Crop protection, Food, Feed and Flavor Chemicals

ALUMINIUM STEARATE
Hydrated alumina; Alumina hydrate; Alumina trihydrate; ATH; Aluminum hydrate; Aluminum trihydrate; Alhydrogel; Superfos; Amphogel; Aluminum (III) hydroxide; Amorphous alumina; Trihydrated Alumina; Trihydroxyaluminum CAS NO:21645-51-2
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE
Reach AZP 902; Reach AZP 908 Superfine GL; Reach AZP 908SUF; Reheis 36 GPC; Reheis AZG; Rezal 36 GP SUF; Rezal 36G; Rezal 36GC; Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly; Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex glycine complex; UNII-8O386558JE; Westchlor ZR 41; Wickenol CPS 370; Z 535; Z 756; Zirconal 50 CAS NO:134910-86-4
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE
Aluminum Trihydroxide, also known as aluminum trihydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, and hydrated aluminum oxide, is a white to whitish-yellow water-insoluble powder with a specific gravity of 2.42.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an electrical insulator, which means it doesn’t conduct electricity, and it also has relatively high thermal conductivity.
The chemical formula for Aluminum Trihydroxide is Al(OH)₃.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
Molecular Formula: AlH3O3
EINECS Number: 244-492-7

Aluminum Trihydroxide, in its crystalline form, corundum, its hardness makes it suitable as an abrasive.
The high melting point of Aluminum Trihydroxide makes it a good refractory material for lining high-temperature appliances like kilns, furnaces, incinerators, reactors of various sorts, and crucibles.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as a baseforpigments, as a water repellent in textile coatings, and as an antacid in medicine.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is soluble in hydrochloric or sulfuric acids or in sodiumhydroxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is derived from the mineral bauxite and is a common compound in nature.

Aluminium trihydroxide, also known as alumina trihydrate is the most economic and widely used flame retardant and smoke suppressant in the plastics industry.
Aluminum hydroxide together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.

Aluminum trihydroxide also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.
Aluminum trihydroxide is to be added to casting resins / surface casting this will create a more heat resistant object and increase the fire retardant properties of the cast material.
Aluminum Trihydroxide needs to be incorporated in high loading which can impair the mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.
Aluminum Trihydroxide used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).

Aluminum trihydroxide, also known as Aluminum Trihydroxide or alumina trihydrate, is a white, odorless, and insoluble powder with the chemical formula Al(OH)3.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often associated with its role as a non-halogen flame retardant and smoke suppressant, and for good reason, as Aluminum Trihydroxide is the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.
This Aluminum Trihydroxide can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.

Of the common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Aluminum Trihydroxide has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.
Alumina Chemical & Castables is the leading developer & Processor of Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is the hydroxide salt form of aluminum designed for oral ingestion.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is sometimes used to treat, control, or manage high levels of phosphate in the body.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is also used with a low phosphate diet to prevent the formation of phosphate urinary stones. Aluminum Trihydroxide is also found in personal care products and industrial applications.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as an antacid and included as an adjuvant in some vaccines.
Aluminum Trihydroxide acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of its thermodynamic properties.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is an inorganic white fine crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (L739, L740, L756)
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used in polyester resins however with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Aluminum Trihydroxide has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.

Aluminium hydroxide is the most stable form of aluminium.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used for the relief of heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion, stomach ulcers, peptic ulcer pain, and to promote the healing of peptic ulcers.
Aluminum trihydroxide, Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is solubility in water and organic solvents is very low.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is the largest flame retardant (FR) used in diverse end applications.
The remaining metal oxide residue has a high internal surface where sooty particles, respectively polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are absorbed, making Aluminum Trihydroxide also a smoke suppressant.

Aluminum Trihydroxide widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is also use in Paints Industries.
Aluminum Trihydroxide also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.
Aluminum Trihydroxide decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.

In plasticised PVC fine precipitated Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as FR and smoke suppressant.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.
Aluminum Trihydroxide disassociates enough in many glaze types to be useful as a source of Al2O3 to the melt (the finer the particle size the better).

Aluminum Trihydroxide stays in suspension better in glaze slurries and has better adhesive qualities also, using hydrated alumina in glazes and glasses can promote a fining operation by coalescing finely dispersed gas bubbles.
Coarser Aluminum Trihydroxide types produced by grinding are used in large volume in thermoset applications.
Cast resins and glass fibre reinforced products like BMC (Bulk Moulding Compounds) and SMC (Sheet Moulding Compounds) are processed in electrical and electronic appliances as well as in construction applications.

Aluminum Trihydroxide added to a glaze can also enhance the color of Cr-Al pinks.
Larger additions of fine material can impart matteness if the glaze is able to take it into solution (sourcing alumina from kaolin, feldspar and frits is obviously more practical since these decompose readily in glaze melts).
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).

The oxide layer acts as a barrier protecting the polymer against further decomposition.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is commercially available in grain sizes ranging from 0.5 – 80 µm in median particle size (D50). In Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) wire and cables (W&C), one of the largest markets for Aluminum Trihydroxide, fine precipitated Aluminum Trihydroxide is used in sheAluminum Trihydroxideing and insulation.
The working principle is based on the thermal decomposition of Aluminum Trihydroxideinto aluminium oxide and water.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.
Aluminum Trihydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.
Aluminium trihydrate (Aluminum Trihydroxide) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Aluminum Trihydroxide is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.

Aluminum Trihydroxide increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin an increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.
Aluminium trihydroxide is employed in acrylic rubbers and moulding, thermosetting resins, thermoplastic cable sheAluminum Trihydroxideing, PVC flooring etc.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is amphoteric,it has both basic and acidic properties.

Aluminum Trihydroxide normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
Aluminum Trihydroxide salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.
Closely related are Aluminum trihydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.

