:
Incorporate into capsule formulations as a filler, enhancing the content uniformity and stability.


-Food additive uses of Tricalcium Phosphate:
Tricalcium Phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent, e.g. to prevent table salt from caking.
The calcium phosphates have been assigned European food additive number E341.


-Health and beauty products uses of Tricalcium Phosphate:
Tricalcium Phosphate is also found in baby powder, antacids and toothpaste.
Toothpastes with functionalized β-tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) may help remineralize tooth enamel.


-Biomedical uses of Tricalcium Phosphate:
Tricalcium Phosphate is also used as a nutritional supplement and occurs naturally in cow milk, although the most common and economical forms for supplementation are calcium carbonate (which should be taken with food) and calcium citrate (which can be taken without food).

There is some debate about the different bioavailabilities of the different calcium salts.
Tricalcium Phosphate can be used as a tissue replacement for repairing bony defects when autogenous bone graft is not feasible or possible.
Tricalcium Phosphate may be used alone or in combination with a biodegradable, resorbable polymer such as polyglycolic acid.

Tricalcium Phosphate may also be combined with autologous materials for a bone graft.
Porous β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds are employed as drug carrier systems for local drug delivery in bone.



STRUCTURE OF β-, α- and α′- Ca3(PO4)2 POLYMORPHS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Tricalcium Phosphate has three recognised polymorphs, the rhombohedral β form (shown above), and two high temperature forms, monoclinic α and hexagonal α′.
β-Tricalcium phosphate has a crystallographic density of 3.066 g cm−3 while the high temperature forms are less dense, α-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.866 g cm−3 and α′-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.702 g cm−3

All forms have complex structures consisting of tetrahedral phosphate centers linked through oxygen to the calcium ions.
The high temperature forms each have two types of columns, one containing only calcium ions and the other both calcium and phosphate.

There are differences in chemical and biological properties between the β and α forms, the α form is more soluble and biodegradable.
Both forms are available commercially and are present in formulations used in medical and dental applications



PREPARATION OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Tricalcium Phosphate is produced commercially by treating hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid and slaked lime.
It cannot be precipitated directly from aqueous solution.

Typically double decomposition reactions are employed, involving a soluble phosphate and calcium salts, e.g. (NH4)2HPO4 + Ca(NO3)2.[6] is performed under carefully controlled pH conditions.

The precipitate will either be "amorphous tricalcium phosphate", ATCP, or calcium deficient hydroxyapatite, CDHA, Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH), (note CDHA is sometimes termed apatitic calcium triphosphate).

Crystalline tricalcium phosphate can be obtained by calcining the precipitate. β-Ca3(PO4)2 is generally formed, higher temperatures are required to produce α-Ca3(PO4)2.

An alternative to the wet procedure entails heating a mixture of a calcium pyrophosphate and calcium carbonate:
CaCO3 + Ca2P2O7 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2



IN FOOD MANUFACTURING, FUNCTIONS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
In food manufacturing, tricalcium phosphate performs a variety of functions including:
*Acidity regulator
*Anticaking agent
*Buffer
*Calcium fortifier
*Emulsifier
*Firming agent
*Humectant in table salts, sugar, or baking powder
*Stabilizer in some fats
*Leavening agent
*Thickener



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Tricalcium Phosphate is found in nature as a rock in Morocco, Israel, Philippines, Egypt, and Kola (Russia) and in smaller quantities in some other countries.
The natural form of Tricalcium Phosphate is not completely pure, and there are some other components like sand and lime which can change the composition.
In terms of P2O5, most calcium phosphate rocks have a content of 30% to 40% P2O5 in weight.



RELATED SALTS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Dicalcium phosphate CaHPO4 (also calcium monohydrogen phosphate)
Monocalcium phosphate Ca(H2PO4)2 (also calcium dihydrogen phosphate)
Calcium pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7 (occurs as alpha, beta and gamma phases)



KEY FEATURES OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
*Pharmaceutical-Grade Purity:
Elevate your formulations with pharmaceutical-grade purity, meeting the most stringent requirements.

*Heavy Formulation:
The heavy form offers unique properties for specialized applications in pharmaceutical formulations.

*Stringent Quality Control:
Rigorous testing ensures steadfast consistency and adherence to the highest regulatory standards.

*Versatile Calcium Source:
Tricalcium Phosphate, Heavy, serves as a versatile calcium source in pharmaceutical formulations, supporting bone health.

*Comprehensive Documentation Support:
Streamlined documentation for regulatory submissions and quality assurance.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Chemical formula: Ca3(PO4)2
Molar mass: 310.18 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 3.14 g/cm3
Melting point: 1,670 °C (3,040 °F; 1,940 K)
Solubility in water: Insoluble (very low solubility, about 1.2 mg/kg)
Solubility product (Ksp): 2.07×10−33
Thermochemistry:
Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −4126 kJ/mol (α-form)

Physical State: Solid Powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odourless
Food Grade: No
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 1670.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
Minimum Assay: 34.0-40.0%
Molecular Formula: Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6

Molecular Weight: 1004.67
Boiling Point: 1100 °C(lit.)
Appearance: solid
Color: white
Density: 0.5 g/cm3
Flash Point: not determined
Odor: odorless
pH: 7.3
Solubility in Water
practically insoluble
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3*OH

Molecular weight: 502
CAS No. 1306-06-5, 7758-87-4, 62974-97-4
EINCS No. 235-330-6, 231-840-8
EEC Classification: E 341(iii)
Appearance: White powder.
Shelf life: 24 months in original package,
under dry and cool storage conditions.
Molecular formula: Ca3(PO4)2
Molecular weight: 310.20
CAS no:7758-87-4
Synonyms: Calcium Phosphate tri-Basic
Color: White

Odor: Odorless
pH :7.3
Flash Point: not determined
CAS: 1306-06-5 / 12167-74-7
Chemical Form: Powder
Chemical formula: Ca3(PO4)2
Molar mass: 310.18 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 3.14 g/cm3
Melting point: 1,670 °C (3,040 °F; 1,940 K)
Solubility in water: 1.2 mg/kg
Solubility product (Ksp): 2.07×10−33

Weight:
-Average: 310.177
-Monoisotopic: 309.794613465
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: > 450 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 3,14 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 3,27 at 20,5 °C
Water solubility: 7,7 g/l at 20 °C at 6,9 - 7,3 hPa
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 1670 °C
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Density: 3.14 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 309.794613
Monoisotopic Mass: 309.794613



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
-Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
-Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Storage class



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
no information available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
no information available


TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
SYNONYMS Calcium Phosphate Tribasic; Tricalcium diphosphate; Bone phosphate; Calcium orthophosphate; Calcium Phosphate; Calcium phosphate (3:2); Calcium tertiary phosphate; Phosphoric acid, calcium salt (2:3); Phosphoric acid, calcium(2+) salt (2:3); Tertiary calcium phosphate; Tribasic calcium phosphate; Tricalcium orthophosphate;CAS NO. 7758-87-4
TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a while odorless powder used as a food additive, as well as used in personal care and biomedical products.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white solid of low solubility.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mineral found in many foods, for many purposes.


CAS Number: 7758-87-4
EC Number: 231-840-8
MDL Number: MFCD00015984
Molecular formula: Ca3(PO4)2



Calcium Hydroxyapitite, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Durapatite, E 341, Hydroxyapatite, TCP, Tricalcium Orthophosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate Orthophosphate, Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic, Pentacalcium Hidroxy Monophosphate, Calcium Hydroxyapatite, Tricalcium Monophosphate, Calcium orthophosphate, Tertiary calcium phosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, Bone ash, β-Calcium phosphate tribasic, β-Tricalcium phosphate, tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate, tert-Calcium phosphate, tricalcium;diphosphate, TCP, Calcium orthophosphate, Tricalcium diphosphate, Calcium phosphate tribasic, Calcigenol simple, Tricalcium orthophosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, Synthos, α-tri-Calcium phosphate, β-Calcium phosphate, β-Tricalcium phosphate, β-tri-Calcium phosphate, tert-Calcium phosphate, tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate, calcium diphosphate, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate (3:2), tricalcium bis(orthophosphate), tricalcium bis(phosphate), tricalcium diphosphate, tricalcium orthophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), tricalcium;diphosphate, Tribasic calcium phosphate,
Bone phosphate of lime, Calcium phosphate, Calcium Hydroxyapitite, Calcium Phosphate Tribasic, Durapatite, E 341, Hydroxyapatite, TCP, Tricalcium Orthophosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate Orthophosphate, Tribasic Calcium Phosphate and Bone Phosphate of Lime, BPL,



Tricalcium Phosphate food grade, also known as E7758-87-4, is a white powder and food grade product.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a while odorless powder used as a food additive, as well as used in personal care and biomedical products
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white shapeless powder; odorless; relative density: 3.18; hardly soluble in water but easily soluble in diluted Hydrochloric Acid and Nitric Acid; stable in air.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be adjustable according to the actual situation.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white shapeless powder; odorless; relative density: 3.18; hardly soluble in water but easily soluble in diluted Hydrochloric Acid and Nitric Acid; stable in air.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt that is commonly used as a food additive.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white, odorless powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in acids.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is often added to foods as a source of calcium and as a nutrient fortifier.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient used in many industries for many purposes.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is white, odorless and tasteless.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade should be stored in a dry and ventilated area and should be kept away from water and moisture.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient that is heavily used across many industries – toothpaste, antacids, bone grafting material, baby powder, water filtration, nutritional supplements and ceramic coatings – and it is also in our food supply.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white solid of low solubility.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mineral found in many foods, for many purposes.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid manufactured through chemical synthesis, available as WHITE POWDER.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is widely used as nutrition supplements and anti-caking agent in food production.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS(generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E341.
Chemical formula for Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient that is greatly utilized throughout many industries-- nutritional supplements and ceramic layers-- and also it is likewise in our food supply.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mineral found in lots of foods, for many purposes.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a chemically synthesized calcium phosphate salt, available as a white powder.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is widely used in food production as a nutritional supplement and an anti-caking agent.


It is recognized as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the US FDA and Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is widely accepted as a safe food additive in many countries with E number E341.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade, also known as E341, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white powder that is widely used in food industry as an additive, with E number E341.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has the CAS number 7758-87-4, and its molecular formula is Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an important source of calcium and phosphorus, and it can help to improve the flavor and texture of some processed food products.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a safe product when used in food production.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a widely used ingredient in the food industry, and it can be found in a variety of food products such as cereals, breads, dairy products, and processed meats.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade, more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white solid of low solubility.
Most commercial samples of "Tricalcium Phosphate food grade" are in fact hydroxyapatite.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade exists as three crystalline polymorphs α, α′, and β.
The α and α′ states are stable at high temperatures.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's primary function is to increase the calcium content of foods.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is almost insoluble in water, has a very low flavor profile and usually comes in a fine white powder.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient that is heavily used across many other industries besides food – toothpaste, antacids, baby powder, water filtration, nutritional supplements, and ceramic coatings.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a while odorless powder used as a food additive, as well as used in personal care and biomedical products
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mixture of different calcium phosphates, roughly composed of 10CaO.3P2O5.H2O, its molecular weight is 1004.64, white amorphous powder, odorless and tasteless, stable in the air, relative density 3.18.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is slightly bitter taste.
Several forms of calcium supplements are available.
Calcium carbonate and calcium acetate are the most common, but Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is another option.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade does not offer any advantage over other calcium forms.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is considered safe to use as a food additive and supplement.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is one of many forms of calcium supplements available.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient that is heavily used across many industries – toothpaste, antacids, bone grafting material, baby powder, water filtration, nutritional supplements and ceramic coatings – and it is also in our food supply.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mineral found in many foods for many purposes.


Within foods, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has roles such as anti-caking, clouding, and fortification.
These all support the formulation of more desirable food products in terms of texture, appearance, performance, shelf-life, and nutrition.
Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is an ingredient that helps foods, food products and food ingredients live up to consumer expectations time and time again, even after sitting in the pantry or refrigerator after purchase.


Chemically, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's primary function in fortification is to increase the calcium content of foods.
Due to its mineral source, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be used in vegan foods and is also allowed in organic products in the U.S.


For those who may need to check the additive status for their country, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has E-number E341(iii), a subclass of calcium phosphates.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has a CAS Number of 7758-87-4.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white powder that can be used as an food additive.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade meets the relevant product standards and is insoluble in water but also soluble in diluted mineral acids.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
In food industry, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as anti-caking agent, nutritional supplement (calcium intensifier), PH regulator and buffer, e.g. to act as anti-caking agent in flour, additives in milk powder, candy, pudding, condiment, and meat; as auxiliary in refinery of animal oil and yeast food.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is widely used in many different fields, such as
Food industry: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an anti-caking agent, nutrient supplement, emulsifier, dough regulator, and more
Cosmetics industry: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an emollient, binder, and pH adjuster


Pharmaceutical industry: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as a filler, binder, and disintegrant
Detergent industry: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an abrasive, water softener, and more
Agricultural industry: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an animal feed additive


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also used in the production of dental materials, adhesives, and paints, as well as in fire retardant materials and ceramic industries.
Applications of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade: Powdered flow conditioner and Nutritional supplement.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent, e.g. to prevent table salt from caking.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also found in baby powder and toothpaste.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also used as a nutritional supplement and occurs naturally in cow milk.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be used as a tissue replacement for repairing bony defects when autogenous bone graft is not feasible or possible.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade may be used alone or in combination with a biodegradable, resorbable polymer such as polyglycolic acid.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade may also be combined with autologous materials for a bone graft.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used Anti-Caking Agent.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is primarily used as an anti-caking agent.


Anti-caking agents are very helpful in preventing the formation of lumps (caking) in food products.
Without anti-caking agents products such as muffin or biscuit mixes, dry soups, hot chocolate mix, cream powders and more would be clumped and chunky.


One of the most common uses for Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is the anti-caking agent for powdered spices and solid drink mixes.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can also be used as an anti-caking agent in powdered foods, and as a pH regulator in certain processed foods.
Additionally, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is sometimes used as a dietary supplement to help support bone health.


In food industry, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as anti-caking agent, nutritional supplement (calcium intensifier), PH regulator and buffer, e.g. to act as anti-caking agent in flour, additives in milk powder, candy, pudding, condiment, and meat; as auxiliary in refinery of animal oil and yeast food.


Applications: Food, Personal Care and Pharmaceutical applications of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade: Animal Feed, Anti Caking Agent, Baking Mixes, Beverage Mixes, Beverages, Cereal, Cosmetics, Pet Food, Pharmaceuticals, Potable Water Treatment, Salt Substitutes, Soup Mixes, Spice Blends, Table Salt, and Toothpaste.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is commonly used in porcelain and dental powders, and medically as an antacid or calcium supplement.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used flow conditioner for powdered food ingredients.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used nutritional supplement in processed food.


Food Grade: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is widely used as nutritional supplement in food and beverage industries.
pH Regulator and Buffering Agent: Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be added to milk, candy, pudding, wine, cheese, jams, condiments and meat products to regulate acidity and enhance flavor.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade stands as a cornerstone ingredient across several industries.
In bakery applications, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade serves as a pivotal leavening agent, allowing precision in baking for both household and industrial settings.


In the beverage industry, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's phosphoric acid content contributes to various formulations, enriching taste and quality.
Furthermore, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's role in dairy enhances the visual appeal, taste, and longevity of dairy products.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade also plays a critical role in nutrition, boosting the nutritional value of food formulations.
Additionally, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade prevents discoloration in potatoes and enhances the freshness of diverse produce items, ensuring quality maintenance.


In food industry, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as anti-caking agent ,nutritional supplement (fortified calcium), pH regulator and buffering agent.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade’s also used in flour, powder milk, candy, pudding and so on.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be used as a nutritional supplement, emulsifier, leavening agent, stabilizer, and texturizing agent in food products.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also used in some pharmaceutical products to improve their consistency and stability.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as anti caking agent, nutritional supplement (fortified calcium), pH regulator, buffering agent, etc. in the food industry.
Such as flour anti caking agent (dispersant), milk powder, candy, pudding, seasoning.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as a poultry feed additive.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can promote the digestion of feed and increase the weight of poultry.
At the same time, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can also treat rickets and rickets of livestock.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an antacid in medicine (for patients with hyperacidity).
End Use of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade: Animal Feed, Anti Caking Agent, Baking Mixes, Beverage Mixes, Beverages, Cereal, Cosmetics, Pet Food, Pharmaceuticals, Potable Water Treatment, Salt Substitutes, Soup Mixes, Spice Blends, Table Salt, Toothpaste, Vitamins.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a multi-purpose salt with wide range of applications in food industry.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used Anti-caking Agent in spices, solid drinks, flour products.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white powder useful as a flow conditioner and provides calcium and phosphorus as a nutrient supplement.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as a calcium supplement in products such as cereals, bakery mixes, flours, beverages, pet/animal food, and pharmaceuticals.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also an effective anti-caking agent for hygroscopic food products.


Some of these include: salt substitutes, dry beverage mixes, dry soup mixes, dry gravy mixes, spice blends, and other hygroscopic food products, which require flow conditioning.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used is an anti-caking agent.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a supplement form of calcium phosphate used to treat or prevent calcium deficiency.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items and as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used writer poultry feed additives.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can promote the digestion of feed and increase the weight of poultry.
At the same time, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can also treat rickets and rickets of livestock.


Uses of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade: Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items and as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is one of the popular food additives and ingredients in most countries.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can also be used to meet the nutrition and dietary considerations of consumers.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade appears as a white odorless powder.


Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used as an anti-caking agent, nutritional supplement (calcium intensifier), pH regulator and buffer.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is often used in flour, additives in milk powder, candy, pudding, condiments, and meat products.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used flow conditioner for powdered food ingredients.


-Food additive uses of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent, e.g. to prevent table salt from caking.
The calcium phosphates have been assigned European food additive number E341.


-Increase Nutritional Value:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade contains the calcium salt of phosphoric acid so you will often see this product used as a food additive for increasing calcium.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is popular in cereals, dairy products and juices.



CHARACTER OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is white amorphous powder, odorless, tasteless, and stable in the air.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is insoluble in ethanol and acetone, slightly soluble in water, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.



KEY FEATURES OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
*Exceptional Purity:
White powder Tricalcium Phosphate food grade, ensuring high purity and quality standards for diverse applications.

*Tailored Bakery Solutions:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade acts as leavening acids, offering precise solutions for both home and industrial baking needs.

*Versatile Beverage Applications:
Phosphates and complex blends for various beverage formulations, enhancing taste and quality.

*Enhanced Dairy Functionality:
Fundamental functionalities improving appearance, taste, and shelf life in dairy products.

*Nutritional Enhancement:
Robust line of phosphate-based formulations elevating nutritional profiles in food products.

*Produce Preservation:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade prevents discoloration in potatoes and enhances freshness in other produce items.



FUNCTIONS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
*Acidity Regulator,
*Anti-Caking Agent,
*Buffers & pH Stabilizer,
*Humectant,
*Supplement



EXAMPLES OF HOW TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE FUNCTIONS IN FOOD MANUFACTURING:
*Acidity regulator
*Adds smoothness and opacity to reduced fat foods and beverages, such as soymilk
*Anticaking agent
*Buffer
*Calcium and phosphorus mineral fortification – seen in some juices, soy beverages, yogurts, and cereal products
*Clouding Agent
*Emulsifier
*Firming agent – interacts with gelling agents to strengthen a food structure
*Flour Treatment Agent
*Humectant in some table salts, sugar, or baking powder
*Stabilizer in some fats for frying
*Leavening agent in some baked goods and breadings
*Mineral salt in cheese products
*Thickener



HEALTH AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also found in baby powder, antacids and toothpaste.
Toothpastes with functionalized β-Tricalcium Phosphate food grade (fTCP) may help remineralize tooth enamel



A FEW FACTS OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Chemically, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is almost insoluble in water
Due to its mineral source, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be used in vegan foods



PROPERTIES OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
chemical formula for Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has several properties that make it useful in food formulation.
These include the following:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is almost insoluble in water, has a very low flavor profile, and usually comes in a fine white powder.

The chalky texture of tri-calcium phosphate makes it useful as a free-flowing agent, as Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has the ability to take up to 10% of its weight in moisture.
Its texture and color properties also make Tricalcium Phosphate food grade an effective clouding agent.

Ingredient labels list it as tribasic calcium phosphate, tri-calcium orthophosphate, and precipitated calcium phosphate, or it’s labeled in formulation paperwork as Tricalcium Phosphate food grade.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also known as hydroxyapatite.

Chemically, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's primary function in fortification is to increase the calcium content of foods.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is almost insoluble in water, has a very low flavor profile and usually comes in a fine white powder.

The chalky texture of tri-calcium phosphate makes it useful as a free-flowing agent, as Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has the ability to take up to 10% of its weight in moisture.
Its texture and color properties also make Tricalcium Phosphate food grade an effective clouding agent.

Tricalcium Phosphate food grade’s E-number is E341, a subclass of calcium phosphates for those who may need to check the additive status for their country.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has a CAS Number of 7758-87-4.

Ingredient labels list it as tribasic calcium phosphate, tri-calcium orthophosphate, and precipitated calcium phosphate, or it’s labeled in formulation paperwork as TCP.



STORAGE AND HANDLING OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
*Storage:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade should be Kept in dry, cool, and shaded place with original packaging, avoid moisture, store at room temperature.
*Handling Precaution:
Handling of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade should only be performed by personnel trained and familiar with handling of organic chemicals.



PREPARATION OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is produced commercially by treating hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid and slaked lime.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade cannot be precipitated directly from aqueous solution.
Typically double decomposition reactions are employed, involving a soluble phosphate and calcium salts, e.g. (NH4)2HPO4 + Ca(NO3)2.

Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is performed under carefully controlled pH conditions.
The precipitate will either be "amorphous Tricalcium Phosphate food grade", ATCP, or calcium deficient hydroxyapatite, CDHA, Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH), (note CDHA is sometimes termed apatitic calcium triphosphate).

Crystalline Tricalcium Phosphate food grade can be obtained by calcining the precipitate.
β-Ca3(PO4)2 is generally formed, higher temperatures are required to produce α-Ca3(PO4)2.
An alternative to the wet procedure entails heating a mixture of a calcium pyrophosphate and calcium carbonate:

CaCO3 + Ca2P2O7 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2
Structure of β-, α- and α′- Ca3(PO4)2 polymorphs
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade has three recognised polymorphs, the rhombohedral β form (shown above), and two high temperature forms, monoclinic α and hexagonal α′.

β-Tricalcium phosphate has a crystallographic density of 3.066 g cm−3 while the high temperature forms are less dense, α-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.866 g cm−3 and α′-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.702 g cm−3 All forms have complex structures consisting of tetrahedral phosphate centers linked through oxygen to the calcium ions.

The high temperature forms each have two types of columns, one containing only calcium ions and the other both calcium and phosphate.
There are differences in chemical and biological properties between the β and α forms, the α form is more soluble and biodegradable. Both forms are available commercially and are present in formulations used in medical and dental applications.



OCCURRENCE OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is one of the main combustion products of bone (see bone ash).
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is also commonly derived from inorganic sources such as mineral rock.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade occurs naturally in several forms, including:

*as a rock in Morocco, Israel, Philippines, Egypt, and Kola (Russia) and in smaller quantities in some other countries.
The natural form is not completely pure, and there are some other components like sand and lime which can change the composition.
The content of P2O5 in most calcium phosphate rocks is 30% to 40% P2O5 by weight.
*in the skeletons and teeth of vertebrate animals
*in milk.

*Biphasic calcium phosphate, BCP
Biphasic calcium phosphate, BCP, was originally reported as tricalcium phosphate, but X-Ray diffraction techniques showed that the material was an intimate mixture of two phases, hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate.

It is a ceramic.
Preparation involves sintering, causing irreversible decomposition of calcium deficient apatites alternatively termed non-stoichiometric apatites or basic calcium phosphate.

An example is:
Ca10−δ(PO4)6−δ(HPO4)δ(OH)2−δ → (1−δ) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 3δ Ca3(PO4)2
β-TCP can contain impurities, for example calcium pyrophosphate, Ca2P2O7 and apatite.

β-TCP is bioresorbable.
The biodegradation of BCP involves faster dissolution of the β-TCP phase followed by elimination of HA crystals.
β-TCP does not dissolve in body fluids at physiological pH levels, dissolution requires cell activity producing acidic pH.



BULK TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a versatile culinary enhancer that brings a wealth of benefits to a wide range of dishes!
With its neutral flavor, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade seamlessly integrates into both savory and sweet recipes!
Used as a stabilizer, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade contributes to the creamy texture of dairy products like cheese and yogurt.
In baking, Tricalcium Phosphate food grade acts as a leavening agent, providing a light and airy texture to breads and pastries!



MARKET OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a white powder that can be used as an food additive.
The global Tricalcium Phosphate food grade market size is expected to reach US$ million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of % from 2023 to 2029.
The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade in various end use industries.

The expanding demands from the Flour, Milk Powder, Candy and Other, are propelling Tricalcium Phosphate food grade market.
Growth in the Above 90% Purity segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Asia Pacific shows high growth potential for Tricalcium Phosphate food grade market, driven by demand from China, the second largest economy with some signs of stabilising.

The Tricalcium Phosphate food grade market in China is forecast to reach US$ million by 2029, trailing a CAGR of % over the 2023-2029 period, while the U.S. market will reach US$ million by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of % during the same period.



CHARACTER OF TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is a mixture compound by different calcium phosphate.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade's main component is 10CaO3P2O5· H2O.
General formula of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is Ca3(PO4)2.

Molecular weight of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is 310.18.
Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is white amorphous powder, odorless, stabilizing in air.
Relative density of Tricalcium Phosphate food grade is 3.18.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
Minimum Assay: 34.0-40.0%
Molecular Formula: Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6
Molecular Weight: 1004.67
Boiling Point: 1100 °C(lit.)
Appearance: solid
Color: white
Density: 0.5 g/cm3
Flash Point: not determined
Odor: odorless
pH: 7.3
Solubility in Water
practically insoluble
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3*OH
Molecular weight: 502
CAS No. 1306-06-5, 7758-87-4, 62974-97-4
EINCS No. 235-330-6, 231-840-8
EEC Classification: E 341(iii)
Appearance: White powder.

Shelf life: 24 months in original package, under dry and cool storage conditions.
Molecular formula: Ca3(PO4)2
Molecular weight: 310.20
CAS no:7758-87-4
Synonyms: Calcium Phosphate tri-Basic
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
pH :7.3
Flash Point: not determined
CAS: 1306-06-5 / 12167-74-7
Chemical Form: Powder
Chemical formula: Ca3(PO4)2
Molar mass: 310.18 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 3.14 g/cm3
Melting point: 1,670 °C (3,040 °F; 1,940 K)
Solubility in water: 1.2 mg/kg
Solubility product (Ksp): 2.07×10−33

Weight:
-Average: 310.177
-Monoisotopic: 309.794613465
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: > 450 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 3,14 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 3,27 at 20,5 °C
Water solubility: 7,7 g/l at 20 °C at 6,9 - 7,3 hPa
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available

Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 1670 °C
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Density: 3.14 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 309.794613
Monoisotopic Mass: 309.794613
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 1670.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
-Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
-Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Storage class



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FOOD GRADE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
no information available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
no information available


TRICETEARETH-4 PHOSPHATE
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is an emulsifier for the manufacture of oil-in-water emulsions for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is used as a primary emulsifier or as a hydrophilic co-emulsifier, and has an excellent skin feel.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate has a high HLB value, which allows the manufacture of emulsions with polar oils and UV filters.

CAS: 119415-05-3
Molecular Formula: C9H9NO5
Molecular Weight:0

Triceteareth-4 phosphate is a high boiling point solvent, a plasticizer for rubber and plastics, and a catalyst.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is also used as a raw material for the preparation of pesticides and insecticides.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is used as an ethylating agent for the production of ketene.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate provides moisture, texture and glossy shine for hair, and can help for hair styling.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is a triester of phosphoric acid and Laureth-4 (q.v.).

Triceteareth-4 phosphate is an organic compound with the formula (C2H5)3PO4 or OP(OEt)3.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is a colorless liquid.
Triceteareth-4 phosphate is a triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid, and can also be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester".
Triceteareth-4 phosphate's main uses are industrial catalysts (in acetic anhydride synthesis), polymer resin modifiers, and plasticizers (eg for unsaturated polyesters).
On a small scale Triceteareth-4 phosphate is used as a solvent.
Cellulose acetate, flame retardants, intermediates for pesticides and other chemicals, stabilizers for peroxides, strength agents for rubbers and plastics such as vinyl polymers and unsaturated polyesters.

Synonyms
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-, mono-C16-20-alkyl ethers, phosphates, sodium salts
Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy-, mono-C16-2o-alkyl ethers, phosphates, sodium salts
TRICHLORO ACETIC ACID
TRICLOCARBAN, N° CAS : 101-20-2, Nom INCI : TRICLOCARBAN, Nom chimique : 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-924-1, Ses fonctions (INCI), Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables, Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Noms français : Triclocarban ; UREA, N-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-N'-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)- Noms anglais : Triclocarban
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
CAS number: 79-01-6
EC number: 201-167-4
Molecular formula: C2HCl3

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a volatile, colorless liquid organic chemical.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) does not occur naturally and is created by chemical synthesis.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used primarily to make refrigerants and other hydrofluorocarbons and as a degreasing solvent for metal equipment.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used in some household products, such as cleaning wipes, aerosol cleaning products, tool cleaners, paint removers, spray adhesives, and carpet cleaners and spot removers.
Commercial dry cleaners also use trichloroethylene as a spot remover.

Trichloroethylene is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent, not to be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, also known as chlorothene. It has been sold under a variety of trade names including Trimar and Trilene and used as a volatile anesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic. Environmental exposure, particularly groundwater and drinking water contamination from industrial discharge, is a major concern for human health and has been the subject of numerous incidents and lawsuits.
The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a clear, colourless non-flammable liquid with a chloroform-like sweet smell.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) should not be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is commonly known as chlorothene.

Chemical properties
Trichloroethylene is nonflammable. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in most other organic solvents.
Trichloroethylene, a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, nonflammable under ordinary conditions and used as a solvent and in adhesives. Trichloroethylene has a subtle, sweet odour.
Trichloroethylene was first prepared in 1864; its commercial manufacture, begun in Europe in 1908, is based on the reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with dilute caustic alkali. The compound is denser than water, in which it is practically insoluble.
Trichloroethylene is used in dry cleaning, in degreasing of metal objects, and in extraction processes, such as removal of caffeine from coffee or of fats and waxes from cotton and wool. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used in adhesives, such as cement for polystyrene plastics like those found in model-building kits. Industrially, an important use for trichloroethylene is in the manufacture of tetrachloroethylene: trichloroethylene is treated with chlorine to form pentachloroethane, which is converted to tetrachloroethylene by reaction with caustic alkali or by heating in the presence of a catalyst.
Inhalation of the vapours (glue-sniffing) induces euphoria; the practice can be addictive. Inhalation of more than 50 ppm (parts per million) trichloroethylene can produce acute effects on the body, including nausea and vomiting, eye and throat irritation, dizziness, headache, and liver, heart, or neurological damage. Trichloroethylene exposure has been linked to Parkinson disease.

What is Trichloroethylene?
Trichloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon with a molecular formula of C2HCl3. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is colourless liquid with a sweet smell that is widely used as a vapour degreaser for metal parts. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a non-flammable liquid, having no measurable flashpoint or flammable limits in air. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly miscible in water.
Trichloroethylene (or trichlor) is an excellent solvent used in a variety of degreasing and cold cleaning applications, as well as other special applications. Available for shipment in barges, tank trucks, tank cars and ships, the following grades of trichlor are offered:

The IUPAC name is trichloroethene.
Industrial abbreviations include TCE, trichlor, Trike, Tricky and tri.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been sold under a variety of trade names.
Under the trade names Trimar and Trilene, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic in millions of patients.
Groundwater and drinking water contamination from industrial discharge including trichloroethylene is a major concern for human health and has precipitated numerous incidents and lawsuits.

Uses
Trichloroethylene is an effective solvent for a variety of organic materials.
When it was first widely produced in the 1920s, trichloroethylene's major use was to extract vegetable oils from plant materials such as soy, coconut, and palm.
Other uses in the food industry included coffee decaffeination and the preparation of flavoring extracts from hops and spices.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has also been used for removing residual water in the production of 100% ethanol.

From the 1930s through the 1970s, both in Europe and in North America, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic almost invariably administered with nitrous oxide.
Marketed in the UK by ICI under the trade name Trilene it was coloured blue (with a dye called waxoline blue) to avoid confusion with the similar smelling chloroform.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) replaced earlier anesthetics chloroform and ether in the 1940s, but was itself replaced in the 1960s in developed countries with the introduction of halothane, which allowed much faster induction and recovery times and was considerably easier to administer.
Trilene was also used as a potent inhaled analgesic, mainly during childbirth.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used with halothane in the Tri-service field anaesthetic apparatus used by the UK armed forces under field conditions.
As of 2000, however, Trichloroethylene (TCE) was still in use as an anesthetic in Africa.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) has also been used as a dry cleaning solvent, although replaced in the 1950s by tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene), except for spot cleaning where it was used until the year 2000.
Trichloroethylene was marketed as 'Ecco 1500 Anti-Static Film Cleaner and Conditioner' until 2009, for use in automatic movie film cleaning machines, and for manual cleaning with lint-free wipes.

Perhaps the greatest use of Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been as a degreaser for metal parts.
The demand for Trichloroethylene (TCE) as a degreaser began to decline in the 1950s in favor of the less toxic 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
However, 1,1,1-trichloroethane production has been phased out in most of the world under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, and as a result trichloroethylene has experienced some resurgence in use as a degreaser.

What is trichloroethylene?
Trichloroethylene is a colourless, highly volatile liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odour.
Other names for trichloroethylene include TCE, trichloroethene and ethylene trichloride.

What is trichloroethylene used for?
The main use of trichloroethylene is in metal cleaning and degreasing. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used as a chemical intermediate and an extraction solvent in the textile manufacturing industry.
In the past, trichloroethylene was used as a grain fumigant, an extraction solvent in the food industry, an anaesthetic agent and an analgesic. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was also used in the dry cleaning industry
until the mid-1950s, when it was replaced by tetrachloroethylene.

How does trichloroethylene get into the environment?
Trichloroethylene may be released into the environment from its use. The majority of trichloroethylene released enters the air. Trichloroethylene may also occur in ground water and surface water.
Trichloroethylene is primarily used as a solvent to remove greases from metal parts. As a solvent or as a component of solvent blends trichloroethylene is used with adhesives, lubricants, paints, varnishes, paint strippers, pesticides, and cold metal cleaners. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used to make other chemicals (pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated aliphatics, flame retardants, and insecticides). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used as an extraction solvent for greases, oils, fats, waxes and tars. The textile industry uses it to scour cotton, wool and other fabrics, and in waterless dying and finishing. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used as a refrigerant for low temperature heat transfer.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) has also been used in the United States to clean kerosene-fueled rocket engines (Trichloroethylene (TCE) was not used to clean hydrogen-fueled engines such as the Space Shuttle Main Engine).
During static firing, the RP-1 fuel would leave hydrocarbon deposits and vapors in the engine.
These deposits had to be flushed from the engine to avoid the possibility of explosion during engine handling and future firing.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used to flush the engine's fuel system immediately before and after each test firing.
The flushing procedure involved pumping Trichloroethylene (TCE) through the engine's fuel system and letting the solvent overflow for a period ranging from several seconds to 30–35 minutes, depending upon the engine.
For some engines, the engine's gas generator and liquid oxygen (LOX) dome were also flushed with Trichloroethylene (TCE) prior to test firing.
The F-1 rocket engine had its LOX dome, gas generator, and thrust chamber fuel jacket flushed with Trichloroethylene (TCE) during launch preparations.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used in the manufacture of a range of fluorocarbon refrigerants[13] such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane more commonly known as HFC 134a.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was also used in industrial refrigeration applications due to its high heat transfer capabilities and its low temperature specification.
Many industrial refrigeration applications used Trichloroethylene (TCE) up to the 1990s in applications such as car testing facilities.

Chemical instability
Despite its widespread use as a metal degreaser, trichloroethylene itself is unstable in the presence of metal over prolonged exposure.
As early as 1961 this phenomenon was recognized by the manufacturing industry, when stabilizing additives were added to the commercial formulation.
Since the reactive instability is accentuated by higher temperatures, the search for stabilizing additives was conducted by heating trichloroethylene to its boiling point in a reflux condenser and observing decomposition.
Definitive documentation of 1,4-dioxane as a stabilizing agent for Trichloroethylene (TCE) is scant due to the lack of specificity in early patent literature describing Trichloroethylene (TCE) formulations.
Other chemical stabilizers include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone.

Trichloroethylene is a synthetic, light sensitive, volatile, colorless, liquid that is miscible with many non-polar organic solvents. Trichloroethylene is used mainly as a degreaser for metal parts. Upon combustion, it produces irritants and toxic gases. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene is associated with excess incidences of liver cancer, kidney cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
Trichloroethylene appears as a clear colorless volatile liquid having a chloroform-like odor. Denser than water and is slightly soluble in water. Noncombustible. Used as a solvent, fumigant, in the manufacture of other chemicals, and for many other uses.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a nonflammable, colorless liquid with a somewhat sweet odor and a sweet, burning taste. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used mainly as a solvent to remove grease from metal parts, but it is also an ingredient in adhesives, paint removers, typewriter correction fluids, and spot removers.Trichloroethylene is not thought to occur naturally in the environment. However, it has been found in underground water sources and many surface waters as a result of the manufacture, use, and disposal of the chemical.

Use and Manufacturing
Household Products
-Auto Products
-Commercial / Institutional
-Hobby/Craft
-Home Maintenance
-Home Office
-Inside the Home

The main use of trichloroethylene is in the vapor degreasing of metal parts. Trichloroethylene is used in consumer products such as typewriter correction fluids, paint removers/strippers, adhesives, spot removers, and rug-cleaning fluids.
Trichloroethylene is used as chemical intermediate for the production of hydrofluorocarbons (e.g., HFC134a, HFC125), monochloroacetic acid, blowing agents, flame retardants, and some agricultural chemicals. The other major use is as solvent for vapor degreasing in the metal industry. ... Trichloroethylene is further used in solvent formulations for rubbers, adhesives, industrial paints, and in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries. In the production of poly(vinyl chloride), it serves as a chain-transfer agent to control the molecular mass distribution.
Metal degreasing; extraction solvent for oils, fats, waxes; solvent dyeing; dry-cleaning; refrigerant and heat-exchange liquid; fumigant; cleaning and drying electronic parts; diluent in paints and adhesives; textile processing; chemical intermediate; aerospace operations (flushing liquid oxygen).

Industry Uses
-Adhesives and sealant chemicals
-Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
-Functional fluids (closed systems)
-Intermediates
-Metal foams
-Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
-Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses
-Adhesives and sealants
-Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
-Cleaning and furnishing care products
-Facility Solvent Usage
-Industrial vapor degreasing solvent.
-Lubricants and greases
-Metal products not covered elsewhere
-Paints and coatings

Methods of Manufacturing
The production of trichloroethylene is mainly based on acetylene or ethylene. The acetylene route comprises acetylene chlorination to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane followed by dehydrochlorination to trichloroethylene. In the ethylene-based processes, ethylene or ethylene-based chlorohydrocarbons, preferably 1,2-dichloroethane, are chlorinated or oxychlorinated and dehydrochlorinated in the same reactor. Tetrachloroethylene is obtained as a byproduct in substantial amounts. Some production is based on the catalytic hydrogenation of tetrachloroethylene coming from the chlorinolysis of C1 to C3 chlorohydrocarbons.
Until 1968, about 85% of United States production capacity of trichloroethylene was based on acetylene. The acetylene-based process consists of two steps: acetylene is first chlorinated to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, with a ferric chloride, phosphorus chloride or antimony chloride catalyst, and the product is then dehydrohalogenated to trichloroethylene. The current method of manufacture is from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane. In a process used by one plant in the United States, trichloroethylene is produced by noncatalytic chlorination of ethylene dichloride and other C2 hydrocarbons with a mixture of oxygen and chlorine or hydrogen chloride.
Prepn from sym-tetrachlorethane by elimination of /hydrochloric acid/ (by boiling with lime) ... ; by passing tetrachloroethane vapor over /calcium chloride/ catalyst at 300 °C ... ; without catalyst at 450-470 °C ... .

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
-Adhesive manufacturing
-All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
-All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
-All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
-Computer and electronic product manufacturing
-Construction
-Fabricated metal product manufacturing
-Government (Department of Transportation)
-Industrial gas manufacturing
-Machinery manufacturing
-Miscellaneous manufacturing
-Paint and coating manufacturing
-Paper manufacturing
-Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
-Plastics product manufacturing
-Primary metal manufacturing
-Services
-Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
-Transportation equipment manufacturing
-Wholesale and retail trade

IDENTIFICATION AND USE:
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a colorless liquid (unless dyed blue). The major use of Trichloroethylene (TCE) is in metal cleaning or degreasing. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used earlier as an extraction solvent for natural fats and oils, such as palm, coconut and soya bean oils. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was also an extraction solvent for spices, hops and the decaffeination of coffee. The United States Food and Drug Administration banned these uses of trichloroethylene. Its use in cosmetic and drug products was also discontinued. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was also used as both an anesthetic and an analgesic in obstetrics.

About Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Helpful information
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Trichloroethylene (TCE) is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Trichloroethylene (TCE) is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Trichloroethylene (TCE). Release to the environment of Trichloroethylene (TCE) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Trichloroethylene (TCE) is likely to occur from: indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. Release to the environment of Trichloroethylene (TCE) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Uses at industrial sites
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Trichloroethylene (TCE) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release and manufacturing of the substance.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Trichloroethylene (TCE) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Trichloroethylene (IUPAC), CHClCCl2, is a stable, low-boiling, colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is not corrosive to the common metals even in the presence of moisture. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is toxic by inhalation, with a TLV of 50 ppm and an IDLH of 1000 ppm in air. The FDA has prohibited its use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The four-digit UN identification number is 1710. The NFPA 704 designation is health 2, flammability 1, and reactivity 0. Its primary uses are in metal degreasing, dry cleaning, as a refrigerant and fumigant, and for drying electronic parts.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a clear, colorless, nonflammable (at room temperature) stable toxic liquid with chloroform-like odor (ATSDR, 2011). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is slightly soluble in water, is soluble in greases and common organic solvents, and boils at 87°C (190 F).
On contact with air, it slowly decomposes and forms phosgene, hydrogen chloride, and dichloroacetyl chloride. Trichloroethylene in contact with water becomes corrosive and forms dichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, and acetone.
Trichloroethylene is also known as trichloroethene, acetylene trichloride, 1-chloro-2,2- dichloroethylene, and ethylene trichloride, and it is also commonly abbreviated to TRI. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a volatile, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon that is widely used for degreasing metals and as a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC-134a) intermediate (ATSDR, 2013). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used in adhesives, paint-stripping formulations, paints, lacquers, and varnishes. In the 1930s, Trichloroethylene (TCE) was introduced for use in dry cleaning, but this practice was largely discontinued in the 1950s when Trichloroethylene (TCE) was replaced by tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Trichloroethylene (TCE) has a number of other past uses in cosmetics, drugs, foods, and pesticides (US EPA, 2011). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil (US EPA, 2011; NRC, 2006).

Physical properties
Clear, colorless, watery-liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Odor threshold concentrations determined in air were 21.4 ppmv (Leonardos et al., 1969) and 3.9 ppmv (Nagata and Takeuchi, 1990). The average least detectable odor threshold concentrations in water at 60 °C and in air at 40 °C were 10 and 2.6 mg/L, respectively (Alexander et al., 1982).

Uses
Trichloroethylene is used as a solvent, in drycleaning, in degreasing, and in limited use asa surgical anesthetic.
A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a detergent or solvent for metals, oils, resins, sulfur and as gemal degreasing agent. Trichloroethylene (TCE) can cause irritant contact dermatitis, generalized exanthema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pustular or bullous eruption and scleroderma.
Solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils, rubber, paints, and varnishes. Solvent for cellulose esters and ethers. Used for solvent extraction in many industries. In degreasing, in dry cleaning. In the manufacture of organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, such as chloroacetic acid.

Production Methods
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been in commercial use for almost 60 years. Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been used as a solvent because of its powerful ability to dissolve fats, greases, and waxes. Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been widely used in the dry cleaning industry and as a metal degreaser and in the electronic components industry where workers have been observed using it as a cleaning solvent without any protective equipment, thus allowing uncontrolled skin contact and inhalation exposures.

High-purity grades of trichloroethylene are used as a feedstock in the synthesis of the refrigerant hydrofluorocarbon 134a. In this process, the trichloroethylene molecule is destroyed to form the new fluorinated compound.
Trichloroethylene's advantages for metal cleaning include the ability to degrease more thoroughly and several times faster than alkaline cleaners, and its compatibility with smaller equipment that consumes less energy. Trichloroethylene is an important solvent for degreasing aluminum and for cleaning sheet and strip steel prior to galvanizing. Trichloroethylene also is used for cleaning liquid oxygen and hydrogen tanks. Commercial trichloroethylene formulations include a stabilizer system to help prevent solvent breakdown caused by contaminants, such as acids, metal chips, and fines, and exposure to oxygen, light, and heat.
Trichloroethylene is also used as a solvent in some nonflammable adhesive and aerosol formulations, and as a low temperature heat-transfer medium. Other applications of trichloroethylene include its use as a solvent in the metal processing, electronics, printing, pulp and paper, and textile industries.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is used as a solvent for degreasing metal parts during the manufacture of a variety of products. Trichloroethylene (TCE) can be found in consumer products, including some wood finishes, adhesives, paint removers, and stain removers. Trichloroethylene (TCE) can also be used in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is:
-is a nonflammable, colorless liquid at room temperature.
-evaporates easily into air.
-has an ether-like odor at high concentrations; at lower levels, there is no odor to warn people that contaminants are in the air.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) that has been spilled or dumped on the ground can pollute soil and groundwater.
Because Trichloroethylene (TCE) moves from water to air easily, it is not usually found in surface soils or in open surface water.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) spilled on the ground can move down through the soil and into water under the ground where it may pollute private and public drinking water wells. Trichloroethylene (TCE) can also move from water under the ground into rivers or lakes and then quickly move into the air.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) can evaporate from the polluted soil and groundwater and rise toward the ground surface.
If these Trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors come to a basement as they travel to the surface, they may enter through cracks in the foundation, around pipes, or through a sump or drain system. In this way, the vapors enter buildings and contaminate indoor air. This process, when pollution moves from air spaces in soil to indoor air, is called vapor intrusion.
Tricholoroethylene (TCE) is a volatile organic compound mostly used to manufacture refrigerant chemicals in a closed system. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also used as a solvent for degreasing, as a spot cleaner in dry cleaning, and in consumer products (cleaners and solvent degreasers, adhesives, lubricants, hoof polishes, mirror edge sealants, and pepper spray).

PRODUCTION
Nine entities manufactured or imported almost 225 million pounds of TCE in the U.S. in 2011, according to Chemical Data Reporting by the chemical industry to EPA. The manufacturers who disclosed their names were Dow Chemical and Solvchem Inc. in Texas and PPG Industries and Shin Etsu in Louisiana. Two entities claimed their names as confidential business information.
Trichloroethylene (CICH=CCl2) is a colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Trichloroethylene may cause irritation to the eyes and skin. Exposure to high concentrations can cause dizziness, headaches, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, unconsciousness, liver damage, and even death. Trichloroethylene is a known carcingen. Workers may be harmed from exposure to trichloroethylene. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.
Trichloroethylene is used in many industries. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is mostly used as a solvent to remove grease from metal parts, but it is also an ingredient in adhesives, paint removers, typewriter correction fluids, and spot removers. Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to trichloroethylene include the following:

Workers who use this substance for metal degreasing
Workers who use it as an extraction solvent for greases, oils, fats, waxes, and tars
Factory workers in the textile processing industry who use it to scour cotton, wool, and other fabrics
Dry cleaning workers who use it to remove spots
Factory workers in plants that manufacture pharmaceuticals
Chemical workers who use it to make other chemicals

Uses
The main use of trichloroethylene is in the vapor degreasing of metal parts.
Trichloroethylene is also used as an extraction solvent for greases, oils, fats, waxes, and tars, a chemical
intermediate in the production of other chemicals, and as a refrigerant.
Trichloroethylene is used in consumer products such as typewriter correction fluids, paint
removers/strippers, adhesives, spot removers, and rug-cleaning fluids.
Trichloroethylene was used in the past as a general anesthetic.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a chlorine containing organic compound, widely employed as an industrial solvent.
TCE is formed as a major intermediate during the biodegradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in a small anaerobic continuous-flow fixed film column.

Application
Trichloroethylene may be employed for various industrial processes, such as metal cleaning and degreasing. Trichloroethylene (TCE) may be used to synthesize chloroacetic acid.

Key Points
- trichloroethylene is a colourless, highly volatile liquid with a sweet odour
- it is mainly used in metal cleaning and degreasing
- in the past it has been used as a grain fumigant, an anaesthetic and in the dry cleaning industry
- breathing in trichloroethylene can cause excitement, dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting followed by drowsiness and coma
- more severe exposures may cause heart problems and in some cases death
- drinking trichloroethylene can cause burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
- the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified trichloroethylene as having the ability to cause cancer in humans

Physical properties
Trichloroethylene is a colourless, liquid with a sweet odour, and a sweet burning taste.

Melting Point: -73°C
Boiling Point: 86.7°C
Vapour Density: 4.53
Specific Gravity: 1.456
Flashpoint: 89.6°C

Degreasing and general solvent grade for heavy-duty vapor degreasing and cold cleaning
Dual-purpose grade may be used for liquid oxygen flushing and vapor degreasing
High-purity grade is a low residue solvent for cleaning electronic components, chemical synthesis and liquid oxygen flushing
Fluorocarbon grade for feedstock applications

History
Pioneered by Imperial Chemical Industries in Britain, its development was hailed as an anesthetic revolution.
Originally thought to possess less hepatotoxicity than chloroform, and without the unpleasant pungency and flammability of ether, Trichloroethylene (TCE) use was nonetheless soon found to have several pitfalls.
These included promotion of cardiac arrhythmias, low volatility and high solubility preventing quick anesthetic induction, reactions with soda lime used in carbon dioxide absorbing systems, prolonged neurologic dysfunction when used with soda lime, and evidence of hepatotoxicity as had been found with chloroform.

The introduction of halothane in 1956 greatly diminished the use of Trichloroethylene (TCE) as a general anesthetic.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was still used as an inhalation analgesic in childbirth given by self-administration.
Fetal toxicity and concerns for carcinogenic potential of Trichloroethylene (TCE) led to its abandonment in developed countries by the 1980s.

The use of trichloroethylene in the food and pharmaceutical industries has been banned in much of the world since the 1970s due to concerns about its toxicity.
Legislation has forced the replacement of trichloroethylene in many processes in Europe as the chemical was classified as a carcinogen carrying an R45 risk phrase, May cause cancer.
Many degreasing chemical alternatives are being promoted such as Ensolv and Leksol; however, each of these is based on n-propyl bromide which carries an R60 risk phrase of May impair fertility, and they would not be a legally acceptable substitute.
Groundwater contamination by Trichloroethylene (TCE) has become an important environmental concern for human exposure.

In 2005 it was announced by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that the agency had completed its Final Health Assessment for Trichloroethylene and released a list of new Trichloroethylene (TCE) toxicity values.
The results of the study have formally characterized the chemical as a human carcinogen and a non-carcinogenic health hazard.
A 2011 toxicological review performed by the EPA continues to list trichloroethylene as a known carcinogen.

Production
Prior to the early 1970s, most trichloroethylene was produced in a two-step process from acetylene.
First, acetylene was treated with chlorine using a ferric chloride catalyst at 90 °C to produce 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane according to the chemical equation

HC≡CH + 2 Cl2 → Cl2CHCHCl2
The 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is then dehydrochlorinated to give trichloroethylene.
This can be accomplished either with an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide

2 Cl2CHCHCl2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2 ClCH=CCl2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O
or in the vapor phase by heating it to 300–500 °C on a barium chloride or calcium chloride catalyst

Cl2CHCHCl2 → ClCH=CCl2 + HCl
Today, however, most trichloroethylene is produced from ethylene.
First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1,2-dichloroethane.

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl
When heated to around 400 °C with additional chlorine, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted to trichloroethylene

ClCH2CH2Cl + 2 Cl2 → ClCH=CCl2 + 3 HCl
This reaction can be catalyzed by a variety of substances.
The most commonly used catalyst is a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminum chloride.
However, various forms of porous carbon can also be used.
This reaction produces tetrachloroethylene as a byproduct, and depending on the amount of chlorine fed to the reaction, tetrachloroethylene can even be the major product.
Typically, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are collected together and then separated by distillation.

IUPAC NAMES
1,1,2-Trichloroethene
1,1,2-trichloroethene
1,1,2-tricloroetene
tri
trichlorethene
trichlorethylen
Trichloroethene
trichloroethene
trichloroethilene
Trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
trichloréthylène
Tricloroeteno
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Trichloroethene
79-01-
1,1,2-Trichloroethene
Ethene, trichloro-
Ethylene trichloride
Ethinyl trichloride
Acetylene trichloride
Narcogen
Trilene
Trichlorethylene
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene
Chlorilen
Trethylene
Trielina
triciene
Blancosolv
Crawhaspol
Densinfluat
Germalgene
Threthylen
Threthylene
Trichloraethen
Trichloran
Trichloren
AlgylenAnamenth
Benzinol
Blacosolv
Cecolene
Chlorylen
Circosolv
Dukeron
Lanadin
Lethurin
Narkosoid
Petzinol
Triasol
Trielene
Trielin
Trieline
Vestrol
Westrosol
Fluate
Nialk
Philex
Trial
Trilen
Trimar
Vitran
Fleck-flip
Flock flip
Tri-plus
Triklone N
Dow-tri
Tri-Clene
Perm-A-chlor
1,1-Dichloro-2-chloroethylene
1-Chloro-2,2-dichloroethylene
Tri-plus M
Trichlooretheen
Tricloretene
Tricloroetilene
Trichlorethylenum
trichloroethylenum
Trichloraethylenu
TCE
Ethene, 1,1,2-trichloro-
1,2,2-Trichloroethylene
Tricloroetileno
Chlorylea
Chorylen
Ethylene, trichloro-
Gemalgene
Narkogen
Trichloraethylen, tri
Trichlorethylene, tri
Triclene
Triklone
Triline
Trichloorethyleen, tri
Trilene TE-141
Tricloroetilene [DCIT]
Trichloroethylene (TCE) (chlorohydrocarbon)
C2HCl3
Perm-A-clor
Rcra waste number U228
Trichloroethylene (IUPAC)
trichlor
Trichlorethene
Trichloraethylen
NCI-C04546
Distillex DS2
R 1120
UNII-290YE8AR51
UN 1710
TRI
trichloraethylenum pro narcosi
Trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin)
CHEBI:16602
290YE8AR51
MFCD00000838
NCGC00091202-0
DSSTox_CID_1382
DSSTox_RID_76125
DSSTox_GSID_21383
Trielina [Italian]
Caswell No. 876
Trichlorathane
Tricloretene [Italian]
densi nfluat
Trichlooretheen [Dutch]
Trichloraethen [German]
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Trichloroethylene [INN]
trik lone
tric hloroethene
Tricloroetilene [Italian]
trichloro ethylene
CAS-79-01-6
CCRIS 603
Trichloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloride, EthinylTrichloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
Tricloroetileno [INN-Spanish]
HSDB 133
Trichloorethyleen, tri [Dutch]
Trichloraethylen, tri [German]
Trichlorethylene, tri [French]
Trichloroethylenum [INN-Latin]
NSC 389
Trichloroethylene, 99+%, extra pure, stabilized
Trichloroethylene, 99.6%, ACS reagent, stabilized
EINECS 201-167-4
UN1710
RCRA waste no. U228
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 081202
BRN 1736782
Trichloroethylene [INN:NF]
Trichlorothene
trichloro-ethene
AI3-00052
Disparit B
trichloro-ethyleneAltene DG
F 1120
Trichloroethene, 9CI
Trichloroethylene [UN1710] [Poison]
Trichloroethylene (with epichlorohydrin)
1,1,1-Trichloroethylene
ACMC-1BMG7
1,1,2-Trichloro-Ethene
EC 201-167-4
Trichloroethylene, anhydrous
SCHEMBL5754
Trichloroethylene, >=99%
Trichloroethylene, stabilized
4-01-00-00712 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Chlorylea, Chorylen, CirCosolv, Crawhaspol, Dow-Tri, Dukeron, Per-A-Clor, Triad, Trial, TRI-Plus M,Vitran
1,1,2-tris(chloranyl)ethene
Trichloroethylene, p.a., 98%
Trichloroethylene, LR, >=99%
Trichloroethylene, Electronic Grade
Trichloroethylene Reagent Grade ACS
Trichloroethylene, analytical standard
Trichloroethylene, Semiconductor Grade
Trichloroethylene [UN1710] [Poison]
Trichloroethene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloroethylene, Spectrophotometric Grade
Trichloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Trichloroethylene, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
BRD-K46435528-001-01-0
Trichloroethylene, spectrophotometric grade, >=99.5%

Regulatory process names
trichloroethene
Trichloroethylene
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene; trichloroethene

Translated names
tri (pl)
trichloorethyleen (nl)
trichloretenas (lt)
trichlorethen (cs)
Trichlorethen (de)
trichlorethylen (cs)
trichlorethylen (da)
Trichlorethylen (de)
trichloretilenas (lt)
trichloroeten (pl)
trichloroetylen (pl)
trichloroéthylène;trichloroéthène (fr)
trichlóretylén (sk)
trichlóretén (sk)
tricloretena (ro)
tricloretilena (ro)
tricloroeteno (pt)
tricloroetilene (it)
tricloroetileno (es)
tricloroetileno (pt)
trihloretilēns (lv)
trihloretīns (lv)
Trikloorieteeni (fi)
Trikloorietyleeni (fi)
trikloreten (no)
trikloreten (sv)
trikloretylen (no)
trikloretylen (sv)
trikloroeteen (et)
trikloroeten (hr)
trikloroeten (sl)
trikloroetilen (hr)
trikloroetilen (sl)
Trikloroetüleen (et)
triklóretilén (hu)
triklóretén (hu)
трихлороетен (bg)
трихлороетилен (bg)

CAS names
Ethene, 1,1,2-trichloro-

IUPAC names
1,1,2-Trichloroethene
1,1,2-trichloroethene
1,1,2-tricloroetene
tri
trichlorethene
trichlorethylen
Trichloroethene
trichloroethene
trichloroethilene
Trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
trichloréthylène
Tricloroeteno

Trade names
HI-TRI SMG
HI-TRI Solvent
NEU-TRI E
NEU-TRI L
NEU-TRI Solvent
THrichloroethylene Thymol stabilized
Trichloroethylene (the highest and first grades)
Trichloroethylene Industrial

TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Trichloroethene
79-01-6
1,1,2-Trichloroethene
Ethene, trichloro-
Ethylene trichloride
Ethinyl trichloride
Acetylene trichloride
Narcogen
Trilene
Trichlorethylene
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene
Anamenth
Chlorilen
Densinfluat
Germalgene
Narkosoid
Trethylene
Trielina
Westrosol
triciene
Blancosolv
Crawhaspol
Threthylen
Threthylene
Trichloraethen
Trichloran
Trichloren
Algylen
Benzinol
Blacosolv
Cecolene
Chlorylen
Circosolv
Dukeron
Lanadin
Lethurin
Petzinol
Triasol
Trielene
Trielin
Trieline
Vestrol
Fluate
Nialk
Philex
Trial
Trilen
Trimar
Vitran
Fleck-flip
Flock flip
Tri-plus
Triklone N
Dow-tri
Tri-Clene
Perm-A-chlor
1,1-Dichloro-2-chloroethylene
1-Chloro-2,2-dichloroethylene
Tri-plus M
Trichlooretheen
Tricloretene
Tricloroetilene
Trichlorethylenum
trichloroethylenum
Trichloraethylenum
TCE
1,2,2-Trichloroethylene
Tricloroetileno
Chlorylea
Chorylen
Ethylene, trichloro-
Gemalgene
Narkogen
Trichloraethylen, tri
Trichlorethylene, tri
Triklone
Triline
Triol
Trichloorethyleen, tri
Ethene, 1,1,2-trichloro-
Tricloroetilene [DCIT]
TCE (chlorohydrocarbon)
C2HCl3
Perm-A-clor
Rcra waste number U228
Trichloroethylene (IUPAC)
trichlor
Trichlorethene
Trichloraethylen
NCI-C04546
Distillex DS2
R 1120
UNII-290YE8AR51
UN 1710
TRI
Trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin)
trichloraethylenum pro narcosi
CHEBI:16602
290YE8AR51
NCGC00091202-01
DSSTox_CID_1382
DSSTox_RID_76125
DSSTox_GSID_21383
Trielina [Italian]
Caswell No. 876
Trichlorathane
Tricloretene [Italian]
Triclene
densi nfluat
Trichlooretheen [Dutch]
Trichloraethen [German]
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Trichloroethylene [INN]
trik lone
tric hloroethen
MFCD00000838
Tricloroetilene [Italian]
trichloro ethylene
.beta.-D-ribo-Hexopyranose, 1,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-2-O-methyl-4-O-(2-methylpentyl)-
CAS-79-01-6
CCRIS 603
Trichloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloride, Ethinyl
Trichloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
Tricloroetileno [INN-Spanish]
HSDB 133
Trichloorethyleen, tri [Dutch]
Trichloraethylen, tri [German]
Trichlorethylene, tri [French]
Trichloroethylenum [INN-Latin]
NSC 389
EINECS 201-167-4
UN1710
RCRA waste no. U228
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 081202
BRN 1736782
Trichloroethylene [INN:NF]
Trichlorothene
trichloro-ethene
AI3-00052
Disparit B
trichloro-ethylene
Altene DG
F 1120
Trichloroethene, 9CI
Trichloroethylene [UN1710] [Poison]
Trichloroethylene (with epichlorohydrin)
1,1,1-Trichloroethylene
1,1,2-Trichloro-Ethene
EC 201-167-4
Trichloroethylene, anhydrous
SCHEMBL5754
Trichloroethylene, >=99%
Trichloroethylene, stabilized
4-01-00-00712 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Chlorylea, Chorylen, CirCosolv, Crawhaspol, Dow-Tri, Dukeron, Per-A-Clor, Triad, Trial, TRI-Plus M, Vitran
1,1,2-tris(chloranyl)ethene
CHEMBL279816
DTXSID0021383
Trichloroethylene, p.a., 98%
Trichloroethylene, LR, >=99%
Trichloroethylene, Electronic Grade
Trichloroethylene Reagent Grade ACS
ZINC8214699
Tox21_111101
Tox21_202543
STL282732
Trichloroethylene, analytical standard
Trichloroethylene, Semiconductor Grade
AKOS000118838
CCG-230934
DB13323
MCULE-3945953656
NCGC00091202-02
NCGC00091202-03
NCGC00260092-01
Trichloroethylene [UN1710] [Poison]
Trichloroethene 10 microg/mL in Methanol
Trichloroethylene, Spectrophotometric Grade
C06790
Trichloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Trichloroethylene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
A839551
Q407936
J-504494
Trichloroethylene, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
BRD-K46435528-001-01-0
Trichloroethylene, spectrophotometric grade, >=99.5%
F0001-2068
Trichloroethylene, anhydrous, contains 40 ppm diisopropylamine as stabilizer, >=99%
Trichloroethylene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Trichloroethylene, reagent grade, >=99.0%, contains ~1% 1,2-epoxybutane as inhibitor
Residual Solvent - Trichloroethylene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
TCV
TRICHLOROSUCROSE
Trichlorosucrose is a semisynthetic sweetener resulting of a chemical modification of sucrose by the replacement of three hydroxyl groups on sucrose by chlorine atoms (4′-, 1′- and 6′ positions), in order to increase sweetening power.
Trichlorosucrose is commonly used as a sugar substitute in both cooking and baking.
Trichlorosucrose is calorie-free, but Trichlorosucrose also contains the carbohydrates dextrose (glucose) and maltodextrin, which brings the calorie content up to 3.36 calories per gram.

CAS Number: 56038-13-2
EC Number: 259-952-2
Chemical formula: C12H19Cl3O8
Molar mass: 397.64 g/mol

Synonyms: Equal, Nutrasweet, Sucralose, Sweet'N Low, aspartame, calcium cyclamate, cyclamates, saccharin, sodium cyclamate, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy}-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-2-furanyl]oxy}-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol, 1,6-Dichlor-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chlor-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-Dichlor-1,6-didesoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chlor-4-desoxy-α-D-galactopyranosid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-b-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-b-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside [ACD/IUPAC Name], 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, 259-952-2 [EINECS], 4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalacto-sucrose, 4-Chloro-4-désoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside de 1,6-dichloro-1,6-didésoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 56038-13-2 [RN], a-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-b-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-, E955, MFCD03648615, splenda [Trade name], Sucralose [Wiki], trichlorosucrose, α-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy- [ACD/Index Name], (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-(((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis[chloro(dideuterio)methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-[dideuterio(hydroxy)methyl]oxane-3,4-diol, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-tetrahydrofuranyl]oxy]-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4-diol, [56038-13-2] [RN], 1',4,6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-?-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-?-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galacotopyranoside, 1459161-55-7 [RN], 4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose, 4,1',6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose, 40J, 513-29-1 [RN], EINECS 259-952-2, MFCD11100146 [MDL number], Pharmakon1600-01505953, QA-6411, Sucralose [BAN], Sucralose granular, Sucralose powder, sucralose, ???, SUCRALOSE-D6, Sucrose [Wiki], TGS, TL8003643, 三氯蔗糖 [Chinese], Sucralose, 56038-13-2, Trichlorosucrose, Splenda, Aspasvit, Acucar Light, Trichlorogalacto-sucrose, EINECS 259-952-2, 1',4,6'-Trichlorogalactosucrose, UNII-96K6UQ3ZD4, 96K6UQ3ZD4, Sucrazit, Trichlorogalactosucrose, CHEBI:32159, BRN 3654410, Sansweet su 100, CCRIS 8449, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, DTXSID1040245, HSDB 7964, San sweet sa 8020, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, NSC-759272, INS NO.955, CHEMBL3185084, DTXCID9020245, INS-955, alpha-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-, NSC 759272, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol, 4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose, SUCRALOSE (II), SUCRALOSE [II], 1',4',6'-TRICHLORO-GALACTOSUCROSE, E-955, SUCRALOSE (MART.), SUCRALOSE [MART.], SUCRALOSE (USP-RS), SUCRALOSE [USP-RS], (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-(((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol, .alpha.-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-, SUCRALOSE (EP MONOGRAPH), SUCRALOSE [EP MONOGRAPH], 4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose, E955;Trichlorosucrose, CAS-56038-13-2, Sucralose [BAN:NF], 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose, E955, Sucralose; 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-d-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-d-galactopyranoside, SUCRALOSE [FCC], SUCRALOSE [MI], SUCRALOSE [INCI], SCHEMBL3686, SUCRALOSE [WHO-DD], Sucralose, analytical standard, HMS2093H16, Pharmakon1600-01505953, HY-N0614, Sucralose, >=98.0% (HPLC), Tox21_113658, Tox21_201752, Tox21_303425, BDBM50367128, NSC759272, s4214, AKOS015962432, CCG-213995, CS-8130, NCGC00249110-01, NCGC00249110-03, NCGC00249110-04, NCGC00257400-01, NCGC00259301-01, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4-diol, 1-(1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl)-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, SBI-0206860.P001, Sucralose 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, 1',4',6'-Trideoxy-trichloro-galactosucrose, A22902, AB01563242_01, AB01563242_02, Q410209, SR-05000001935, SR-05000001935-1, W-203112, BRD-K58968598-001-03-6, Sucralose, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Sucralose, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Sucralose, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside, a-D-Galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-b-D-fructofuranosyl4-chloro-4-deoxy-, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-((2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yloxy)-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol, 1',6'-dichloro-1',6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-d-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-.alpha.-d-galactopyranoside, 40J

Trichlorosucrose is an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute.
The majority of ingested Trichlorosucrose is not broken down by the body, so Trichlorosucrose is noncaloric.
In the European Union, Trichlorosucrose is also known under the E number E955.

Trichlorosucrose is a semisynthetic sweetener resulting of a chemical modification of sucrose by the replacement of three hydroxyl groups on sucrose by chlorine atoms (4′-, 1′- and 6′ positions), in order to increase sweetening power.

Trichlorosucrose is produced by chlorination of sucrose, selectively replacing three of the hydroxy groups in the C1, C4, and C6 positions to give a 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose–4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose disaccharide.
Trichlorosucrose is about 320 to 1,000 times sweeter than sucrose, three times as sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and twice as sweet as sodium saccharin.
Evidence of benefit is lacking for long-term weight loss, with some data supporting weight gain and heart disease risks.

While Trichlorosucrose is largely considered shelf-stable and safe for use at elevated temperatures (such as in baked goods), there is some evidence that Trichlorosucrose begins to break down at temperatures above 119 degrees Celsius.
The commercial success of Trichlorosucrose-based products stems from Trichlorosucroses favorable comparison to other low-calorie sweeteners in terms of taste, stability and safety.

Canderel Yellow also contains Trichlorosucrose, but the original Canderel and Green Canderel do not.

Trichlorosucrose is a zero calorie artificial sweetener, and Trichlorosucrose is the most common Trichlorosucrose-based product.
Trichlorosucrose is made from sugar in a multistep chemical process in which three hydrogen-oxygen groups are replaced with chlorine atoms.

Trichlorosucrose was discovered in 1976 when a scientist at a British college allegedly misheard instructions about testing a substance.
Instead, he tasted Trichlorosucrose, realizing that Trichlorosucrose was highly sweet.

Trichlorosucrose is commonly used as a sugar substitute in both cooking and baking.
Trichlorosucrose’s also added to thousands of food products worldwide.

Trichlorosucrose is calorie-free, but Trichlorosucrose also contains the carbohydrates dextrose (glucose) and maltodextrin, which brings the calorie content up to 3.36 calories per gram.
However, the total calories and carbs Trichlorosucrose contributes to your diet are negligible, as you only need tiny amounts each time.
Trichlorosucrose is 400–700 times sweeter than sugar and doesn’t have a bitter aftertaste like many other popular sweeteners.

Trichlorosucrose is considered to be heat resistant and good for cooking and baking.
However, recent studies have challenged this.
Trichlorosucrose seems that at high temperatures, Trichlorosucrose starts to break down and interact with other ingredients.

Trichlorosucrose is marketed as Trichlorosucrose, an artificial sweetener that often comes in a yellow packet.
The difference between Trichlorosucrose and other sweeteners, like aspartame and saccharin, is that Trichlorosucrose’s actually made from real sugar.
This gives Trichlorosucrose a taste that is generally more preferable compared to other artificial sweeteners.

Trichlorosucrose is chemically changed so that Trichlorosucrose’s 600 times sweeter than real sugar with almost no calories.
Trichlorosucrose doesn’t leave an aftertaste in your mouth, so Trichlorosucrose is used in foods like yogurt, candy, ice cream, and soda.

In addition to being changed for taste, Trichlorosucrose is also altered so that most of Trichlorosucrose passes through your body instead of being stored to later use as energy.
To make Trichlorosucrose almost calorie-free, some naturally occurring parts of the sugar molecule, called hydroxyl, are swapped out for chlorine.

Since Trichlorosucroses introduction around 20 years ago, millions of people have turned to Trichlorosucrose as a way to enjoy some of their favorite sweets with fewer calories.
By making a simple swap of Trichlorosucrose for sugar, Trichlorosucrose can help you limit calorie intake.

This can be especially helpful for people with diabetes who need to monitor their sugar intake.
Trichlorosucrose sweetens foods and drinks but doesn’t make your blood sugar levels to spike the way that regular sugar does.

Trichlorosucrose is a high-intensity sweetener created chemically with sugar (sucrose) as a raw material.
Trichlorosucrose was discovered by chance in England in 1976 and was approved as a sweetener by Canada as the first country in 1993.
In the EU Trichlorosucrose was approved in 2004.

Trichlorosucrose has E‑number 955.
Trichlorosucroses systematic name is: 1,6‑dichloro‑1, 6‑dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside.

These chemical formulas are: C12H19Cl3O8.
Trichlorosucrose is a white, almost odourless powder in a crystallized form that is 600 times sweeter than sugar.

Trichlorosucrose is found in over 4,000 foods and is a popular sweetener in the sports industry because Trichlorosucrose basically doesn’t provide any extra calories.
Trichlorosucrose provides no calories as the body has difficulty breaking down Trichlorosucrose.

You urinate 85.5 per cent and poop out 11 per cent of the Trichlorosucrose intake within five days.
Only 3 per cent is processed via the kidneys.

Trichlorosucrose is a no-calorie sweetener that can be used to lower one’s intake of added sugars while still providing satisfaction from enjoying the taste of something sweet.
While some types of sweeteners in this category are considered low-calorie (e.g., aspartame) and others are no-calorie (e.g., Trichlorosucrose, monk fruit sweeteners and stevia sweeteners), collectively they are often referred to as sugar substitutes, high-intensity sweeteners, nonnutritive sweeteners or low-calorie sweeteners.

Like other no-calorie sweeteners, Trichlorosucrose is intensely sweet.
Trichlorosucrose is about 600 times sweeter than sugar, so only small amounts of Trichlorosucrose are used to match the sweetness provided by sugar.
Trichlorosucrose is permitted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a general-purpose sweetener, meaning Trichlorosucrose can be used as an ingredient in any type of food or beverage.

Trichlorosucrose is exceptionally stable, so foods and beverages sweetened with Trichlorosucrose stay sweet under a wide range of conditions.
This includes frozen foods like ice cream and other frozen desserts, as well as foods that need to be heated to high temperatures, like baked goods and foods that require sterilization.
However, a recipe that uses Trichlorosucrose in place of sugar may turn out slightly different because, in addition to sweetness, sugar plays several roles related to volume and texture in recipes but varies based on the type of recipe.

There are a variety of artificial sweeteners available, all of which mimic the sweet taste of sugar (sucrose) without the calories.
Trichlorosucrose is unique among artificial sweeteners because Trichlorosucrose’s made from real sugar.
A chemical process tweaks Trichlorosucroses chemical structure, making Trichlorosucrose 600 times sweeter than sugar — and essentially calorie-free.

Fans like Trichlorosucrose because Trichlorosucrose doesn’t have a bitter aftertaste, as some fake sugars do.
That may be why Trichlorosucrose’s so hard to avoid.

Trichlorosucrose is in everything from sugar-free gum and soda to ice cream and yogurt.
And because Trichlorosucrose remains stable in heat, you can swap Trichlorosucrose for sugar in baked goods.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed more than 110 safety studies before approving Trichlorosucrose as a sweetener in 1998.
But since then, research has raised questions about the safety of Trichlorosucrose.

Trichlorosucrose is a chlorinated sucrose derivative.
This means Trichlorosucrose’s derived from sugar and contains chlorine.

Making Trichlorosucrose is a multistep process that involves replacing the three hydrogen-oxygen groups of sugar with chlorine atoms.
The replacement with chlorine atoms intensifies the sweetness of Trichlorosucrose.

Originally, Trichlorosucrose was found through the development of a new insecticide compound.
Trichlorosucrose was never meant to be consumed.

However, Trichlorosucrose was later introduced as a “natural sugar substitute” to the masses, and people had no idea that the stuff was actually toxic.

In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Trichlorosucrose for use in 15 food and beverage categories, including water-based and fat-based products like baked goods, frozen dairy desserts, chewing gum, beverages and sugar substitutes.
Then, in 1999, the FDA expanded Trichlorosucroses approval for use as a general-purpose sweetener in all categories of foods and beverages.

Trichlorosucrose was discovered in 1976.
This NNS is made from sucrose by a process that substitutes three chloride atoms for three hydroxyl groups on the sucrose molecule.

Trichlorosucrose is 450–650 times sweeter than sucrose and has a pleasant sweet taste, and Trichlorosucroses quality and time–intensity profile are very close to that of sucrose.
Trichlorosucrose has a moderate synergy with other nutritive and NNS.

Trichlorosucrose was approved in April 1998 by the FDA as a tabletop sweetener and for use in a number of desserts, confections, and nonalcoholic beverages.
In 1999, Trichlorosucrose was approved as a general purpose sweetener.

The FDA concluded from a review of more than 110 studies in human beings and animals that this sweetener did not pose carcinogenic, reproductive, or neurologic risk.
According to the EFSA, the ADI of Trichlorosucrose is 40 mg kg− 1 body weight per day.

Trichlorosucrose was approved by the FDA in 1998 for use in a wide variety of food products including soft drinks.
Trichlorosucrose is a low-calorie, high-intensity sweetener that is about 600 times sweeter than sugar.

Trichlorosucrose is sold under the brand name of ‘Trichlorosucrose.’
Trichlorosucrose and sucrose (sugar) have been shown to have similar taste and flavor profiles.

A number of other fascinating low-calorie sweeteners are currently undergoing safety evaluations for future use.
These include alitame, a compound similar to aspartame that is remarkably 2000 times sweeter than sucrose, and various naturally occurring plant derivatives, such as stevia and thaumatin.

Trichlorosucrose is a nonnutritive, zero-calorie artificial sweetener.
Trichlorosucrose is a chlorinated sugar substitute that is about 600 times as sweet as sucrose.
Trichlorosucrose is produced from sucrose when three chlorine atoms replace three hydroxyl groups.

Trichlorosucrose is consumed as tablets (Blendy) by diabetic and obese patients.
Trichlorosucrose is also used as an excipient in drug manufacturing.

Unlike other artificial sweeteners, Trichlorosucrose is stable when heated and can, therefore, be used in baked and fried foods.
The FDA approved Trichlorosucrose in 1998.

This review presents a comprehensive profile for Trichlorosucrose including physical, analytical, and ADME profiles and methods of Trichlorosucroses synthesis.
Spectral data for X-ray powder diffraction and DSC of Trichlorosucrose are recorded and presented.

The authors also recorded FT-IR, (1)H- and (13)C NMR, and ESI-MS spectra.
Interpretation with detailed spectral assignments is provided.

The analytical profile of Trichlorosucrose covered the compendial methods, spectroscopic, and different chromatographic analytical techniques.
The ADME profile covered all absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination data in addition to pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of Trichlorosucrose.

Some nutritional aspects for Trichlorosucrose in obesity and diabetes are also presented.
Both chemical and microbiological synthesis schemes for Trichlorosucrose are reviewed and included.

Trichlorosucrose, which is also referred to as Trichlorosucrose, is a chemical that’s made in a laboratory.
Trichlorosucrose’s been created to provide a zero-calorie alternative to sugar, that reportedly tastes very similar to, but isn’t actually sugar.

Trichlorosucrose’s possible to buy Trichlorosucrose (Trichlorosucrose) sugar substitute products.
You’ll also find Trichlorosucrose sweetener has been added to certain brands of diet sodas, yogurts and breakfast cereals.
Trichlorosucrose is also heat-stable, which means you can cook and bake with Trichlorosucrose.

You could say that Trichlorosucrose’s clever in the fact Trichlorosucrose’s been created by tweaking some of the bonds within sugar molecules to create something that isn’t digested or absorbed by the body as sugar is (more on this below).

So to clarify, Trichlorosucrose does technically stem from sugar molecules, but Trichlorosucrose isn’t sucrose (table sugar).
As for whether Trichlorosucrose’s safe for us to use instead of or alongside sugar, Trichlorosucrose is believed to be a safer and healthier alternative to other artificial sweeteners, particularly aspartame.

However, as great as Trichlorosucrose and artificial sweeteners are for helping you cut back on your sugar intake or completely remove sugar from your diet, they should only really be used on a short-term basis to help you initially kick your sugar habit, as they can affect our health in certain ways.
You’ll find more details on how and why below.

The friendly bacteria in your gut are extremely important for your overall health.
They may improve digestion, benefit immune function and reduce your risk of many diseases.

Interestingly, one rat study found that Trichlorosucrose may have negative effects on these bacteria.
After 12 weeks, rats that consumed the sweetener had 47–80% fewer anaerobes (bacteria that don’t require oxygen) in their guts.