Molar mass: 78.00 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/100 mL
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7
Boiling point: 2980℃[at 101 325 Pa]
vapor pressure: storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.0015g/l
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 2.42
PH Range: >7
PH: 8-9 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3

Vaccine formulations containing Aluminum Trihydroxide stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
Aluminum Trihydroxide strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.

Freshly precipitated Aluminum Trihydroxide forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
Aluminum Trihydroxide gel crystallizes with time.
Precipitated Aluminum Trihydroxide is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).

One of the well-known brands of Aluminum Trihydroxide adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.

Aluminum Trihydroxide appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pAluminum Trihydroxideogens that are blocked by antibodies however, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pAluminum Trihydroxideogens, nor is it useful when the antigen is peptide-based.
Aluminum Trihydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids.

Heating converts it to activated Aluminum Trihydroxide, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.
The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.

Aluminum Trihydroxide, white solid, is a typical amphoteric hydroxide that is insoluble in water but soluble in acid or alkali.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a widely used chemical product, and it is mainly used as plastic and polymer fillers, blanket flame retardant and binder, epoxy resin filler, toothpaste fillers, glass ingredients as well as paper color fillers and coatings.

The purified Aluminum Trihydroxide has form of bulky powder of white color or granules with density nearly 2.42 g per mL. Aluminum Trihydroxide won’t dissolve in water, but will dissolve only in bases and acids.
Aluminum Trihydroxide to act as an amphoteric substance in water.
Aluminum Trihydroxide will act as an acid. And if a strong acid is present, it will act as a strong base.

Aluminum Trihydroxide should be handled with caution because its exposure can cause irritation however, only minor and residual injuries will be present.
As for flammability, Aluminum Trihydroxide is not flammable and will not burn.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is not reactive, therefore, it is stable in both fire and water conditions.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Aluminum Trihydroxide used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be also used to product sulfuric acid Aluminum, alum, aluminum fluoride and sodium aluminate, and to synthesize molecular sieve.

Aluminum Trihydroxide gel and drying gel of Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used in medicine as antacids to neutralize gastric acid and protect ulcer surface for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and hyperacidity.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be transformed into alumina after heated in the air for dehydration, which is important for alumina production.

Production Method Of Aluminum Trihydroxide:
97% of the bauxite ores produced worldwide each year are treated with Bayer method to obtain Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum trihydroxide has a density of 2.42 g/cm3, a melting point of 300°C, and a Mohs hardness of 2.5-3.5.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is insoluble in water and organic solvents, but it can dissolve in strong acids and bases.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is a weak base and can act as a buffer in solution.
Aluminum trihydroxide is typically produced by the Bayer process, which involves extracting aluminum from bauxite ore through a series of chemical reactions.
The resulting Aluminum Trihydroxide is then calcined (heated) to remove water and produce alumina, a precursor to aluminum metal.

Sodium aluminate solution and the aluminum sulfate solution are neutralized to pH 6.5 to produce Aluminum Trihydroxide precipitate.
The obtained precipitate is washed with water, filtered and dried at 70-80℃ for 12 hours, and then crushed to prepare the Aluminum Trihydroxide product.
A12O3+2NaOH→2NaAO2+H2O
Al2O3+3H2SO4→A12(SO4)3+3H2O
6NaAIO2+A12(SO4)3+12H2O→8Al(OH)3↓+3Na2SO4

Recycled aluminum chloride is dissolved in water, decolorized with activated carbon and filtered to remove impurities, and then react with sodium carbonate to produce raw Aluminum Trihydroxide.
The raw products are filtered, washed and dried to obtain the final Aluminum Trihydroxide products.
2A1C13+3Na2CO3+3H2O→2AI(OH)3↓+6NaCl+3CO2↑

Metabolism Of Aluminum Trihydroxide:
Aluminum Trihydroxide or oxide is slowly solubilised in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and water.
Aluminum trihydroxide, dihydroxyaluminium sodium carbonate and aluminium carbonate form carbon dioxide, and aluminium phosphate forms phosphoric acid.

Aluminum trihydroxide formed is absorbed and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal function.
Aluminum trihydroxide antacids also combine with dietary phosphate in the intestine forming insoluble, nonabsorbable aluminium phosphate which is excreted in the faeces.

Uses
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an antacid to treat heartburn, acid indigestion, and other gastrointestinal problems.
Aluminum trihydroxide is a commonly used flame retardant in plastics, rubbers, coatings, and other materials.
When exposed to heat, Aluminum trihydroxide decomposes to release water vapor and carbon dioxide, which help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.

Aluminum trihydroxide works by neutralizing excess stomach acid, thereby reducing symptoms.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an adjuvant in some vaccines to enhance the immune response and improve vaccine effectiveness.
Aluminum trihydroxide works by stimulating the immune system to produce a stronger response to the vaccine antigen.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used in water treatment to remove impurities and improve water quality.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a filler in ceramics and glass to improve their strength and other properties.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of construction materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard as a flame retardant and filler.

Aluminum trihydroxide can be used as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and flame retardants.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid and as an adjuvant in vaccines to stimulate an immune response.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, which are used in water treatment, paper production, and other applications.
Aluminum trihydroxide can be used as a coagulant to help remove suspended solids, turbidity, and color from water.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used to prevent or slow down the spread of fire in plastics, fabrics, and building materials.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an inorganic compound used to make a product less transparent.
Aluminum trihydroxide used for preparing waterproof fabrics, inks, glass, paper fillers, mordant, purifying agent, various aluminum salts, etc.

Aluminum trihydroxide widely used for plastics, rubber, resin, paint, paint and so on.
Aluminum trihydroxide used for supporting catalyst and separating the vapor liquid.
Aluminum trihydroxide is also used by formulators as a humectant, and to soften, smooth, and protect the skin it helps control product viscosity often found in facial masks and make-up preparations.