Beneficial bacteria like bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were significantly reduced, while more harmful bacteria seemed to be less affected.
What’s more, the gut bacteria had still not returned to normal levels after the experiment was completed.

Products that contain zero-calorie sweeteners are often marketed as being good for weight loss.
However, Trichlorosucrose and artificial sweeteners don’t seem to have any major effects on your weight.

Observational studies have found no connection between artificial sweetener consumption and body weight or fat mass, but some of them report a small increase in Body Mass Index (BMI).
A review of randomized controlled trials, the gold standard in scientific research, reports that artificial sweeteners reduce body weight by around 1.7 pounds (0.8 kg) on average.

Effect on caloric content of Trichlorosucrose:
Though Trichlorosucrose contains no calories, products that contain fillers, such as maltodextrin and/or dextrose, add about 2–4 calories per teaspoon or individual packet, depending on Trichlorosucrose, the fillers used, brand, and the intended use of Trichlorosucrose.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows for any product containing fewer than five calories per serving to be labeled as "zero calories".

Trichlorosucrose and weight:
While sweeteners like Trichlorosucrose are low in calories, that doesn’t necessarily mean that they help you lose weight.
Some studies show that people who replace sugar with artificial sweeteners may weigh a pound or so less on average.

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) is an ongoing study that tracks the habits of people who have lost 30 pounds or more and are able to keep Trichlorosucrose off.
Many people in this study say that drinking beverages with Trichlorosucrose or other artificial sweeteners helps them to better count calories and keep off weight.

Other studies, however, suggest that people who drink diet sodas sweetened with Trichlorosucrose actually end up taking in more calories than those who drink sodas with regular sugar.
This can result in higher overall body weight.

Trichlorosucrose may stimulate your appetite, making you eat more.
Trichlorosucrose’s important to note, however, that this research hasn’t been fully proven.

Trichlorosucrose and weight gain:
Lots of people reach for diet soda and calorie-free sweeteners to keep their weight in check.
But the jury is still out on whether artificial sweeteners actually help you keep off the pounds.

Some studies have found no link between body weight and low-calorie sweeteners.
Others have found that people who replace sugar with low-calorie sweeteners weigh ever-so-slightly less, on average — a difference, the researchers found, of fewer than two pounds.

On the other hand, some research suggests that people who drink diet soda might end up eating more calories in food than people who drink sugar-sweetened soda.
In other words, Trichlorosucrose isn’t a slam dunk when Trichlorosucrose comes to weight loss.

Trichlorosucrose and the microbiome:
Your gut is home to an entire community of helpful bacteria.
The microbiome has several important jobs, including helping with digestion and aiding your immune system.
But some studies have found that Trichlorosucrose might not be so great for those tiny helpers.

Research in rodents shows that Trichlorosucrose upsets the microbiome balance, and that can lead to increased inflammation.

“We know long-term inflammation can contribute to a variety of problems, including obesity and diabetes,” says Patton.
“But we need more data to find out if Trichlorosucrose causes the same changes in human microbiomes as Trichlorosucrose does in animals.”

Trichlorosucrose and blood sugar:
When you eat a sugary treat, your body produces the hormone insulin to help stabilize the sugar in your blood.
People thought that artificial sweeteners wouldn’t have the same effect.
That makes sugar-free sweeteners popular among people with diabetes, who need to monitor blood sugar levels closely.

But exactly how Trichlorosucrose affects blood sugar and insulin levels is an open question.
Some research suggests Trichlorosucrose doesn’t raise blood sugar and insulin levels in healthy people.
But at least one study found that in people with obesity who didn’t normally eat artificial sweeteners, Trichlorosucrose could raise both blood sugar and insulin levels.

Trichlorosucrose and gut health:
Your gastrointestinal tract (GI), or microbiome, is home to lots of different kinds of helpful bacteria.
These bacteria help your body to maintain a healthy immune system.
Some studies have shown that Trichlorosucrose can change your gut microbiome by lowering the number of good bacteria by half.

Research done on animals shows that Trichlorosucrose can also increase inflammation in the body.
Over time, inflammation can lead to problems like obesity and diabetes.
Since these studies have only been done on rodents, more research needs to be done to understand how humans can be affected by Trichlorosucrose.

Trichlorosucrose and Sugar:
Compared to sugar, Trichlorosucrose sweetener is significantly lower in calories, but 600 times sweeter in taste; Trichlorosucrose contains 0 calories vs. approximately 16 calories per teaspoon of table sugar.
Therefore, Trichlorosucrose can help keep your calorie intake low and is seen as the superior option for those wanting to lose weight.

Additionally, unlike sugar, Trichlorosucrose and artificial sweeteners in general don’t cause dental cavities.
Refined sugars, such as regular table sugar, are fermented by bacteria in the mouth, known as the oral microbiome, which results in the production of acid that erodes the enamel surface of the tooth, causing decay.
However, artificial sweeteners, including Trichlorosucrose, are not fermented by oral bacteria, meaning they do not contribute to tooth decay.

Furthermore, Trichlorosucrose doesn’t cause the same spike in blood glucose levels you get with sugar.
This makes Trichlorosucrose a great alternative to sugar for individuals with diabetes because Trichlorosucrose enables them to control their blood sugar levels that bit better.

However, in comparison to ‘natural’ sugars (e.g. honey, maple syrup, molasses and agave), although significantly higher in calories, they contain many other nutritional and health benefits that simply aren’t found in artificial sweeteners.

For instance, raw honey has natural anti-microbial and anti-viral properties to help support a healthy immune system.
Trichlorosucrose’s also a rich source of prebiotic fibres that help promote the growth of friendly gut bacteria, rather than negatively impacting your gut microbiome in the way artificial sweeteners do.

Similarly, good quality pure maple syrup (ideally B grade+), although higher in calories than Trichlorosucrose, is rich in a range of antioxidants that help to protect our cells from free radical damage and reduce inflammation within the body.
Maple syrup also provides a good source of potassium, magnesium, zinc and manganese, minerals that aren’t found in artificial sweeteners.

Therefore, although natural sweeteners are higher in calories, they can provide extra nutrients and health benefits that simply aren’t present in artificial sweeteners.

Also known as 1',4,6'-trichlorogalactosucrose, Sucralose, or brand name Trichlorosucrose with a molecular formula of C12H19Cl3O8, Trichlorosucrose is about 600 times sweeter than sugar.
Trichlorosucrose is a low-calorie sweetening agent used in beverages, foods, medications.

High-intensity sweeteners are commonly used as sugar substitutes or sugar alternatives because they are many times sweeter than sugar but contribute only a few to no calories when added to foods.
High-intensity sweeteners, like all other ingredients added to food in the United States, must be safe for consumption.

The starting material for the synthesis of Trichlorosucrose is sucrose (sugar), but then the structure is synthetically altered to achieve the Trichlorosucrose compound.
According to the FDA, Trichlorosucrose is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of Trichlorosucrose added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish Trichlorosucroses intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.

Trichlorosucrose has been extensively studied and more than 110 safety studies were reviewed by FDA in approving the use of Trichlorosucrose as a general purpose sweetener for food.
However, there have been reports of headaches/migraine attacks occurring in people during Trichlorosucrose use, as with other artificial sweeteners.
Studies support the conclusion that Trichlorosucrose consumption does not adversely affect short-term blood glucose control in patients with diabetes.

One study found that heating Trichlorosucrose with glycerol, a compound found in fat molecules, produced harmful substances called chloropropanols.
These substances may raise cancer risk.
More research is needed, but Trichlorosucrose may be best to use other sweeteners instead when baking at temperatures above 350°F (175°C) in the meantime.

Like other artificial sweeteners, Trichlorosucrose is highly controversial.
Some claim that Trichlorosucrose’s entirely harmless, but new studies suggest that Trichlorosucrose may have some effects on your metabolism.

For some people, Trichlorosucrose may raise blood sugar and insulin levels.
Trichlorosucrose may also damage the bacterial environment in your gut, but this needs to be studied in humans.

The safety of Trichlorosucrose at high temperatures has also been questioned.
You may want to avoid cooking or baking with Trichlorosucrose, as Trichlorosucrose may release harmful compounds.
That being said, the long-term health effects are still unclear, but health authorities like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do consider Trichlorosucrose to be safe.

Effects on blood sugar and insulin:
Trichlorosucrose is said to have little or no effects on blood sugar and insulin levels.
However, this may depend on you as an individual and whether you’re used to consuming artificial sweeteners.

One small study in 17 people with severe obesity who didn’t regularly consume these sweeteners reported that Trichlorosucrose elevated blood sugar levels by 14% and insulin levels by 20%.
Several other studies in people with average weight who didn’t have any significant medical conditions have found no effects on blood sugar and insulin levels.
However, these studies included people who regularly used Trichlorosucrose.

If you don’t consume Trichlorosucrose on a regular basis, Trichlorosucrose’s possible that you may experience some changes to your blood sugar and insulin levels.
Yet, if you’re used to eating Trichlorosucrose, Trichlorosucrose probably won’t have any effect.

Applications of Trichlorosucrose:
Trichlorosucrose is an approved ingredient in many countries around the world.

You may find Trichlorosucrose in items like:
Packaged foods
Ready-made meals
Desserts
Chewing gum
Toothpaste
Drinks
Cakes

Even though Trichlorosucrose is considered to be safe by the FDA and other international organizations, you should try to be mindful when Trichlorosucrose comes to artificial sweeteners.
There are still studies being done on artificial sweeteners and how they affect our health.
Read the labels of products you regularly eat, drink, or use to see if they contain Trichlorosucrose or other sweeteners.

Other studies suggest that you can avoid any potential risks that artificial sweeteners may have by changing up the ones that you consume now and then.
If you really like adding Trichlorosucrose to your coffee or baked goods, try using other sweeteners or real sugar once in a while.
The American Dental Association (ADA) even suggests that mixing sweeteners can increase overall sweetness.

Remember that sugar in small amounts is okay.
Sweeteners like Trichlorosucrose can have some benefits, but you shouldn’t demonize sugar if Trichlorosucrose doesn’t have a negative effect on your health when Trichlorosucrose's used in moderation.

Uses of Trichlorosucrose:
Trichlorosucrose is used in many food and beverage products because Trichlorosucrose is a no-calorie sweetener, does not promote dental cavities, is safe for consumption by diabetics and nondiabetics, and does not affect insulin levels, although the powdered form of Trichlorosucrose-based sweetener product Trichlorosucrose (as most other powdered Trichlorosucrose products) contains 95% (by volume) bulking agents dextrose and maltodextrin that do affect insulin levels.
Trichlorosucrose is used as a replacement for, or in combination with, other artificial or natural sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium or high-fructose corn syrup.
Trichlorosucrose is used in products such as candy, breakfast bars, coffee pods, and soft drinks.

Trichlorosucrose is also used in canned fruits wherein water and Trichlorosucrose take the place of much higher calorie corn syrup-based additives.
Trichlorosucrose mixed with maltodextrin or dextrose (both made from corn) as bulking agents is sold internationally by McNeil Nutritionals under the Trichlorosucrose brand name.
In the United States and Canada, this blend is increasingly found in restaurants, in yellow packets, in contrast to the blue packets commonly used by aspartame and the pink packets used by those containing saccharin sweeteners; in Canada, yellow packets are also associated with the SugarTwin brand of cyclamate sweetener.

Cooking:
Trichlorosucrose is available in a granulated form that allows same-volume substitution with sugar.
This mix of granulated Trichlorosucrose includes fillers, all of which rapidly dissolve in water.
While the granulated Trichlorosucrose provides apparent volume-for-volume sweetness, the texture in baked products may be noticeably different.

Trichlorosucrose is not hygroscopic, which can lead to baked goods that are noticeably drier and manifest a less dense texture than those made with sucrose.
Unlike sucrose, which melts when baked at high temperatures, Trichlorosucrose maintains Trichlorosucroses granular structure when subjected to dry, high heat (e.g., in a 350 °F or 180 °C oven).

Furthermore, in Trichlorosucroses pure state, Trichlorosucrose begins to decompose at 119 °C or 246 °F.
Thus, in some recipes, such as crème brûlée, which require sugar sprinkled on top to partially or fully melt and crystallize, substituting Trichlorosucrose does not result in the same surface texture, crispness, or crystalline structure.

Energy (caloric) content:
Though marketed in the U.S. as a “No calorie sweetener,” Trichlorosucrose actually contains slightly more calories than the same mass of sugar (391 kcal per 100 g vs 390 kcal per 100 g for white granulated sugar).
However, since Trichlorosucrose is one tenth as dense as sugar, a given volume of Trichlorosucrose has one tenth the energy of the same volume of sugar.
When Trichlorosucrose is added directly to commercial products, the filler is omitted and no energy is added.

Note too that although the “nutritional facts” label on Trichlorosucrose’s retail packaging states that a single serving of 0.5 gram (1 teaspoon or 5 milliliters) contains zero calories, Trichlorosucrose actually contains two calories per teaspoon.
Note that the individual, tear-open packages as shown at right are double-size, one-gram servings, which contain four calories.

Such labeling is appropriate in the U.S. because the FDA’s regulations permit a product to be labeled as “zero calories” if the “food contains less than 5 calories per reference amount customarily consumed and per labeled serving.”
Because Trichlorosucrose contains a relatively small amount of Trichlorosucrose, little of which is metabolized, virtually all of Trichlorosucrose’s caloric content derives from the highly fluffed dextrose or maltodextrin filler, or carrier, that gives Trichlorosucrose Trichlorosucroses volume.
Like other carbohydrates, dextrose and maltodextrin have 4 calories per gram.

Consumer Uses:
Trichlorosucrose is used in the following products: pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Trichlorosucrose is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Trichlorosucrose is used in the following products: pharmaceuticals, photo-chemicals and cosmetics and personal care products.
Trichlorosucrose is used in the following areas: health services.

Trichlorosucrose is used for the manufacture of: food products.
Other release to the environment of Trichlorosucrose is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

Benefits of Trichlorosucrose:

Health benefits:
Although Trichlorosucrose has no actual direct health benefits, as Trichlorosucrose’s a nonnutritive alternative to sugar, Trichlorosucrose has a number of indirect benefits associated with this use.
The consumption of sugar is well known to be associated with dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal (gum) disease.
Using Trichlorosucrose reduces sugar intake with the consequential benefits to dental health and Trichlorosucrose has thus been shown to be non-cariogenic.

Trichlorosucrose, being a nonnutritive sweetener, is used in many low calorie products.
Trichlorosucrose therefore has favourable applications for people trying to lose weight and subsequent beneficial effects on diseases associated with obesity including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome and some cancers.
Trichlorosucrose’s been shown to have no effect on hunger signalling and does not initiate an insulin response.

As well as contributing to obesity, sugar consumption has also been identified as a risk factor for CVD through Trichlorosucroses effects on serum triglycerides (a risk factor for CVD).
Therefore consuming Trichlorosucrose in place of sugar has positive implications in the reduction of risk of heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.

Trichlorosucrose is also a suitable sweetener for sugar-free products suitable for use by both type 1 and type 2 diabetics as Trichlorosucrose has no effect on blood glucose or serum insulin levels.

Tastes Like Sugar:
Trichlorosucrose tastes like sugar and has no unpleasant aftertaste.
In scientific taste tests conducted by independent research organizations, Trichlorosucrose was found to have a taste profile very similar to sugar.

Can Help Control Caloric Intake:
Trichlorosucrose is not metabolized, thus Trichlorosucrose has no calories.
Trichlorosucrose passes rapidly through the body virtually unchanged, is unaffected by the body’s digestive process, and does not accumulate in the body.
By replacing Trichlorosucrose for sugar in foods and beverages, calories can be reduced substantially, or, in many products, practically eliminated.

Advantageous for People with Diabetes:
Trichlorosucrose is not recognized as sugar or a carbohydrate by the body.
Thus, Trichlorosucrose has no effect on glucose utilization, carbohydrate metabolism, the secretion of insulin, or glucose and fructose absorption.
Studies in persons with normal blood glucose levels and in persons with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes have confirmed that Trichlorosucrose has no effect on short- or long-term blood glucose control.

Does Not Promote Tooth Decay:
Scientific studies have shown that Trichlorosucrose does not support the growth of oral bacteria and does not promote tooth decay.

Extraordinary Heat Stability:
Trichlorosucrose is exceptionally heat stable, making Trichlorosucrose ideal for use in baking, canning, pasteurization, aseptic processing and other manufacturing processes that require high temperatures.
In studies among a range of baked goods, canned fruits, syrups, and jams and jellies, no measurable loss of Trichlorosucrose occurred during processing and throughout shelf life.

Long Shelf Life:
Trichlorosucrose combines the taste of sugar with the heat, liquid and storage stability required for use in all types of foods and beverages.
Trichlorosucrose is particularly stable in acidic products, such as carbonated soft drinks, and in other liquid based products (e.g., sauces, jelly, milk products, processed fruit drinks).
Trichlorosucrose is also very stable in dry applications such as powdered beverages, instant desserts, and tabletop sweeteners.

Ingredient Compatibility:
Trichlorosucrose has excellent solubility characteristics for use in food and beverage manufacturing and Trichlorosucrose is highly compatible with commonly used food ingredients, including flavors, seasonings, and preservatives.

Chemistry and Production of Trichlorosucrose:
Trichlorosucrose is a disaccharide composed of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose and 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose.
Trichlorosucrose is synthesized by the selective chlorination of sucrose in a multistep route that substitutes three specific hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms.
This chlorination is achieved by selective protection of one of the primary alcohols as an ester (acetate or benzoate), followed by chlorination with an excess of any of several chlorinating agent to replace the two remaining primary alcohols and one of the secondary alcohols, and finally deprotection by hydrolysis of the ester.

Production:
Trichlorosucrose is made from a process that begins with regular table sugar (sucrose); however, Trichlorosucrose is not sugar.
Three select hydroxyl groups on the sucrose molecule are replaced with three chlorine atoms.
Trichlorosucrose’s structure prevents enzymes in the digestive tract from breaking Trichlorosucrose down, which is an inherent part of Trichlorosucroses safety.

Consumption:
Most (about 85 percent) of consumed Trichlorosucrose is not absorbed by the body and is excreted, unchanged, in the feces.
Of the small amount that is absorbed, none is broken down for energy—therefore, Trichlorosucrose does not provide any calories.
All absorbed Trichlorosucrose is excreted quickly in the urine.

Environmental effects of Trichlorosucrose:
According to one study, Trichlorosucrose is digestible by a number of microorganisms and is broken down once released into the environment.
However, measurements by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute have shown sewage treatment has little effect on Trichlorosucrose, which is present in wastewater effluents at levels of several μg/l (ppb).

No ecotoxicological effects are known at such levels, but the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency warns a continuous increase in levels may occur if the compound is only slowly degraded in nature.
When heated to very high temperatures (over 350 °C or 662 °F) in metal containers, Trichlorosucrose can produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants in the resulting smoke.

Trichlorosucrose has been detected in natural waters.
Studies indicate that this has virtually no impact on the early life development of certain animal species, but the impact on other species remains unknown.

Packaging and storage of Trichlorosucrose:
Most products that contain Trichlorosucrose add fillers and additional sweetener to bring Trichlorosucrose to the approximate volume and texture of an equivalent amount of sugar.
This is because Trichlorosucrose is nearly 600 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar).

Pure dry Trichlorosucrose undergoes some decomposition at elevated temperatures.
When Trichlorosucrose is in solution or blended with maltodextrin Trichlorosucrose is slightly more stable.

Pure Trichlorosucrose is sold in bulk, but not in quantities suitable for individual use, although some highly concentrated Trichlorosucrose–water blends are available online.
These concentrates contain one part Trichlorosucrose for each two parts water.

A quarter teaspoon of concentrate substitutes for one cup of sugar.
Pure, dry Trichlorosucrose undergoes some decomposition at elevated temperatures.
In solution or blended with maltodextrin, Trichlorosucrose is slightly more stable.

Storage:

Powder:
20°C / 3 years
4°C / 2 years

In solvent
80°C / 6 months
20°C / 1 month

Safety of Trichlorosucrose:
More than 100 safety studies representing over 20 years of research have shown Trichlorosucrose to be safe.
In 1998, the FDA approved Trichlorosucroses use as a sweetener in 15 specific food categories.
In 1999, the FDA expanded Trichlorosucroses regulation to allow Trichlorosucrose as a “general-purpose sweetener,” meaning that Trichlorosucrose is approved for use in any type of food or beverage.

Leading global health authorities such as the European Food Safety Authority and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives have concluded that Trichlorosucrose is safe for Trichlorosucroses intended use.
The safety of Trichlorosucrose has also been confirmed by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Food Standards Australia New Zealand; and Health Canada.
Based on the conclusions of these global authorities, Trichlorosucrose is currently permitted for use in more than 100 countries.

The FDA has established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for Trichlorosucrose of 5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight per day.
The JECFA first established an ADI of 0—15 mg/kg of body weight per day for Trichlorosucrose in 1991.
The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Food confirmed JECFA’s ADI for Trichlorosucrose in 2000.

The ADI represents an amount 100 times less than the quantity of Trichlorosucrose found to achieve a no-observed-adverse-effect-level in toxicology studies.
The ADI is a conservative number that the vast majority of people will not reach.
Using the ADI established by the FDA, a person weighing 150 pounds (68 kg) would exceed the ADI (340 mg of Trichlorosucrose) if consuming more than 26 individual tabletop packets of Trichlorosucrose every day over the course of their lifetime.

While precise measurements of the total amount of Trichlorosucrose people consume in the U.S. is limited, 1.6 mg/kg of body weight per day is a conservative mean estimate of Trichlorosucrose intake from beverages among adults that has recently been reported.
Globally, estimated Trichlorosucrose intake from foods and beverages also remains well below the ADI established by JECFA.
A 2018 scientific review found that studies conducted since 2008 raise no concerns for exceeding the ADI of the major low- and no-calorie sweeteners—including Trichlorosucrose—in the general population.

Health and food safety authorities such as the FDA and JECFA have concluded that Trichlorosucrose is safe for adults and children to consume within the ADI.
Trichlorosucrose metabolism is not expected to be different in children than Trichlorosucrose is in adults.

Trichlorosucrose can add sweetness to a child’s foods and beverages without contributing to calories consumed or added sugars intake.
Trichlorosucrose is not cariogenic or fermentable like sugars, so Trichlorosucrose does not increase the risk of dental caries.

With a focus on reducing consumption of added sugars in recent decades, the number of food and beverage products containing low-calorie sweeteners has increased.
While observational research among U.S. children and adults has shown an increase in the percentage of people reporting daily consumption of products containing low-calorie sweeteners, current intake of low-calorie sweeteners is considered to be well within acceptable levels, both globally and in the U.S.

The American Heart Association (AHA) advises against children regularly consuming beverages containing low-calorie sweeteners, instead recommending water and other unsweetened beverages such as plain milk.
One of the notable exceptions in the 2018 AHA science advisory is made for children with diabetes, whose blood glucose management may be benefitted by consuming low-calorie-sweetened beverages in place of sugar-sweetened varieties.
Citing an absence of data, the 2019 policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not provide advice on children under two years of age consuming foods or beverages that contain low-calorie sweeteners.

The 2019 AAP policy statement does, however, acknowledge potential benefits of low-calorie sweeteners for children by reducing calorie intake (especially among children with obesity), incidence of dental caries and glycemic response among children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
The 2020—2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) do not recommend the consumption of low-calorie sweeteners or added sugars by children younger than two years of age.
This DGA recommendation is not related to body weight, diabetes or the safety of added sugars or low-calorie sweeteners, but is instead intended to avoid infants and toddlers developing a preference for overly sweet foods during this formative phase.

Trichlorosucrose has been used safely as an artificial sweetener for over 20 years.
Canada was the first country to approve Trichlorosucrose for use in foods and beverages.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Trichlorosucrose in 1998 after reviewing 110 scientific studies.
Trichlorosucrose was approved for use by everyone, including people who are pregnant and children.

Twenty years of follow-up research have shown Trichlorosucrose to be safe for humans to consume and there don't appear to be any problems with short-term or long-term use.
Trichlorosucrose doesn't seem to interact with other foods or medications.

Occasionally, people express concern about the addition of chlorine because Trichlorosucrose's found in bleach.
But chlorine (as chloride) is also found in table salt, lettuce, and mushrooms.
And since Trichlorosucrose isn't digested, the chlorine isn't released into the body anyway.

The safety of Trichlorosucrose is documented by one of the most extensive and thorough safety testing programs ever conducted on a new food additive.
More than 100 studies conducted and evaluated over a 20-year period clearly demonstrate the safety of Trichlorosucrose.
Studies were conducted in a broad range of areas to assess whether there were any safety risks regarding cancer, genetic effects, reproduction and fertility, birth defects, immunology, the central nervous system, and metabolism.

These studies clearly indicate that Trichlorosucrose:

Trichlorosucrose does not cause:
tooth decay
cancer
genetic changes
birth defects

Safety evaluation of Trichlorosucrose:
Trichlorosucrose has been accepted as safe by several food safety regulatory bodies worldwide, including the FDA, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additives, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food, Health Protection Branch of Health and Welfare Canada, and Food Standards Australia New Zealand.
According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, the amount of Trichlorosucrose that can be consumed over a person's lifetime without any adverse effects is 900 mg per kg of body weight per day.

"In determining the safety of Trichlorosucrose, the FDA reviewed data from more than 110 studies in humans and animals.
Many of the studies were designed to identify possible toxic effects, including carcinogenic, reproductive, and neurological effects.
No such effects were found, and FDA's approval is based on the finding that Trichlorosucrose is safe for human consumption."

The FDA approval process indicated that consuming Trichlorosucrose in typical amounts as a sweetener was safe.
When the estimated daily intake is compared to the intake at which adverse effects are seen (known as the "highest no-effects limit", or HNEL at 1500 mg/kg BW/day, a large margin of safety exists.

The bulk of Trichlorosucrose ingested is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (gut) and is directly excreted in the feces, while 11–27% of Trichlorosucrose is absorbed.
The amount absorbed from the gut is largely removed from the blood by the kidneys and eliminated in the urine, with 20–30% of the absorbed Trichlorosucrose being metabolized.

Research revealed that when Trichlorosucrose is heated to above 248 °F (120 °C), Trichlorosucrose may dechlorinate and decompose into compounds that could be harmful enough to risk consumer health.
The risk and intensity of this adverse effect is suspected to increase with rising temperatures.

The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment published an advisory warning that cooking with Trichlorosucrose could possibly lead to the creation of potentially carcinogenic chloropropanols, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, recommending that manufacturers and consumers avoid baking, roasting, or deep frying any Trichlorosucrose-containing foods until a more conclusive safety report is available.
Furthermore, adding Trichlorosucrose to food that has not cooled was discouraged, as was buying Trichlorosucrose-containing canned foods and baked goods.

Identifiers of Trichlorosucrose:
CAS number: 56038-13-2
EC number: 259-952-2
Grade: Ph Eur,ChP,NF,JPE
Hill Formula: C₁₂H₁₉Cl₃O₈
Molar Mass: 397.63 g/mol
HS Code: 2932 14 00
Quality Level: MQ500

ChEBI: CHEBI:32159
ECHA InfoCard: 100.054.484
E number: E955
KEGG: C12285
UNII: 96K6UQ3ZD4
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID1040245
InChI:
InChI=1S/C12H19Cl3O8/c13-1-4-7(17)10(20)12(3-14,22-4)23-11-9(19)8(18)6(15)5(2-16)21-11/h4-11,16-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
Key: BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRSA-N
InChI=1/C12H19Cl3O8/c13-1-4-7(17)10(20)12(3-14,22-4)23-11-9(19)8(18)6(15)5(2-16)21-11/h4-11,16-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1
Key: BAQAVOSOZGMPRM-QBMZZYIRBF
SMILES: Cl[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](O[C@@]1(O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O)CCl)CCl)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO

Properties of Trichlorosucrose:
Chemical formula: C12H19Cl3O8
Molar mass: 397.64 g/mol
Appearance: Off-white to white powder
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.69 g/cm3
Melting point: 125 °C (257 °F; 398 K)
Solubility in water: 283 g/L (20°C)
Acidity (pKa): 12.52±0.70

Density: 1.62 g/cm3 (20 °C) Not applicable
Melting Point: 114.5 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 6 - 8 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Solubility: 300 g/l

Molecular Weight: 397.6 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 396.014551 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 396.014551 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 129Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 23
Complexity: 405
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 9
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Names of Trichlorosucrose:

Regulatory process names:
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose

IUPAC name:
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside

Preferred IUPAC name:
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy}-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol

IUPAC names:
(2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R)-2-[(2R, 3S, 4S, 5S)-2,5-bis-(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy}-5-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-ß-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-a-D-galactose
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactose
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside
1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyhex-2-ulofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxyhexopyranoside
4,1',6'-trichloro-galacto-sucrose
Sucralose

Trade names:
SUCRALOSE
Sucralose

Other names:
1′,4,6′-Trichlorogalactosucrose
Trichlorosucrose
E955
4,1′,6′-Trichloro-4,1′,6′-trideoxygalactosucrose
TGS
Sucralose

Other identifiers:
56038-13-2
TRICLOSAN
SYNONYMS 2, 4, 4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether;2,2'-Oxybis(1',5'-dichlorophenyl-5-chlorophenol);2,4,4'-TRICHLORO-2'-HYDROXY DIPHENYLETHER;2',4',4-Trichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether;2',4,4'-Trichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether;2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether CAS NO:3380-34-5
TRICLOSAN
Triclosan is a polychlorophenoxy phenol and a chlorinated aromatic compound which has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols.
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent and preservative used in personal care and home-cleaning products; persistent in the environment.


CAS Number: 3380-34-5
EC-Number: 222-182-2
MDL Number: MFCD00800992
Chemical formula: C12H7Cl3O2


Triclosan (sometimes abbreviated as TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments.
Triclosan is similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban.


Triclosan was developed in 1966.
A 2006 study recommended showering with 2% triclosan as a regimen in surgical units to rid patients' skin of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).


The FDA did find that triclosan in Colgate Total toothpaste helped prevent gingivitis.
In the United States, by 2000, triclosan and triclocarban (TCC) could be found in 75% of liquid soaps and 29% of bar soaps, and as of 2014 triclosan was used in more than 2,000 consumer products.


Triclosan is a chemical ingredient used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in common household products including soaps, toothpaste and hand sanitisers, and has only been around since the 1960s.
Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent, was commonly added to hand cleansers and other consumer products marketed as antibacterial cleansers.


However manufacturers have gradually reformulated their products without triclosan.
Triclosan is a synthetic, lipid soluble broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and fabrics and plastics.


Triclosan, distributed ubiquitously across the ecosystem, possesses intrinsic oestrogenic and androgenic activity which could provide some explanation for the endocrine disrupting properties described in aquatic species.
Triclosan is found in many mainstream skin and body care products, particularly antibacterial soaps, body washes, toothpastes and even some cosmetics.


Triclosan is a chemical ingredient used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in common household products including soaps, toothpaste and hand sanitisers, and has only been around since the 1960s.
Triclosan, an antimicrobial agent, was commonly added to hand cleansers and other consumer products marketed as antibacterial cleansers.


However manufacturers have gradually reformulated their products without triclosan.
Triclosan (TCS) 5-chloro-2(2, 4 dichlorophenoxy) phenol, is the common name for a whitish crystalline powder that is a phenyl ether derivative.
Triclosan is added to products to prevent or reduce bacterial growth.


In 1969, Triclosan was registered as a pesticide.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent
Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent found in consumer products, including soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments.


Triclosan is an antibacterial and antimicrobial chemical.
Triclosan (TCS) 5-chloro-2(2, 4 dichlorophenoxy) phenol, is the common name for a whitish crystalline powder that is a phenyl ether derivative.
Triclosan is added to products to prevent or reduce bacterial growth.


In 1969, Triclosan was registered as a pesticide.
Triclosan works by blocking the active site of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase enzyme (ENR), which is an essential enzyme in fatty acid synthesis in Bacteria.


By blocking the active site, Triclosan inhibits the enzyme and therefore prevents the bacteria from synthesizing fatty acid, which is necessary for building cell membranes and for reproducing.
Humans do not have ENR enzymes, which has given scientists reason to believe that Triclosan is fairly harmless to them.


Triclosan, also known as TCS, is an antibacterial and antifungal ingredient that is added to many consumer products in order to prevent and reduce bacterial contamination.
Triclosan’s usage and mechanism of action are very similar to Triclocarban’s.


Triclocarban, also known as TCC, is an antibacterial chemical that is used in soaps, detergents, and toothpaste.
Triclosan is an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase.
Triclosan is an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase which has demonstrated bacteriostatic, antiseptic, and preservative properties.


Triclosan, a synthetic compound structurally resembling natural phenols, possesses a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain fungi.
Triclosan's mechanism of action involves inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.


Triclosan is an ingredient added to many personal care products as an 'antimicrobial' to kill off bacteria and other microbesii.
Triclosan is found in many mainstream skin and body care products, particularly antibacterial soaps, body washes and toothpastes.
Triclosan and triclocarban are commonly used antimicrobial agents found in many soaps and detergents.


Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent found in a wide variety of antibacterial soaps and detergents, as well as in many deodorants, toothpastes, cosmetics, fabrics and plastics.
Triclosan was initially developed as a surgical scrub for medical professionals, but in recent years it has been added to a host of consumer products, from kitchen cutting boards to shoes, in order to kill bacteria and fungus and prevent odors.


Triclosan is a chemical with antibacterial properties.
First made as a pesticide, triclosan has been around since the 1960s.
In recent years, Triclosan made its way into a wide range of personal care items.


Triclosan is best known for its germ-killing power.
That's why Triclosan has been used in so many hand soaps and body washes.
In water-based products like aftershave and makeup, Triclosan is a preservative.


Triclosan also helps fight odor, which is why it's in deodorants and body sprays.
Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent in clinical setting for disinfection, and prevention of spread and growth of bacteria, fungus, and mildew.
Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that is added to household and industrial products to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.


Triclosan will be listed as an active ingredient on any product label, since it is considered a pesticide.
Triclosan is a chemical found in a wide range of household products. Triclosan acts as a preservative.
Triclosan helps to prevent odours.


Triclosan can kill or remove bacteria.
Triclosan stops the growth of bacteria, fungus and mildew.
Triclosan (2,4,4’ –trichloro-2’-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is an antimicrobial active ingredient incorporated into a variety of products to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew.


Triclosan is a chemical ingredient added to many different products.
Triclosan has antibacterial properties that prevent or stop bacterial growth and contamination.
In the past, triclosan’s germ-killing capabilities made it a common additive in many over-the-counter (OTC) antibacterial soaps and body washes.


Triclosan’s first use was as a pesticide in the 1960s.
Triclosan’s now an ingredient in commercial and industrial equipment such as conveyor belts and HVAC coils.
Triclosan is an ingredient added to many consumer products intended to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination.


Triclosan is added to some antibacterial soaps and body washes, toothpastes, and some cosmetics—products regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Triclosan also can be found in clothing, kitchenware, furniture, and toys—products not regulated by the FDA.


Triclosan has also been incorporated into other consumer products like kitchen utensils, children’s toys, bedding, clothes, fabrics and trash bags that are not regulated by the FDA.
Drug and personal care products containing triclosan are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRICLOSAN:
Triclosan was used as a hospital scrub in the 1970s. Prior to being banned, it had expanded commercially and was a common ingredient in soaps (0.10–1.00%), shampoos, deodorants, toothpastes, mouthwashes, cleaning supplies, and pesticides.
Triclosan also was part of consumer products, including kitchen utensils, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags.


As of 2017, there were five registrations for triclosan with the EPA.
The antimicrobial active ingredient is added to a variety of products where it acts to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew.
In commercial, institutional, and industrial equipment uses, triclosan is incorporated in conveyor belts, fire hoses, dye bath vats, or ice-making equipment as an antimicrobial.


Triclosan may be directly applied to commercial HVAC coils, where it prevents microbial growth that contributes to product degradation.
In healthcare, triclosan is used in surgical scrubs and hand washes.
Use in surgical units is effective with a minimum contact time of approximately two minutes.


More recently, showering with 2% triclosan has become a recommended regimen in surgical units for the decolonization of patients whose skin carries methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Two small uncontrolled case studies reported the use of triclosan correlated with reduction in MRSA infections.


Triclosan is also used in the coatings for some surgical sutures.
There is good evidence these triclosan-coated sutures reduce the risk of surgical site infection.
The World Health Organization, the American College of Surgeons and the Surgical Infection Society point out the benefit of triclosan-coated sutures in reducing the risk for surgical site infection.


Triclosan is very effective against different types of bacteria and fungus.
In today’s world, Triclosan is widely used in many Over-the-counter products like soap, body washes, and toothpaste and it is also being used in non-OTC products like toys, textiles, and kitchen wear.


Triclosan has been employed as a selective agent in molecular cloning. A bacterial host transformed by a plasmid harboring a triclosan-resistant mutant FabI gene (mFabI) as a selectable marker can grow in presence of high dose of triclosan in growth media.
Triclosan is majorly used in food production, health care, cosmetics, and other consumer products.


Triclosan will be used in food containers, on top of food storage boxes, and on the surface of cutting boards to prevent bacteria growth.
Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal chemical agent used to stop the growth of bacteria, fungus, and mildew.
Triclosan is used in medical environments, cleaning products and paints, cosmetics, and personal care products.


Triclosan is also used as a preservative and can be found in plastic, rubber, textile, leather, and paper products.
Triclosan is found in many mainstream skin and body care products, particularly antibacterial soaps, body washes, toothpastes and even some cosmetics.
Triclosan is also used in soaps, toothpaste, toys, and surgical instruments.


Triclosan has been used for more than 40 years and it can be found in soaps, floor waxes, detergents, kitchen ware such as cutting boards, toothpastes & toothbrushes, lotions, deodorants and other skin care products, fabrics such as mattress pads and shoes, toys, caulking compounds, sealants, rubber, conveyor belts, fire hoses, carpeting and hand sanitizers and other products.


Triclosan has been proven to kill the bacteria that cause gingivitis.
Triclosan is also used in HVAC coils to help prevent microbial growth.
In 1998 it was estimated by the EPA that 1million pounds of Triclosan were produced annually.


Triclosan is used to kill bacteria. It was previously a common ingredient in liquid soaps labeled as “antibacterial” or “antimicrobial.
Triclosan is used in cosmetics, toothpaste, and in a wide variety of materials including athletic clothing and food packaging due to its antibacterial properties.


Triclosan is often included in oral care formulations as an antibacterial agent, but studies have not proven its efficacy.
Triclosan is the antibacterial part of antibacterial hand soap.
Triclosan is used in many personal care products to stop the growth of bacteria, fungus and mildew, as well as to deodorize.


Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.
Triclosan has been used for more than 40 years and it can be found in soaps, floor waxes, detergents, kitchen ware such as cutting boards, toothpastes & toothbrushes, lotions, deodorants and other skin care products, fabrics such as mattress pads and shoes, toys, caulking compounds, sealants, rubber, conveyor belts, fire hoses, carpeting and hand sanitizers and other products.


Triclosan has been proven to kill the bacteria that cause gingivitis.
Triclosan is also used in HVAC coils to help prevent microbial growth.
In 1998 it was estimated by the EPA that 1million pounds of Triclosan were produced annually.


Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent found in consumer products, including soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments.
Triclosan is used mainly in antiperspirants/deodorants, cleansers, and hand sanitizers as a preservative and an anti-bacterial agent.
In addition to cosmetics, triclosan is also used as an antibacterial agent in laundry detergent, facial tissues, and antiseptics for wounds, as well as a preservative to resist bacteria, fungus, mildew and odors in other household products that are sometimes advertized as “anti-bacterial.


These products include garbage bags, toys, linens, mattresses, toilet fixtures, clothing, furniture fabric, and paints.
Triclosan also has medical applications.
Triclosan is an antibacterial ingredient that’s added to many consumer products.


Triclosan’s also found in at least one toothpaste in the United States.
For more than 30 years, Triclosan has been used in consumer products such as detergents, soaps, skin cleansers, deodorants, lotions, creams, toothpastes, and dishwashing liquids.


Triclosan can be added to other materials, such as textiles, to make them resistant to bacterial growth.
In residential and public access areas, Triclosan’s used in flooring, shower curtains and mattresses.
Triclosan can be used in detergents and soaps for its antibacterial effects.


Triclosan can also be found in deodorants, plastic pipes, various kitchen wares and hand wipes.
Triclosan's intended use is for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal applications.
Triclosan has been used as a pesticide since 1969.


In commercial, institutional, and industrial premises and equipment, triclosan is incorporated into items such as conveyor belts and ice-making equipment and applied directly to HVAC coils as an antimicrobial pesticide to prevent microbial growth.
Triclosan’s contained in some first aid products, cosmetics, clothing, kitchenware, and toys.


As a materials preservative in residential and public access premises, triclosan is used in floors, shower curtains, and mattresses.
Triclosan is also used as a materials preservative in adhesives, fabrics, textiles (footwear, clothing) and carpeting.
Cosmetic Uses of Triclosan: deodorants, and preservatives


-Triclosan in health care:
Seeing as triclosan is very effective at killing microorganisms, it is also used in health care.
For example, most hospital hand washes contain triclosan, and patients with MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus – are also washed with triclosan in hospitals.

Medical devices also contain triclosan, such as it is coated on surgical sutures that will gradually dissolve.
Triclosan is also used in urinary stents and has been shown to reduce the occurrence of urinary infections.


-Triclosan in Cosmetics:
Triclosan is also used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent bacterial growth.
As Triclosan is effective in killing and preventing bacteria, it is also used in other cosmetic products such as soaps, body washes, deodorants, and even shampoo.

As more triclosan exposure is harmful to the human body, 0.3 percent of it is added to all products such as soaps, body washes, and toothpaste.
However, people who use multiple triclosan-containing products may be exposed to more than 0.3 percent, which is not recommended.


-Triclosan in other consumer products:
Triclosan is also found in a variety of other products such as textiles, toys, and carpets.
Triclosan is widely used on textiles because the fabric has the ability to store biocide and thus prevent bacteria for an extended period of time.

We can also say that triclosan is a textile finishing product.
A survey on soaps was conducted in 2007 and discovered that soaps with less than 1% triclosan are not able to stand out with bacteria, whereas soaps with more than 1% triclosan have the ability to reduce bacterial levels.


-Triclosan Application:
1. Oral hygiene products
2.Cosmetics (facial cleansing products, hair and body cleaning products, special skin care products, body odor care products)
3.Health antibacterial soap categories
4.All kinds of adult care products
5.Antibacterial detergent
6.Dishwashing detergent
7.Medical equipment disinfectant
8.Antibacterial fabric finishing agent
9.Antibacterial polymer products


-Uses of triclosan as a pesticide include:
*commercial, institutional, and industrial premises and equipment;
*residential and public access premises; and
*as a materials preservative.


-Indication uses of Triclosan:
Triclosan is used in a variety of common household products, including soaps, mouthwashes, dish detergents, toothpastes, deodorants, and hand sanitizers.
Triclosan is also used in health care settings in surgical scrubs and personnel hand washes.



MECHANISM OF ACTION, TRICLOSAN:
Triclosan is a biocidal compound with multiple targets in the cytoplasm and membrane.
At lower concentrations, however, triclosan appears bacteriostatic and is seen to target bacteria mainly by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.
Triclosan binds to enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase enzyme (ENR).
Triclosan is a polychlorophenoxy phenol and a chlorinated aromatic compound which has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols.
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent and preservative used in personal care and home-cleaning products; persistent in the environment.



TRICLOSAN IS FOUND IN:
*Antibacterial soaps and detergents
*Toothpaste and tooth whitening products
*Antiperspirants/deodorants
*Shaving products
*Creams
*Color cosmetics.



WHAT PRODUCTS CONTAIN TRICLOSAN?
A wide range of consumer products contain triclosan.
More than 80% of triclosan usage is in personal care products, cosmetics and household cleaning products.
These products contain between 0.1% and 0.3% triclosan.
These include items regulated by the FDA, such as:
*Fluoride toothpaste.
*Mouthwashes.
*Facial cleansers.
*Aftershave.
*Deodorants and body sprays.
*Lotions and creams.
*Cosmetics.
*Detergents and dishwashing liquids.

Triclosan is part of other materials, including pesticides and textiles.
Triclosan keeps these materials resistant to bacterial growth.
Clothing, shoes, carpeting, furniture, toys, and kitchenware all contain the ingredient.



TRICLOSAN AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE:
Researchers estimate that the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance around the world will cause the death of one person every 3 seconds by the year 2050.
This alarming threat to the public’s health is attributed to the widespread overuse and misuse of antibiotics, which has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacteria.

The exposure of bacteria to triclosan can not only increase the resistance of these species to triclosan through a variety of different mechanisms but can also exhibit cross-resistance to other clinically important antibiotics.
Research has suggested that the widespread use of biocidal agents like triclosan can potentially increase the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
The antimicrobial resistance associated with triclosan has been attributed to either modification and/or amplification of the target by this chemical.



TRICLOSAN'S MECHANISM OF ACTION:
The antimicrobial activity of triclosan has been shown to inhibit the growth of several different types of bacterial and fungal species.
Even inhibiting the growth of the Apicomplexa parasite species Plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii the causative agent of toxoplasmosis.

When used at low concentrations, triclosan can successfully inhibit the growth of microorganisms; however, higher concentrations of this chemical will directly kill microorganisms.

Triclosan functions as an antimicrobial agent by impairing the production of bacterial lipids.
More specifically, it blocks the active site of a bacterial enzyme known as enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase.
Since humans lack this enzyme, triclosan has been generally accepted as harmless to human health.



HISTORY OF TRICLOSAN:
When triclosan, which has the chemical name 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, was originally developed about 20 years ago, it was believed to be a nonionic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with a favorable safety profile.
As a result, Triclosan was rapidly incorporated into many different personal care products including deodorant soaps, antiperspirants shower gels, antibacterial hand soaps and soap bars, dishwashing liquids and toothpaste.



EFFECTIVENESS OF TRICLOSAN:
In surgery, triclosan coated sutures reduce the risk of surgical site infection.
Some studies suggest that antimicrobial hand soaps containing triclosan provide a slightly greater bacterial reduction on the hands compared to plain soap.
As of 2013, the US FDA had found clear benefit to health for some consumer products containing triclosan, but not in others; for example the FDA had no evidence that triclosan in antibacterial soaps and body washes provides any benefit over washing with regular soap and water.



CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TRICLOSAN:
Triclosan is a white powdered solid with a slight aromatic, phenolic odor.
Categorized as a polychloro phenoxy phenol, triclosan is a chlorinated aromatic compound that has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols.
Phenols often demonstrate antibacterial properties.
Triclosan is soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and strongly basic solutions such as a 1M sodium hydroxide solution, but only slightly soluble in water.
Triclosan can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlorophenol.



SYNTHESIS OF TRICLOSAN:
Under a reflux process, 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether is treated with aluminium chloride.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TRICLOSAN:
At high concentrations, triclosan acts as a biocide with multiple cytoplasmic and membrane targets.
However, at the lower concentrations seen in commercial products, triclosan appears bacteriostatic, and it targets bacteria primarily by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.

Triclosan binds to bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) enzyme, which is encoded by the gene fabI.
This binding increases the enzyme's affinity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
This results in the formation of a stable, ternary complex of ENR-NAD+-triclosan, which is unable to participate in fatty acid synthesis.

Fatty acids are necessary for building and reproducing cell membranes.
Vertebrates do not have an ENR enzyme and thus are not affected by this mode of action.



EFFLUX PUMP INDUCER:
Triclosan may upregulate or induce efflux pumps in bacteria causing them to become resistant against variety of other antibiotics.



HISTORY OF TRICLOSAN:
Triclosan (TCS) was patented in 1964 by Swiss company Ciba-Geigy. The earliest known safety testing began in 1968.
It was introduced the next year, mainly for use in hospitals, and was in worldwide production and use by the early 1970s.
In 1997 Ciba-Geigy merged with another Swiss company, Sandoz, to form Novartis.
During the merger, Ciba-Geigy's chemical business was spun off to become Ciba Specialty Chemicals, which was acquired in 2008 by chemical giant BASF.

When triclosan, which has the chemical name 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, was originally developed about 20 years ago, it was believed to be a nonionic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with a favorable safety profile.
As a result, this chemical was rapidly incorporated into many different personal care products including deodorant soaps, antiperspirants shower gels, antibacterial hand soaps and soap bars, dishwashing liquids and toothpaste.



BACKGROUND OF TRICLOSAN:
An aromatic ether that Triclosan is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group.
Triclosan is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.



WHERE IS TRICLOSAN FOUND?
Triclosan is frequently found in liquid antibacterial soaps, toothpastes, and cosmetics.
Triclosan has also been added to clothes, toys, cutting boards, home products, and other consumer products, although some states are beginning to ban its use.

The majority of triclosan in products ends up washed down the drain.
After wastewater treatment, triclosan can accumulate in sewage sludge, which, if used for fertilizer, can end up absorbed by plants, including food crops.
Triclosan is commonly added to household products such as: Antibacterial hand & dish soaps, Disinfectant products, Tartar-control toothpastes, Some deodorants, Some fragrances.



EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS THAT MAY CONTAIN TRICLOSAN INCLUDE:
*lotions
*hand sanitizers
*eye and face makeup
*natural health products
*fragrances and deodorants
*toothpaste and mouthwash
*soaps, skin cleansers, and shampoos



WHAT ARE TRICLOSAN AND TRICLOCARBAN?
Triclosan and triclocarban have been used in home, beauty and personal care products for many years.
The two ingredients have very similar properties, although each performs better in different types of product.
For example, triclosan is used more often in liquid soaps, while triclocarban is used mainly in soap bars.
In toothpastes and mouthwashes triclosan helps fight plaque germs, which are the cause of many oral health problems.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRICLOSAN:
Chemical formula: C12H7Cl3O2
Molar mass: 289.54 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 55–57 °C (131–135 °F; 328–330 K)
Boiling point: 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K)
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Assay: 97 - 103%
Insolubility: in water
Melting Point: 54-57 c
Molecular weight: 289.54
Solubility: org. solvs.
Beilstein Number: 0605448
MDL: MFCD00800992
XlogP3-AA: 5.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 289.54219000
Formula: C12 H7 Cl3 O2
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 54.00 to 58.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 344.00 to 345.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.000032 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 324.00 °F. TCC ( 162.20 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 4.760
Soluble in: water, 10 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)

Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor. phenol-like
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 55,0 - 59,0 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range:
280 - 290 °C at 1.013 hPa - Decomposes on heating.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,0108 g/l at 30 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 4,8 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 0,00001 hPa at 25 °C
Density: No data available
Relative density: 1,55 at 22 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Dissociation constant 8,14 at 20 °C



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRICLOSAN:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRICLOSAN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRICLOSAN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRICLOSAN:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRICLOSAN:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRICLOSAN:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
2,4,4′-Trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether
5-Chloro-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
Trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether
CH-3565
Lexol 300
Irgasan DP 300
Ster-Zac
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
2,4,4-tricloro-2-hydroxy diphenylether
Phenol, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol




TRICLOSAN
Triclosan is an efficient broad-spectrum topical antimicrobial disinfectant which is normally white or off-white crystalline powder.
Triclosan has a slightly phenolic odor.
Triclosan is insoluble in water but easily soluble in organic solvents and alkali.

CAS: 3380-34-5
MF: C12H7Cl3O2
MW: 289.54
EINECS: 222-182-2

Synonyms
2,4,4-trichloro-2-hydroxydiphenylether(irgasandp-300);2’-hydroxy-2,4,4’-trichloro-phenylethe;5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-pheno;2,4,4'-TRICHLORO-2'-HYDROXYDIPHENYL ETHER;2,4,4-TRICHLORO-2-HYDROXYDIPHENYL ETHER;TRICLOSAN;trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether;TROX-100;triclosan;3380-34-5;5-CHLORO-2-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)PHENOL;Cloxifenolum;2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether;Irgasan;Triclosanum;Irgasan DP300;Stri-Dex Cleansing Bar;CH 3565;Phenol, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-;Lexol 300özl;5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-phenol;Caswell No. 186A;DP-300;Triclosanum [INN-Latin]2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxy diphenyl ether;HSDB 7194;CHEBI:164200;EINECS 222-182-2;Ether, 2'-hydroxy-2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl;Phenyl ether, 2'-hydroxy-2,4,4'-trichloro-;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 054901;NSC-759151;UNII-4NM5039Y5X;CH3565;BRN2057142;CCRIS9253;DTXSID5032498;4NM5039Y5X;DNDI1246774;CHEMBL849;Neostrata Antibacterial Facial Cleanser;DTXCID3012498;Triclosan [USAN:USP:INN:BAN];MFCD00800992;NSC 759151;Triclosan 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane;TCL;COLGATE TOTAL COMPONENT TRICLOSAN;NCGC00159417-02;NCGC00159417-05;NCGC00159417-06;Stri-Dex Face Wash;Aquasept;Sapoderm;Triclosanum (INN-Latin);C12H7Cl3O2;TRICLOSAN (MART.);TRICLOSAN [MART.];TRICLOSAN (USP-RS);TRICLOSAN [USP-RS];TCS;TRICLOSAN (USP MONOGRAPH);TRICLOSAN [USP MONOGRAPH];Cloxifenol;Triclosan (USAN:USP:INN:BAN);2-Hydroxy-2',4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl Ether;SMR000471847;CAS-3380-34-5;Triclosan (USP/INN);SR-01000762974;88032-08-0;triclosano;Germasidol;Therazcream;Trichlorosan
;Dermacare;EcolabDigiclean;EqualineLiquid;Freshands;Pacific;Prevens;Quiksan;Sterzac;Tricolsan;Wegmans;Orchid;Stri-Dex cleansing bar (TN);Jabonito Fresh;Sbs Ultragreen;Cv Medicated;Forest Fresh;Fresh Citrus;Hand Cleanse;Sbs Ultrapink;Stoko Refresh;Tc Spraysoap;Tork Premium;Vanilla Cream;Rite AidLiquid;Foamy Mango;Health Stat;Holiday Elegance;Lynx medi foam;Purgo Ultra;Satin Pink;Antibacterial Bar;Deb Gold;Servo-stat Te;Thera Rx;Health-stat Foam;Servo-stat T;1nhg;Purgo Satin Foam;Purgo Ultra Foam;Hand CleanseRefill;Antibac Foam Wash;Deluxe All-purpose;Scott Antibacterial;Triclosan; Irgasan;Servo-stat T Foam;Harris TeeterFoaming;Liquid Hand Cleanse;Market Basket Ultra;Antibacterial Foaming;Astound Antibacterial;Foaming Antibacterial;Foaming Antimicrobial;Irgaguard B1000;Triclosanum (Latin);Anchor Foaming Mango;Ecocare 250;Fu ER Jie;GermicidaAntimicrobial;Irgasan DP 30;Rite AidAntibacterial;Wegmans Orange Scent;Rite AidFoaming Hand;BodycologyCoconut Lime;Deluxe Dish Detergent;Dt Antibacterial Hand;Triclosan 0.46%;Body WashClear Spring;Irgasan DP-300R;LE TECHNIQPEAR;Anti-bacterial Foaming;Handtastic Foamy Mango;Nutri VetMedicated Dog;White Tea Antibacterial;3p9t;4w9n;BodycologyCherry Blossom;BodycologyCucumber Melon;BodycologyWhite Gardenia;Kiwi Crate Liquid Hand;Simply Right Body Care;Triclosan, 0.30%;TOPCOANTIBACTERIAL;TRICLOSAN [INN]

Triclosan has a relative stable chemical property and is heating-resistant and also resistant to acid and alkali hydrolysis without generating any symptoms of the toxicity and environmental pollution.
Triclosan is internationally recognized as a fungicide variety with specific efficacy.
Triclosan can kill bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and fungi such as Candida albicans.
Triclosan also has an inhibitory effect on the virus (e.g., hepatitis B virus, etc.) while being able to protect the beneficial bacteria.
The mechanism of action of triclosan is as below: Triclosan is first adsorbed on the bacterial cell wall and then further penetrates through the cell wall and has reaction with the lipid and protein in the cytoplasm, and thus resulting in protein denaturation which further kill the bacteria.
Currently Triclosan has been widely applied to highly-efficient medicated soap (health soap, health lotion), removing underarm odor (foot aerosol), hand sanitizer, wound disinfectant sprays, medical equipment disinfectants, hygiene cleanser (cream), and air fresheners and refrigerator deodorants and some other daily chemicals.
Triclosan is also used for the cleaning of the health fabric and the anti-corrosion treatment of plastics.

Triclosan's high purity version can be added to the toothpaste and mouthwash for treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis and oral ulcers.
The State content must not exceed 0.3%.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial fatty acid synthesis.
Triclosan is effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as against Mycobacteria.
Triclosan is used in a variety of products, including antiseptic soaps, deodorants, and hand washes.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound.
Triclosan was originally used in soaps, antiperspirants, and cosmetic toiletries as a germicide.
Today, triclosan is incorporated into toothpaste because of its wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities and low toxicity.

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group.
Triclosan is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodo ants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.
Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments.

Triclosan is similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban.
Triclosan's efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and its possible role in disrupted hormonal development remains controversial.
Additional research seeks to understand its potential effects on organisms and environmental health.
Triclosan was developed in 1966.
A 2006 study recommended showering with 2% triclosan as a regimen in surgical units to rid patients' skin of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Triclosan is effective against many different bacteria as well as some fungi and protozoa it is widely used as an antiseptic, preservative and disinfectant in healthcare and in many consumer products including cosmetics, household cleaning products, plastic materials, toys and paints.
Triclosan is also included in surface of medical devices, plastic materials, textiles and kitchen utensils where it acts as a bactericide for extended periods of time.

History
Triclosan was patented in 1964 by Swiss company Ciba-Geigy.
The earliest known safety testing began in 1968.
Triclosan was introduced the next year, mainly for use in hospitals, and was in worldwide production and use by the early 1970s.
In 1997 Ciba-Geigy merged with another Swiss company, Sandoz, to form Novartis.
During the merger, Ciba-Geigy's chemical business was spun off to become Ciba Specialty Chemicals, which was acquired in 2008 by chemical giant BASF.
BASF currently manufactures TCS under the brand name Irgasan DP300.

Triclosan Chemical Properties
Melting point: 56-60 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 290°C(lit.)
Density: 1.4214 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: 1.4521 (estimate)
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: soluble12g/L at 20°C
pka: 7.9(at 25℃)
Form: Solid
Color: colorless or white
Water Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether and sodium hydroxide solution (1M). Slightly soluble in water.
Merck: 14,9657
BRN: 2057142
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.9 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 3380-34-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Triclosan(3380-34-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Triclosan (3380-34-5)

Triclosan is colorless and long needle-like crystals with a melting point being around 54-57.3 ℃ (60-61 ℃).
Triclosan is slightly soluble in water and soluble in ethanol, acetone, ethyl ether and alkali solution.
Triclosan has a chloro-phenol odor.

Triclosan is a white powdered solid with a slight aromatic, phenolic odor. Categorized as a polychloro phenoxy phenol, triclosan is a chlorinated aromatic compound that has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols.
Phenols often demonstrate antibacterial properties.
Triclosan is soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and strongly basic solutions such as a 1M sodium hydroxide solution, but only slightly soluble in water.
Triclosan can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlorophenol.

Synthesis
Under a reflux process, 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether is treated with aluminium chloride.
The United States Pharmacopeia formulary has published a monograph for triclosan that sets purity standards.

Physical properties
Triclosan is a slightly aromatic high-purity white crystalline powder; Solubility: slightly soluble in water, moderately soluble in dilute alkali, has high solubility in many organic solvents, in water-soluble solvents or surfactants After dissolving, Triclosan can be made into a transparent concentrated liquid product.

Uses
1. Triclosan can be used as antiseptic and fungicide and applied to cosmetics, emulsions and resins; also can be used for the manufacture of disinfection medicated soap.
The LD50 of mice subject to oral administration of Triclosan is 4g/kg.
2. Triclosan can be used for the production of top-grade daily chemical product, the disinfectants of medical instrument as well as diet instrument as well as the preparation of the anti-bacterial, deodorant finishing agent of fabric.
3. Triclosan can also be applied to biochemical studies.
Triclosan is a kind of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents which inhibit the type II fatty acid synthase (FAS-II) of bacteria and parasites, and also inhibits the mammalian fatty acid synthase (FASN), and may also have anticancer activity

Used as bacteriostat and preservative for cosmetic and detergent compositions. Antiseptic, disinfectant.
Bacteriostat and preservative for cosmetic and detergent preparations.
Triclosan is a preservative considered to have a low sensitizing potential in leave-on preparations.
Triclosan was used as a hospital scrub in the 1970s. Prior to its change in regulatory status in the EU and US, Triclosan had expanded commercially and was a common ingredient in soaps (0.10–1.00%), shampoos, deodorants, toothpastes, mouthwashes, cleaning supplies, and pesticides.
Triclosan also was part of consumer products, including kitchen utensils, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags.

Triclosan was registered as a pesticide in 1969.
U.S. EPA registration numbers are required for all EPA-registered pesticides.
As of 2017, there were five registrations for triclosan with the EPA.
Currently, there are 20 antimicrobial registrations with the EPA under the regulations of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
The antimicrobial active ingredient is added to a variety of products where Triclosan acts to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew.
In commercial, institutional, and industrial equipment uses, triclosan is incorporated in conveyor belts, fire hoses, dye bath vats, or ice-making equipment as an antimicrobial.
Triclosan may be directly applied to commercial HVAC coils, where it prevents microbial growth that contributes to product degradation.
In the United States, by 2000, triclosan and triclocarban (TCC) could be found in 75% of liquid soaps and 29% of bar soaps, and as of 2014 triclosan was used in more than 2,000 consumer products.

In healthcare, triclosan is used in surgical scrubs and hand washes.
Use in surgical units is effective with a minimum contact time of approximately two minutes.
More recently, showering with 2% triclosan has become a recommended regimen in surgical units for the decolonization of patients whose skin carries methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Two small uncontrolled case studies reported the use of triclosan correlated with reduction in MRSA infections.

Triclosan is also used in the coatings for some surgical sutures.
There is good evidence these triclosan-coated sutures reduce the risk of surgical site infection.
The World Health Organization, the American College of Surgeons and the Surgical Infection Society point out the benefit of triclosan-coated sutures in reducing the risk for surgical site infection.
Triclosan has been employed as a selective agent in molecular cloning.
A bacterial host transformed by a plasmid harboring a triclosan-resistant mutant FabI gene (mFabI) as a selectable marker can grow in presence of high dose of triclosan in growth media.

Effectiveness
In surgery, triclosan coated sutures reduce the risk of surgical site infection.
Some studies suggest that antimicrobial hand soaps containing triclosan provide a slightly greater bacterial reduction on the hands compared to plain soap.
As of 2013, the US FDA had found clear benefit to health for some consumer products containing triclosan, but not in others; for example the FDA had no evidence that triclosan in antibacterial soaps and body washes provides any benefit over washing with regular soap and water.

A Cochrane review of 30 studies concluded that triclosan/copolymer-containing toothpastes produced a 22% reduction in both dental plaque and gingival inflammation when compared with fluoride toothpastes without triclosan/copolymer.
There was weak evidence of a reduction in tooth cavities, and no evidence of reduction in periodontitis.
A study of triclosan toothpastes did not find any evidence that it causes an increase in serious adverse cardiac events such as heart attacks.

A study by Colgate-Palmolive found a significant reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque with the use of triclosan-containing toothpaste.
An independent review by the Cochrane group suggests that the reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque is statistically significant (unlikely to occur by chance) but not clinically significant (unlikely to provide noticeable effects).
Triclosan is used in food storage containers: 417–423 although this use is banned in the European Union since 2010.
Veterinary use as a biocidal product in the EU is governed by the Biocidal Products Directive.

Pharmacology
Triclosan is retained in dental plaque for at least 8 hours, which in addition to its broad antibacterial property could make it suitable for use as an antiplaque agent in oral care preparations.
However, Triclosan is rapidly released from oral tissues, resulting in relatively poor antiplaque properties as assessed in clinical studies of plaque formation.
This observation is further corroborated by a poor correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration values generated in vitro and clinical plaque inhibitory properties of triclosan.
Improvement of substantivity was accomplished by incorporation of triclosan in a polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid copolymer (PVM/MA, Gantrez).
With the combination of PVM/MA copolymer and triclosan, the substantivity of the triclosan was increased to 12 hours in the oral cavity.

Clinical Use
Triclosan plus copolymer is available in toothpaste.
Commercially available dentifrice concentrations contain 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer.

Toothpaste Standard
The national standard of the toothpaste used in China is the new national standard of toothpaste (GB8372-2008) implemented on February 1, 2009.
Compared with the 2001 version of toothpaste standard, the new national standard has been supplemented and adjusted in various aspects.
In the new national standard of toothpaste, the prohibited or restricted ingredients include nearly 1,500 kinds, including diethylene glycol and triclosan.
The provision of diethylene glycol is that Triclosan is not allowed to artificially add it to the raw materials, such as being introduced as impurities.
Triclosan's content in the toothpaste should not exceed 0.1%.
Triclosan were listed as being allowable preservatives but with the usage amount not exceeding 0.3%.
The new national standard has ruled that the fluorine content of the fluoride-containing toothpaste should be within the range of 0.04%-0.15%, and the fluoride content should be within the range of 0.05% to 011% for children fluoride-containing toothpaste.

Production method
1. Take 2, 4-dichloro-phenol as the raw material; use 2,4-dichloro-phenol to react with potassium hydroxide to generate dichlorophenol potassium which further reacts with 2,5-dichloro-nitrobenzene in the catalysis of copper for generation of 2,4,4-trichloro-2'-nitro diphenyl ether.
Triclosan is further reduced by iron powder to generate 2, 4, 4-trichloro-2'-amino diphenyl ether, and then further went through diazotization hydrolysis to obtain the product.
2. Take o-methoxyphenol as the raw material: have potassium hydroxide powder reacted with guaiacol to generate guaiacol potassium.
Apply reaction between bromobenzene and methoxy ether, together with chlorine for chlorination to obtain 2, 4, 4’-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether.
Take AICI3 as hydrolysis catalyst to generate 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether.

Manufacturing Process
476 g of 4-chloro-2-methoxyphenol(4-chloroguaiacol) and 578 parts of 3,4- dichloro-1-nitrobenzene are melted in 400 ml of diethylene glycoldimethyl ether in a three necked flask fitted with a stirrer and sloping condenser and, at about 120°C, 342 g of 49.6% potassium hydroxide solution are added drop-wise within about 4 h.
The inner temperature is kept for 12 h at 140°- 150°C whereby water and slight amounts of organic substances distill off, as partly occured during the dropwise addition of the potassium hydroxide solution.
The reaction mixture is then poured into a mixture of water and sodium hydroxide solution, the precipitate is filtered off, dried and recrystallised from benzene.
The 2-methoxy-4,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether obtained melts at 159°-161°C.
623 g of 2-methoxy-4,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether in 4000 ml of dioxan are catalytically hydrogenated in the presence of 250 g of Raney nickel at room temperature and under normal pressure.

After the calculated amount of hydrogen, the Raney nickel is filtered off and the 2-methoxy-4,2'-dichloro-4'- aminodiphenyl ether is precipitated by the addition of water, filtered off, washed and dried, melting point 100°-102°C.
204 g of well milled 2-methoxy-4,2'-dichloro-4'-aminodiphenyl ether are added to a mixture of 254 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1600 ml of water, the addition being made at room temperature while stirring well.
The suspension formed is cooled to 0°-5°C and at this temperature 225 g of 33% sodium nitrite solution is added under the level of the liquid.
The mixture is stirred for another 12 h at 0°-5°C.
A solution of 86 g of sodium bisulphate and 60 g of sodium hydroxide in 640 ml of water is added at 80°C to a solution of 400 g of crystallised copper sulfate and 106 g of sodium chloride in 1280 ml of water.

The cuprous chloride formed is allowed to settle, the water is poured off and the precipitate is purified by decanting three times with water.
The residue is dissolved in 640 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, the solution is heated to 65°-70°C and the diazo suspension produced above is added while stirring.
After cooling, the aqueous phase is poured off, the resin_x0002_like organic phase is taken up in ether, the ether solution is extracted with dilute sodium hydroxide solution, washed neutral, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated.
The residue is distilled under water jet vacuum. The 2- methoxy-4,2',4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether obtained boils at 210°-217°C.
243 g of aluminum chloride are added to the solution of 187.5 g of 2- methoxy-4,2',4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether in 800 ml of benzene and the reaction mixture is boiled for 30 min while stirring.
After cooling, Triclosan is poured into ice and hydrochloric acid, the benzene phase is separated and extracted with water and sodium hydroxide solution.
The mimosa alkaline aqueous phase is separated, the last remains of benzene are removed by blowing in steam, Triclosan is then filtered and acidified with hydrochloric acid.
The precipitated 2-hydroxy- 4,2',4'-tri-chlorodiphenyl ether is filtered off, washed and dried.
After recrystallisation from petroleum ether it melts at 60°-61°C.

Carcinogenicity
In 2004, a teacher (Dr. Peter Vikesland) from the Virginia Tech University (US) had found from the experiments that the reaction between the triclosan-containing product and the chlorine-containing tap water containing can generate a substance known as "chloroform aryl", that is, chloroform (chemical name: trichloromethane) which is a colorless, volatile liquid with a special sweetness.
Upon exposure to light, Triclosan will be oxidized to generate hydrogen chloride and phosgene.
Triclosan had been once used as an anesthetic.
Animal experiments have found that this substance will do harm to the heart and liver with mild teratogenicity and can induce the liver cancer of mice.
However, so far no studies on the human carcinogenicity have been reported.
For insurance purposes, both the International Cancer Research Centre and the United States have already has the chloroform be listed as suspected carcinogens to the human body.

Mechanism of action
Triclosan is active against a broad range of oral grampositive and gram-negative bacteria.
The primary target of its antibacterial activity is the bacterial cell membrane.
High concentrations cause membrane leakage and ultimately lysis of the bacterial cell.
Effects at lower concentration are more subtle.
Triclosan has been shown to bind to cell membrane targets and inhibit enzymes associated with the phosphotransferase and proton motive force systems.

Side effects
Triclosan is a preservative used in health care and consumer products, including soaps, deodorants, mouthwashes, toothpastes, cosmetics, and topical medicaments.
Ozkaya et al. described a case of suspected immune mediated Cou to triclosan.
A 44-year-old female reported experiencing an immediate localized urticarial response after contact with numerous topical products.
The use of a toothpaste had also resulted in swelling of her lips, tongue, and breathing difficulties.
She also experienced lip swelling after kissing her husband who had used the same product and wheals involving her face after kissing friends on the cheek who had used certain topical products on their faces.
The suspected products all contained triclosan 0.2%–0.5%.
A severe localized urticarial reaction occurred with open testing to 2% triclosan within 15 minutes.
No tests were performed to confirm an immunological mechanism; however, the authors suspected this to be the case because of a positive urticarial response to triclosan within 15 minutes, a history of angioedema to the triclosan-containing toothpaste, and because no immediate reactions were seen in five control subjects who were open tested to 2% triclosan.
TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP)
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) acts as a plasticizer and flame retardant.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is primarily a plasticizer.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is in non-combustible, viscous, clear liquid form.


CAS Number: 78-30-8
mixed isomers: 1330-78-5
EC Number: 215-548-8
Molecular Formula: (CH3C6H4O)3PO / C21H21O4P



SYNONYMS:
Tris(2-methylphenyl) phosphate, tri-o-cresyl phosphate, TOCP, tritolyl phosphate, ortho-isomer, tri-o-tolyl ester of phosphoric acid, triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP), TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE, Tri-p-tolyl phosphate, 78-32-0, TRI-P-CRESYL PHOSPHATE, Tris(4-methylphenyl) phosphate, Phosphoric acid, tris(4-methylphenyl) ester, Phosphoric acid, tri-p-tolyl ester, tri-p-tolylphosphate, tris-p-tolyl phosphate, Phosphoric acid, tri(4-tolyl)ester, Tri-4-cresyl phosphate, Tris(p-cresyl) phosphate, Tris(p-methylphenyl) phosphate, Phosphoric Acid Tri-p-tolyl Ester, NSC-2181, p-Tolyl phosphate ((C7H7O)3PO), 5149JKD098, TPC, Phosphoric acid, tris(methylphenyl) ester, DSSTox_CID_1391, DSSTox_RID_76133, DSSTox_GSID_21391, CAS-1330-78-5, Phosphoric Acid Tris(4-?methylphenyl) Ester, HSDB 2559, NSC 2181, EINECS 201-105-6, AI3-04490, UNII-5149JKD098, trip-tolyl phosphate, 4-methylphenyl di4-methylphenyl phosphate, SCHEMBL21582, CHEMBL1596847, DTXSID5052676, NSC2181, Phosphoric Acid Tri-p-cresyl Ester, Tox21_201546, Tox21_302886, BBL000008, MFCD00041908, STK368776, AKOS005208650, TRI-P-CRESYL PHOSPHATE [HSDB], Tritolyl phosphate, mixture of isomers, P-TOLYL PHOSPHATE (C7H7O)3PO, Tricresyl phosphate, mixture of isomers, NCGC00091176-01, NCGC00091176-02, NCGC00091176-03, NCGC00164427-01, NCGC00256457-01, NCGC00260672-01, Tricresyl phosphate (Tritolyl phosphate), DB-353155, Phosphoric Acid Tris(4-methylphenyl) Ester, CS-0313141, NS00008724, T2209, D92582, Q26840796, Tritolyl phosphate, Phosphoric Acid Tricresyl Ester



Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), also called tricresylphosphate, tritolyl phosphate, tolyl phosphate, or tri-o-tolyl ester of phosphoric acid, is an organic compound, an organophosphate, an ester of phosphoric acid.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is primarily a plasticizer.


Formula (CH3C6H4O)3PO, kn 420 °C, refractive index (at 24 °C) 1.556, density 1.62 g/mL, crystallization point below -35 °C, flash point 225 °C, auto-ignition temperature 410 °C, colorless, odorless, Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene nitrocellulose, flame retardant for plastics, waterproofing, heat exchanger, pressurized lubricating oils, additives for hydraulic fluids.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is in non-flammable, viscous, clear liquid form.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is generally sold in barrel packaging.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) acts as a plasticizer and flame retardant.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) possesses excellent hydrolysis stability, oil resistance, electric insulative and high fungus resistance.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), Choice Grade, in the form of a colorless to yellowish transparent oily liquid, is a plasticizer for vinyl resins and nitrocellulose.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s flash point is greater than 230 degrees Celsius, and contains less than 1 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is primarily a plasticizer.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is in non-combustible, viscous, clear liquid form.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s formula is (CH3C6H4O)3PO, c.n. 420 °C, refractive index (at 24 °C) 1.556, density 1.62 g/mL, crystallization point below -35 °C, flash point 225 °C, auto-ignition temperature 410 °C, polyvinyl chloride.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a mixture of three organophosphate isomers .


In general , Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is colorless and transparent oily liquid .
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can dissolve in Toluene ,Methylene chloride ,Methyl ethyl ketone ,Methanol ,insoluble in water
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an important flame retardant plasticizer for vinyl resin and nitrocellulose , used in the paint film can increase the flexibility, it has excellent intermiscibility,


Main production process of Tricresyl phosphate (TCP): Mixed cresol reacts with phosphorus trichloride to produce Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which then reacts with chlorine to produce tricresyl phosphate dichloride, which is then hydrolyzed to obtain tricresyl phosphate.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) acts as a plasticizer.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is produced from naturally derived cresols.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a mixture of trimethyl phosphate isomer.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is colorless and odorless oily liquid.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is insoluble in water, and mixable with all the usual organic solvents .
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can give high polymer good abrasion resistance, weatherability, mildew resistance, radiation resistance and electric properties, and has excellent intermiscibility.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is flame retardants of synthetic rubber, PVC, polyester, polyolefin and soft polyurethane foam plastics .
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is colorless or light yellow transparent oily liquid. Odorless, strong stability, not volatile, with good plasticizing Flame retardant, oil resistance, electrical insulation, easy to process.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an important plasticizer of vinyl resin and nitrocellulose , used in the paint to increase the flexibility of paint film.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is non-volatile and flame retarded.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, alcohol, ether, vegetable oil, mineral oil and other organic solvents.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an important oF vinyl resin and nitrocellulose plasticizer, used in the paint Film can increase the Flexibility, it has excellent intermiscibility, synthetic rubber, PVC, polyester, polyoleFin and soFt polyurethane Foam plastics Flame retardants, electronic potting glue can also be used For polyurethane.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can give high polymer good abrasion resistance, weatherability, mildew resistance, radiation resistance and electric properties.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) adopts the new craFt improvement but becomes, belongs to the environmental protection product, in the production process basically does not have three wastes to produce, and the product low poison.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), also called tricresylphosphate, tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), tritolyl phosphate, tolyl phosphate, or tri-o-tolyl ester of phosphoric acid, is an organic compound, an organophosphate, an ester of phosphoric acid.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a colorless or pale yellow viscous virtually nonflammable liquid insoluble in water, with melting point at -40 °C and boiling point at 240-255 °C.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s flash point is above 225 °C.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s chemical formula is C21H21O4P.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a known neurotoxin.


Liquid Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is irritiating to skin and eyes.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s CAS number is [78-30-8] and its SMILES structure is O=P(Oc2ccccc2C)(Oc3ccccc3C)Oc1ccccc1C.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a mixture of ortho, meta, and para cresyl isomers.