Aluminum trihydroxide used in the industries of petroleum, chemical, fertilizer, natural gas and environmental protection for increasing the gas or liquid distribution points and protecting the low-strength catalyst.
Aluminum trihydroxide used as mordants and analysis reagents.

Aluminum trihydroxide used for the gravimetric determination of potassium content
Aluminum trihydroxide used as adsorbents, emulsifiers, ion exchangers, chromatographic analytes and mordants.
Aluminum Trihydroxide gel can be used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and hyperacidity embolism.

In addition, also used in waterproof fabrics, paper fillers, mordant and purifying agent.
Aluminum trihydroxide used as the thickener for ink and the raw materials for manufacturing aluminum salt, enamel, ceramics, glassware and lubricant also used for the preparation of various catalyst carrier.
Just to illustrate the broadness of the uses, we can say that Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as mordant in dyes, purifier for water, ingredient for cosmetics, and even in as an element for processes in photography.

Aluminum trihydroxide is also applications of minor character in ceramics and construction but the most important field where Aluminum Trihydroxide is applied is medicine.
Aluminum trihydroxide used for printing inks, painting pigments, crayons and rubber packing.
Aluminum trihydroxide uses in waterproof fabric, ink, glassware, paper packing, mordant, purifying agent and also used in aluminum salt, lubricant manufacture.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Aluminum trihydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Aluminum trihydroxide is also very useful because cement with Aluminum Trihydroxide addition dries rapidly if it is being exposed to heat.
Aluminum trihydroxide is use as an antacid and vaccine adjuvant, aluminum trihydroxide has also been used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease and as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.

Aluminum trihydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
On the stage of production of concrete Aluminum Trihydroxide is added to cement.
Ceramics and glass of both industrial and home application is manufactured using Aluminum Trihydroxide.

The most useful feature of Aluminum Trihydroxide when it is added to glass consists in the fact that it makes glass heat-resistant.
Aluminum trihydroxide is possible because, as have been already mentioned, Aluminum Trihydroxide is not flammable and has high melting point.
Aluminum Trihydroxide combined with polymers appears to be a very good fire retardant.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is most frequently used for the production of lipsticks, make-ups, and other products for skin care.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used there because it is totally stable and non toxic for people.
Aluminum Trihydroxide manufacturers of cosmetics also use Aluminum Trihydroxide to produce cleansers for skin, suntan products, body lotions, and moisturizers.

Aluminum trihydroxide used for the preparation of refractory, glass and pottery, as well as precipitation pigment and waterproof fabric also used for the manufacture of aluminum salts.
Personal care products, for example, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants and many others, also involve using of Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is able to neutralize acids, it serves as a natural antacid.
Aluminum Trihydroxide also has a very useful property as it stimulates the immune system of human.

Aluminum trihydroxide, various vaccines, including those that are used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus, are prepared using Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum trihydroxide can be also used for the treatment of kidney patients who have high level of phosphates in blood due to renal failure.
Aluminum trihydroxide useful feature exists due to the ability of Aluminum Trihydroxide to bind with phosphates.

Aluminum Trihydroxide, phosphates are flushed out of the human body easily.
Aluminum Trihydroxide has many advantages including large-scale production, adequate raw materials, high product purity and good solubility in acid.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can transform into alumina, which has high thermal chemical stability, thermal strength, creep resistance and dielectric properties and low thermal expansion coefficient. Alumina is an important material for the synthesis of ceramics.

In the process of ceramic synthesis, we can control the phase formation of the composite by Aluminum Trihydroxide activation and crystallization process controlling.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an important raw material for the preparation of aluminum salts, such as barium aluminate, aluminum sulfate and so on.
Aluminum Trihydroxide powder is commonly regarded as an ideal flame retardant filler for plastics, unsaturated polyester, rubber and other organic polymers because of its filling, flame retardant and smoke-eliminating functions and non-toxic property.

Flame retardant mechanism of Aluminum Trihydroxide is as follows: when the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, the Aluminum Trihydroxide begin to perform endothermic decomposition and release three crystal water, and its decomposition rate reaches the largest at 250℃.
Aluminum trihydroxide thereby inhibiting the polymer temperature rise, reducing its decomposition rate and only producing water vapor, not generating toxic and harmful gases.

Aluminum Trihydroxide exists in water mainly in form of Al(OH)4-, which can precipitate toxic heavy metals in sewage by coprecipitation method to achieve the effect of water purification after further filter.
Sol-gel method is commonly used for the preparation of ultra-fine Aluminum Trihydroxide.
The most common sol-gel method for the preparation of Aluminum Trihydroxide is the hydrolysis of aluminum salts and alkoxides in water, the mechanism of which is divided into two steps: 1)-OR group is hydrolyzed to produce-OH; 2) Al3+ reacts with –OH to separate Aluminum Trihydroxide precipitation out.

Carbon fractionation is a method that is performed as follows: Introduce CO2 gas into sodium metaaluminate solution to make Aluminum Trihydroxide precipitate down and control the size and morphology of products by adjusting the pH value and CO2 concentration.
Aluminum Trihydroxide, microemulsion is typically composed of surfactants, cosurfactants, solvents and water (or aqueous solution).
Aluminum Trihydroxide, microemulsion has many excellent properties such as ultra-low interfacial tension and high solubilization capacity.

The preparation of nano-materials by microemulsion technology can precisely control the crystal growth process of nano-materials, and the micro-emulsion ball can encapsulate the crystal particles to effectively prevent the agglomeration of nano-particles.
The Aluminum Trihydroxide as adjuvant can also improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine, the action mechanism of which is as follows: Aluminum Trihydroxide adsorbs antigen on its surface to allow the antigen slow release so that it can play the role of extending efficacy.
Aluminum Trihydroxide has a high specific surface area, and can adsorb colloid, suspended solids, dyes and organic substances in sewage on its surface.

Aluminum Trihydroxide can neutralize gastric acid and is non-toxic, for which it is always used as the traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach.
Aluminum Trihydroxide has high whiteness, ultrafine particle size as well as complete crystal form, and has a strong compatibility with brightening agent.
Aluminum Trihydroxide, as an additive coating and resin, can effectively improve the whiteness, opacity, smoothness and ink absorption of coated paper.

Aluminum Trihydroxide synthesized by hydrothermal method has the advantages of high purity, small particle size, uniform distribution, easily-controlling crystal form and simple operation therefore, this method is widely used in the process of synthesis of Aluminum Trihydroxide.
Aluminum Trihydroxide has plenty of applications; some people believe that these uses are really endless.
Aluminum Trihydroxide, we can obtain various target products with diffrernt surface area, pore volume, pore structure and crystal structure by controlling the temperature, concentration and pH of the reactants, which can be effectively used as a catalyst carrier for the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds and the preparation of fullerenes and the like.

Release to the environment of Aluminum Trihydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Aluminum Trihydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, indoor use and outdoor use.

Aluminum Trihydroxide (Al(OH)3) has several medical applications.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as an antacid for treating heartburn as well as acid indigestion (reflux oesophagitis).
Aluminum Trihydroxide is also known to have healing properties of peptic ulcers.

In patients suffering from kidney failure, who show elevated serum phosphate levels (hyperphosphataemia), Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as a phosphate binder.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an amphoteric compound , which means it can react as a base or as an acid.

Aluminum Trihydroxide as an anti-acid, Aluminum Trihydroxide reacts with any excess stomach acid (mainly HCl) with the formation of AlCl3 and water.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 is known to cause constipation, so formulations of anti-acids often include a combination with Mg2+ antacids.

Aluminum Trihydroxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators, vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products.
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and leAluminum Trihydroxideer (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture).

Widespread uses:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used for the manufacture of: textile, leAluminum Trihydroxideer or fur and wood and wood products.

Other release to the environment of Aluminum Trihydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leAluminum Trihydroxideer treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products and water treatment chemicals.

Aluminum Trihydroxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Aluminum Trihydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Other release to the environment of Aluminum Trihydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leAluminum Trihydroxideer products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
Aluminum trihydroxide the applications mentioned earlier, aluminum trihydroxide has other uses as well.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, ceramics, and glass.
Aluminum trihydroxide can also be used as a filler or pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics to improve their properties.
Aluminum trihydroxideis used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.

Aluminum trihydroxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.

Aluminum trihydroxide is generally considered to be safe for human health and the environment, although it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities.
Aluminum trihydroxide is not considered a hazardous waste and can be disposed of in landfills or recycled.
While aluminum trihydroxide is generally considered safe for use in various applications, excessive exposure to aluminum and its compounds can be harmful.

Inhalation of aluminum trihydroxide dust or fumes can cause respiratory irritation, while ingestion of large amounts can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of Aluminum trihydroxide may also cause neurological effects, such as impaired motor function and cognitive decline.
Aluminum trihydroxide is regulated by various organizations to ensure its safe use.

Aluminum trihydroxide is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite, which is a common constituent of bauxite ore.
Aluminum trihydroxide is also found in some mineral springs and volcanic regions.
Small amounts of aluminum trihydroxide are present in some foods and drinking water.

Aluminum trihydroxide is compatible with a wide range of materials, including plastics, rubbers, coatings, and adhesives.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a filler or reinforcing agent in these materials to improve their mechanical properties and fire resistance.
Aluminum trihydroxide is produced on a large scale worldwide, with China being the largest producer.

Aluminum trihydroxide can be recycled through a process known as the Bayer process, which is also used to produce aluminum metal from bauxite ore.
In this process, the Aluminum Trihydroxide is dissolved in a strong alkali solution and precipitated as alumina, which can then be used to produce new aluminum products.
Aluminum trihydroxide is an effective flame retardant due to its ability to release water and carbon dioxide when exposed to heat.

Aluminum trihydroxide reaction can help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.
Aluminum trihydroxide is commonly used as a flame retardant in building materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard also be used as a filler in concrete and other construction materials to improve their properties.
Aluminum trihydroxide is considered safe for use in food packaging and processing.

Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a coating on food packaging materials to improve their barrier properties and prevent contamination.
Aluminum trihydroxide can interact with other substances in certain applications, such as in the presence of acids or alkaline solutions.
Aluminum trihydroxide to dissolve or form other compounds, which can affect its properties and performance.

Safety Profile:
Aluminum trihydroxide adjuvant is intended for use in parenteral vaccines and is generally regarded as nontoxic.
Aluminum trihydroxide may cause mild irritation, dryness, and dermatitis on skin contact.
Aluminum Trihydroxide adjuvant may also cause redness, conjunctivitis, and short-term mild irritation.

Aluminum trihydroxide and other flame retardants, there is growing interest in developing alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly and less toxic.
Some potential alternatives include phosphorus-based compounds, natural materials such as wool and cotton, and intumescent coatings that expand when exposed to heat.