The mixture has CAS number [1330-78-5], the m- isomer is [563-04-2], the p- isomer is [78-32-0].
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is manufactured by reaction of cresols with phosphorus oxychloride.
In alkaline medium Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) undergoes hydrolysis to cresol and dicresyl phosphate.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), is a mixture of three isomeric organophosphate compounds most notably used as a flame retardant.
Other uses of Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) include as a plasticizer in manufacturing for lacquers and varnishes and vinyl plastics and as an antiwear additive in lubricants.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is virtually insoluble in water, but easily soluble in organic solvents like toluene, hexane, and diethyl ether among others.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) was synthesized by Alexander Williamson in 1854 upon reacting phosphorus pentachloride with cresol (a mixture of para-, ortho-, and meta- isomers of methylphenol), though today's manufacturers can prepare TCP by mixing cresol with phosphorus oxychloride or phosphoric acid as well.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), especially the all-ortho isomer, is the causative agent in a number of acute poisonings.
The ortho-isomer is rarely used on Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)'s own outside of laboratory studies that require isomeric purity, due to its extremely toxic nature, and is generally excluded from commercial products where TCP is involved.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a crystalline solid.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a colourless, viscous liquid, although commercial samples are typically yellow.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an additive flame retardant plasticizer used in flexible polyurethane foams, whose superiority is demonstrated in excellent hydrolysis stability, good electric insulation performance, superior mildew resistance and abrasion resistance.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can be recommended as flame retardant for synthetic rubber, PVC, polyester, polyolefin, and plasticizer or flame retardant plasticizer for vinyl resin, nitrocellulose, butyl rubber and chloroprene rubber.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes.
Leather cloth (PVC): Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used Upholstery, Book binding, Seat covers
Utility articles: Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used Footwear, Raincoats, Handbags, Fiberglass, cellulose acetate


Extruded articles: Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used Cables (PVC & rubber), hoses, flexible pipe, coal mining, conveyor belts
Coatings: Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used Nitrocellulose lacquers, phenolic resins, lube oils
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used plasticizers for vinyl films in agriculture due to its weather resistance property


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used insulator compounds for electric cables and also in the synthetic rubber compounds.
Lubricant additives have been proven effective as mild extreme pressure addictive for synthetic oil.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used based oil for fire-retardant hydraulic fluid for minimizing fire-risk from heat source or electric sparks.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is useful in the clear and dark coloured flame-retardant sheeting where pigmenting or opecifying flame retardants are undesirable
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as a plasticizer for PVC processing and as a flame retardant (non-flammable) agent in plastic, rubber and hydraulic systems.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used in high pressure cooling oils additive is used as a soot and lead scavenger in gasoline.
Phosphoric acid esters (organophosphates) are used as flame retardant in industrial applications such as rubber, conveyor belts, plastics, cables, paint, varnish… better flame retardancy, mold resistance, wear It has resistance, low volatility and better electrical properties.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used as a fire retardant of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, conveyor belt, artificial leather, electrical wire and cable and synthetic resin.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as an antiwear additive in hydraulic oils.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used in PVC, polyethylene, artificial leather, film, sheet material, plate material, conveying belt, floor material, wire cable, synthetic resin, plastic, rubber and cellulose, to improve the products' processibility, anti-pollution, mildew resistance and abrasion resistance.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can be used in paints in order to increase the flexibility of paint film.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used in PVC, PE, conveyor belts, leather, wire and cable, and flame-retardant synthetic resin.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can also be used in gasoline additive, lubricant additive
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) offers excellent hydrolysis stability, good electric insulation performance, superior mildew resistance and abrasion resistance.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is compatible with synthetic rubber, PVC, polyester, polyolefin, vinyl resin, nitrocellulose, butyl rubber and chloroprene rubber.
The goods is a primarily plasticizer, Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) has the better good flame retardancy, mildew resistance, abrasion resistance, the low volatile and better electrical properties.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used for the fire retardation of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, conveyer belt, artificial leather, electrical wire and cable and synthetic resin.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can also be used as a gasoline additive, lubricating oil additive and hydraulic oil.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used in synthetic rubber, PVC, polyester, polyolefin and soft polyurethane foam plastics as flame retardants.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can give high polymer good abrasion resistance, weatherability, mildew resistance, radiation resistance and electric properties.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can also be used as a gasoline additive, lubricating oil additive and hydraulic oil


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as a plasticizer for polystyrene nitrocellulose, plastics, flame retardant for waterproofing, heat exchanger, pressure lubricating oils, additive for hydraulic fluids, colorless, odorless, .
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used as fire retardant of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, conveyor belt, artificial leather, electrical wire and cable and synthetic resin.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as an antiwear additive in hydraulic oils.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as a plasticizer, plastic, rubber for PVC processing, and as a flame retardant (non-flammability) agent in hydraulic systems.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as an additive in high pressure cooling oils and as a lead scavenger in gasoline.
Phosphoric acid esters (organophosphates) are used as flame retardants in industrial applications—such as rubber, conveyor belts, plastics, cables, paint, varnish…


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose and acrylate lacquers and varnishes and in polyvinyl chloride, a flame retardant in plastics and rubbers, as a gasoline additive as a lead scavenger for tetra-ethyl lead, in hydraulic fluids, as a heat exchange medium, for waterproofing of materials, as a solvent for extractions, a solvent for nitrocellulose and other polymers, and an intermediate in organic synthesis.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is also used as an AW additive and EP additive in lubricants, and as a hydraulic fluid.
As a gasoline additive, Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) also helps preventing engine misfires.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used in PVC, PE, conveyor belts, leather, wire and cable, and flame-retardant synthetic resin.


Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can also be used in gasoline additive, lubricant additive.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is mainly used in PVC, PE, conveyor belts, leather, wire and cable, and flame-retardant synthetic resin.
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) can also be used in gasoline additive, lubricant additive
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) has better flame retardancy, mildew resistance, abrasion resistance, low volatility and better electrical properties.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
Appearance: Transparent liquid with an aromatic odor; Colorless to slightly light yellow liquid
Flash Point: ≥225°C (open); ≥230°C (open)
Relative Density (20°C): 1.160-1.180 g/cm³; 1.170-1.180 g/cm³
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): ≤0.1; 0.5 max
Free Phenol: ≤0.1%
Chroma (APHA): ≤50; ≤80
Loss on Heat: ≤0.1%
Specific Gravity at 25°C: 1.165-1.175
Refractive Index at 25°C: 1.540-1.560
Phosphorus Content (%): 8.4-8.5%
Molecular Weight: 368.4 g/mol

XLogP3: 5.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 368.11774614 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 368.11774614 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 44.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 26
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 392
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Formula: C21H21O4P
CAS No.: 1330-78-5
EC No.: 215-548-8
HS CODE: 2919900090
Content (%): ≥99
Density (20°C) (g/ml): ≤1.18
P Content (%): ≥8.4
Viscosity (25°C): 50-70 mPa·s; 65-75 mPa·s

Molecular Formula: C21H21O4P
CAS Number: 1330-78-5
Son: 368
Appearance: Clear liquid
Chroma (pt-co): ≤80
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): ≤0.1
Relative Density (g/cm³) after (20°C): 1.170-1.180
Flash Point (°C): ≥230
Free Phenol (%): ≤0.1
Moisture (%): ≤0.1
Viscosity (mPa·s) at 25°C: 50-70
Phosphorus Content (%): 8.4
Heat Reduction (%): ≤0.1



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


TRIDECANEDIOIC ACID
Tridecanedioic acid is a family of organic compounds with a chemical formula of HOOC(CH2)10COOH.
The esters of Tridecanedioic acid are used as low-temperature plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride.
Moreover, esters of Tridecanedioic acid are used as lubricants which are used at a wide range of temperatures and are extensively utilized to manufacture synthetic musk.

CAS Number: 505-52-2
EC number: 208-011-4
Chemical formula: C₁₃H₂₄O₄
Molar mass: 244.167±0 dalton

Synonyms: TRIDECANEDIOIC ACID, 505-52-2, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylic acid, Brassylic acid, Brassilic acid, 1,13-Tridecanedioic acid, UNII-PL3IQ40C34, PL3IQ40C34, CHEBI:73718, Undecane-1,11-dicarboxylic acid, NSC9498, DSSTox_CID_1683, DSSTox_RID_76281, DSSTox_GSID_21683, Brassylate, CAS-505-52-2, tridecanedioate, Brassilate, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylicacid, NSC 9498, EINECS 208-011-4, 1,13-Tridecanedioate, 1,13-Brassylic Acid, AI3-18168, EC 208-011-4, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylate, SCHEMBL20802, Undecane-1,11-dicarboxylate, CHEMBL3187746, DTXSID9021683, 1, 11-Undecanedicarboxylic acid, NSC-9498, ZINC1700020, Tox21_201301, Tox21_302982, LMFA01170014, MFCD00002740, s6063, STK033041, AKOS005381208, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylic acid, 94%, MCULE-8192564811, NCGC00249020-01, NCGC00249020-02, NCGC00256463-01, NCGC00258853-01, AS-14882, M986, DB-121159, HY-128421, CS-0099256, FT-0606050, T0021, AB01332661-02, 505T522, Q2099072, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylic acid, 208-011-4, 505-52-2, Acide tridécanedioïque, Brassylic acid, MFCD00002740, Tridecandisäure, Tridecanedioic acid, Undecane-1,11-dicarboxylic acid, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylate, 1,13-Tridecanedioate, Brassilate, Brassylate, Tridecanedioate, Undecane-1,11-dicarboxylate, 1,11-Undecanedicarboxylicacid, 1 11-undecanedicarboxylic acid, 1, 11-Undecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,11-undecanedicarboxylic acid 98%, 1,11-undecanedicarboxylicacid, 1,13-Tridecanedioic acid, 638-53-9, Brassilic acid, EINECS 208-011-4, QA-7398, STK033041, tridecanedioic acid, ??? 95.0%, Tridecanedioicacid, Tridecanoic acid, undecane-1,11-dicarboxylic acid, 95%

Tridecanedioic acid is a chemical compound used in a wide range of applications through different industries.
Tridecanedioic acid, when found in the form of a flake or white powder, comes from the family of organic compounds called as dibasic acids.

Another name for dibasic acids is long-chain dicarboxylic acids.
The chemical formula of long-chain dicarboxylic acids is HOOC(CH2)11COOH.

Application of Tridecanedioic acids has been recommended by experts in the field of chemistry, for use in hot melt adhesives, high-performance nylon, high-performance polyamides, and many other applications.

Tridecanedioic acid is primarily used for the synthesis of fragrances and is a potential alternative for polycyclic acid as Tridecanedioic acid is an easily degradable chemical compound.
To overcome these challenges, Tridecanedioic acid is used for the synthesis of macrocyclic musk i.e. fragrances.

Tridecanedioic acid comes from the family of long-chain dicarboxylic acids.
Tridecanedioic acid is naturally occurring in animal tissues and plants.

When13 carbon molecules, 24 hydrogen molecules and 4 oxygen molecules come together, they form Tridecanedioic acid.
Tridecanedioic acids chemical formula is C13H24O4.

Tridecanedioic acid like most other Dicarboxyl acids can produce two kinds of salts because Tridecanedioic acid contains two carboxylic groups.
Tridecanedioic acid is a white crystalline substance, slightly soluble in water, and has a melting point of 130 ° C.

Tridecanedioic acid is used in polymers, biological solvents, lubricants, and perfumeries plasticizer production.
Tridecanedioic acid is used to manufacture plastics such as nylon-1313 as an intermediate.

Multi-pound production of nylon-1313 demonstrates that there are no serious obstacles to commercial production of this long-chain polyamide.
The synthesis of nylon-1313 is remarkably simple and straightforward when compared to the reactions required to produce nylon-11 and -12.

In many ways nylon-1313 is comparable to these other nylons, but Tridecanedioic acid is lower melting, slightly less dense, and more hydrophobic than either of Tridecanedioic acids counterparts.
This engineering resin can be produced economically using Tridecanedioic acid derived from crambe or other high-erucic acid oils.

Tridecanedioic acid is a family of organic compounds with a chemical formula of HOOC(CH2)10COOH.

Tridecanedioic acid is a versatile chemical intermediate.
Tridecanedioic acids were first created in the nineteenth century by oxidative ozonolysis of erucic acid.

Tridecanedioic acid is a dibasic acid, which is available in the market in the form of flakes, powder or in diluted form.
Tridecanedioic acid belongs to the family of organic compounds called long-chain dicarboxylic acid.

The esters of Tridecanedioic acid are used as low-temperature plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride.
Moreover, esters of Tridecanedioic acid are used as lubricants which are used at a wide range of temperatures and are extensively utilized to manufacture synthetic musk.
Commercially, Tridecanedioic acid serves as a monomer of dicarboxylic acid for the production of polyamides such as nylon 613 and nylon 1313.

The demand for Tridecanedioic acid is expected to increase over the forecast period, owing to rising applications of Tridecanedioic acid in various end-use industries such as fragrances & perfumes, lubricants, and adhesives coupled with important use in the formation of polyurethanes, alkyd resins, and polyamides.
Moreover, Tridecanedioic acid is used as monomers for certain co-polymers such as nylon 13,13.

Various diesters of Tridecanedioic acid are incorporated into PVC and are used as plasticizers.
These derivatives of Tridecanedioic acid possess property to remain stable at low temperature conditions.

Moreover, nylon that is manufactured with Tridecanedioic acid have low moisture absorption capability, which are suitable for applications that require toughness, retention of strength, abrasion resistance and electrical properties under changing climatic conditions.
Furthermore, the properties of nylon 1313 which is manufactured using Tridecanedioic acid is similar to that of the commercially produced polyamides such as nylon 11, 12, 610, and 612.
These factors are expected to drive demand for Tridecanedioic acid over the forecast period.

Tridecanedioic acid is majorly used in fragrance industry for synthesis of macrocyclic musk, however, other musk compounds such as nitro musk and polycyclic musk compounds are readily available in the market.
Moreover, direct contact with Tridecanedioic acid can cause skin & eye irritation and is expected to cause respiratory problems.
Availability of substitutes and Tridecanedioic acids potential to cause health problems are expected to hamper growth of the market over the forecast period.

Polymeric composition comprising a polyolefin and a diacid-diol aliphatic-aromatic copolyester with aromatic part consisting mainly of terephthalic acid or Tridecanedioic acids derivatives, aliphatic part consisting of azelaic acid, sebacic acid and Tridecanedioic acid and diol c2-c13.
The present invention relates to aliphatic-aromatic polyesters comprising: i) 40 to 60 mol %, based on components i to ii, of one or more dicarboxylic acid derivatives selected from the group consisting of: sebacic acid, azelaic acid and Tridecanedioic acid.

Tridecanedioic acid, when found in the form of a flake or white powder, comes from the family of organic compounds called as dibasic acids.
Another name for dibasic acids is long-chain dicarboxylic acids.

There are almost infinite esters obtained from carboxylic acids.
Esters are formed by removal of water from an acid and an alcohol.
Carboxylic acid esters are used as in a variety of direct and indirect applications.

Lower chain esters are used as flavouring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents.
Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents textile treatments and emollients.

They are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds.
The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections.

Tridecanedioic acid is mainly used in top-grade essence, perfume and artificial musk-T, packing materials for foodstuff, also is the important materials for nylon 1313, Polycyclic Synthetic Musks, Polyamide Resin, and Hot Melt Adhesive.
In addition, the important characteristics of Tridecanedioic acid like high solubility in water, strength, high resistance, etc. are also expected to boost the market growth by 2030.

Shifting preferences from polycyclic acid to Tridecanedioic acid for perfume manufacturing is the major factor predicted to create abundant growth opportunities for the global Tridecanedioic acid market during the forecast period.
Moreover, Tridecanedioic acid is also used as lubricants and adhesives for machine joints for smooth functioning.

And with the growing expansion of the automobile industry, the global Tridecanedioic acid market is also projected to witness immense growth opportunities by 2030.
Sky-rocketing cost of Tridecanedioic acid is the prime factor anticipated to hinder the market growth.

The growth and development of the perfume and fragrance industry, emerging market of Tridecanedioic acid along with Tridecanedioic acids applications like PVC and plasticizers clubbed with the use of the regenerating feedstocks, is expected to increase market growth in Tridecanedioic acid significantly.
Advanced technical applications of Tridecanedioic acid are expected to create lucrative opportunities in the lubricant industry, adhesive industry, and plastics industry.
That being said, the adverse effects of Tridecanedioic acid and the substitutes available in the market for consumers are likely to hinder the exponential rise of the Tridecanedioic acid market.

The global production of Tridecanedioic acid for perfumes is currently higher than any other acid and is expected to be the same for the coming years.
Nevertheless, other forms of musk compounds are available for use in the market, including nitro musk compounds and polycyclic musk compounds.

Tridecanedioic acid is predicted that this competition will be the central issue that will restrain market growth.
Because of the increased availability of sources of renewable raw materials like vegetable oil, Tridecanedioic acid consumption is the highest in Europe.

According to a report by Research Dive, Europe is currently the highest contributor to cash flow among all the regions studied and is anticipated to keep up Tridecanedioic acids dominance and lead over the projected timeline, accompanied by the Asia Pacific and North America.

Uses of Tridecanedioic acid:
Tridecanedioic acid is used in the production of high-grade flavors, fragrances and artificial musk-T, hot melt adhesives and engineering plastics, high-grade food packaging materials, and the main raw material of high-grade nylon 1313
Material of high-level essence, perfume and synthetic musk T; high grade food packing material; main material of high grade nylon 1313

Tridecanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with 13 carbon atoms, occurring in plant and animal tissues.
Tridecanedioic acid exhibits typical carboxyl group chemistry useful in a variety of industrial applications.

Dicarboxylic acid can yield two kinds of salts, as they contain two carboxyl groups in Tridecanedioic acids molecules.
Tridecanedioic acid is a white crystalline; melting point at 130 C, slightly soluble in water.

Tridecanedioic acid is used in manufacturing plasticizer for polymers, biodegradable solvents, lubricants and perfumeries.
Tridecanedioic acid is used as an intermediates to produce engineering plastics such as nylon-1313

Dicarboxylic acid is a compound containing two carboxylic acid, -COOH, groups.
Straight chain examples are shown in table.
The general formula is HOOC(CH2)nCOOH, where oxalic acid's n is 0, n=1 for malonic acid, n=2 for succinic acid, n=3 for glutaric acid, and etc.

In substitutive nomenclature, their names are formed by adding -dioic' as a suffix to the name of the parent compound.
They can yield two kinds of salts, as they contain two carboxyl groups in Tridecanedioic acids molecules.
The range of carbon chain lengths is from 2, but the longer than C 24 is very rare.

The term long chain refers to C 12 up to C 24 commonly.
Carboxylic acids have industrial application directly or indirectly through acid halides, esters, salts, and anhydride forms, polymerization, and etc.

Dicarboxylic acids can yield two kinds of salts or esters, as they contain two carboxyl groups in one molecule.
Tridecanedioic acid is useful in a variety of industrial applications include;

Tridecanedioic acid is used in the synthesis of polycyclic synthetic musk, polyamide resins, hot melt adhesive.

Uses include:
Flexibilizer for nylon engineering plastics and fibers,
polyester films and adhesives,
urethane elastomers and elastomeric fibers,
lubricant basestocks and greases,
polyester and polyamide fibers,
wire-coating,
molding resins,
polyamide hot melts

Other Uses:
Plasticizer for polymers
Biodegradable solvents and lubricants
Engineering plastics
Epoxy curing agent
Adhesive and powder coating
Corrosion inhibitor
Perfumery and pharmaceutical
Electrolyte

Applications of Tridecanedioic acid:

Tridecanedioic acid is very useful in a wide variety of industrial applications, some of the uses of Tridecanedioic acid are listed below:
Plasticizer for polymers
Engineering plastics
Adhesive and powder coating
Perfumery and pharmaceutical
Biodegradable solvents and lubricants
Epoxy curing agent
Corrosion inhibitor
Electrolyte

Occurrence of Tridecanedioic acid:
Tridecanedioic acid was first obtained by oxidation of castor oil (ricinoleic acid) with nitric acid.
Tridecanedioic acid is now produced industrially by oxidation of cyclohexanol or cyclohexane, mainly for the production of Nylon 6-6.

Tridecanedioic acid has several other industrial uses in the production of adhesives, plasticizers, gelatinizing agents, hydraulic fluids, lubricants, emollients, polyurethane foams, leather tanning, urethane and also as an acidulant in foods.
Tridecanedioic acid was detected among products of rancid fats.

Tridecanedioic acids origin explains for Tridecanedioic acids presence in poorly preserved samples of linseed oil and in specimens of ointment removed from Egyptian tombs 5000 years old.
Tridecanedioic acid displays bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against a variety of aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms present on acne-bearing skin.

Tridecanedioic acid is produced industrially by alkali fission of castor oil.
Sebacic acid and Tridecanedioic acids derivatives have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, diffusion pump oils, cosmetics, candles, etc.

Tridecanedioic acid is also used in the synthesis of polyamide, as nylon, and of alkyd resins.
Tridecanedioic acid can be produced from erucic acid by ozonolysis, but also by microorganisms (Candida sp.) from tridecane.

Tridecanedioic acid is now produced by fermentation of long-chain alkanes with a specific strain of Candida tropicalis.
Tridecanedioic acid was shown that hyperthermophilic microorganisms specifically contained a large variety of dicarboxylic acids.

Tridecanedioic acid was discovered that these compounds appeared in urine after administration of tricaprin and triundecylin.
Although the significance of their biosynthesis remains poorly understood, Tridecanedioic acid was demonstrated that ω-oxidation occurs in rat liver but at a low rate, needs oxygen, NADPH and cytochrome P450.
Tridecanedioic acid was later shown that this reaction is more important in starving or diabetic animals where 15% of palmitic acid is subjected to ω-oxidation and then tob-oxidation, this generates malonyl-coA which is further used in saturated fatty acid synthesis.

Copolyamides derived from Tridecanedioic acid:
Polyamides were prepared from C6 to C12 diamines with Tridecanedioic acid, a linear C13 dicarboxylic acid, derived from Crambe seed oil.
One distinct characteristic of these polymers is their low moisture adsorption as compared to nylon 66 and nylon 6.

To modify the properties of these nylons, multi-component copolyamides were prepared from hexamethylene diamine and mixtures of Tridecanedioic acid with adipic, terephthalic, or isophthalic acids.
Tridecanedioic acid was found that the melting points of the co-polyamides were changed by the choice and the levels of the diacids used.

The melting point-composition curves all show a eutectic minimum.
They will be commercially viable when Tridecanedioic acid becomes available on a large scale and is competitively priced.

Tridecanedioic acid, a dicarboxylic acid with the molecular formula - HOOC(CH2)11COOH - is a fatty acid which can be technically extracted from erucic acid together with pelargonic acid.
The compounds of the Tridecanedioic acids are used in the food and cosmetic industry.

This refers e.g. to ethylene brassylate, an ethylene glycol diester of brassy acid.
The dimethyl ester of brassyl acid(dimethyl brassylate) is used in cosmetic formulations as skin care products and emollients.

Tridecanedioic acid is detected as an excessive fatty acid in addition to phytic acid (Zellweger syndrome) and cerotic acid (adrenoleukodystrophy) as pathological excretion products in the urine of children with congenital adrenoleukodystrophy or Zellweger syndrome.

Estimation of Tridecanedioic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry:
The main focus of this work is to estimate Tridecanedioic acid (BA) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Tridecanedioic acid is a product obtained from the oxidative cleavage of Erucic Acid (EA).
Tridecanedioic acid has various applications for making nylons and high performance polymers.

Tridecanedioic acid is a 13 carbon compound with two carboxylic acid functional groups at the terminal end.
Tridecanedioic acid has a long hydrocarbon chain that makes the molecule less sensitive to some of the characterization techniques.

Tridecanedioic acid is chemical formed from processing erucic oils.
Chemical processing method is often used because of Tridecanedioic acids low cost and easy to follow for the production of Tridecanedioic acid.

The increase in the use of Tridecanedioic acid in the manufacture of perfumes, combined with an rise in the use of renewable sources, such as low-priced and readily available vegetable oil, is expected to drive the growth of the Tridecanedioic acid industry.
The rise the use of Tridecanedioic acid in the manufacture of perfumes is related to Tridecanedioic acids desirable attributes, including such diffusivity, and beneficial content, thus driving market growth.

However, the negative impacts of Tridecanedioic acid and the accessibility of alternatives are anticipated to hamper the growth of the global market for Tridecanedioic acid.
Based on product type, the market for global Tridecanedioic acid is further segmented into paraffin oil and vegetable oil.

Based on process, the market for global Tridecanedioic acid is further segmented into chemical, and fermentation.
Based on application, the market for global Tridecanedioic acid is further segmented fragrances, adhesives, plastics, lubricants, and other.

In terms of Geography, the global Tridecanedioic acid market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa.
The Asia-Pacific region dominates the global market for Tridecanedioic acid.
As a result of rapid urbanization and an increase in disposable income along with change in people's lifestyle, the use of Tridecanedioic acid in industrial businesses, such as perfume production, has increased.

North America has a large market share.
Tridecanedioic acid holds one of the world 's strong pharma bases.

Improved investment in the phrmaceutical industry and growing people's spending power have contributed to a boom in the North American market for Tridecanedioic acid.
Countries such as France, Italy and Spain are the center of the fragrance industry and have the best perfumes produced in the world.

Such a strong manufacturing base and sustainability in Europe has caused a spike in the demand for perfumes due to the evolving lifestyle of the peiople and has caused an increase in the market for Tridecanedioic acid.
The Middle East and Africa are expected to face substantial growth.

Due to the fact that the processing of Tridecanedioic acid is less tedious compared to fermentation, many producers in the region have experienced an increase in market growth.
Latin America is experiencing relatively slow growth due to the limited number of manufacturers and the availability of substitutes.

Manufacturing Methods of Tridecanedioic acid:
The U.S. Emery Company used special rapeseed oil to extract erucic acid, which was then decomposed by ozone oxidation.
Japanese mining companies use self-produced straight-chain alkanes as raw materials for fermentation production.
In addition, in addition to linear alkanes, the raw materials can also be synthesized from linear alkenes, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, hexadecanoates and the like.

Handling and Storage of Tridecanedioic acid:

Storage:
Keep container closed when not in use.
Store in a tightly closed container.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

Store the container tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.
Store apart from foodstuff containers or incompatible materials.

Suggested storage:
Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompat.

Handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.

Minimize dust generation and accumulation.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.

Keep container tightly closed.
Avoid ingestion and inhalation.

Use with adequate ventilation.
Handling in a well ventilated place.

Wear suitable protective clothing.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Use non-sparking tools.
Prevent fire caused by electrostatic discharge steam.

First Aid Measures of Tridecanedioic acid:

Ingestion:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Get medical aid.

Do NOT induce vomiting.
If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water.

Inhalation:
Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

Get medical aid.
DO NOT use mouth-to-mouth respiration.
If breathing has ceased apply artificial respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask.

Skin:
Get medical aid.
Flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash clothing before reuse.

Eyes:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Get medical aid.

Fire Fighting Measures of Tridecanedioic acid:
Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear.
During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion.

Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
To extinguish fire, use water, dry chemical, chemical foam, or alcohol-resistant foam.
Use agent most appropriate to extinguish fire.

Identifiers of Tridecanedioic acid:
InChI: InChI=1S/C13H24O4/c14-12(15)10-8-6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9-11-13(16)17/h1-11H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)
InChIKey
DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 505-52-2
Reaxys registry number: 1786404
ChEBI ID: 73718
mapping relation type: exact match
ChEMBL ID: CHEMBL3187746
SPLASH: splash10-0089-4980000000-e0f9e32666a9f5b5a8fa
splash10-0006-0090000000-38331eb24eac374bd304
ZVG number: 104435
DSSTox substance ID: DTXSID9021683
DSSTOX compound identifier: DTXCID901683
NSC number: 9498
EC number: 208-011-4
UNII: PL3IQ40C34
LIPID MAPS ID: LMFA01170014

instance of: chemical compound
dicarboxylic acid
fatty acid
chemical structure
mass: 244.167±0 dalton
chemical formula: C₁₃H₂₄O₄
canonical SMILES: C(CCCCCC(=O)O)CCCCCC(=O)O
found in taxon: Trypanosoma brucei

Properties of Tridecanedioic acid:
PSA:74.6
XLogP3:3.7
Appearance:Solid
Density:1.1±0.1 g/cm3
Melting Point:111 °C
Boiling Point:215-217 °C @ Press: 2 Torr
Flash Point:223.5±17.7 °C
Refractive Index:1.475
Water Solubility:H2O: Insoluble
Storage Conditions:Store below +30°C.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Tridecanedioic acid:
Molecular Weight: 244.33
XLogP3: 3.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 12
Exact Mass: 244.16745924
Monoisotopic Mass: 244.16745924
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 17
Complexity: 192
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Tridecanedioic acid:
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 244.33
EINECS: 208-011-4
SMILES: C(CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O)(O)=O

INCHI: 1S/C13H24O4/c14-12(15)10-8-6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9-11-13(16)17/h1-11H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)
INCHIKEY: DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
WATER SOLUBILITY: 1500 mg/L
MELTING POINT: 111 ° C
ATMOSPHERIC OH RATE CONSTANT: 1.55E-11 cm3/molecule-sec
LOG P (OCTANOL-WATER): 3.670
MELTING POINT: 112-114 °C
WATER SOLUBILITY: Insoluble

Keywords of Tridecanedioic acid:
Carbon Compounds
Carboxylic Acids
Chains
Cleavage
Functionals
Hydrocarbons
Nonanoic Acid
Performance
Polymers
Spectroscopy
Synthesis

Related Products of Tridecanedioic acid:
Diethyl (Acetylamino)(2-phenylethyl)malonate
4'-Deoxy Vincristine Sulfate (>75%)
1-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2(1H)-isoquinolinepropanoic Acid
1-(((2,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-carbaldehyde
1-(((4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-carbaldehyde

MeSH of Tridecanedioic:
Brassylic acid
Undecanedicarboxylic acid
tridecanedioic acid
tridecanedioic acid, disodium salt
tridecanedioic acid, monosodium salt
TRIDECYL STEARATE
Tridecyl stearate contains tridecyl alcohol (1-tridecanol) as alcoholic component.
Tridecyl stearate is a clear light yellow liquid.


CAS Number: 31556-45-3
EC Number: 250-696-7
Chem/IUPAC Name: Tridecyl stearate
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2



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Tridecyl stearate is a compound formed from decyl alcohol, glycerol, and stearic acid.
Stearic acid is one of the most abundantly found fatty acids in nature, and it is obtained from palm kernel oil, soy oil, and other vegetable oils.
Tridecyl stearate appears as a transparent, colorless oily liquid.


Tridecyl stearate is the ester of tridecyl alcohol and stearic acid.
Tridecyl stearate is a fast-absorbing emollient that leaves no shine.
Tridecyl stearate has a dry, non-greasy feel on application with an elegant, velvety after-feel.


Tridecyl stearate has a required HLB of about 6-9.
Tridecyl stearate is a clear, colorless oily liquid that works as a medium feel emollient.
Tridecyl stearate absorbs very quickly into the skin, leaves no shine and gives a nice, velvety after-feel.


Keep Tridecyl stearate containers tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place.
Stearates are salts or esters of stearic acid (octadecanoic acid).
Tridecyl stearate belongs to the following substance groups.


Tridecyl stearate acts as an emollient for creams & lotions.
Tridecyl stearate is a biodegradable replacement for mineral oils.
Tridecyl stearate is a compound of Decyl Alcohol, Stearic Acid, and Glycerol, used in cosmetics as a skin conditioner and emollient.


Tridecyl stearate is a skin-conditioning agent and an emollient.
Tridecyl stearate acts as an emollient for creams & lotions.
Tridecyl stearate is a biodegradable replacement for mineral oils.


Tridecyl stearate is an ester of stearic acid (*) and tridecyl alcohol, and is represented by the following chemical formula.
Tridecyl stearate is the ester of tridecyl alcohol and stearic acid.
Tridecyl stearate is a fast-absorbing emollient that leaves no shine.


Tridecyl stearate has a dry, non-greasy feel on application with an elegant, velvety after-feel.
Tridecyl stearate has a required HLB of about 6-9.
Tridecyl stearate contains tridecyl alcohol (1-tridecanol) as alcoholic component.
Tridecyl stearate is a clear light yellow liquid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate is a medium feel emollient with quick absorption and produces a velvety after-feel.
Tridecyl stearate is a synthetic ester that is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as an emollient and lubricant.
Tridecyl stearate is a clear, colorless liquid that is soluble in oils and organic solvents.


Tridecyl stearate is also used in the production of plastics, resins, and lubricants.
Tridecyl stearate is used ingredients for skincare.
Tridecyl stearate is used in the formulation of creams, lotions, gels, sunscreens, and other skin and hair care products.


Tridecyl stearate is used lubricants and lubricant additives
Tridecyl stearate is used for Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere.


-Skin-conditioning agent:
*Forms a thin film on the skin's surface.
*Acts as a barrier and protects the skin from allergies, bacteria, and irritants that pass into deeper layers of the skin.
*Helps the skin retain the necessary moisture for its use.
*Hydrated skin is less likely to be affected by skin conditions like acne, eczema, dryness, and itchiness.


-Emollient and Moisturizing properties:
*Fills the gaps among the dead cells.
*Reinforces the lipid barrier.
*Aids in the skin's natural capacity to retain moisture.
*Well-nourished and hydrated skin looks and feels smooth and plump.



FUNCTION OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Tridecyl stearate is a skin-conditioning agent and an emollient used in cosmetic and personal care products.
*Emollient:
Tridecyl stearate softens and softens the skin
*Skin care agent:
Tridecyl stearate maintains skin in good condition
*Emollient :
Softens and smoothes the skin
*Skin conditioning :
Maintains skin in good condition



FUNCTIONS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING:
Maintains the skin in good condition
*SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT:
Softens and smoothens the skin



WHAT DOES TRIDECYL STEARATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Skin conditioning



USE AND BENEFITS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Emollient properties:
*Useful as a medium.
*Penetrates swiftly into the skin.
*Leaves little shine behind.
*Leaves a pleasant, velvety aftertaste.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
CAS Number: 31556-45-3
Chem/IUPAC Name: Tridecyl stearate
EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-696-7
Molecular Weight: 466.8 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 14.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 29
Exact Mass: 466.47498122 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 466.47498122 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 33
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 366

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling point: 496.0±13.0 °C(Predicted)
density: 0.858±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
LogP: 14.541 (est)
EPA Substance Registry System: Tridecyl stearate (31556-45-3)
IUPAC Name: Tridecyl octadecanoate
Molecular Weight: 466.82
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2
Canonical SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCC

InChI: GKAVWWCJCPVMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI Key: InChI=1S/C31H62O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-16-17-18-19-21-23-25-27-29-31(32)33-30-28-26-24-22-20-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-30H2,1-2H3
Boiling Point: 496.0±13.0 °C
Density: 0.858±0.06g/ml
Physical State: Solid
Molecular Weight: 466.82
Exact Mass: 466.82
EC Number: 250-696-7
UNII: A8OE252M6L
NSC Number: 152080
DSSTox ID: DTXSID2027967
PSA: 26.3 Ų
Density: 0.858±0.06 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 496.0±13.0 °C(Predicted)



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sensitive to carbon dioxide Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



TRIDECYL STEARATE
Tridecyl stearate is a clear, colorless oily liquid that works as a medium feel emollient.
Tridecyl stearate absorbs very quickly into the skin, leaves no shine and gives a nice, velvety after-feel.


CAS Number: 31556-45-3
EC Number: 250-696-7
Chem/IUPAC Name: Tridecyl stearate
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2



SYNONYMS:
Nsc152080, Cirrasol ln-gs, tridecyl stearate, Tridecanol stearate, STEARICACID,TRIDECYLESTER, Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester, Tridecyl stearate ISO 9001:2015, OCTADECANOIC ACID, TRIDECYL ESTER, STEARIC ACID, TRIDECYL ESTER, TRIDECYL STEARATE, TRIDECYL STEARATE, TRIDECYL ESTER OCTADECANOIC ACID, TRIDECYL STEARATE, Nsc152080, Cirrasol ln-gs, tridecyl stearate, Tridecanol stearate, STEARICACID,TRIDECYLESTER, Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester, Tridecyl stearate ISO 9001:2015 REACH, Octadecanoic acid,tridecyl ester, Stearic acid,tridecyl ester, 1-Tridecanol,stearate, Tridecanol stearate, Tridecyl stearate, Cirrasol LN-GS, Uniflex 188, Kemester 5721, NSC 152080, Liponate TDS, Tridecyl Stearate, 31556-45-3, tridecyl octadecanoate, Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester, Cirrasol LN-GS, Tridecanol stearate, Stearic acid, tridecyl ester, 120525-96-4, A8OE252M6L, NSC-152080, UNII-A8OE252M6L, EINECS 250-696-7, NSC 152080, LIPONATE TDS, ETHOX TDS, UNIFLEX 188, KEMESTER 5721, SCHEMBL153240, 1-TRIDECANOL, STEARATE, DTXSID2027967, GKAVWWCJCPVMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N, NSC152080, AS-78012, NS00014167, D93439, Q27273780, 1-TRIDECANOL, STEARATE, CIRRASOL LN-GS, ETHOX TDS, KEMESTER 5721, LIPONATE TDS, NSC-152080, OCTADECANOIC ACID, TRIDECYL ESTER, STEARIC ACID, TRIDECYL ESTER, TRIDECANOL STEARATE, TRIDECYL STEARATE, UNIFLEX 188, Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester, Stearic acid, tridecyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester, Stearic acid, tridecyl ester, 1-Tridecanol, stearate, Tridecanol stearate, Tridecyl stearate, Cirrasol LN-GS, Uniflex 188, Kemester 5721, NSC 152080, Liponate TDS



Tridecyl stearate is an ester of Tridecyl Alcohol (q.v.) and stearic acid.
Tridecyl Stearate is a synthetic wax ester derived from tridecyl alcohol and stearic acid.
Tridecyl stearate is a white solid with a greasy feel.


Tridecyl stearate is a skin-conditioning agent and an emollient.
Tridecyl stearate is the ester of tridecyl alcohol and stearic acid.
Tridecyl stearate is a fast-absorbing emollient that leaves no shine.


Tridecyl stearate has a dry, non-greasy feel on application with an elegant, velvety after-feel.
Tridecyl stearate has a required HLB of about 6-9.
Tridecyl stearate is the ester obtained from the reaction of tridecyl alcohol combined with stearic acid.


Tridecyl stearate’s used in cosmetics as a texture-enhancer/thickening agent and emollient and may be animal-derived or synthetic.
In raw material form, tridecyl stearate is described as a clear oily liquid that may have a light-yellow hue.
Suppliers of this ingredient tout its quick absorbance and velvety after feel.


Tridecyl stearate is a clear, colorless oily liquid that works as a medium feel emollient.
Tridecyl stearate absorbs very quickly into the skin, leaves no shine and gives a nice, velvety after-feel.
Tridecyl stearate is described as a clear oily liquid in raw material form


Tridecyl stearate contains tridecyl alcohol (1-tridecanol) as alcoholic component.
Stearates are salts or esters of stearic acid (octadecanoic acid).
Tridecyl stearate is a chemical compound that belongs to the ester family.


Tridecyl stearate is a colorless, odorless, and oily liquid that is insoluble in water.
Tridecyl stearate is the ester obtained from the reaction of tridecyl alcohol combined with stearic acid .
Tridecyl stearate may be animal-derived or synthetic .


In raw material form, tridecyl stearate is described as a clear oily liquid that may have a light-yellow hue .
Tridecyl stearate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as wax monoesters.
These are waxes bearing an ester group at exactly one position.


Tridecyl stearate is a synthetic ester that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products.
Tridecyl stearate is a clear, colorless liquid that is odorless and has a low viscosity.



USES and APPLICATIONS of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Pigment Dispersion uses of Tridecyl stearate: Research indicates that tridecyl stearate, when combined with other esters, can create compositions capable of dispersing high pigment loads, leading to improved flowability in cosmetic formulations.
Metal Alkoxide Synergist uses of Tridecyl stearate: Studies show that tridecyl stearate can synergistically enhance the thermal stability of PVC when used in combination with specific metal alkoxides.


Corrosion Inhibition uses of Tridecyl stearate: Research suggests that butyl stearate, a related compound, can enhance the corrosion resistance of steel rebar in concrete, highlighting the potential of stearate esters in corrosion prevention.
Tridecyl stearate is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.


Tridecyl stearate’s used in cosmetics as a texture-enhancer/thickening agent and emollient .
Tridecyl stearate is used as lubricant.
Tridecyl stearate is used as dispersing agent, emulsion stabilizer.


Tridecyl stearate is a compound of Decyl Alcohol, Stearic Acid, and Glycerol, used in cosmetics as a skin conditioner and emollient.
Tridecyl Stearate is widely used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products, including: Skin creams and lotions, Body washes and soaps, Shampoos and conditioners, Makeup foundations and concealers, Lipsticks and lip balms, Sunscreen lotions, and Hair styling products.
Tridecyl stearate is often used as a moisturizer, emollient, and lubricant due to its ability to penetrate the skin and provide a smooth, silky feel.


-Lubricant uses of Tridecyl stearate:
Tridecyl stearate finds use as a lubricant in various applications due to its low volatility and good thermal stability.
Tridecyl stearate is often incorporated into polymers to improve their processability and reduce friction during molding or extrusion processes.


-Plasticizer uses of Tridecyl stearate:
In polymer chemistry, tridecyl stearate acts as a plasticizer, enhancing the flexibility and workability of polymers like poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC).
Tridecyl stearate's incorporation into the polymer matrix reduces intermolecular forces between polymer chains, leading to improved flexibility and a lower glass transition temperature.


-Cosmetics uses of Tridecyl stearate:
Tridecyl stearate is employed as an emollient and thickening agent in cosmetic formulations.
Tridecyl stearateimparts a smooth and silky feel to the skin and helps to stabilize emulsions, preventing separation of the oil and water phases.


-Potential for New Applications:
Ongoing research may explore new applications for Tridecyl stearate beyond traditional cosmetic uses .
Tridecyl stearate could include innovations in formulations or expanded applications in different types of skincare products


-Scientific Research Applications of Tridecyl stearate:
*Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Tridecyl stearate is widely used in the cosmetics industry due to its emollient properties .

Tridecyl stearate helps soften and smooth the skin and prevent moisture loss .
Tridecyl stearate also contributes to a product’s stability and may help other ingredients resist oxidation.


-Scientific Research Applications
Tridecyl stearate has been extensively studied for its use in cosmetics and personal care products.
Tridecyl stearate has been shown to improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Tridecyl stearate is also used in hair care products to improve the texture and manageability of hair.
Additionally, tridecyl stearate has been studied for its potential use in drug delivery systems due to its ability to penetrate the skin.



FUNCTIONS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Emollient :
Tridecyl stearate softens and smoothes the skin
*Skin conditioning :
Tridecyl stearate maintains skin in good condition



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Fatty alcohol esters
*Carboxylic acid esters
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Wax monoester skeleton
*Fatty alcohol ester
*Carboxylic acid ester
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate works by forming a barrier on the skin that prevents moisture loss and protects the skin from environmental factors.
Tridecyl stearate also helps to improve the texture and feel of the skin and hair by providing lubrication and emolliency.



BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate has been shown to be non-toxic and non-irritating to the skin and eyes.
Tridecyl stearate has a low potential for skin sensitization and is considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
Tridecyl stearate has also been shown to improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.



TRIDECYL STEARATE AT A GLANCE:
*The ester obtained from the reaction of tridecyl alcohol combined with stearic acid
*Works as a texture-enhancer/thickening agent and skin-softening emollient
*Touted for its quick absorption and velvety after feel
*Described as a clear oily liquid in raw material form



PROPERTIES OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Emollient:
Tridecyl stearate forms a protective layer on the skin, preventing moisture loss and improving skin softness and smoothness.

*Skin conditioner:
Tridecyl stearate helps to maintain skin elasticity and protect against dryness and irritation.

*Thickener and stabilizer:
Tridecyl stearate acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent in cosmetics and personal care products.

*Lubricant:
Tridecyl stearate provides lubrication and slip to cosmetic formulas.

*Emulsifier:
Tridecyl stearate can help to form emulsions, which are mixtures of oil and water.



FUNCTIONS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
*Emollient:
Tridecyl stearate softens and softens the skin
*Skin care agent:
Tridecyl stearate maintains skin in good condition



FUNCTIONS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Tridecyl stearate maintains the skin in good condition

*SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT
Tridecyl stearate softens and smoothens the skin



SYNTHESIS ANALYSIS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate is synthesized from the reaction of tridecyl alcohol with stearic acid .
The exact process of synthesis is not detailed in the search results.



MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate has a molecular formula of C31H62O2 .
Tridecyl stearate's average mass is 466.823 Da and its monoisotopic mass is 466.474976 Da .



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate is a clear oily liquid that may have a light-yellow hue .
Tridecyl stearate has a density of 0.9±0.1 g/cm3 .

Tridecyl stearate's boiling point is 496.0±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg .
Tridecyl stearate has a vapour pressure of 0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C .
Tridecyl stearate's flash point is 262.7±9.7 °C .



TRIDECYL STEARATE MARKET INSIGHTS:
The Global Tridecyl Stearate Market size was valued at USD 100 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 150 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.96% during the forecasted period 2024 to 2030.

Tridecyl stearate is a synthetic ester molecule that is frequently used as an emollient and skin-conditioning ingredient in the cosmetic industry.
Tridecyl stearate is made of tridecyl alcohol and stearic acid and is well-known for softening and smoothing skin.
As such, Tridecyl stearate is a common ingredient in many skincare products, including lotions, balms, and creams.

Globally, there is a growing middle class with more disposable income in emerging nations, which is driving demand for personal care goods and driving the tridecyl stearate market.

Because of Tridecyl stearate's emollient and skin-conditioning qualities, formulators who want to produce high-end skincare products that give the skin a smooth, rich sensation want to use it.

Leading companies in the tridecyl stearate industry are always coming up with new ideas and formulas to cater to the shifting demands and tastes of customers.

In an effort to find new uses for tridecyl stearate outside of cosmetics, such in medications and industrial goods, they are also funding research and development.



SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Scientific databases provide detailed information on Tridecyl Stearate’s chemical structure, properties, and classifications.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (CIR) has assessed Tridecyl Stearate for safety in cosmetics and deemed it safe for use.



SKIN COMPATIBILITY OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
In human testing, Tridecyl stearate showed very good skin compatibility .
Tridecyl stearate was not an irritant or sensitizer in a provocative RIPT (Repeated Insult Patch Test) conducted on 20 eczema patients.



QUICK ABSORPTION AND VELVETY AFTER FEEL, TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate is known for its quick absorption and velvety after feel .
This makes Tridecyl stearate a popular choice in skincare products, providing a pleasant user experience .



ENHANCING FORMULARY TEXTURE OF TRIDECYL STEARATE:
Tridecyl stearate helps enhance the texture of cosmetic formulations .
Tridecyl stearate can improve the consistency and feel of products, making them more appealing to consumers .



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
CBNumber: CB5904574
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2
Molecular Weight: 466.82 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00072282
Physical Properties:
Boiling Point: 496.0 ± 13.0 °C (Predicted)
Density: 0.858 ± 0.06 g/cm3 (Predicted)
Flash Point: 262.70 °C (505.00 °F, TCC, estimated)
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.011e-009 mg/L at 25 °C, estimated)
Chemical Properties:
LogP: 14.541 (estimated)
XLogP3-AA: 14.7

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 29
Exact Mass: 466.47498122 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 466.47498122 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 33
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 366
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Product Name: Tridecyl stearate
CAS No.: 31556-45-3

Molecular Formula: C31H62O2
InChIKeys: InChIKey=GKAVWWCJCPVMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 466.82
Exact Mass: 466.82
EC Number: 250-696-7
UNII: A8OE252M6L
NSC Number: 152080
DSSTox ID: DTXSID2027967
Categories: Other Chemical Drugs
CAS Registry Number: 31556-45-3
Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII): A8OE252M6L
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2

International Chemical Identifier (InChI):
InChI=1S/C31H62O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-16-17-18-19-21-23-25-27-29-31(32)33-30-28-26-24-22-20-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-30H2,1-2H3
InChI Key: GKAVWWCJCPVMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Product Information:
Product Name: Tridecyl stearate
IUPAC Name: Tridecyl octadecanoate
Molecular Weight: 466.8 g/mol
Density: 0.858 ± 0.06 g/mL
Boiling Point: 496.0 ± 13.0 °C
Physical State: Solid
Water Solubility: 1.1e-05 g/L

logP: 10.7, 12.62
logS: -7.6
pKa (Strongest Basic): -7
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 1
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0
Polar Surface Area: 26.3 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 29
Refractivity: 146.34 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 66.12 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 0
Rule of Five: No
Ghose Filter: No

Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
IUPAC Name: Tridecyl octadecanoate
Synonyms: Octadecanoic acid, tridecyl ester
Stearic acid, tridecyl ester
Molecular Weight: 466.82 g/mol
Molecular Formula: C31H62O2
Canonical SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI: GKAVWWCJCPVMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI Key: InChI=1S/C31H62O2/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-16-17-18-19-21-23-25-27-29-31(32)33-30-28-26-24-22-20-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-30H2,1-2H3
Boiling Point: 496.0 ± 13.0 °C
Density: 0.858 ± 0.06 g/ml
Physical State: Solid



FIRST AID MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of TRIDECYL STEARATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

TRIETANOLAMINE %99
2,2,2-Trihydroxytriethylamine; TEA; 2,2',2''-Nitrilotriethanol; Triethanolamin; Tris(beta-hydroxyethyl)amine; Trolamine; Daltogen; Nitrilotriethanol; Sterolamide; Tri(hydroxyethyl)amine; Triethanolamin; Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; 2,2',2''-Nitrilotriethanol; 2,2',2''-Nitrilotris(ethanol); Nitrilo-2,2',2"-triethanol; 2,2,2-Nitrilotriethanol; 2,2',2"-Nitrilotriethanol; Nitrilo-2,2',2''-triethanol; 2,2',2''-trihydroxy Triethylamine; Triethylolamine; Trihydroxytriethylamine; Tris(beta-hydroxyethyl)amine; Other RN: 36549-54-9, 36549-53-8, 36549-55-0, 36659-79-7, 105655-27-4, 126068-67-5, 464917-26-8 cas no: 102-71-6
TRIETHANOLAMINE 99%           
SYNONYMS TEA-Lauryl Sulfate; Dodecyl sulfate, triethanolamine salt; Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium decyl sulfate; Lauryl sulfate ester, triethanolamine salt; Triethanol ammonium C12-14 sulfate CAS Number: 139-96-8
TRIETHANOLAMINE LAURYL SULFA
Triethylamine; N,N-Diethylethanamine cas no: 121-44-8
TRIETHYL AMINE
DESCRIPTION:

Triethylamine is a high-purity solvent that is used in certain HPLC protocols, such as weak anion exchange, to resolve certain tryptic peptides on a reverse-phase column.
Triethylamine is an ion-pairing reagent that alters selectivity in reverse-phase HPLC separations.
Triethylamine is an aliphatic amine.



CAS NUMBER: 121-44-8

EC NUMBER: 204-469-4

MOLECULAR FORMULA: (C2H5)3N

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 101.19



DESCRIPTION:

Triethylamine's addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices affords transparent liquid matrices with enhanced ability for spatial resolution during
A head-space gas chromatography (GC) procedure for the determination of triethylamine in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been reported.
The viscosity coefficient of triethylamine vapor over a range of density and temperature has been measured.
By pairing with peptides, Triethylamine effectively sharpens peaks, resulting in improved peak resolution.
Pierce Triethylamine has low UV absorbance properties to provide sensitive detection across all wavelengths when used as an ion-pair reagent in HPLC separations.

The reagent is designed and tested to meet the special requirements for peptide sequencing and analysis.
Pierce Triethylamine is specially purified and each lot is tested to the highest specifications to ensure the integrity of your data, maximize sensitivity in your assay and to prolong the life of your equipment.
Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Triethylamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Triethylamine produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Triethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
Triethylamine is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Triethylamine acts as a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.
Triethylamine is a clear, colorless liquid with strong ammoniacal odor.

Triethylamine exhibits a golden yellow color on long-standing.
Triethylamine is also, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation.
Triethylamine is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins (polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups).
Triethylamine is a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Triethylamine’s used as a solvent food additive lab reagent and synthesis material.
Triethylamine finds its application as a protein purification reagent.

Triethylamine is used as a competing base for the separation of acidic basic and neutral drugs by reverse-phased high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Triethylamine induces visual disturbances (such as foggy vision) in humans, and is also used in industry as a quenching agent in the ozonolysis of alkenes (e.g. (E)-2-Pentene.
Triethylamine is also utilized as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy and polyurethane systems.
In the synthesis, Triethylamine is primarily used as a proton scavenger; however, it is also used in the production of Diethylhydroxylamine and other organic compounds.

Triethylamine is a weak cohesive and dipolar/polarizable solvent, moderately hydrogen-bond basic and non-hydrogen-bond acidic.
The triethylamine-dimethyl sulfoxide biphasic system has similar selectivity to the isopentyl ether-propylene carbonate biphasic system, the triethylamine-formamide system to octan-1-ol-formamide, and the triethylamine-ethanolamine biphasic system to 1,2-dichloroethane with either ethylene glycol or formamide as countersolvents.
Triethylamine is a mobile-phase modifier in RP-HPLC separation of acidic, basic, and neutral drugs.
Triethylamine improves resolution of amino acids and amino acid amides by HPLC by suppressing tailing.

Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis in the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Triethylamine is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine is a base commonly used in organic chemistry to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Like other tertiary amines, Triethylamine catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine is a colorless liquid with a melting point of -114.7 °C and a boiling point around 88.6 °C.

Triethylamine has a strong, fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Triethylamine can be prepared by heating ethyl bromide and anhydrous ammonia in absolute ethanol in an oven for three hours, removing the product, distilling off the alcohol, and adding hydrochloric acid to the product to convert it to its hydrochloride salt.
Triethylamine is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Triethylamine acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidations.

Triethylamine finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.
Triethylamine is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.

Triethylamine (formula: C6H15N), also known as N, N-diethylethanamine, is the most simple tri-substituted uniformly tertiary amine, having typical properties of tertiary amines, including salifying, oxidation, Hing Myers test (Hisberg reaction) for triethylamine does not respond.
Triethylamine is colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid, with a strong smell of ammonia, slightly fuming in the air.
Aqueous solution is alkaline, flammable.
Vapor and air can form explosive mixtures, the explosion limit is 1.2% to 8.0%.

Triethylamine is toxic, with a strong irritant.
Triethylamine is a clear, colorless liquid with an Ammonia or fish-like odor.
Triethylamine is used in making waterproofing agents, and as a catalyst, corrosion inhibitor and propellant.
Triethylamine is mainly used as base, catalyst, solvent and raw material in organic synthesis and is generally abbreviated as Et3N, NEt3 or TEA.
Triethylamine can be used to prepare phosgene polycarbonate catalyst, polymerization inhibitor of tetrafluoroethylene, rubber vulcanization accelerator, special solvent in paint remover, enamel anti-hardener, surfactant, antiseptic, wetting agent, bactericides, ion exchange resins, dyes, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, high-energy fuels, and liquid rocket propellants, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.

Triethylamine is a colorless to yellowish liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Triethylamine is a base commonly used in organic chemistry to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides. Like other tertiary amines,it catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine is an aliphatic amine.
Triethylamine is used to catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; accelerator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium types; curing and hardening of polymers (e.g., corebinding resins); corrosion inhibitor; propellant.

Triethylamine may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).
Triethylamine is used as an anti-livering agent for urea- and melamine-based enamels and in the recovery of gelled paint vehicles (HSDB 1988).
Triethylamine is also used as a catalyst for polyurethane foams, a flux for copper soldering, and as a catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis.
Triethylamine is used in accelerating activators for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor for polymers; a propellant; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agent of quaternary ammonium compounds; in curing and hardening of polymers.



USES:

-as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses
-as an accelerator activator for rubber
-as a corrosion inhibitor
-as a curing and hardening agent for polymers
-as a propellant
-in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds
-Ag chem solvents
-Agriculture intermediates
-Aluminum production
-Chemicals & petrochemicals
-Electronic chemicals
-Insecticides int
-Intermediates
-Mining
-Pharmaceutical chemicals
-Resins



APPLICATIONS:

Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, Triethylamine is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride.
Hydrogen chloride may then evaporate from the reaction mixture, which drives the reaction. (R, R' = alkyl, aryl):

R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−

Like other tertiary amines, it catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
It is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.

Triethylamine is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:

RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−

Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Triethylamine is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.
Triethylamine salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.



-Niche uses:

Triethylamine is commonly used in the production of anionic PUDs.
A polyurethane prepolymer is prepared using an isocyanate and polyol with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA).
Triethylamine contains two hydroxy groups and a carboxylic acid group.
Triethylamine is then dispersed in water with triethylamine or other neutralizing agent.
Triethylamine reacts with the carboxylic acid forming a salt which is water soluble.

Usually, a diamine chain extender is then added to produce a polyurethane dispersed in water with no free NCO groups but with polyurethane and polyurea segments.
Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides.
Triethylamine is the active ingredient.
Triethylamine is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.

The bicarbonate salt of triethylamine is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.
Triethylamine was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.
The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02, a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% triethlyamine as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.


APPLICATIONS:

Triethylamine has been used during the synthesis of:

-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
-3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
-polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD)

Triethylamine may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).



SPECIFICATIONS:

-CAS number: 121-44-8
-EC index number: 612-004-00-5
-EC number: 204-469-4
-Hill Formula: C₆H₁₅N
-Chemical formula: (C₂H₅)₃N
-Molar Mass: 101.19 g/mol
-HS Code: 2921 19 99



PROPERTIES:

-vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
-Quality Level: 100
-vapor pressure: 51.75 mmHg ( 20 °C)
-Assay: ≥99.5%
-form: liquid
-autoignition temp.: 593 °F
-expl. lim.: 8 %
-impurities: ≤0.1% (Karl Fischer)
-refractive index: n20/D 1.401 (lit.)
-pH: 12.7 (15 °C, 100 g/L)
-bp: 88.8 °C (lit.)
-mp: −115 °C (lit.)
-solubility: water: soluble 112 g/L at 20 °C
-density: 0.726 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
-storage temp.: room temp
-SMILES string: CCN(CC)CC
-InChI: 1S/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
-InChI key: ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Boiling point: 90 °C (1013 hPa)
-Density: 0.72 g/cm3 (25 °C)
-Explosion limit: 1.2 - 9.3 %(V)
-Flash point: -11 °C
-Ignition temperature: 215 °C
-Melting Point: -115 - -114.7 °C
-pH value: 12.7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 15 °C) (IUCLID)
-Vapor pressure: 72 hPa (20 °C)
-Solubility: 133 g/l



SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES:

Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:

NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O

The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75, and Triethylamine can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.
The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.
Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.

Triethylamine is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.
Laboratory samples of triethylamine can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.
In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, Triethylamine forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Empirical Formula: C6H15N
-Structural Formula: (C2H5)3N
-Molecular Wt.: 101.19
-Sp. Gr. at 20ºC: 0.726-0.730
-Refractive Index at 20ºC: 1.399-1.401
-Boiling Point. 89°C
-Freezing Point below: -80°C
-Solubility in water: Soluble upto 18°C. Sparingly soluble above 18°C
-Flash Point (closed cup): below -7°C



TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS:

-Physical State: Liquid
-Solubility: Soluble in water (133 g/l), ether, and ethanol (0.1 ml/ml).
-Storage: Store at room temperature
-Melting Point: -115° C (lit.)
-Boiling Point: 88.8° C (lit.)
-Refractive Index: n20D 1.40 (lit.)
-pK Values :pKa: 11.01 in 18° C, H2O, 10.72 in 25° C, H2O, pKb: 10.63 (Predicted)



STORAGE:

Store below +30°C.



SPECIFICATIONS:

-Molecular Weight: 101.19 g/mol
-XLogP3: 1.4
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
-Rotatable Bond Count: 3
-Exact Mass: 101.120449483 g/mol
-Monoisotopic Mass: 101.120449483 g/mol
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 3.2Ų
-Heavy Atom Count: 7
-Complexity: 25.7
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



CHARACTERISTICS:

Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Specific Gravity: 0.72400 to 0.73000 at 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 6.024 to 6.074
Refractive Index: 1.39500 to 1.40100 at 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -115.00 °C. at 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 88.80 to 89.00 °C. at 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 56.054001 mmHg at 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 3.5 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 20.00 °F. TCC ( -6.67 °C. )
logP (o/w): 1.450




CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Melting point: -115 °C
-Boiling point: 90 °C
-density: 0.728
-vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
-vapor pressure: 51.75 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
-refractive index: n20/D 1.401(lit.)
-FEMA: 4246 | TRIETHYLAMINE
-Fp: 20 °F
-storage temp.. Store below +30°C.
-solubility: water: soluble112g/L at 20°C
-pka: 10.75(at 25℃)
-form: Liquid
-Specific Gravity: 0.725 (20/4℃)
-color: Clear
-PH: 12.7 (100g/l, H2O, 15℃)(IUCLID)
-Relative polarity: 1.8
-Odor: Strong ammonia-like odor
-Odor Threshold: 0.0054ppm
-Odor Type: fishy
-explosive limit: 1.2-9.3%(V)
-Water Solubility: 133 g/L (20 ºC)
-Merck: 14,9666



NATURAL OCCURRENCE:

Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay.
Due to the scent, Triethylamine is considered unlucky to bring hawthorn into a house.



SPECIFICATIONS:

-Purity (by GC) wt. %: 99.70% min.
-Water Content wt. %: 0.07% max.
-Impurities wt. %: 0.20% max.



SYNONYM:

TRIETHYLAMINE
N,N-Diethylethanamine
121-44-8
(Diethylamino)ethane
Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-
triethyl amine
Triaethylamin
Triethylamin
Trietilamina
N,N,N-Triethylamine
NEt3
trietylamine
Triaethylamin
Trietilamina
tri-ethyl amine
(C2H5)3N
MFCD00009051
CCRIS 4881
HSDB 896
TEN [Base]
N,N-diethyl-ethanamine
EINECS 204-469-4
UN1296
UNII-VOU728O6AY
VOU728O6AY
AI3-15425
DTXSID3024366
CHEBI:35026
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
Diethylaminoethane
EC 204-469-4
Triethylamine, >=99.5%
Et3N
triehtylamine
triehylamine
trieihylamine
triethlyamine
triethyamine
TRIETHYLAMINE 100ML
triethylamme
triethylarnine
Thethylamine
Triethlamine
triethyIamine
Triethylannine
Trietylamin
tri-ethylamine
triehyl amine
triethyl amin
triethylam ine
triethylami-ne
triethylamine-
trietyl amine
tri ethyl amine
triethyl- amine
N, N-diethylethanamine
TEN (CHRIS Code)
N,N,N-Triethylamine #
triethylamine, 99.5%
Etanamina, N,N-dietil-
Triethylamine, >=99%
TRIETHYLAMINE [MI]
N(Et)3
NCIOpen2_006503
TRIETHYLAMINE
TRIETHYLAMINE
TRIETHYLAMINE
BIDD:ER0331
Triethylamine, LR, >=99%
TRIETHYLAMINE [USP-RS]
(CH3CH2)3N
CHEMBL284057
DTXCID204366
N(CH2CH3)3
FEMA NO. 4246
Triethylamine, HPLC, 99.6%
Triethylamine, p.a., 99.0%
Triethylamine, analytical standard
ADAL1185352
BCP07310
N(C2H5)3
Triethylamine, for synthesis, 99%
Tox21_200873
Triethylamine, 99.7%, extra pure
LS-647
NA1296
STL282722
AKOS000119998
Triethylamine, purum, >=99% (GC)
Triethylamine, ZerO2(TM), >=99%
UN 1296
NCGC00248857-01
NCGC00258427-01
CAS-121-44-8
Triethylamine, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
FT-0688146
T0424
Triethylamine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-35419
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
Triethylamine, trace metals grade, 99.99%
Triethylamine, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
Triethylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
Q139199
J-004499
J-525077
F0001-0344
Triethylamine, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (GC)
InChI=1/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H



IUPAC NAME:

Ethanamine,N,N-diethl
Ethanamine,N,N-diethyl
N,N,N,triethylamine
N,N-Diethylethanamine
N,N-diethylethanamine
N,N-diethylethanamine
TRIETHYL AMINE
Triethylamin
TRIETHYLAMINE
Triethylamine
triethylamine
Triethylamine
triethylamine

























TRIETHYL AMINE 
Citric Acid, Triethyl Ester; TEC; Ethyl citrate; Triaethylcitrat (German); Triethylester Kyseliny Citronove (Czech); 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid, Triethyl ester; Citroflex 2; cas no: 77-93-0
TRIETHYL CITRATE
Citric Acid, Triethyl Ester; TEC; Ethyl citrate; Triaethylcitrat (German); Triethylester Kyseliny Citronove (Czech); 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid, Triethyl ester; Citroflex 2; cas no: 77-93-0
TRIETHYL CITRATE
Triethyl citrate is a carbonyl compound.
Furthermore, Triethyl citrate is a clear, viscous, odorless, and practically colorless, hygroscopic liquid.
Triethyl citrate is incompatible with strong alkalis and oxidizing materials.

Cas no: 77-93-0
EC Number: 201-070-7
Chemical formula: C12H20O7
Molar mass: 276.283 g/mol
Appearance: Oily liquid



APPLICATIONS


Triethyl Citrate is used as plasticizer (cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, vinyl acetate, natural resins, and hair fixative finishing sprays), softener, agglutinant, perfume base, food emulsifier, and flavor preserving agent.
Also, Triethyl Citrate is used in paint removers and for treatment of bloat in ruminants.

Triethyl Citrate is solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and natural resins, softener, paint removers, agglutinant, perfume base, food additive (not over 0.25%).
Moreover, Triethyl Citrate is used as a plasticizer and solvent for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, and cellulose ethers.

Triethyl Citrate can also be used as a plasticizer for PVC.
Besides, Triethyl Citrate has been used as a solvent, in paint removers, in emulsifiers in food industry, and as a flavor-preserving agent.


Some uses of Triethyl Citrate:

Additive
Antioxidant
Home air fresheners, including candles with a fragrance
Bathtub, tile, and toilet surface cleaners
Products used to control microbial pests on hard surfaces or laundry
Products used to clean hard surfaces in the home, including kitchen specific hard surface Cleaners
Products used in washing machines to clean fabrics
Body cleaners containing abrasives or exfoliants
Body cleaners, washes, shower gels
Liquid hand soaps
Toothpastes and dentrifices
Deodorants and antiperspirants
Products applied to skin located around the eye to moisturize or improve skin qualities
Facial cleansing and moisturizing products which do not fit into a more refined category
Fragrances, colognes, and perfumes
Products specifically marketed for application to hands or body to moisturize or improve skin Characteristics (excluding baby lotion)
Rinse-out everyday hair conditioners (excluding combo shampoo/conditioner products)
Leave-in everyday hair conditioners and detanglers
Spray fixatives for hair
Shampoos, including dual shampoo/conditioner products
Foundation make-up and concealers
Lip products primarily for protection
Products applied to the skin to block harmful effects of sunlight
Products for masking odors or adding fragrance to car cabin air
Chemical reaction regulator
Fragrance
Odor agents
Plasticizers
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Deodorant active ingredient
Deodorising wash lotions but also in sunscreen products


Triethyl citrate and the related esters acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, and acetyltributyl citrate are used to plasticize polymers in formulated pharmaceutical coatings.
The coating applications include capsules, tablets, beads, and granules for taste masking, immediate release, sustained-release, and enteric formulations.

Triethyl citrate is also used as a direct food additive for flavoring, for solvency, and as a surface active agent.
In addition, Triethyl Citrate (CAS 77-93-0) is an ester of citric acid with several industrial and consumer applications.

Triethyl citrate is produced via fermentation of ethanol and natural citric acid.
This colorless, odorless liquid is often used as a food additive where it acts as both a flavoring agent and a foam stabilizer, principally as a whipping enhancer for organic egg whites during processing.

In the cosmetics and personal care sector, triethyl citrate is used as a perfume fixer and as a film for hair sprays and nail polish.
Triethyl citrate is also an active ingredient in many deodorants.

Triethyl citrate is readily biodegradable and considered to have low toxicity prior to degradation.
The manufacture of certain pharmaceutical coatings and plastics involves use of triethyl citrate, where it acts as a plasticizer for natural resins and cellulose derivatives.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one example.
Triethyl citrate has been used as a pseudo-emulsifier in e-cigarette juices.

Triethyl citrate functions as a stabilizer in much the same way that lecithin does in many food products, but with the possibility of vaporization which lends itself to this unique application.

As manufactured, triethyl citrate is stable under normal use conditions.
Contact with strong oxidizing agents should be avoided, as should exposure to extreme heat, open flames, or other potential sources of ignition.



DESCRIPTION


Triethyl citrate is used in foods as a flavouring agent, solvent and surface-active agent Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid.
More to that, Triethyl Citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white.

Triethyl Citrate is used in pharmaceutical coatings and plastics.
Further to that, Triethyl citrate belongs to the family of Tricarboxylic Acids and Derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid.

Triethyl Citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive, emulsifier and solvent (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white.
Additionally, Triethyl Citrate is also used in pharmaceutical coatings and plastics.

Triethyl citrate is also used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and similar plastics.
Furthermore, Triethyl citrate has been used as a pseudo-emulsifier in e-cigarette juices.

Triethyl Citrate functions essentially like lecithin used in food products, but with the possibility of vaporization which lecithin does not have.
Moreover, Triethyl Citrate is a natural antioxidant and is therefore effective in deodorants, is suitable as a solvent and supports other preservatives.

Triethyl citrate is used as solvent, diluent and fixative by perfumers.
Besides, Triethyl citrate is well accepted as an active ingredient in deodorants and excellent for fragrances.

In pharmaceutical applications Triethyl citrate contributes as plasticiser to the performance of enteric-coated tablets.
Triethyl Citrate is also used in the formulation for making skincare products such as hand creams, foot balsams, facial creams, sun care creams, hand creams, exfoliation creams, facial moisturizer, anti-ageing creams and body lotions.


Key features of Triethyl citrate:

A pure solvent, diluent, and fixative for long-lasting perfumes.
Non-toxic, eco-friendly and bio-degradable ingredient made from 100 % renewable carbon source.
An excellent active agent for deodorants (inhibits enzymatic decomposition of components of sweat).
Helps in the better dispersal of insoluble organic UV filters (used in modern-day sun creams).
The preferred film-strengthening agent in high-grade hair sprays and nail polish.
Contributes as a plasticiser to the performance of enteric-coated tablets.


Processing:

Heat in the fat phase or work into the hand-warm formulation.
If Triethyl Citrate is to be used as an active ingredient in aqueous-alcoholic deodorant formulations, a solubiliser such as solubiliser G10 LW 70 MB is necessary.
Triethyl Citrate is effective in the ph range of 4-5.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 276.28
XLogP3-AA: 0.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 11
Exact Mass: 276.12090297
Monoisotopic Mass: 276.12090297
Topological Polar Surface Area: 99.1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 19
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 304
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Prevention:
Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

First aid:
Fresh air, rest.


Skin:

Prevention:
Protective gloves.

First aid:
Remove contaminated clothes.
Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.


Eyes:

Prevention:
Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

First aid:
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.


Ingestion:

Prevention:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

First aid:
Rinse mouth.
Give one or two glasses of water to drink.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Observe normal precautions appropriate to the circumstances and quantity of material handled.
Triethyl citrate is irritating to the eyes and may irritate the skin.

It is irritating to the respiratory system as a mist or at elevated temperatures.
Gloves, eye protection, and a respirator are recommended.

Triethyl citrate should be stored in a closed container in a cool, dry location.
When stored in accordance with these conditions, triethyl citrate is a stable product.



SYNONYMS


Citric Acid, Triethyl Ester
TEC; Ethyl citrate
Triaethylcitrat (German)
Triethylester Kyseliny Citronove (Czech)
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid, Triethyl ester; Citroflex 2;
TRIETHYL CITRATE
77-93-0
Ethyl citrate
Citroflex 2
Eudraflex
Hydragen CAT
Citric acid, triethyl ester
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, triethyl ester
triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Triaethylcitrat
FEMA No. 3083
Citric Acid Triethyl Ester
Triethylester kyseliny citronove
Citroflex ec
Citrofol ai
Morflex tec
Crodamol TC
Uniflex TEC
Citroflex c 2
NSC 8907
Citroflex sc 60
Morflex c 2
Uniplex 80
Hydagen C.A.T
Triethyl citrate (NF)
Triethyl citrate [NF]
NSC-8907
Triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
8Z96QXD6UM
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, triethyl ester
E1505
INS NO.1505
INS-1505
TEC
E-1505
Triaethylcitrat [German]
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 1,2,3-triethyl ester
HSDB 729
Citric acid ethyl ester
EINECS 201-070-7
UNII-8Z96QXD6UM
BRN 1801199
Triethylester kyseliny citronove [Czech]
AI3-00659
Citric acid triethyl
Triethyl Citrate, FCC
EC 201-070-7
DSSTox_CID_20701
DSSTox_RID_79552
DSSTox_GSID_40701
SCHEMBL23465
TRIETHYL CITRATE [II]
TRIETHYL CITRATE [FCC]
CHEMBL464988
TRIETHYL CITRATE [FHFI]
TRIETHYL CITRATE [HSDB]
TRIETHYL CITRATE [INCI]
1,2,3-triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
DTXSID0040701
FEMA 3083
WLN: 2OV1XQVO2&1VO2
NSC8907
TRIETHYL CITRATE [MART.]
CHEBI:168426
TRIETHYL CITRATE [USP-RS]
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, delta triethyl ester
ZINC1648322
Tox21_300004
MFCD00009201
s6223
Triethyl citrate, analytical standard
CITRIC ACID ETHYL ESTER [MI]
Triethyl citrate, >=98.0% (GC)
AKOS015838720
CS-W012318
HY-W011602
TRIETHYL CITRATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Triethyl citrate, >=99%, FCC, FG
CAS-77-93-0
NCGC00164037-01
NCGC00164037-02
NCGC00253989-01
Triethyl citrate, natural, >=97%, FG
Triethyl citrate, natural, >=99%, FG
BS-18150
Ethyl citrate, citric acid triethyl ester
DB-056271
FT-0631336
triethyl2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
D06228
D70438
Triethyl citrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
A839294
Q418057
SR-01000883952
Triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate #
Q-201868
SR-01000883952-1
2-hydroxy-propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acidtriethyl ester
1,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, triethyl ester
Triethyl citrate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Triethyl citrate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE
CAS Number: 78-40-0
EC Number: 201-114-5
Formula: C6H15O4P / (C2H5)3PO4
Molecular mass: 182.2

Triethyl phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)3PO4.
Triethyl phosphate is a colorless liquid.
Triethyl phosphate is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester".
Triethyl phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)3PO4 or OP(OEt)3. Triethyl phosphate is a colorless liquid.
Triethyl phosphate is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester".

Uses:
Triethyl phosphate is sold by LANXESS for use as a flame retardant in the manufacture of polyisocyanurate (PIR) and polyurethane (PUR) foam insulation and thermoset plastic products.
The chemical compound is also used as a viscosity reducer in plastic resins, and as a catalyst, solvent or intermediate in the production of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, lacquers and other products.
Triethyl phosphate is use as a flame retardant in the manufacture of polyisocyanurate (PIR) and polyurethane (PUR) foam insulation and thermoset plastic products.
The chemical compound is also used as a viscosity reducer in plastic resins, and as a catalyst, solvent or intermediate in the production of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, lacquers and other products.
As ethylating agent; formation of polyesters which are used as insecticides.
Triethyl phosphate (TEP) is useful as a plasticizer for flame resistant unsaturated polyester resins (used for fiberglass), a solvent for varied applications, and an agricultural chemical intermediate.

Triethyl phosphate uses and applications include
Intermediate for agriculture insecticides, floor polishes, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, aprotic solvent, flame-retardant plasticizer in cellulosic, polyester resins, PU, viscous depressant in polyester laminates, cellulosic, a catalyst for synthesizing ketene in production of acetic anhydride, lacquer remover, solvating and desensitizing agent for organic peroxides, solvent for textiles, dyeing assistant, in sizes, in food packaging adhesives.

History
Triethyl phosphate was studied for the first time by French chemist Jean Louis Lassaigne in the early 19th century.

Triethyl phosphate appears as a colorless, corrosive liquid.
Combustible.
Slowly dissolves in water and sinks in water.
Severely irritates skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Triethyl phosphate is a trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of phosphoric acid.
Triethyl phosphate derives from an ethanol.

USES
-Used as a catalyst in the production of acetic anhydride by the ketene process, as a desensitizing agent for peroxides, and as a solvent and plasticizer
-Solvent; plasticizer for resins, plastics, gums; catalyst; lacquer remover.
-As a plasticizer, solvent, fire-retarding agent, anti-foaming agent
-As an ethylating agent, and as a raw material to prepare insecticides such as tetraethyl pyrophosphate.
-As ethylating agent; formation of polyesters which are used as insecticides.

Industry Uses
Flame retardants
Intermediates
Process regulators

Consumer Uses
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
Forest fire suppression.
Intermediate

Industry Processing Sectors
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Construction
Plastics product manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing

Formula: C6H15O4P / (C2H5)3PO4
Molecular mass: 182.2
Boiling point: 215°C
Melting point: -57°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.07
Solubility in water: miscible
Vapour pressure, Pa at 20°C: 20
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 6.3
Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20°C (air = 1): 1.00
Flash point: 116°C o.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 452°C
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 0.8

Triethyl phosphate is a clear, colorless liquid having a mild pleasant odor.
Triethyl phosphate is useful as a solvent in many applications, as a plasticizer for tough, fire-resistant plastics, and as an agricultural chemical as an intermediate in preparing tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP).

Applications/uses
Process solvents

Applications
Triethyl phosphate finds it major applications in plastics industry as a flame retardant, plasticizer and carrier, where it is available in the matrix.
A further 10 to 20 % are used in other industrial branches as a solvent, plasticizer, flame retardant or intermediate for the production of pharmaceuticals, and lacquers.
Triethyl phosphate is a useful synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of mesoporous spheres of metal oxides and phosphates.
Triethyl phosphate is also used as an industrial catalyst employed in ketene synthesis where the compound is hydrolyzed, as a polymer resin modifier, as a solvent, a car paint repairing product and as flame retarder

TEP – (Triethyl Phosphate) is a flame retardants that shows low acute toxicity following oral, dermal or inhalation exposures.
Triethyl Phosphate’s a slight skin and eye irritant and is not genetically active.

About this substance
Helpful information
ThisTriethyl phosphateance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Triethyl phosphate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Triethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and leather treatment products. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Article service life
Other release to the environment of Triethyl phosphate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).
Triethyl phosphate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Triethyl phosphate can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Triethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, plant protection products, coating products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Triethyl phosphate is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Other release to the environment of Triethyl phosphate is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use.

Triethyl phosphates primary uses are as an industrial catalyst (in acetic anhydride synthesis), a polymer resin modifier, and a plasticizer (e.g. for unsaturated polyesters).
In smaller scale it is used as a solvent for e.g. cellulose acetate, flame retardant, an intermediate for pesticides and other chemicals, stabilizer for peroxides, a strength agent for rubber and plastic including vinyl polymers and unsaturated polyesters, etc.

Formulation or re-packing
Triethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers, plant protection products and adhesives and sealants.
Release to the environment of Triethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites
Triethyl phosphate is used in the following products: polymers, leather treatment products and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Triethyl phosphate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Triethyl phosphate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Triethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Triethyl phosphate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Triethyl phosphate is a useful synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of mesoporous spheres of metal oxides and phosphates.
Triethyl Phosphate Mainly used for high boiling point solvents, catalysts, plasticizers, flame retardants, ethyl agent, organic peroxide stabilizer.

Triethyl Phosphate is a liquid form, kosher resin intermediate that effectively reduces viscosity and can be used as a synergist for flame resistance.
Triethyl phosphate (TEP) is useful as a plasticizer for flame resistant unsaturated polyester resins (used for fiberglass), a solvent for varied applications, and an agricultural chemical intermediate.
Triethyl phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (C₂H₅)₃PO₄ or OP(OEt)₃. Triethyl phosphate is a colorless liquid.
Triethyl phosphate is the triester of ethanol and phosphoric acid and can be called "phosphoric acid, triethyl ester".
Triethyl phosphate (TEP) is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild pleasant odor. Triethyl phosphate is also called phosphoric acid and triethyl ester.

Occurrence/Use
Industrial catalyst, desensitizing agent for peroxides, ethylating agent, plasticizer, color inhibitor for fibers and other polymers, solvent for aromatic halogenations and nitrations, flame retardant, anti-foaming agent; stabilizer in pesticides

APPLICATION
Triethyl phosphate, Cas 78-40-0 - used in other industrial branches as a solvent, plasticizer, flame retardant or intermediate for the production of pharmaceuticals, and lacquers.

Triethyl phosphate is a colorless, high-boiling liquid and containing 17 wt % phosphorus; mild odor.
Very stable at ordinary temperatures, compatible with many gums and resins, soluble in most organic solvents, miscible with water.
When mixed with water is quite stable at room temperature, but at elevated temperatures it hydrolyzes slowly.
Combustible.
Triethyl phosphate is manufactured from diethyl ether and phosphorus pentoxide via a metaphosphate intermediate.

Triethyl phosphate has been used commercially as an additive for polyester laminates and in cellulosics.
In polyester resins it functions as a viscosity depressant and as a flame retardant.
The viscosity-depressant effect of triethyl phosphate in polyester resin permits high loadings of alumina trihydrate, a fire- retardant smoke-suppressant filler.
Triethyl phosphate has also been employed as a flame-resistant plasticizer in cellulose acetate.
Because of its water solubility, the use of triethyl phosphate is limited to situations where weathering resistance is unimportant.
The halogenated alkyl phosphates are generally used for applications where lower volatility and greater resistance to leaching are required.

Properties
Chemical formula: C6H15O4P
Molar mass: 182.15 g/mol
Density: 1.072 g/cm3
Melting point: −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F; 216.7 K)
Boiling point: 215 °C (419 °F; 488 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -125.3·10−6 cm3/mol

General Description
Triethyl phosphate [78-40-0] is a colorless, corrosive liquid. Combustible.
Slowly dissolves in water and sinks in water.
Severely irritates skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Triethyl phosphate is manufactured from diethyl ether and phosphorus pentoxide via a metaphosphate intermediate.
Triethyl phosphate has been used commercially as an additive for polyester laminates and in cellulosics.