Synonyms
Dialume
Trihydroxyaluminum
Aluminum trihydroxide
Gibbsite (Al(OH)3)
14762-49-3
MFCD00003420
CHEBI:33130
NSC-664400
Amphojel
Alugel
Aluminum Hydroxide powder
Aluminum hydroxide Wet Gel
Alugelibye
Calmogastrin
Tricreamalate
Alumigel
Amphogel
Higilite
Hydrafil
Liquigel
Trisogel
Alusal
Apyral
Martinal A
Amorphous alumina
Apyral B
Di-Gel Liquid
Martinal A/S
Martinal F-A
Trihydrated alumina
Apyral 2
Apyral 4
Apyral 8
Alolt 8
Higilite H 31S
Higilite H 32
Higilite H 42
Apyral 15
Apyral 24
Apyral 25
Apyral 40
Apyral 60
Apyral 90
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Alolt 80
Alolt 90
Amberol ST 140F
Apyral 120
Apyral 120VAW
Hychol 705
Hydral 705
Hydral 710
Alcoa C 31
Alcoa C 33
Alcoa H 65
Hydrated aluminum oxide
AKP-DA
Alcoa 331
Alcoa 710
Alcoa AS 301
Alcoa A 325
Alcoa C 330
Alcoa C 331
Alcoa C 333
Alcoa C 385
Reheis F 1000
Aluminum oxide trihydrate
Aluminic acid (H3AlO3)
British aluminum AF 260
C 4d
BACO AF 260
AC 714KC
Aluminiumhydroxid
HSDB 575
P 30BF
Alumina, tabular
Alumina, calcined
GHA 331
GHA 332
GHA 431
aluminum;trihydrate
C 31C
C 31F
trihydroxidoaluminium
Dialume (TN)
EINECS 244-492-7
AC 450
AE 107
AF 260
C-31-F
ALterna GEL (TN)
Ground ATH, 9 mum
Aluminum hydroxide, CP
C 31
C 33
CI 77002
H 46
Coarse ATH, 90 mum
Ground ATH, 11 mum
Ground ATH, 15 mum
Ground ATH, 19 mum
aluminium(3+) hydroxide
aluminium(III) hydroxide
C.I. 77002
Aluminum hydroxide (USP)
Ground ATH, 3.6 mum
UNII-5QB0T2IUN0
A 3011
Aluminum hydroxide, 76.5%
Aluminum hydroxide, dried gel
Coarse ground ATH, 25 mum
Dried Aluminium Hydroxide Gel
Aluminium Hydroxide Nanopowder
CHEMBL1200706
Aluminum hydroxide, dried (USP)
Aluminum hydroxide, reagent grade
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate
BCP04783
HY-B1521
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A211
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A215
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A503
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A611
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A621
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A651
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A661
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A671
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A681
NSC664400
s4826
Dried aluminum hydroxide gel (JP17)
Aluminum hydroxide, dried [USP:JAN]
Aluminum hydroxide, puriss., 76.5%
CCG-266013
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 20 mum
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 22 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 4 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 6 mum
Aluminum hydroxide Gel, colloidal suspension
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 11 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 14 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 25 mum
Aluminum hydroxide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade
CS-0013311
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 7.5 mum
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 9 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 8.5 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 55 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 95 mum
D02416
EC 244-492-7
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 11 mum
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 15 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 10 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 14 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 20 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 6 mum
Aluminum oxide hydrated, technical, >=64% Al2O3 basis, powder
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH)
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Aluminium trihydrate (also known as ATH and aluminium trihydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)3) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can be added to casting resins at an approximate maximum percentage of 200% by weight (e.g. 200g of filler powder to 100g of resin).

CAS: 8064-00-4
MF: AlH6O3
Mol File: 8064-00-4.mol

Doing so will reduce shrinkage, improve thermal stability considerably and result in a heavier more substantial feel to cast products however the resin will become harder to pour and reproduction of fine surface details will be impaired as the filler content is increased. Never count the weight of the filler powder in the mix ratio.

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is an inert, odourless filler powder than can be used to reduce shrinkage and add weight to cast polymer products.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can also improve the fire resistant properties of the casting and reduce exothermic reaction.

Annual production of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is around 100 million tons which is nearly all produced through the Bayer process.
The Bayer process dissolves bauxite (Aluminium Ore) in sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is then separated from the solids that remain after the heating process.
The solids remaining after the Alumina Trihydrate is removed is highly toxic and presents environmental issues.

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH), also known as aluminium trihydroxide or alumina trihydrate, is derived from bauxite ore.
This natural ore is refined to a fine white powder via the Bayer process.
After washing and drying Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as the feedstock for a wide range of alumina chemicals.

Alumina Trihydrate (AI2O3•3H2O) is the most widely used flame retardant in the world due to its versatility and low cost.
Available in different particle sizes, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can be used in a wide range of polymers at processing temperatures below 220°C.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.
Additional benefits are arc and track resistance in plastics exposed to electrical arcing, acid resistance, and smoke suppression.
At about 220°C, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of its weight as water vapor.

AI2O3•3H2O + HEAT —–> AI2O3 + 3 H2O

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) acts as heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing the burning rate.
The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion gases and toxic fumes.

Uses
Over 90% of all Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) produced is converted to Aluminium Oxide (alumina) that is used to manufacture aluminum.
As a flame retardant, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is chemically added to a polymer molecule or blended in with a polymer to suppress and reduce the spreading of a flame through a plastic.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used as an antacid that can be ingested in order to buffer the pH within the stomach.