In polyester resins it functions as a viscosity depressant and as a flame retardant.
The viscosity-depressant effect of triethyl phosphate in polyester resin permits high loadings of alumina trihydrate,a fire-retardant smoke-suppressant filler.
Triethyl phosphate has also been employed as a flame-resistant plasticizer in cellulose acetate.
Because of its water solubility the use of triethyl phosphate is limited to situations where weathering resistance is unimportant.
The halogenated alkyl phosphates are generally used for applications where lower volatility and greater resistance to leaching are required.

Industrial uses
-Plasticizer for cellulose acetate, resins, plastics, gums.
-Flame retardant additive in unsaturated polyester resins.
-Solvent; lacquer remover.
-Catalyst.
-Chemical intermediate; ethylating agent.

Applications
Triethyl phosphate finds it major applications in plastics industry as a flame retardant, plasticizer and carrier, where it is available in the matrix.
A further 10 to 20 % are used in other industrial branches as a solvent, plasticizer, flame retardant or intermediate for the production of pharmaceuticals, and lacquers.
Triethyl phosphate is a useful synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of mesoporous spheres of metal oxides and phosphates.
Triethyl phosphate is also used as an industrial catalyst employed in ketene synthesis where the compound is hydrolyzed, as a polymer resin modifier, as a solvent, a car paint repairing product and as flame retarder

Triethyl phosphate is a colorless liquid at ambient temperatures.
The chemical has a mild, characteristic odor.

IUPAC NAMES:
Ethylphosphate, triethylester
phosphoric acid triethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, triethyl ester
riethyl phosphate
TEP
Tri Ethyl Phosphate
Tributylphosphat
TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE
Triethyl Phosphate
Triethyl phosphate
triethyl phosphate
TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE
Triethyl phosphate
triethyl phosphate
Triethylphosphat
Triethylphosphate
Triethylphosphate, Phosphoric acid triethyl ester, Triethyl orthophosphate,
trietile fosfato
1705772 [Beilstein]
201-114-5 [EINECS]
78-40-0 [RN]
MFCD00009077 [MDL number]
Phosphate de triéthyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Phosphoric acid triethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, triethyl ester [ACD/Index Name]
TC7900000
TEP
Triethyl phosphate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Triethylfosfat [Czech]
Triethylphosphat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Triethylphosphate
(C2H5O)3PO
[78-40-0]
135942-11-9 [RN]
4-01-00-01339 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein]
EINECS 201-114-5
Ethyl phosphate (VAN)
http:////www.amadischem.com/proen/509570/
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:45927
InChI=1/C6H15O4P/c1-4-8-11(7,9-5-2)10-6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H
NCGC00091606-02
o-Phosphoric acid triethyl ester
Phosphoric acid triethyl ester, TEP
TEN
triethoxy-hydroxyphosphanium
triethoxy-hydroxy-phosphanium
triethoxy-hydroxyphosphonium
triethoxy-hydroxy-phosphonium
Triethoxyphosphine oxide
TRI-ETHYL PHOSPHATE
Triethyl Phosphate (TEP)
Triethyl phosphate(TEP)
TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE, 99%
Triethyl phosphate,C6H15O4P,78-40-0
Triethyl Phosphate-d15
TRIETHYL-13C6 PHOSPHATE
Triethyl-d15-phosphate
Triethylfosfat
Triethylfosfat [Czech]
tri-ethylphosphate
TRIETHYLAMINE
Triethylamine Synthesis and properties of Triethylamine Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol: NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75, and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH. The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C. Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C. It is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether. Laboratory samples of triethylamine can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride. In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acid such as I2 and phenols. Owing to its steric bulk, it forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly. Applications of Triethylamine Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base. For example, it is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides. Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride. This reaction removes the hydrogen chloride from the reaction mixture, which can be required for these reactions to proceed to completion (R, R' = alkyl, aryl): R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl− Like other tertiary amines, it catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins. It is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations. Triethylamine is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt: RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I− Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes. It is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals. Triethylamine salts like any other tertiary ammonium salts are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties. Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis. Niche uses of Triethylamine Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Triethylamine is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster. Triethylamine is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes. This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification. Also, the bicarbonate salt of triethylamine (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules. Triethylamine was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines. Natural occurrence of Triethylamine Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay. For this reason, it is considered as unlucky to bring Hawthorn (or May blossom) into the house. Gangrene is also said to possess a similar odour. On a brighter note, it is also described as 'the smell of sex', specifically of semen. Application of Triethylamine Triethylamine has been used: • as a hydrogen donor for the polymerization of various monomers • to catalyze silanization • in the synthesis of the Cy3-Alexa647 heterodimer • in the synthesis of methacrylated solubilized decellularized cartilage Biochem/physiol Actions of Triethylamine Triethylamine is known to drive polymerization reaction. It acts as a source of carbon and nitrogen for bacterial cultures. Triethylamine is used in pesticides. Triethylamine can serve as an organic solvent. General description of Triethylamine Triethylamine (TEA, Et3N) is an aliphatic amine. Its addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices affords transparent liquid matrices with enhanced ability for spatial resolution during MALDI mass spectrometric (MS) imaging. A head-space gas chromatography (GC) procedure for the determination of triethylamine in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been reported. The viscosity coefficient of triethylamine vapor over a range of density and temperature has been measured. Application of Triethylamine Triethylamine has been used during the synthesis of: • 5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine • 3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine • polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD) It may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Triethylamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor. Flash point 20°F. Vapors irritate the eyes and mucous membranes. Less dense (6.1 lb / gal) than water. Vapors heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned. Triethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision. People have complained of seeing "blue haze" or having "smoky vision." These effects have been reversible upon cessation of exposure. Acute exposure can irritate the skin and mucous membranes in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure of workers to triethylamine vapor has been observed to cause reversible corneal edema. Chronic inhalation exposure has resulted in respiratory and hematological effects and eye lesions in rats and rabbits. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of triethylamine in humans. EPA has not classified triethylamine with respect to potential carcinogenicity. Liquid triethylamine will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. The pharmacokinetics of the industrially important compound triethylamine (TEA) and its metabolite triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) were studied in four volunteers after oral and intravenous administration. Triethylamine was efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, rapidly distributed, and in part metabolized into Triethylamine. There was no significant first pass metabolism. Triethylamine was also well absorbed from the GI tract. Within the GI tract, Triethylamine was reduced into Triethylamine (19%) and dealkylated into diethylamine (DEA; 10%). The apparent volumes of distribution during the elimination phase were 192 liters for Triethylamine and 103 liters for Triethylamine. Gastric intubation showed that there was a close association between levels of Triethylamine in plasma and gastric juice, the latter levels being 30 times higher. The Triethylamine and Triethylamine in plasma had half-lives of about 3 and 4 hr, respectively. Exhalation of Triethylamine was minimal. More than 90% of the dose was recovered in the urine as Triethylamine and Triethylamine. The urinary clearances of Triethylamine and Triethylamine indicated that in addition to glomerular filtration, tubular secretion takes place. For Triethylamine at high levels, the secretion appears to be saturable. The present data, in combination with those of earlier studies, indicate that the sum of Triethylamine and Triethylamine in urine may be used for biological monitoring of exposure to Triethylamine. Uses of Triethylamine Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses; as an accelerator activator for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor; as a curing and hardening agent for polymers; as a propellant; in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds; and for the desalination of seawater. The objectives of the study were to assess triethylamine (TEA) exposure in cold-box core making and to study the applicability of urinary Triethylamine measurement in exposure evaluation. Air samples were collected by pumping of air through activated-charcoal-filled glass tubes, and pre- and postshift urine samples were collected. The Triethylamine concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. Triethylamine was measured in air and urine samples from the same shift. Breathing-zone measurements of 19 workers in 3 foundries were included in the study, and stationary and continuous air measurements were also made in the same foundries. Pre- and postshift urine samples were analyzed for their Triethylamine and triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) concentrations. The Triethylamine concentration range was 0.3-23 mg/cu m in the breathing zone of the core makers. The mean 8-hr time-weighted average exposure levels were 1.3, 4.0, and 13 mg/cu m for the three foundries. Most of the preshift urinary Triethylamine concentrations were under the detection limit, whereas the postshift urinary Triethylamine concentrations ranged between 5.6 and 171 mmol/mol creatinine. The Triethylamine concentrations were 4-34% (mean 19%) of the summed Triethylamine + Triethylamine concentrations. The correlation between air and urine measurements was high (r=0.96, p<0.001). A Triethylamine air concentration of 4.1 mg/cu m (the current ACGIH 8-hr time-weighted average threshold limit value) corresponded to a urinary concentration of 36 mmol/mol creatinine. In 20 workers studied before, during, and after exposure to triethylamine (TEA) in a polyurethane-foam producing plant the amount of Triethylamine and its metabolite triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) excreted in urine corresponded to an average of 80% of the inhaled amount. An average of 27% was Triethylamine, but with a pronounced interindividual variation. Older subjects excreted more than younger ones; less than 0.3% was excreted as diethylamine. There have been few studies on the metabolism of industrially important aliphatic amines such as triethylamine. It is generally assumed that amines not normally present in the body are metabolized by monoamine oxidase and diamine oxidase (histaminase). Monoamine oxidase catalyzes the deamination of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Ultimately ammonia is formed and will be converted to urea. The hydrogen peroxide formed is acted upon by catalase and the aldehyde formed is thought to be converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid by the action of aldehyde oxidase. Five healthy volunteers were exposed by inhalation to triethylamine (Triethylamine; four or eight hours at about 10, 20, 35, and 50 mg/cu m), a compound widely used as a curing agent in polyurethane systems. Analysis of plasma and urine showed that an average of 24% of the Triethylamine was biotransformed into triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) but with a wide interindividual variation (15-36%). The Triethylamine and Triethylamine were quantitatively eliminated in the urine. The plasma and urinary concentrations of Triethylamine and Triethylamine decreased rapidly after the end of exposure (average half time of Triethylamine was 3.2 hr). In 20 workers studied before, during, and after exposure to triethylamine (TEA) in a polyurethane-foam producing plant the amount of Triethylamine and its metabolite triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) excreted in urine corresponded to an average of 80% of the inhaled amount. An average of 27% was Triethylamine, but with a pronounced interindividual variation. Older subjects excreted more than younger ones; less than 0.3% was excreted as diethylamine. After oral dose of triethylamine to four men, triethylamine in plasma had a half-life of about 3 hr (range, 2.4-3.5 hr). In 20 workers studied before, during, and after exposure to triethylamine (TEA) in a polyurethane-foam producing plant the amount of Triethylamine and its metabolite triethylamine-N-oxide (Triethylamine) excreted in urine corresponded to an average of 80% of the inhaled amount. The data indicate half-lives for Triethylamine and Triethylamine excretion in urine of about 3 hr. IDENTIFICATION of Triethylamine: Triethylamine is a colorless liquid with a strong fish odor. It mixes easily with water. USE: Triethylamine is an important commercial chemical. It is used as a curing catalyst in foundry molds, and in particle-board adhesives. It is used for the precipitation and purification of antibiotics. It is used for the production of polycarbonate resins. Triethylamine is found in tobacco smoke, two household use products (floor finish, stump and vine killer) and is approved for use in food and food packaging. EXPOSURE of Triethylamine: Workers that produce or use triethylamine may breathe in vapors or have direct skin contact. The general population may be exposed by vapors given off of food, from tobacco smoke, and by dermal contact with products containing triethylamine. If triethylamine is released to the environment, it will be broken down in air by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. It is not likely to be broken down in the air by sunlight. It will not volatilize into air from moist soil or water surfaces, but may volatilize from dry soil. It is expected to move easily through soil. It may be broken down by microorganisms, and is not expected to build up in fish. RISK of Triethylamine: Temporary eye irritation and damage, causing eye pain and hazy, blurred, and/or halo vision, have been reported in workers and volunteers exposed to low vapor levels of triethylamine. Nose and throat irritation have also been reported at moderate vapor levels. An increase in mild, reoccurring headaches was associated with occupational exposure to triethylamine in one study; no changes in blood pressure were observed. Data on the potential for triethylamine to produce other toxic effects in humans were not available. Triethylamine is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant in laboratory animals. Difficulty breathing, nervous system effects (excitation, tremors, convulsions), and damage to the lungs, eyes, liver, kidney, and heart were observed in laboratory animals exposed to moderate-to-high vapor levels; some animals died at high exposure levels. Convulsions, abnormal reflexes, stomach irritation, changes in the blood, and decreased body weight occurred in laboratory animals repeatedly fed moderate-to-high levels of triethylamine; some animals died at high exposure levels. Triethylamine did not cause cancer in laboratory animals following lifetime oral exposure. No changes in fertility or abortion were observed in laboratory animals fed triethylamine over three generations. Data on the potential for triethylamine to cause birth defects in laboratory animals were not available. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has determined that triethyamine is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. The potential for triethylamine to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. USES of Triethylamine Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses; as an accelerator activator for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor; as a curing and hardening agent for polymers; as a propellant; in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds; and for the desalination of seawater. Determination of triethylamine and 2-dimethylaminoethanol by isotachophoresis in air samples from polyurethane foam production was studied. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision. People have complained of seeing "blue haze" or having "smoky vision." These effects have been reversible upon cessation of exposure. Acute exposure can irritate the skin and mucous membranes in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure of workers to triethylamine vapor has been observed to cause reversible corneal edema. Chronic inhalation exposure has resulted in respiratory and hematological effects and eye lesions in rats and rabbits. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of triethylamine in humans. EPA has not classified triethylamine with respect to potential carcinogenicity. Triethylamine/ is strongly alkaline, and when drop is applied to rabbit's eye, causes severe injury, graded 9 on scale of 1 to 10 after 24 hr /most severe injuries have been rated 10/. Tests of aqueaous solution on rabbit eyes at pH 10 and pH 11 indicate injuriousness /of triethylamine/ is related principally to degree of alkalinity. A waste containing triethylamine may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for ignitability characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. NIOSH questioned whether the PEL proposed by OSHA for triethylamine was adequate to protect workers from recognized health hazards: TWA 10 ppm; STEL 15 ppm. Toxic gases and vapors (such as oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide) may be released in fire involving triethylamine. This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Triethylamine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart. Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Triethylamine is included on this list. USE of Triethylamine: Triethylamine (TEA) is a colorless liquid. It is used as catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; accelerator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium types; curing and hardening of polymers; corrosion inhibitor; propellant. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY of Triethylamine: Aside from irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, triethylamine also stimulates the central nervous system, because it inhibits monamine oxidase. Experimental studies were conducted in four healthy men on the metabolism of inhaled Triethylamine (20 mg/cu m) with and without ethanol ingestion. Three subjects displayed visual disturbances in the experiments without ethanol. These same subjects did not experience any visual disturbances in those experiments containing ethanol. In another study, four hour exposure to a Triethylamine concentration of 3.0 mg/cu m seemed to cause no effects, whereas exposure to 6.5 mg/cu m for the same period caused blurred vision and a decrease in contrast sensitivity. Two volunteers were exposed to various airborne concentrations of triethylamine. Levels of 18 mg/cu m for eight hours caused subjective visual disturbances (haze and halos) and objective corneal edema. The effects faded within hours after the end of exposure. A cross-sectional study of visual disturbances was conducted in 19 workers (13 men, 6 women, mean age 45) employed in a polyurethane foam production plant. Visual disturbances (foggy vision, blue haze, and sometimes halo phemomena) were reported by 5 workers. Symptoms were associated with work operations with the highest exposure to triethylamine (TWA= 12-13 mg/cu m). ANIMAL STUDIES of Triethylamine: Triethylamine irritates the mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. In concentrations of 156 ppm a 50% decrease of the respiratory rate in rats was found. A 70% solution applied on the skin of guinea pigs caused prompt skin burns leading to necrosis; when held in contact with guinea pig skin for 2 hr, there was severe skin irritation with extensive necrosis and deep scarring. Five cat eyes and 1 monkey eye were exposed to triethylamine. Animals were exposed to triethylamine at rates of 0.45-0.85 mmol triethylamine/5 min for periods ranging from 1 to 5 min. Corneal epithelial damage occurred at all doses and was severe at higher concentrations. In all cases the epithelium was healed by day 4. Optical discontinuities of the stroma similar to those seen in human patients were observed at all dose levels. Convulsions observed in all rats given oral dosages of 50 mg or more. Triethylamine was tested on 3 day old chicken embryos. Malformations observed were: small eye cup 31%, defects of lids and cornea 73%, defects of beak 4%, encephalocoele or skin pimple in head 23%, open coelom 35%, short back or neck 42%, defects of wings 38%, and edema and lymph blebs 4%. Triethylamine was tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay. Triethylamine was tested at doses of 0, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, and 10,000 ug/plate in four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Triethylamine was negative in these tests. Employee who /will be/ exposed to triethylamine at potentially hazardous levels should be screened for history of certain medical conditions /chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, eye diseases/ which might place the employee at increased risk from triethylamine exposure. Any employee developing the conditions should be referred for further medical exam. Experimental studies were conducted in four healthy men on the metab of inhaled triethylamine (TEA) (20 mg/cu m) with and without ethanol ingestion. The mean serum ethanol concn during exposure & in the first hr after exposure was 25 mmol/L, ranging from 16 to 35 mmol/L. Triethylamine was readily absorbed during exposure & partly oxygenated into triethylamine-N-oxide. The concn in plasma of Triethylamine at the end of the exposure were lower in experiments with ethanol intake. Triethylamine plus ethanol plus sodium bicarbonate caused the highest plasma levels, with only minor Triethylamine amounts exhaled. The half live of Triethylamine in urine was similar in many experiments. The triethylamine-N-oxide excretion was lower after ethanol ingestion than after exposure to Triethylamine alone. Urinary pH profoundly affected Triethylamine metabolism. /SRP: A decrease of the urinary pH by one increased renal clearance of Triethylamine by a factor of 2./A change in urinary pH by about 2 units caused a change of renal clearance of Triethylamine by a factor of three & of the oxygenation by a factor of two. Renal clearance of triethylamine-N-oxide was not affected by urinary pH. Three subjects displayed visual disturbances in the experiments without ethanol. These same subjects did not experience any visual disturbances in those experiments containing ethanol. It was concluded that, theoretically, the ethanol intake & varying urinary pH may affect the possibility of monitoring Triethylamine exposure through biological samples. Although there was good correlation between air Triethylamine levels & either end shift plasma levels & post shift urinary excretion of Triethylamine plus triethylamine-N-oxide in an industrial settling, a determination of urinary pH would help. Four people were exposed to triethylamine (TEA) for 4 hr at concentrations of 40.6, 6.5, and 3.0 mg/cu m. Before and after every exposure, symptoms and ocular microscopy findings were recorded. Binocular visual acuity and contrast sensitivity at 2.5% contrast were also measured. Also, before and after the 40.6 mg/cu m exposure, corneal thickness was measured and ocular dimensions were recorded by ultrasonography, endothelial cells of the cornea were analyzed, and serum and lacrimal specimens were collected for the analysis of Triethylamine. After exposure to 40.6 mg/cu m Triethylamine there was a marked edema in the corneal epithelium and subepithelial microcysts. However, corneal thickness increased only minimally because of the epithelial edema. The lacrimal concentrations of Triethylamine were, on average (range) 41 (18-83) times higher than the serum Triethylamine concentrations. The vision was blurred in all subjects and visual acuity and contrast sensitivity had decreased in three of the four subjects. After exposure to Triethylamine at 6.5 mg/cu m two subjects experienced symptoms, and contrast sensitivity had decreased in three of the four subjects. There were no symptoms or decreases in contrast sensitivity after exposure to a Triethylamine concentration of 3.0 mg/cu m. Triethylamine caused a marked edema and microcysts in corneal epithelium but only minor increases in corneal thickness. The effects may be mediated by the lacrimal fluid owing to its high Triethylamine concentration. Four hour exposure to a Triethylamine concentration of 3.0 mg/cu m seemed to cause no effects, whereas exposure to 6.5 mg/cu m for the same period caused blurred vision and a decrease in contrast sensitivity. Triethylamine is 10.78, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Triethylamine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 28% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, triethylamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's pKa. BCFs of <4.9 measured in carp suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to triethylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triethylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to triethylamine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with consumer products containing triethylamine. Triethylamine's production and use in the synthesis of semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins, as a polyurethane catalysts, an anti-corrosion agent, in paper, textile and photographic auxiliaries, and in anodic electro-coating may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 51, determined from a structure estimation method, indicates that triethylamine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of triethylamine is 10.78, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization of the cation from moist soil is not expected because cations do not volatilize. Triethylamine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 57.07 mm Hg at 25 °C. A 28% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 51, determined from a structure estimation method, indicates that triethylamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon a pKa of 10.78, indicating that triethylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form and cations do not volatilize. Triethylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. According to a classification scheme, BCFs of <4.9, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Triethylamine present at 100 mg/L, reached 28% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test. ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, triethylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 57.07 mm Hg at 25 °C, is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triethylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.2 hours, calculated from its rate constant of 9.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method. Triethylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triethylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C using a structure estimation method. This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.2 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Triethylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Triethylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Experiments show that triethylamine reacts with NO-NO2-H20 mixtures to form diethylnitroamine both in the dark and on irradiation. On irradiation, triethylamine is highly reactive forming ozone, PAN, acetaldehyde, diethylnitroamine, diethylformamide, ethylacetamide, and diethylacetamide and aerosols. These experiments were performed in large outdoor chambers under natural conditions of temperature, humidity, and illumination. Initially the mixture was allowed to react for two hours in the dark and then exposed to sunlight. The triethylamine completely disappeared after 90 minutes of illumination. Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices, the Koc of triethylamine can be estimated to be 51. According to a classification scheme, this estimated Koc value suggests that triethylamine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of triethylamine is 10.78, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. A pKa of 10.78 indicates triethylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9. Volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important environmental fate because cations do not volatilize. Triethylamine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 57.07 mm Hg. Triethylamine has been reported in an effluent sample from the plastics and synthetics industry at 356.5 mg/L. It is emitted from sewage treatment plants. Anthropogenic releases of triethylamine by industry in the US to the atmosphere, surface water, underwater injections, land, and off-site were 2.3X10+5, 2299, 1.3X10+5, 10, and 2961 lbs, respectively, for the year 2014.
TRIETHYLAMINE
Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Furthermore, Triethylamine is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation.


CAS Number: 121-44-8
EC Number: 204-469-4
Chemical formula: C6H15N
Molar mass: 101.193 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid



APPLICATIONS


Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, Triethylamine is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with Triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride.

Hydrogen chloride may then evaporate from the reaction mixture, which drives the reaction. (R, R' = alkyl, aryl):

R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−

Like other tertiary amines, Triethylamine catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.

Triethylamine is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:

RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−

Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Moreover, Triethylamine is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.

Triethylamine salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.


Niche uses of Triethylamine:

Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

Besides, Triethylamine is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster.
Triethylamine is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.

The bicarbonate salt of triethylamine (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.
Triethylamine was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.
The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02 ("Tonka-250"), a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% triethlyamine as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.


Natural occurrence of Triethylamine:

Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay.
Due to the scent , Triethylamine is considered unlucky to bring hawthorn into a house.
Gangrene and semen are also said to possess a similar odour.


Triethylamine has been used during the synthesis of:

5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD)

Triethylamine may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate.


Identified uses of Triethylamine:

Laboratory chemicals
Manufacture of substances


Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses; as an accelerator activator for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor; as a curing and hardening agent for polymers; as a propellant; in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds; and for the desalination of seawater.


Some uses of Triethylamine:

Products used to polish metal surfaces
Biocide
Emulsion stabilising
Flavouring
Adhesive and adhesive remover related products which do not fit into a more refined category
General purpose repair adhesives including all purpose glues, super glue, and epoxies; not including wood glues
Paint or stain related products that do not fit into a more refined category
Home improvement paints, excluding or not specified as oil-, solvent-, or water-based paints
Products used on wooden surfaces, including decks, to impart transparent or semitransparent color
Products for coating and protecting household surfaces other than glass, stone, or grout
Products used to control or kill unwanted plants


Triethylamine is used as a catalyst for polyurethane foams, an accelerator for rubber, and a curing agent for amino and epoxy resins.
In addition, Triethylamine is used as an accelerator in photography development.
Triethylamine is used to make quaternary ammonium compounds and as a catalyst to make sand-based cores and molds.

Triethylamine is a catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; accelerator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium types; curing and hardening of polymers (e.g., core-binding resins); corrosion inhibitor; propellant.

More to that, Triethylamine is catalyst for epoxy resins.
Triethylamine is used in manufacture of dyestuffs.


Industry Uses of Triethylamine:

Cleaning agent
Dispersing agent
Finishing agents
Intermediates
Pigment
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
pH regulating agent


Triethylamine is used as a competing base for the separation of acidic basic and neutral drugs by reverse-phased high-performance liquid chromatography.
Further to that, Triethylamine induces visual disturbances (such as foggy vision) in humans, and is also used in industry as a quenching agent in the ozonolysis of alkenes (e.g. (E)-2-Pentene [P227315]).

Triethylamine is used in the purification of drugs which are pharmacologically or chemically similar through separation in reverse-phase HPLC.
Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Triethylamine is not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package.
Additionally, Triethylamine is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.

Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Furthermore, Triethylamine acts as a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.

Triethylamine is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Moreover, Triethylamine acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidations.

Triethylamine finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.
Besides, Triethylamine is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.

Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses; as an accelerator activator for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor; as a curing and hardening agent for polymers; as a propellant; in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds; and for the desalination of seawater.


Applications of Triethylamine:

Ag chem solvents
Agriculture intermediates
Aluminum production
Chemicals & petrochemicals
Electronic chemicals
Insecticides int
Intermediates
Mining
Pharmaceutical chemicals
Resins


Triethylamine (TEA) belongs to the trialkylamine class.
In addition, Triethylamine finds widespread use in chemical industry.


Use of Triethylamine in Coatings:

Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins (polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups).
More to that, Triethylamine is also utilized as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy and polyurethane systems.


Other uses of Triethylamine:

In synthesis, Triethylamine is primarily used as a proton scavenger; however, it is also used in the production of Diethylhydroxylamine and other organic compounds.



DESCRIPTION


Triethylamine is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Further to that, Triethylamine acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.

Triethylamine is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine is used in automotive casting industry and textile industry.

Triethylamine is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia. Like diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's base), triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base.


Synthesis and properties of Triethylamine:

Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:
NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O

The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75, and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.
The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.

Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.
Additionally, Triethylamine is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.

Laboratory samples of triethylamine can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.
In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, Triethylamine forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.

Triethylamine (TEA, Et3N) is an aliphatic amine.
Its addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices affords transparent liquid matrices with enhanced ability for spatial resolution during MALDI mass spectrometric (MS) imaging.

A head-space gas chromatography (GC) procedure for the determination of triethylamine in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been reported.
The viscosity coefficient of triethylamine vapor over a range of density and temperature has been measured.

Triethylamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Flash point of Triethylamine is 20 °F.
Vapors of Triethylamine irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.

Triethylamine is less dense (6.1 lb / gal) than water.
Vapors of Triethylamine are heavier than air.
Triethylamine produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Triethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision.

Triethylamine is a collorless liquid with a strong, ammonia-like odor.



PROPERTIES


vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 51.75 mmHg ( 20 °C)
assay: ≥99.5%
form: liquid
autoignition temp.: 593 °F
expl. lim.: 8 %
impurities: ≤0.1% (Karl Fischer)
refractive index: n20/D 1.401 (lit.)
pH: 12.7 (15 °C, 100 g/L)
bp: 88.8 °C (lit.)
mp: −115 °C (lit.)
solubility: water: soluble 112 g/L at 20 °C
density: 0.726 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
storage temp.: room temp
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: amine-like
Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: -115 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 88,8 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 9,3 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1,2 %(V)
Flash point: -11 °C - c.c.
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 12,7 at 100 g/l at 15 °C
Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,36 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 112,4 g/l at 20 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water
log Pow: 1,45 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 72 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,726 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Molecular Weight: 101.19
XLogP3: 1.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 101.120449483
Monoisotopic Mass: 101.120449483
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 25.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes



FIRST AID


Description of first-aid measures:
General advice:

First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.


After inhalation:

Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
If breathing stops: immediately apply artificial respiration, if necessary also oxygen.


In case of skin contact:

Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.


In case of eye contact:

Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.


If swallowed:

Make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of perforation).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.


Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Precautions for safe handling:

Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
Avoid generation of vapours/aerosols.


Advice on protection against fire and explosion:

Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of ignition
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.


Hygiene measures:

Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.


Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.


Storage class:

Storage class (TRGS 510): 3: Flammable liquids


Specific end use(s):

Apart from the uses mentioned above, no other specific uses are stipulated.

Keep in a cool place.
Keep away from sources of ignition – No smoking.
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

Do not empty into drains.
Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).



SYNONYMS


TRIETHYLAMINE
N,N-Diethylethanamine
121-44-8
(Diethylamino)ethane
Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-
Triethylamin
triethyl amine
Triaethylamin
Trietilamina
N,N,N-Triethylamine
NEt3
trietylamine
tri-ethyl amine
(C2H5)3N
MFCD00009051
N,N-diethyl-ethanamine
VOU728O6AY
CHEBI:35026
Diethylaminoethane
Triethylamine, >=99.5%
Triaethylamin [German]
Trietilamina [Italian]
CCRIS 4881
HSDB 896
Et3N
TEN [Base]
EINECS 204-469-4
UN1296
UNII-VOU728O6AY
triehtylamine
triehylamine
trieihylamine
triethlyamine
triethyamine
TRIETHYLAMINE 100ML
triethylamme
triethylarnine
Thethylamine
Triethlamine
triethyIamine
Triethylannine
tri-ethylamine
triehyl amine
triethyl amin
triethylam ine
triethylami-ne
triethylamine-
trietyl amine
tri ethyl amine
triethyl- amine
AI3-15425
Green Tea 95%
N, N-diethylethanamine
Green Tea PE 50%
Green Tea PE 90%
N,N,N-Triethylamine #
triethylamine, 99.5%
Triethylamine, >=99%
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
DSSTox_CID_4366
TRIETHYLAMINE [MI]
EC 204-469-4
N(Et)3
DSSTox_RID_77381
NCIOpen2_006503
TRIETHYLAMINE [FHFI]
TRIETHYLAMINE [HSDB]
TRIETHYLAMINE [INCI]
DSSTox_GSID_24366
BIDD:ER0331
Triethylamine (Reagent Grade)
Triethylamine, LR, >=99%
TRIETHYLAMINE [USP-RS]
(CH3CH2)3N
CHEMBL284057
N(CH2CH3)3
Green Tea Extract (50/30)
Green Tea Extract (90/40)
DTXSID3024366
FEMA NO. 4246
Triethylamine, HPLC, 99.6%
Triethylamine, p.a., 99.0%
Green Tea Extract 50% Material
Triethylamine, analytical standard
ADAL1185352
BCP07310
N(C2H5)3
Triethylamine, for synthesis, 99%
ZINC1242720
Tox21_200873
Triethylamine, 99.7%, extra pure
GREEN TEA Powder & Powder Extract
STL282722
AKOS000119998
Triethylamine, purum, >=99% (GC)
Triethylamine, ZerO2(TM), >=99%
ZINC112977393
UN 1296
NCGC00248857-01
NCGC00258427-01
CAS-121-44-8
Triethylamine, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
FT-0688146
T0424
Triethylamine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-35419
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
Triethylamine, trace metals grade, 99.99%
Triethylamine, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
Triethylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
Q139199
J-004499
J-525077
F0001-0344
Triethylamine, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, for protein sequence analysis, ampule, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
TRIETHYLAMINE
DESCRIPTION:
Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Triethylamine is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation.
Triethylamine is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.

CAS Number: 121-44-8
EC Number: 204-469-4
Preferred IUPAC name: N,N-Diethylethanamine
Triethylamine (TEA, Et3N) is an aliphatic amine.

Its addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices affords transparent liquid matrices with enhanced ability for spatial resolution during MALDI mass spectrometric (MS) imaging.
A head-space gas chromatography (GC) procedure for the determination of triethylamine in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been reported.
The viscosity coefficient of triethylamine vapor over a range of density and temperature has been measured

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Chemical formula: C6H15N
Molar mass: 101.193 g•mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: Fishy, ammoniacal
Density: 0.7255 g mL−1
Melting point: −114.70 °C; −174.46 °F; 158.45 K
Boiling point: 88.6 to 89.8 °C; 191.4 to 193.5 °F; 361.7 to 362.9 K
log P: 1.647
Vapor pressure: 6.899–8.506 kPa
Henry's law constant (kH): 66 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa): 10.75 (for the conjugate acid) (H2O), 9.00 (DMSO)[3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -81.4•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.401
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 216.43 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −169 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −4.37763 to −4.37655 MJ mol−1
vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
Quality Level: 100
vapor pressure: 51.75 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay: ≥99.5%
Form: liquid
autoignition temp.: 593 °F
expl. lim.: 8 %
Impurities: ≤0.1% (Karl Fischer)
refractive index: n20/D 1.401 (lit.)
pH: 12.7 (15 °C, 100 g/L)
Boiling point: 90 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.72 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.2 - 9.3 %(V)
Flash point: -11 °C
Ignition temperature: 215 °C
Melting Point: -115 - -114.7 °C
pH value: 12.7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 15 °C) (IUCLID)
Vapor pressure: 72 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 133 g/l
Molecular Weight: 101.19
XLogP3: 1.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 101.120449483
Monoisotopic Mass: 101.120449483
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 25.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes




Triethylamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Triethylamine has Flash point of 20 °F.
Vapors of Triethylamine irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.

Triethylamine is Less dense (6.1 lb / gal) than water.
Vapors of Triethylamine is heavier than air.
Triethylamine Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Triethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision.
People have complained of seeing "blue haze" or having "smoky vision."

These effects have been reversible upon cessation of exposure.
Acute exposure can irritate the skin and mucous membranes in humans.
Chronic (long-term) exposure of workers to triethylamine vapor has been observed to cause reversible corneal edema.

Chronic inhalation exposure has resulted in respiratory and hematological effects and eye lesions in rats and rabbits.
No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of triethylamine in humans.
EPA has not classified triethylamine with respect to potential carcinogenicity.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:
NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O
The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75, and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.
The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.

Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.
Triethylamine is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.
Laboratory samples of triethylamine can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.

In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, Triethylamine forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.

APPLICATIONS OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, Triethylamine is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride.

Hydrogen chloride may then evaporate from the reaction mixture, which drives the reaction. (R, R' = alkyl, aryl):
R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−

Like other tertiary amines, it catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:
RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−

Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Triethylamine is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.

Triethylamine salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.

Niche uses:
Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

Triethylamine is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster.
Triethylamine is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.

The bicarbonate salt of triethylamine (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.

Triethylamine was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.
The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02 ("Tonka-250"), a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% triethlyamine as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.

Natural occurrence:
Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay.
Due to the scent , it is considered unlucky to bring hawthorn into a house.
Gangrene and semen are also said to possess a similar odour.


Triethylamine has been used during the synthesis of:
• 5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
• 3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine
• polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD)
Triethylamine may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC).

Triethylamine is a base used to prepare esters and amides from acyl chlorides as well as in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Triethylamine acts as a catalyst in the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins, dehydrohalogeantion reactions, acid neutralizers for condensation reactions and Swern oxidations.

Triethylamine finds application in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mobile-phase modifier.
Triethylamine is also used as an accelerator activator for rubber, as a propellant, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a curing and hardening agent for polymers and for the desalination of seawater.
Furthermore, Triethylamine is used in the automotive casting industry and the textile industry.




SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIETHYLAMINE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF TRİETHYLAMİNE:
MeSH Entry Terms:
triethylamine
triethylamine acetate
triethylamine dinitrate
triethylamine hydrobromide
triethylamine hydrochloride
triethylamine maleate (1:1)
triethylamine phosphate
triethylamine phosphate (1:1)
triethylamine phosphonate (1:1)
triethylamine sulfate
triethylamine sulfate (2:1)
triethylamine sulfite (1:1)
triethylamine sulfite (2:1)
triethylammonium formate

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
TRIETHYLAMINE
N,N-Diethylethanamine
121-44-8
(Diethylamino)ethane
Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-
Triethylamin
triethyl amine
Triaethylamin
Trietilamina
N,N,N-Triethylamine
NEt3
trietylamine
tri-ethyl amine
(C2H5)3N
MFCD00009051
N,N-diethyl-ethanamine
VOU728O6AY
CHEBI:35026
Diethylaminoethane
Triethylamine, >=99.5%
Triaethylamin [German]
Trietilamina [Italian]
CCRIS 4881
HSDB 896
Et3N
TEN [Base]
EINECS 204-469-4
UN1296
UNII-VOU728O6AY
triehtylamine
triehylamine
trieihylamine
triethlyamine
triethyamine
TRIETHYLAMINE 100ML
triethylamme
triethylarnine
Thethylamine
Triethlamine
triethyIamine
Triethylannine
tri-ethylamine
triehyl amine
triethyl amin
triethylam ine
triethylami-ne
triethylamine-
trietyl amine
tri ethyl amine
triethyl- amine
AI3-15425
Green Tea 95%
N, N-diethylethanamine
Green Tea PE 50%
Green Tea PE 90%
N,N,N-Triethylamine #
triethylamine, 99.5%
Triethylamine, >=99%
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
DSSTox_CID_4366
TRIETHYLAMINE [MI]
EC 204-469-4
N(Et)3
DSSTox_RID_77381
NCIOpen2_006503
TRIETHYLAMINE [FHFI]
TRIETHYLAMINE [HSDB]
TRIETHYLAMINE [INCI]
DSSTox_GSID_24366
BIDD:ER0331
Triethylamine (Reagent Grade)
Triethylamine, LR, >=99%
TRIETHYLAMINE [USP-RS]
(CH3CH2)3N
CHEMBL284057
N(CH2CH3)3
DTXSID3024366
FEMA NO. 4246
Triethylamine, HPLC, 99.6%
Triethylamine, p.a., 99.0%
Triethylamine, analytical standard
ADAL1185352
BCP07310
N(C2H5)3
Triethylamine, for synthesis, 99%
ZINC1242720
Tox21_200873
Triethylamine, 99.7%, extra pure
STL282722
AKOS000119998
Triethylamine, purum, >=99% (GC)
Triethylamine, ZerO2(TM), >=99%
ZINC112977393
UN 1296
NCGC00248857-01
NCGC00258427-01
CAS-121-44-8
Triethylamine, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
FT-0688146
T0424
Triethylamine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-35419
Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid]
Triethylamine, trace metals grade, 99.99%
Triethylamine, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
Triethylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
Q139199
J-004499
J-525077
F0001-0344
Triethylamine, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, for protein sequence analysis, ampule, >=99.5% (GC)
Triethylamine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard


TRIETHYLAMINE
DESCRIPTION:

Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Triethylamine is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation.
Triethylamine is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Like diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's base), triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base.

CAS Number, 121-44-8
EC Number, 204-469-4
Molecular Formula: C6H15N


SYNONYMS OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
N,N-Diethylethanamine,,triethylamine,triethylamine acetate,triethylamine dinitrate,triethylamine hydrobromide,triethylamine hydrochloride,triethylamine maleate (1:1),triethylamine phosphate,triethylamine phosphate (1:1),triethylamine phosphonate (1:1),triethylamine sulfate,triethylamine sulfate (2:1),triethylamine sulfite (1:1),triethylamine sulfite (2:1),triethylammonium formate,TRIETHYLAMINE,N,N-Diethylethanamine,121-44-8,(Diethylamino)ethane,Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-,triethyl amine,Triaethylamin,Triethylamin,Trietilamina,N,N,N-Triethylamine,NEt3,trietylamine,tri-ethyl amine,(C2H5)3N,MFCD00009051,N,N-diethyl-ethanamine,VOU728O6AY,DTXSID3024366,CHEBI:35026,Diethylaminoethane,Triethylamine, >=99.5%,Triaethylamin [German],Trietilamina [Italian],CCRIS 4881,HSDB 896,Et3N,TEN [Base],EINECS 204-469-4,UN1296,UNII-VOU728O6AY,triehtylamine,triehylamine,trieihylamine,triethlyamine,triethyamine,triethylamme,triethylarnine,tri-ethylamine,triehyl amine,triethyl amin,triethylam ine,triethylami-ne,triethylamine-,trietyl amine,tri ethyl amine,triethyl- amine,AI3-15425,N, N-diethylethanamine,N,N,N-Triethylamine #,triethylamine, 99.5%,Triethylamine, >=99%,Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid],TRIETHYLAMINE [MI],EC 204-469-4,N(Et)3,NCIOpen2_006503,TRIETHYLAMINE [FHFI],TRIETHYLAMINE [HSDB],TRIETHYLAMINE [INCI],BIDD:ER0331,Triethylamine, LR, >=99%,TRIETHYLAMINE [USP-RS],(CH3CH2)3N,CHEMBL284057,DTXCID204366,N(CH2CH3)3,FEMA NO. 4246,Triethylamine, HPLC, 99.6%,Triethylamine, p.a., 99.0%,Triethylamine, analytical standard,BCP07310,N(C2H5)3,Triethylamine, for synthesis, 99%,Tox21_200873,Triethylamine, 99.7%, extra pure,AKOS000119998,Triethylamine, purum, >=99% (GC),Triethylamine, ZerO2(TM), >=99%,UN 1296,NCGC00248857-01,NCGC00258427-01,CAS-121-44-8,Triethylamine, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC),Triethylamine, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%,FT-0688146,NS00002646,T0424,Triethylamine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile,EN300-35419,Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid],Triethylamine, trace metals grade, 99.99%,Triethylamine, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%,Triethylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC),Q139199,J-004499,J-525077,F0001-0344,Triethylamine, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (GC),InChI=1/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H,Triethylamine, for protein sequence analysis, ampule, >=99.5% (GC),Triethylamine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard,(C2H5)3N [Formula],10575-25-4 [RN],119618-21-2 [RN],119618-22-3 [RN],121-44-8 [RN],14943-53-4 [RN],173324-94-2 [RN],204-469-4 [EINECS],221,130-6 [EINECS],234-163-6 [EINECS],3010-02-4 [RN],3563-01-7 [RN],605283 [Beilstein],Diethylaminoethyl,Et3N [Formula],Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- [ACD/Index Name],MFCD00009051 [MDL number],N,N,N-triethylamine,N,N-Diethylethanamin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name],N,N-Diethylethanamine [ACD/IUPAC Name],N,N-Diéthyléthanamine [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name],NEt3 [Formula],TEA,triethyl amine,Triethylamine [Wiki]Trietilamina [Italian],(diethylamino)ethane,109-16-0 [RN],203-652-6 [EINECS],66688-79-7 [RN],73602-61-6 [RN],diethylaminoethane,https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compoundreportcard/CHEMBL284057/,MFCD00008591 [MDL number],N,N-Diethyl-Ethanamine,Triaethylamin [German],Triaethylamin,Triethylamin,Triethyl-amine,triethylammonium,三乙胺 [Chinese]



Triethylamine (TEA, Et3N) is an aliphatic amine.
Its addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrices affords transparent liquid matrices with enhanced ability for spatial resolution during MALDI mass spectrometric (MS) imaging.
A head-space gas chromatography (GC) procedure for the determination of triethylamine in active pharmaceutical ingredients has been reported.
The viscosity coefficient of triethylamine vapor over a range of density and temperature has been measured.


Triethylamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong ammonia to fish-like odor.
Flash point of Triethylamine is 20 °F.
Vapors of Triethylamine irritate the eyes and mucous membranes.

Triethylamine is Less dense (6.1 lb / gal) than water.
Vapors of Triethylamine is heavier than air.
Triethylamine Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Triethylamine is a tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.

Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision.
People have complained of seeing "blue haze" or having "smoky vision."
These effects have been reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Acute exposure can irritate the skin and mucous membranes in humans.
Chronic (long-term) exposure of workers to triethylamine vapor has been observed to cause reversible corneal edema.
Chronic inhalation exposure has resulted in respiratory and hematological effects and eye lesions in rats and rabbits.

No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of triethylamine in humans. EPA has not classified triethylamine with respect to potential carcinogenicity.




SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:
NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O
The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75,[4] and it can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.

The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.
Triethylamine is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.

Triethylamine is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.
Laboratory samples of triethylamine can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.

In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, it forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.



APPLICATIONS OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, it is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.


Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride. (R, R' = alkyl, aryl):
R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−

Like other tertiary amines, it catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
It is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:
RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−

Triethylamine is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
It is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.

Triethylamine salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.



Triethylamine has been used during the synthesis of:

5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine[4]
3′-(2-cyanoethyl)diisopropylphosphoramidite-5′-dimethoxytrityl-5-(fur-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine[4]
polyethylenimine600-β-cyclodextrin (PEI600-β-CyD)[5]
Triethylamine may be used as a homogeneous catalyst for the preparation of glycerol dicarbonate, via transesterification reaction between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)


Niche uses:
Triethylamine is commonly used in the production of anionic PUDs.
A polyurethane prepolymer is prepared using an isocyanate and polyol with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA).
This molecule contains two hydroxy groups and a carboxylic acid group.


This prepolymer is then dispersed in water with triethylamine or other neutralizing agent.
The TEA reacts with the carboxylic acid forming a salt which is water soluble.
Usually, a diamine chain extender is then added to produce a polyurethane dispersed in water with no free NCO groups but with polyurethane and polyurea segments.

Dytek A is commonly used as a chain extender.
Triethylamine is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Triethylamine is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster.

Triethylamine is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
This is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.
The bicarbonate salt of triethylamine (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.

Triethylamine was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.
The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02 ("Tonka-250"), a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% triethylamine as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when it begins to decay.
Due to the scent, it is considered unlucky in British culture to bring hawthorn into a house.
Gangrene and semen are also said to possess a similar odour










CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE:
Chemical formula, C6H15N
Molar mass, 101.193 g•mol−1
Appearance, Colourless liquid
Odor, Fishy, ammoniacal
Density, 0.7255 g mL−1
Melting point, −114.70 °C; −174.46 °F; 158.45 K
Boiling point, 88.6 to 89.8 °C; 191.4 to 193.5 °F; 361.7 to 362.9 K
Solubility in water, 112.4 g/L at 20 °C[3]
Solubility, miscible with organic solvents
log P, 1.647
Vapor pressure, 6.899–8.506 kPa
Henry's law
constant (kH), 66 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa), 10.75 (for the conjugate acid) (H2O), 9.00 (DMSO)[4]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), -81.4•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD), 1.401
Thermochemistry,
Heat capacity (C), 216.43 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298), −169 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298), −4.37763 to −4.37655 MJ mol−1
vapor density
3.5 (vs air)
Quality Level
100
vapor pressure
51.75 mmHg ( 20 °C)
Assay
≥99.5%
form
liquid
autoignition temp.
593 °F
expl. lim.
8 %
impurities
≤0.1% (Karl Fischer)
refractive index
n20/D 1.401 (lit.)
pH
12.7 (15 °C, 100 g/L)
bp
88.8 °C (lit.)
mp
−115 °C (lit.)
solubility
water: soluble 112 g/L at 20 °C
density
0.726 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
storage temp.
room temp
SMILES string
CCN(CC)CC
InChI
1S/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3
InChI key
ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight
101.19 g/mol
XLogP3
1.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
1
Rotatable Bond Count
3
Exact Mass
101.120449483 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
101.120449483 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
3.2Ų
Heavy Atom Count
7
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
25.7
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Boiling point, 90 °C (1013 hPa)
Density, 0.72 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Explosion limit, 1.2 - 9.3 %(V)
Flash point, -11 °C
Ignition temperature, 215 °C
Melting Point, -115 - -114.7 °C
pH value, 12.7 (100 g/l, H₂O, 15 °C) (IUCLID)
Vapor pressure, 72 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility, 133 g/l
Color according to color reference solution Ph.Eur., colorless liquid
Assay (GC, area%), ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C), 0.726 - 0.728
Water (K. F.), ≤ 0.20 %
Identity (IR), passes test
Empirical Formula, C6H15N
Structural Formula, (C2H5)3N
Molecular Wt., 101.19
Sp. Gr. at 20ºC, 0.726-0.730
Refractive Index at 20ºC, 1.399-1.401
Boiling Point, 89°C
Freezing Point, below -80°C
Solubility in water, Soluble upto 18°C. Sparingly soluble above 18°C
Flash Point (closed cup), below -7°C
Purity (by GC) wt. %, 99.70% min.
Water Content wt. %, 0.07% max.
Impurities wt. %, 0.20% max.
Refractive Index, , , 1.3995 - 1.4020 @ 20°C, ,
Water, , , ≤ 0.2%,
Appearance, , , Clear, colourless to very pale yellow liquid,
Assay GC, , , ≥ 99.5%,
Ethanol (LCR2157), , , ≤ 0.003%,
Diethylamine (LCR2157), , , ≤ 0.003%,
Ethylamine (LCR2157), , , ≤ 0.003%,
assay (calc. to the dried substance), 99.5 - 100.5 %
loss on drying (130°C), Max. 0.2 %
pH (5 %, 25 °C), 4.2 - 4.5
water insoluble matter, Max. 0.005 %
arsenic (As), Max. 0.5 ppm
iron (Fe), Max. 5 ppm
sodium (Na), Max. 0.005 %
heavy metals (as Pb), Max. 5 ppm
chloride (Cl), Max. 5 ppm
sulfate (SO4), Max. 30 ppm
total N, Max. 0.001 %
KMnO4 red. matter (as O), complying
appearance of the solution, complying
Boiling Point/Range, 90 °C
Certification, For LC-MS
Color, Colorless to Yellowish
Density, 0.73 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flashpoint, -11 °C
Form, Liquid
Grade, LC-MS Grade
Incompatible Materials, Acids, Oxidizing agents, Nitrates, Nitrous acid and other nitrosating agents, Halogenated compounds
Lower Explosion Limit, 1.2 %(V)
Melting Point/Range, -115 °C
Partition Coefficient, 1.45 (25 °C)
Solubility, Soluble in most organic solvents
Solubility in Water, Completely soluble (20 °C)
Upper Explosion Limit, 8 %(V)
Vapor Pressure, 72 hPa (20 °C)
Viscosity, 0.363 mPa.s (25 °C)
pH-Value, 12.7 at 100 g/l (15 °C)
Storage Temperature, Ambient
Melting point, -115 °C
Boiling point, 90 °C
Density, 0.728
vapor density, 3.5 (vs air)
vapor pressure, 51.75 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index, n20/D 1.401(lit.)
FEMA, 4246 | TRIETHYLAMINE
Flash point, 20 °F
storage temp., Store below +30°C.
solubility, water: soluble112g/L at 20°C
pka, 10.75(at 25℃)
form, Liquid
Specific Gravity, 0.725 (20/4℃)
color, Clear
PH, 12.7 (100g/l, H2O, 15℃)(IUCLID)
Relative polarity, 1.8
Odor, Strong ammonia-like odor
Odor Type, fishy
Evaporation Rate, 5.6
explosive limit, 1.2-9.3%(V)
Odor Threshold, 0.0054ppm
Water Solubility, 133 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck, 14,9666
JECFA Number, 1611
BRN, 1843166
Henry's Law Constant, 1.79 at 25 °C (Christie and Crisp, 1967)
Exposure limits, NIOSH REL: IDLH 200 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 ppm, STEL 3 ppm (adopted).
Dielectric constant, 5.0(Ambient)
Stability, Stable. Extremely flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air. Note low flash point. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, ketones, aldehydes, halogenated hydrocarbons.
InChIKey, ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP, 1.65
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS), TRIETHYLAMINE
FDA 21 CFR, 177.1580
CAS DataBase Reference, 121-44-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores, 5-6
FDA UNII, VOU728O6AY
NIST Chemistry Reference, Triethylamine(121-44-8)
EPA Substance Registry System, Triethylamine (121-44-8)






SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIETHYLAMINE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


TRIETHYLAMINE (TEA)

Triethylamine, often abbreviated as TEA, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula (C2H5)3N.
Triethylamine (TEA) is a member of the amine class of compounds and is characterized by the presence of three ethyl groups (C2H5) attached to a central nitrogen atom (N).
Triethylamine (TEA) is a volatile organic compound.
Triethylamine (TEA) possesses a strong, pungent, ammonia-like odor.

CAS Number: 121-44-8
EC Number: 204-469-4



APPLICATIONS


Triethylamine (TEA) is often employed as a catalyst in chemical reactions, facilitating the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a crucial role in the production of pharmaceuticals, contributing to the synthesis of drugs and medicines.

Triethylamine (TEA) is frequently used as a pH adjuster in specific industrial processes, helping to control acidity or alkalinity.
Triethylamine (TEA) finds application as a reagent in the production of dyes and pigments, contributing to the coloration of textiles, plastics, and other materials.
In the rubber industry, Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a vulcanization accelerator and a chemical blowing agent, aiding in the manufacture of foamed rubber products.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the preparation of rubber chemicals and additives used to enhance rubber properties.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a stabilizer and corrosion inhibitor in metalworking fluids and lubricants.
In the agrochemical industry, Triethylamine (TEA) is a key component in the synthesis of pesticides and herbicides.

Triethylamine (TEA) acts as a scavenger for acidic impurities in various chemical processes, ensuring the purity of final products.
Triethylamine (TEA) is instrumental in the formulation of surfactants and detergents, essential in the production of cleaning products.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the synthesis of plastics and polymers.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the preparation of flavoring compounds used in the food industry.

In the electronics sector, Triethylamine (TEA) is used in semiconductor manufacturing and as a chemical intermediate in electronic component production.
Triethylamine (TEA) is integral in the formulation of drilling fluids for use in the oil and gas industry.
Triethylamine (TEA) contributes to the synthesis of adhesive materials, including those used in laminates production.
In laboratories, Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a reagent in various chemical experiments and reactions.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the production of explosives and propellants.
Triethylamine (TEA) is applied in the formulation of specialty chemicals for the cosmetics and personal care industry.
Triethylamine (TEA) acts as a curing agent in epoxy resin systems, used in coatings and adhesives.

Triethylamine (TEA) finds application as a scavenger for acid gases, such as carbon dioxide, in gas purification processes.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the formulation of ink and dye solutions for printing and coloring applications.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the production of adjuvants and carrier materials in vaccine formulations.

Triethylamine (TEA) can be utilized to neutralize acids in wastewater treatment processes.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the synthesis of fine chemicals and intermediates for various industries.
Triethylamine (TEA) is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications in research, development, and manufacturing processes across multiple sectors.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the manufacture of adhesives and sealants, contributing to their bonding properties.
In the production of plastics, TEA serves as a chain-extender and a curing agent for polyurethane materials.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed as a scavenger for acidic impurities in the purification of gases, such as during the production of high-purity gases for electronics.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the synthesis of specialty chemicals used in the fragrance and perfume industry.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a catalyst and reactant in the preparation of surfactants, which are crucial components in detergents and cleaning agents.
In the field of textile manufacturing, Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized as a dye leveling agent, ensuring even and consistent coloration of fabrics.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the production of corrosion inhibitors for metal protection in various applications.

Triethylamine (TEA) finds use in the synthesis of fine chemicals, including intermediates for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Triethylamine (TEA) is an important ingredient in the formulation of inkjet inks for high-resolution printing.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a component in heat-transfer fluids for cooling and temperature control in industrial processes.
Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a catalyst in the preparation of polyurethane foams, used in insulation and cushioning applications.

In the automotive industry, Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the formulation of engine coolant additives to prevent corrosion and scale formation.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be found in the production of adhesives for bonding materials like rubber, leather, and wood.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the formulation of asphalt additives to enhance the performance and durability of road surfaces.
Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized in the synthesis of antioxidants used in the stabilization of plastics and polymers.
In the field of chromatography, TEA can be used as a mobile phase modifier for separating and analyzing compounds.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the formulation of specialty lubricants and greases for various industrial applications.

Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the preparation of coating materials used in paints, varnishes, and protective coatings.
Triethylamine (TEA) is a valuable reagent in the synthesis of insect repellents and insecticides.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be utilized as a blowing agent in the production of polymeric foam materials.

In the creation of colorimetric indicators for chemical analysis, TEA is used as a component.
Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a precursor in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts, which have applications in ion-exchange resins and as phase-transfer catalysts.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the development of analytical methods for the detection of various compounds in laboratory settings.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the formulation of specialty coatings for the aerospace industry.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be used in the synthesis of intermediates for the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, contributing to the development of medications for various medical conditions.
In the plastics industry, Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the formulation of plasticizers, which improve the flexibility and durability of plastic materials.

Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the production of specialty coatings for corrosion protection in marine and industrial environments.
Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized in the synthesis of adjuvants and carrier materials in vaccine formulations, enhancing their effectiveness.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be found in the formulation of fuel additives to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a reagent in the production of catalysts for chemical reactions, including those used in petrochemical processes.

In the manufacturing of rubber products, TEA is utilized as a vulcanization accelerator to enhance their strength and elasticity.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be employed in the formulation of construction materials, such as concrete admixtures and sealants.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the preparation of specialty chemicals for the cosmetics and personal care industry, including skincare and haircare products.
Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a catalyst in the synthesis of epoxy resins, widely used in coatings, adhesives, and composites.

In the field of electroplating, Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized as a complexing agent to improve the quality of plated surfaces.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the production of insect repellent formulations, helping to protect against insect bites.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for cooling water systems, helping prevent equipment damage.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a stabilizer in the manufacturing of photographic chemicals and solutions.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the synthesis of specialty surfactants used in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the preparation of fire-resistant materials, such as flame retardants for textiles and plastics.

Triethylamine (TEA) finds application in the synthesis of specialty polymers with unique properties for various applications.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the production of reagents for analytical chemistry, aiding in laboratory testing and research.

Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a reactant in the preparation of complex compounds used in organometallic chemistry.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be employed in the manufacturing of cleaning agents and disinfectants for household and industrial use.
In the food industry, Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized as a processing aid and pH regulator in certain food products.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the synthesis of additives for drilling fluids used in oil and gas exploration.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used in the formulation of ink and dye solutions for printing and coloring applications, including textiles and packaging.
Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a reagent in the production of adhesives for bonding a wide range of materials.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be found in the synthesis of organometallic compounds used in catalysis and material science research.

Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized in the manufacturing of photographic developers, aiding in the development of photosensitive materials.
In the field of analytical chemistry, Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a reagent for titrations and pH adjustments in laboratory experiments.

Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a catalyst in the production of polyurethane foam, which finds applications in insulation and cushioning.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the formulation of specialty inks for screen printing, including those used in textile and electronics industries.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the synthesis of crosslinking agents for the production of epoxy and polyester resins.

Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized as a pH regulator in wastewater treatment processes, aiding in the neutralization of acidic effluents.
Triethylamine (TEA) finds application in the formulation of additives for drilling muds, enhancing the performance of drilling operations.
In the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a precursor for the growth of thin films in semiconductor manufacturing.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds, which have applications as surfactants and disinfectants.

Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a reactant in the synthesis of phase-transfer catalysts used in various organic reactions.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the production of catalysts for the synthesis of specialty chemicals and polymers.

Triethylamine (TEA) is utilized in the formulation of specialty coatings for automotive and aerospace applications.
In the production of water-based paints and coatings, TEA is used as an emulsifying agent.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the manufacture of adhesives and sealants for bonding diverse materials.
Triethylamine (TEA) plays a role in the formulation of heat-transfer fluids for use in industrial cooling systems.

Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a stabilizer and corrosion inhibitor in the formulation of metalworking fluids.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the synthesis of plasticizers used to enhance the flexibility of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) materials.
In the agrochemical industry, TEA is used in the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators.

Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a reagent in the preparation of catalysts for olefin polymerization reactions.
Triethylamine (TEA) finds application as a blowing agent in the production of cellular rubber and plastic materials.
Triethylamine (TEA) is used as a curing agent in the formulation of epoxy adhesives and coatings.
Triethylamine (TEA) is employed in the synthesis of rubber accelerators, which enhance the vulcanization process in rubber manufacturing.

In the petrochemical industry, TEA is used in the purification of gases and the removal of acidic impurities.
Triethylamine (TEA) is involved in the formulation of chemical intermediates for the production of agrochemicals and specialty chemicals.
Triethylamine (TEA) serves as a versatile reagent in organic synthesis, contributing to the creation of a wide range of chemical compounds.



DESCRIPTION


Triethylamine, often abbreviated as TEA, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula (C2H5)3N.
Triethylamine (TEA) is a member of the amine class of compounds and is characterized by the presence of three ethyl groups (C2H5) attached to a central nitrogen atom (N).
Triethylamine (TEA) is a volatile organic compound.
Triethylamine (TEA) possesses a strong, pungent, ammonia-like odor.

Triethylamine (TEA) is a tertiary amine with three ethyl groups bonded to a central nitrogen atom.
The molecular formula of Triethylamine (TEA) is (C2H5)3N.
Triethylamine (TEA) is a clear to pale yellow liquid at room temperature.

Triethylamine (TEA) can also exist as a gas when heated or pressurized.
Triethylamine (TEA) is highly flammable and should be handled with care.

Triethylamine (TEA) is a strong base due to its lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
Triethylamine (TEA) readily reacts with acids to form salts.

Triethylamine (TEA) has a melting point of -114.7°C and a boiling point of 89.6°C.
Triethylamine (TEA) is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves well in many organic solvents.
Triethylamine (TEA) is commonly used as a catalyst in chemical reactions.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be employed as a pH adjuster in certain industrial processes.

Triethylamine (TEA) plays a vital role in organic synthesis, aiding in the formation of various compounds.
Triethylamine (TEA) is often employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

The strong odor of Triethylamine (TEA) makes it easily detectable even in trace amounts.
Triethylamine (TEA) can be found in laboratory settings, especially in organic chemistry labs.
The compound Triethylamine (TEA) is also utilized in the production of rubber chemicals.

Due to its basicity, Triethylamine (TEA) can neutralize acidic impurities in chemical reactions.
Triethylamine (TEA) is corrosive to some metals, such as aluminum and zinc.
Proper ventilation is essential when working with Triethylamine (TEA) to avoid inhalation of its fumes.

Safety precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment, should be taken when handling Triethylamine (TEA).
Triethylamine (TEA) is a valuable reagent in the synthesis of dyes and pigments.
Triethylamine (TEA) is classified as a hazardous chemical, and its transportation is regulated.
Triethylamine (TEA) is an important compound in the field of organic chemistry and has numerous industrial applications.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: (C2H5)3N
Molecular Weight: 101.19 grams/mol
Physical State: Triethylamine (TEA) is a clear to pale yellow liquid at room temperature but can also exist as a gas when heated or pressurized.
Odor: TEA possesses a strong, pungent, ammonia-like odor that is easily detectable even in trace amounts.
Melting Point: -114.7°C (-174.5°F)
Boiling Point: 89.6°C (193.3°F)
Density: 0.726 grams/cm³ at 20°C
Solubility: Triethylamine is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves well in a variety of organic solvents, such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.
Vapor Pressure: 92 mm Hg at 20°C
Flash Point: -17°C (-1.4°F)
Autoignition Temperature: 325°C (617°F)
Refractive Index: 1.402 (at 20°C)
pH: Highly basic (alkaline) due to its ability to readily accept protons (H+ ions).
Chemical Structure: Triethylamine consists of a central nitrogen (N) atom bonded to three ethyl (C2H5) groups.
Flammability: Triethylamine is highly flammable and should be handled with care, away from open flames and ignition sources.



FIRST AID


Inhalation (Breathing In TEA Fumes):

Remove to Fresh Air:
Move the affected person to an area with fresh air immediately.

Monitor:
If the person is unconscious or having difficulty breathing, seek emergency medical assistance.

Artificial Respiration:
If the person stops breathing and you are trained in CPR, initiate artificial respiration while awaiting medical help.

Keep Warm and Rested:
Keep the affected person warm and in a comfortable resting position.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If Triethylamine (TEA) has come into contact with the skin, quickly and gently remove any contaminated clothing.

Rinse with Water:
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes to remove any remaining TEA.
Use lukewarm water, not hot, to avoid burns.

Seek Medical Attention:
If skin irritation or chemical burns occur, seek medical attention promptly.

Protective Measures:
While waiting for medical help, cover the affected area with a clean, dry cloth or sterile dressing to prevent contamination.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately rinse the eyes with gentle, flowing, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring that the eyelids are held open and the water flushes away from the unaffected eye.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a healthcare professional.
Continue eye irrigation while en route to medical care.

Do Not Rub Eyes:
Avoid rubbing or applying pressure to the eyes, as this may worsen the irritation or injury.


Ingestion (Swallowing TEA):

Do NOT Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals or poison control, as vomiting can worsen chemical exposure.

Rinse Mouth:
If TEA is swallowed, rinse the mouth with water but do not swallow the water.

Seek Medical Help:
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance.

Provide Information:
Be prepared to provide information about the exposure, such as the amount ingested, if known.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Protective Equipment:
When working with Triethylamine (TEA), always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, lab coat or chemical-resistant clothing, and closed-toe shoes.

Ventilation:
Use Triethylamine (TEA) only in well-ventilated areas, preferably under a chemical fume hood, to minimize inhalation exposure.
Adequate ventilation helps dissipate TEA fumes and odors.

Avoid Skin Contact:
Avoid skin contact with Triethylamine (TEA).
In case of accidental contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of water.

Eye Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant safety goggles or a face shield to protect your eyes from potential splashes or vapor exposure.

Respiratory Protection:
In situations where TEA vapors are concentrated, or if working in confined spaces, consider wearing appropriate respiratory protection, such as a respirator with organic vapor cartridges.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling TEA, and always wash your hands thoroughly after handling it to prevent accidental ingestion.

Spill Response:
In the event of a spill, take immediate action to contain and neutralize the spill.
Use appropriate absorbent materials (e.g., vermiculite or spill pillows) to soak up spilled liquid, and dispose of it properly.

Safe Handling:
Handle TEA with care to prevent spills or splashes.
Use appropriate containers, lab equipment, and techniques during chemical reactions and transfers.

Labeling:
Ensure that containers of TEA are properly labeled with the chemical's name, hazard warnings, and safety information.
This helps identify the contents and associated risks.

Avoid Mixing:
Do not mix TEA with incompatible chemicals or reagents without proper training and guidance, as this can result in hazardous reactions.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store TEA in a dedicated storage area or chemical storage cabinet that is well-ventilated and separate from incompatible chemicals, especially strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers.

Temperature Control:
Store TEA at temperatures below its boiling point (89.6°C or 193.3°F) to minimize vapor pressure and reduce the risk of exposure.
Avoid extreme temperatures and direct sunlight.

Container Compatibility:
Use containers made of materials compatible with TEA, such as glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles.
Ensure that containers are tightly sealed to prevent leaks or evaporation.

Labeling and Identification:
Clearly label all storage containers with the chemical name, hazard information, and appropriate safety warnings.
Keep an inventory of stored TEA and its quantities.

Secondary Containment:
Consider using secondary containment measures, such as spill containment trays or bins, to contain potential leaks or spills and prevent environmental contamination.

Control Access:
Restrict access to the storage area to authorized personnel only.
Ensure that the area is clearly marked with warning signs and that safety data sheets (SDS) are readily accessible.

Fire Safety:
Store TEA away from open flames, heat sources, and ignition points to prevent the risk of fire or explosion.

Emergency Equipment:
Keep emergency eyewash stations, safety showers, and appropriate fire extinguishing equipment (e.g., Class B extinguisher) nearby in case of accidents or emergencies.



SYNONYMS


TEA
N,N-Diethylamine
N-Ethylethanamine
Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-
Diethylamine
N,N-Diethylmethanamine
N,N-Diethylethanamine
Ethylamine, N,N-diethyl-
Ethylamine, di-
DEA (an abbreviation derived from its chemical name, Diethylamine)
N,N-Diethylethanamine
Diethylamine
Diethylamine (DEA)
N-Ethyl-N-methylmethanamine
Methyltriethylamine
Tertiary Diethylamine
N,N-Diethylmethanamine
Ethylmethylamine
Triethanamine
N-Ethylethylamine
Diethylethylamine
Dimethylcarbinylamine
Methyltriethanamine
Ethyltrimethylamine
N,N-Diethylcarbinamine
Triethylamine Hydrochloride
DEA (Chemical Abbreviation)
N-ethyl-diethylamine
Triethylamine Anhydrous
TEA-HCl (Hydrochloride salt of TEA)
N-Ethylethylmethanamine
N,N-Diethylamine Methanamine
Triethylamine Solution
Tertiary Ethylamine
N,N-Diethylaminomethane
N,N-Diethylmethanamine
N-Ethylethylmethanamine
Ethyltrimethylmethanamine
N-Methyldiethylamine
Triethylamine Hydrobromide
N,N-Diethylmethylamine
Triethylamine Hydroiodide
N,N-Diethyl-1-ethanamine
Triethylamine Hydrofluoride
N-Ethyl-1,1-dimethylethanamine
Triethylamine Citrate
Triethylamine Oxide
Tertiary Ethylmethylamine
Diethylmethylamine
N-Ethylnethylamine
N-Methyl-N-ethylethanamine
Triethylamine Phosphate
Ethyl-N,N-diethylmethanamine
N,N-Diethylmethylmethanamine
N-Methyl-N,N-diethylethanamine
Triethylamine Salicylate
N,N-Diethylmethylmethanamine Hydrochloride
N-Ethyl-N,N-diethylmethanamine
Triethylamine Sulfate
Triethylamine Tartrate
TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS
DESCRIPTION:

Triethylamine anhydrous (TEA) belongs to the trialkylamine class.
Triethylamine anhydrous finds widespread use in chemical industry.


CAS No.: 121-44-8
Molecular Weight: 101.19
EC No.: 204-469-4

Coatings:

Triethylamine anhydrous (TEA) is used as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins (polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups).
Triethylamine anhydrous is also utilized as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy and polyurethane systems.

Other:
In the synthesis, Triethylamine anhydrous is primarily used as a proton scavenger; however, Triethylamine anhydrous is also used in the production of Diethylhydroxylamine and other organic compounds.



Triethylamine anhydrous is a chemical compound which can be used as a catalyst for isocyanate reactions and as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins.
Triethylamine anhydrous is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of polyurethanes and for two-component paints.

Triethylamine anhydrous is suitable as neutralization agent in waterborne paints based on polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups.
Due to excellent water solubility and lack of active hydrogen atoms, triethylamine is often used for the production of water-borne polyurethane dispersions.


USES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Triethylamine anhydrous is a tertiary amine that is widely used in synthetic reactions because Triethylamine anhydrous is a soluble base in a wide range of organic solvents, including acetone, toluene, and chloroform.
Industrially, Triethylamine anhydrous is used as an intermediate in pharmaceuticals and dyes, rubber chemicals, and agricultural chemicals, and is also used as a catalyst in the gas-curing reaction of phenol resin and isocyanate resin (cold box method).

In the food industry, Triethylamine anhydrous is also present in squid and fish, and is added to meat and frozen dairy products in the United States and Europe to enhance flavor.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS:
Appearance & Physical State: Clear colorless to very pale yellow liquid
Density: 0.726
Boiling Point: 89 - 90 ºC
Melting Point: -115ºC
Flash Point: -11ºC
Refractive Index: 1.4005
Water Solubility: 133 g/L (20°C)
Vapor Density: 3.5 (Air = 1.0)
Formula: (C₂H₅)₃N
MW: 101,19 g/mol
Boiling Pt: 90 °C (1013 hPa)
Melting Pt: –115 °C
Density: 0,729 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Flash Pt: –11 °C
Storage Temperature: Ambient
Assay (on anhydrous substance) Min. 99.8 %
Evaporation residue Max. 0.0001 %
Water Max. 0.02 %
Transmittance (230 nm) (0.1 %) Min. 10 %
Transmittance (240 nm) (0.1 %) Min. 50 %
Transmittance (245 nm) (0.1 %) Min. 80 %
Transmittance (250 nm) (0.1 %) Min. 95 %
Transmittance (255 nm) (0.1 %) Min. 99 %
Suitable for LC-MS (0.1 %) Passes test




TRIETHYLAMINE ANHYDROUS
Triethylamine Anhydrous is used as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins (polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups).
Triethylamine Anhydrous is also utilized as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy and polyurethane systems.
Triethylamine Anhydrous belongs to the trialkylamine class.

CAS: 121-44-8
MF: C6H15N
MW: 101.19
EINECS: 204-469-4

Synonyms
(C2H5)3N;(Diethylamino)ethane;ai3-15425;Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-;ethanamine,n,n-diethyl-;N,N,N-Triethylamine;N,N-Diethylethanamin;AKOS BBS-00004381;TRIETHYLAMINE;N,N-Diethylethanamine;121-44-8;(Diethylamino)ethane;Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-;triethyl amine;Triaethylamin;Triethylamin;Trietilamina;N,N,N-Triethylamine;NEt3;trietylamine;tri-ethyl amine;(C2H5)3N;MFCD00009051;N,N-diethyl-ethanamine;VOU728O6AY;DTXSID3024366;CHEBI:35026;Diethylaminoethane;Triethylamine, >=99.5%;Triaethylamin [German];Trietilamina [Italian];CCRIS 4881;HSDB 896;Et3N;TEN [Base];EINECS 204-469-4;UN1296;UNII-VOU728O6AY;N, N-diethylethanamine;N,N,N-Triethylamine #;triethylamine, 99.5%;Triethylamine, >=99%;Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid];TRIETHYLAMINE [MI];EC 204-469-4;N(Et)3;NCIOpen2_006503;TRIETHYLAMINE [FHFI];TRIETHYLAMINE [HSDB];TRIETHYLAMINE [INCI];BIDD:ER0331;Triethylamine, LR, >=99%;TRIETHYLAMINE [USP-RS];(CH3CH2)3N;CHEMBL284057;DTXCID204366;N(CH2CH3)3;FEMA NO. 4246;Triethylamine, HPLC, 99.6%;Triethylamine, p.a., 99.0%;Triethylamine, analytical standard;BCP07310;N(C2H5)3;Triethylamine, for synthesis, 99%;Tox21_200873;Triethylamine, 99.7%, extra pure;AKOS000119998;Triethylamine, purum, >=99% (GC);Triethylamine, ZerO2(TM), >=99%;UN 1296;NCGC00248857-01;NCGC00258427-01;CAS-121-44-8;Triethylamine, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC);Triethylamine, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%;FT-0688146;T0424;Triethylamine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile;EN300-35419;Triethylamine [UN1296] [Flammable liquid];Triethylamine, trace metals grade, 99.99%;Triethylamine, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%;Triethylamine, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC);Q139199;J-004499;J-525077;F0001-0344;Triethylamine, for amino acid analysis, >=99.5% (GC);InChI=1/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H;Triethylamine, for protein sequence analysis, ampule, >=99.5% (GC);Triethylamine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Triethylamine Anhydrous is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which Triethylamine Anhydrous is also a common abbreviation.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia.
Like diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's base), triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is used, among others: to compose mixtures; distribution of mixtures; use as an excipient as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.

Triethylamine Anhydrous is also used in foundry; chemicals used in mining; production of feeds for the needs of spray coatings.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is a chemical compound which can be used as a catalyst for isocyanate reactions and as a neutralization agent for anionic stabilized waterborne resins.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of polyurethanes and for two-component paints.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is suitable as neutralization agent in waterborne paints based on polyesters, alkyds, acrylic resins and polyurethanes containing carboxyl or other acidic groups.
Due to excellent water solubility and lack of active hydrogen atoms, Triethylamine Anhydrous is often used for the production of water-borne polyurethane dispersions.

Triethylamine Anhydrous Chemical Properties
Melting point: -115 °C
Boiling point: 90 °C
Density: 0.728
Vapor density: 3.5 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 51.75 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.401(lit.)
FEMA: 4246 | TRIETHYLAMINE
Fp: 20 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility water: soluble112g/L at 20°C
pka: 10.75(at 25℃)
Form: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.725 (20/4℃)
Color: Clear
PH: 12.7 (100g/l, H2O, 15℃)(IUCLID)
Relative polarity: 1.8
Odor: Strong ammonia-like odor
Odor Type: fishy
Odor Threshold: 0.0054ppm
Explosive limit: 1.2-9.3%(V)
Water Solubility: 133 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,9666
JECFA Number: 1611
BRN: 1843166
Henry's Law Constant: 1.79 at 25 °C (Christie and Crisp, 1967)
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: IDLH 200 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 ppm, STEL 3 ppm (adopted).
Dielectric constant: 5.0(Ambient)
Stability: Stable. Extremely flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
Note low flash point. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, ketones, aldehydes, halogenated hydrocarbons.
InChIKey: ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.65
CAS DataBase Reference: 121-44-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Triethylamine Anhydrous(121-44-8)
EPA Substance Registry System: Triethylamine Anhydrous (121-44-8)

Synthesis and properties
Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia with ethanol:

NH3 + 3 C2H5OH → N(C2H5)3 + 3 H2O
The pKa of protonated triethylamine is 10.75, and Triethylamine Anhydrous can be used to prepare buffer solutions at that pH.
The hydrochloride salt, triethylamine hydrochloride (triethylammonium chloride), is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic powder, which decomposes when heated to 261 °C.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is soluble in water to the extent of 112.4 g/L at 20 °C.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is also miscible in common organic solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, and diethyl ether.
Laboratory samples of Triethylamine Anhydrous can be purified by distilling from calcium hydride.
In alkane solvents triethylamine is a Lewis base that forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids, such as I2 and phenols.
Owing to its steric bulk, Triethylamine Anhydrous forms complexes with transition metals reluctantly.

Applications
Triethylamine Anhydrous is commonly employed in organic synthesis as a base.
For example, Triethylamine Anhydrous is commonly used as a base during the preparation of esters and amides from acyl chlorides.
Such reactions lead to the production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride, commonly called triethylammonium chloride.
Hydrogen chloride may then evaporate from the reaction mixture, which drives the reaction.
(R, R' = alkyl, aryl):

R2NH + R'C(O)Cl + Et3N → R'C(O)NR2 + Et3NH+Cl−
Like other tertiary amines, Triethylamine Anhydrous catalyzes the formation of urethane foams and epoxy resins.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is also useful in dehydrohalogenation reactions and Swern oxidations.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is readily alkylated to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt:

RI + Et3N → Et3NR+I−
Triethylamine Anhydrous is mainly used in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds for textile auxiliaries and quaternary ammonium salts of dyes.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is also a catalyst and acid neutralizer for condensation reactions and is useful as an intermediate for manufacturing medicines, pesticides and other chemicals.

Triethylamine Anhydrous salts, like any other tertiary ammonium salts, are used as an ion-interaction reagent in ion interaction chromatography, due to their amphiphilic properties.
Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary ammonium salts are much more volatile, therefore mass spectrometry can be used while performing analysis.

Niche uses
Triethylamine Anhydrous is commonly used in the production of anionic PUDs.
A polyurethane prepolymer is prepared using an isocyanate and polyol with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA).
This molecule contains two hydroxy groups and a carboxylic acid group.
This prepolymer is then dispersed in water with triethylamine or other neutralizing agent.
The Triethylamine Anhydrous reacts with the carboxylic acid forming a salt which is water soluble.
Usually, a diamine chain extender is then added to produce a polyurethane dispersed in water with no free NCO groups but with polyurethane and polyurea segments.
Dytek A is commonly used as a chain extender.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is used to give salts of various carboxylic acid-containing pesticides, e.g. Triclopyr and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

Triethylamine Anhydrous is the active ingredient in FlyNap, a product for anesthetizing Drosophila melanogaster.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is used in mosquito and vector control labs to anesthetize mosquitoes.
Triethylamine Anhydrous is done to preserve any viral material that might be present during species identification.

The bicarbonate salt of Triethylamine Anhydrous (often abbreviated TEAB, triethylammonium bicarbonate) is useful in reverse phase chromatography, often in a gradient to purify nucleotides and other biomolecules.
Triethylamine Anhydrous was found during the early 1940s to be hypergolic in combination with nitric acid, and was considered a possible propellant for early hypergolic rocket engines.
The Soviet "Scud" Missile used TG-02 ("Tonka-250"), a mixture of 50% xylidine and 50% Triethylamine Anhydrous as a starting fluid to ignite its rocket engine.

Natural occurrence
Hawthorn flowers have a heavy, complicated scent, the distinctive part of which is triethylamine, which is also one of the first chemicals produced by a dead human body when Triethylamine Anhydrous begins to decay.
Due to the scent, Triethylamine Anhydrous is considered unlucky in British culture to bring hawthorn into a house.
Gangrene and semen are also said to possess a similar odour.