Specification of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)
Al2O3: 64.7%
Fe2O3: 0.0205% max
SiO2: 0.025% max
Na2O (Total): 0.35% max
Al(OH)3: 99.8% max
Sp. gravity: 2.4 g/cc
LOD at 1100C: 0.4% max
Loss on ignition at 10500C: 34%
Residue on 325 Mesh: NIL
Average Particle Size: varies as per grade from 2 - 80 microns
Coatings: Silane, Stearic Acid

Synonyms
Aluminium trihydrate
Aluminum, trihydrate
DTXSID20421935
MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH)
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is often associated with its role as a non-halogen flame retardant and smoke suppressant, and for good reason, as Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), also known alumina trihydroxide, is a white, odorless, and insoluble powder with the chemical formula Al(OH)3.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), in its crystalline form, corundum, its hardness makes it suitable as an abrasive.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
Molecular Formula: AlH3O3
EINECS Number: 244-492-7

Alumina Chemical & Castables is the leading developer & Processor of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
This Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.
Of the common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is the hydroxide salt form of aluminum designed for oral ingestion.
The high melting point of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) makes it a good refractory material for lining high-temperature appliances like kilns, furnaces, incinerators, reactors of various sorts, and crucibles.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as a baseforpigments, as a water repellent in textile coatings, and as an antacid in medicine.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is soluble in hydrochloric or sulfuric acids or in sodiumhydroxide.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is derived from the mineral bauxite and is a common compound in nature.
Aluminium trihydroxide, also known as alumina trihydrate is the most economic and widely used flame retardant and smoke suppressant in the plastics industry.

Aluminum hydroxide together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is to be added to casting resins / surface casting this will create a more heat resistant object and increase the fire retardant properties of the cast material.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) needs to be incorporated in high loading which can impair the mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is sometimes used to treat, control, or manage high levels of phosphate in the body.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also used with a low phosphate diet to prevent the formation of phosphate urinary stones.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also found in personal care products and industrial applications.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an antacid and included as an adjuvant in some vaccines.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of its thermodynamic properties.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an inorganic white fine crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder.

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (L739, L740, L756)
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in polyester resins however with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.
Aluminium hydroxide is the most stable form of aluminium.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used for the relief of heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion, stomach ulcers, peptic ulcer pain, and to promote the healing of peptic ulcers.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is solubility in water and organic solvents is very low.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is the largest flame retardant (FR) used in diverse end applications.
The remaining metal oxide residue has a high internal surface where sooty particles, respectively polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are absorbed, making Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) also a smoke suppressant.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also use in Paints Industries.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), also known as Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), aluminum trihydrate, aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, and hydrated aluminum oxide, is a white to whitish-yellow water-insoluble powder with a specific gravity of 2.42.
In plasticised PVC fine precipitated Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as FR and smoke suppressant.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) disassociates enough in many glaze types to be useful as a source of Al2O3 to the melt (the finer the particle size the better).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) stays in suspension better in glaze slurries and has better adhesive qualities also, using hydrated alumina in glazes and glasses can promote a fining operation by coalescing finely dispersed gas bubbles.

Coarser Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) types produced by grinding are used in large volume in thermoset applications.
Cast resins and glass fibre reinforced products like BMC (Bulk Moulding Compounds) and SMC (Sheet Moulding Compounds) are processed in electrical and electronic appliances as well as in construction applications.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) added to a glaze can also enhance the color of Cr-Al pinks.

Larger additions of fine material can impart matteness if the glaze is able to take it into solution (sourcing alumina from kaolin, feldspar and frits is obviously more practical since these decompose readily in glaze melts).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
The oxide layer acts as a barrier protecting the polymer against further decomposition.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is commercially available in grain sizes ranging from 0.5 – 80 µm in median particle size (D50).
In Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) wire and cables (W&C), one of the largest markets for Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), fine precipitated Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in sheAluminum trihydrate (ATH)ing and insulation.
The working principle is based on the thermal decomposition of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH)into aluminium oxide and water.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.
Aluminium trihydrate (Aluminum trihydrate (ATH)) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Vaccine formulations containing Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin an increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.

Aluminium trihydroxide is employed in acrylic rubbers and moulding, thermosetting resins, thermoplastic cable sheAluminum trihydrate (ATH)ing, PVC flooring etc.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.

Closely related are Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is amphoteric,it has both basic and acidic properties.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an electrical insulator, which means it doesn’t conduct electricity, and it also has relatively high thermal conductivity.
The chemical formula for Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is Al(OH)₃.

Molar mass: 78.00 g/mol
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/100 mL
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7
Boiling point: 2980℃[at 101 325 Pa]
vapor pressure: storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: 0.0015g/l
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 2.42
PH Range: >7
PH: 8-9 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) won’t dissolve in water, but will dissolve only in bases and acids.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) to act as an amphoteric substance in water.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) will act as an acid. And if a strong acid is present, it will act as a strong base.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) gel crystallizes with time.
Precipitated Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pAluminum trihydrate (ATH)ogens that are blocked by antibodies however, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pAluminum trihydrate (ATH)ogens, nor is it useful when the antigen is peptide-based.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts it to activated Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) should be handled with caution because its exposure can cause irritation however, only minor and residual injuries will be present.

As for flammability, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is not flammable and will not burn.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is not reactive, therefore, it is stable in both fire and water conditions.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be also used to product sulfuric acid Aluminum, alum, aluminum fluoride and sodium aluminate, and to synthesize molecular sieve.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) gel and drying gel of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be used in medicine as antacids to neutralize gastric acid and protect ulcer surface for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and hyperacidity.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be transformed into alumina after heated in the air for dehydration, which is important for alumina production.
The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), white solid, is a typical amphoteric hydroxide that is insoluble in water but soluble in acid or alkali.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is a widely used chemical product, and it is mainly used as plastic and polymer fillers, blanket flame retardant and binder, epoxy resin filler, toothpaste fillers, glass ingredients as well as paper color fillers and coatings.

Production Method Of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH):
97% of the bauxite ores produced worldwide each year are treated with Bayer method to obtain Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has a density of 2.42 g/cm3, a melting point of 300°C, and a Mohs hardness of 2.5-3.5.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is insoluble in water and organic solvents, but it can dissolve in strong acids and bases.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is a weak base and can act as a buffer in solution.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is typically produced by the Bayer process, which involves extracting aluminum from bauxite ore through a series of chemical reactions.
The resulting Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is then calcined (heated) to remove water and produce alumina, a precursor to aluminum metal.

Sodium aluminate solution and the aluminum sulfate solution are neutralized to pH 6.5 to produce Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) precipitate.
The obtained precipitate is washed with water, filtered and dried at 70-80℃ for 12 hours, and then crushed to prepare the Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) product.
A12O3+2NaOH→2NaAO2+H2O
Al2O3+3H2SO4→A12(SO4)3+3H2O

6NaAIO2+A12(SO4)3+12H2O→8Al(OH)3↓+3Na2SO4
Recycled aluminum chloride is dissolved in water, decolorized with activated carbon and filtered to remove impurities, and then react with sodium carbonate to produce raw Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).

The raw products are filtered, washed and dried to obtain the final Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) products.
2A1C13+3Na2CO3+3H2O→2AI(OH)3↓+6NaCl+3CO2↑

Metabolism Of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH):
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) or oxide is slowly solubilised in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and water.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), dihydroxyaluminium sodium carbonate and aluminium carbonate form carbon dioxide, and aluminium phosphate forms phosphoric acid.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) formed is absorbed and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal function.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) antacids also combine with dietary phosphate in the intestine forming insoluble, nonabsorbable aluminium phosphate which is excreted in the faeces.

Uses:
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) widely used for plastics, rubber, resin, paint, paint and so on.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used as the thickener for ink and the raw materials for manufacturing aluminum salt, enamel, ceramics, glassware and lubricant also used for the preparation of various catalyst carrier.
Just to illustrate the broadness of the uses, we can say that Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as mordant in dyes, purifier for water, ingredient for cosmetics, and even in as an element for processes in photography.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also applications of minor character in ceramics and construction but the most important field where Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is applied is medicine.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used for printing inks, painting pigments, crayons and rubber packing.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) uses in waterproof fabric, ink, glassware, paper packing, mordant, purifying agent and also used in aluminum salt, lubricant manufacture.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used for supporting catalyst and separating the vapor liquid.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also very useful because cement with Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) addition dries rapidly if it is being exposed to heat.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is use as an antacid and vaccine adjuvant, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has also been used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease and as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

On the stage of production of concrete Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is added to cement.
Ceramics and glass of both industrial and home application is manufactured using Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
The most useful feature of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) when it is added to glass consists in the fact that it makes glass heat-resistant.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is possible because, as have been already mentioned, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is not flammable and has high melting point.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) combined with polymers appears to be a very good fire retardant.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is most frequently used for the production of lipsticks, make-ups, and other products for skin care.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used there because it is totally stable and non toxic for people.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) manufacturers of cosmetics also use Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) to produce cleansers for skin, suntan products, body lotions, and moisturizers.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used for the preparation of refractory, glass and pottery, as well as precipitation pigment and waterproof fabric also used for the manufacture of aluminum salts.

Personal care products, for example, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants and many others, also involve using of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is able to neutralize acids, it serves as a natural antacid.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) also has a very useful property as it stimulates the immune system of human.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), various vaccines, including those that are used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus, are prepared using Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be also used for the treatment of kidney patients who have high level of phosphates in blood due to renal failure.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also used by formulators as a humectant, and to soften, smooth, and protect the skin it helps control product viscosity often found in facial masks and make-up preparations.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used in the industries of petroleum, chemical, fertilizer, natural gas and environmental protection for increasing the gas or liquid distribution points and protecting the low-strength catalyst.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) useful feature exists due to the ability of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) to bind with phosphates.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), phosphates are flushed out of the human body easily.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has many advantages including large-scale production, adequate raw materials, high product purity and good solubility in acid.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can transform into alumina, which has high thermal chemical stability, thermal strength, creep resistance and dielectric properties and low thermal expansion coefficient.

Alumina is an important material for the synthesis of ceramics.
In the process of ceramic synthesis, we can control the phase formation of the composite by Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) activation and crystallization process controlling.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be used as an important raw material for the preparation of aluminum salts, such as barium aluminate, aluminum sulfate and so on.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) powder is commonly regarded as an ideal flame retardant filler for plastics, unsaturated polyester, rubber and other organic polymers because of its filling, flame retardant and smoke-eliminating functions and non-toxic property.
Flame retardant mechanism of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is as follows: when the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, the Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) begin to perform endothermic decomposition and release three crystal water, and its decomposition rate reaches the largest at 250℃.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) thereby inhibiting the polymer temperature rise, reducing its decomposition rate and only producing water vapor, not generating toxic and harmful gases.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) exists in water mainly in form of Al(OH)4-, which can precipitate toxic heavy metals in sewage by coprecipitation method to achieve the effect of water purification after further filter.
Sol-gel method is commonly used for the preparation of ultra-fine Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).

The most common sol-gel method for the preparation of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is the hydrolysis of aluminum salts and alkoxides in water, the mechanism of which is divided into two steps: 1)-OR group is hydrolyzed to produce-OH; 2) Al3+ reacts with –OH to separate Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) precipitation out.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used as mordants and analysis reagents.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used for the gravimetric determination of potassium content

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used as adsorbents, emulsifiers, ion exchangers, chromatographic analytes and mordants.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) gel can be used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and hyperacidity embolism.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an antacid to treat heartburn, acid indigestion, and other gastrointestinal problems.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is a commonly used flame retardant in plastics, rubbers, coatings, and other materials.
When exposed to heat, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) decomposes to release water vapor and carbon dioxide, which help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) works by neutralizing excess stomach acid, thereby reducing symptoms.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an adjuvant in some vaccines to enhance the immune response and improve vaccine effectiveness.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) works by stimulating the immune system to produce a stronger response to the vaccine antigen.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in water treatment to remove impurities and improve water quality.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as a filler in ceramics and glass to improve their strength and other properties.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the production of construction materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard as a flame retardant and filler.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be used as a topical treatment for skin conditions such as diaper rash and poison ivy.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and flame retardants.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid and as an adjuvant in vaccines to stimulate an immune response.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) precipitate down and control the size and morphology of products by adjusting the pH value and CO2 concentration.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), microemulsion is typically composed of surfactants, cosurfactants, solvents and water (or aqueous solution).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), microemulsion has many excellent properties such as ultra-low interfacial tension and high solubilization capacity.
The preparation of nano-materials by microemulsion technology can precisely control the crystal growth process of nano-materials, and the micro-emulsion ball can encapsulate the crystal particles to effectively prevent the agglomeration of nano-particles.

The Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) as adjuvant can also improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine, the action mechanism of which is as follows: Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) adsorbs antigen on its surface to allow the antigen slow release so that it can play the role of extending efficacy.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has a high specific surface area, and can adsorb colloid, suspended solids, dyes and organic substances in sewage on its surface.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can neutralize gastric acid and is non-toxic, for which it is always used as the traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has high whiteness, ultrafine particle size as well as complete crystal form, and has a strong compatibility with brightening agent.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), as an additive coating and resin, can effectively improve the whiteness, opacity, smoothness and ink absorption of coated paper.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride, which are used in water treatment, paper production, and other applications.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) synthesized by hydrothermal method has the advantages of high purity, small particle size, uniform distribution, easily-controlling crystal form and simple operation therefore, this method is widely used in the process of synthesis of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leAluminum trihydrate (ATH)er or fur and wood and wood products.
Other release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leAluminum trihydrate (ATH)er treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products and water treatment chemicals.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has plenty of applications; some people believe that these uses are really endless.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), we can obtain various target products with diffrernt surface area, pore volume, pore structure and crystal structure by controlling the temperature, concentration and pH of the reactants, which can be effectively used as a catalyst carrier for the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds and the preparation of fullerenes and the like.
Release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate, indoor use and outdoor use.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be used as a coagulant to help remove suspended solids, turbidity, and color from water.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used to prevent or slow down the spread of fire in plastics, fabrics, and building materials.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an inorganic compound used to make a product less transparent.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) used for preparing waterproof fabrics, inks, glass, paper fillers, mordant, purifying agent, various aluminum salts, etc.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) (Al(OH)3) has several medical applications.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as an antacid for treating heartburn as well as acid indigestion (reflux oesophagitis).

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also known to have healing properties of peptic ulcers.
In patients suffering from kidney failure, who show elevated serum phosphate levels (hyperphosphataemia), Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used as a phosphate binder.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an amphoteric compound , which means it can react as a base or as an acid.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) as an anti-acid, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) reacts with any excess stomach acid (mainly HCl) with the formation of AlCl3 and water.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O.
Other release to the environment of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leAluminum trihydrate (ATH)er products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) the applications mentioned earlier, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has other uses as well.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the production of aluminum chemicals, ceramics, and glass.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can also be used as a filler or pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics to improve their properties.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH)is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is generally considered to be safe for human health and the environment, although it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is not considered a hazardous waste and can be disposed of in landfills or recycled.

While Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is generally considered safe for use in various applications, excessive exposure to aluminum and its compounds can be harmful.
Inhalation of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) dust or fumes can cause respiratory irritation, while ingestion of large amounts can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is also found in some mineral springs and volcanic regions.

Small amounts of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) are present in some foods and drinking water.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is compatible with a wide range of materials, including plastics, rubbers, coatings, and adhesives.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is often used as a filler or reinforcing agent in these materials to improve their mechanical properties and fire resistance.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is produced on a large scale worldwide, with China being the largest producer.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be recycled through a process known as the Bayer process, which is also used to produce aluminum metal from bauxite ore.
In this process, the Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is dissolved in a strong alkali solution and precipitated as alumina, which can then be used to produce new aluminum products.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is an effective flame retardant due to its ability to release water and carbon dioxide when exposed to heat.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) reaction can help to cool and dilute the flame, slowing down the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is commonly used as a flame retardant in building materials such as insulation, roofing, and wallboard also be used as a filler in concrete and other construction materials to improve their properties.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is considered safe for use in food packaging and processing.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is often used as a coating on food packaging materials to improve their barrier properties and prevent contamination.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can interact with other substances in certain applications, such as in the presence of acids or alkaline solutions.

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) to dissolve or form other compounds, which can affect its properties and performance.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) may also cause neurological effects, such as impaired motor function and cognitive decline.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is regulated by various organizations to ensure its safe use.

Al(OH)3 is known to cause constipation, so formulations of anti-acids often include a combination with Mg2+ antacids.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators, vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and leAluminum trihydrate (ATH)er (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture).

Safety Profile:
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) adjuvant is intended for use in parenteral vaccines and is generally regarded as nontoxic.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) and other flame retardants, there is growing interest in developing alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly and less toxic.

Some potential alternatives include phosphorus-based compounds, natural materials such as wool and cotton, and intumescent coatings that expand when exposed to heat.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) may cause mild irritation, dryness, and dermatitis on skin contact.
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) adjuvant may also cause redness, conjunctivitis, and short-term mild irritation.

Synonyms:
Dialume
Trihydroxyaluminum
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH)
Gibbsite (Al(OH)3)
14762-49-3
MFCD00003420
CHEBI:33130
NSC-664400
Amphojel
Alugel
Aluminum Hydroxide powder
Aluminum hydroxide Wet Gel
Alugelibye
Calmogastrin
Tricreamalate
Alumigel
Amphogel
Higilite
Hydrafil
Liquigel
Trisogel
Alusal
Apyral
Martinal A
Amorphous alumina
Apyral B
Di-Gel Liquid
Martinal A/S
Martinal F-A
Trihydrated alumina
Apyral 2
Apyral 4
Apyral 8
Alolt 8
Higilite H 31S
Higilite H 32
Higilite H 42
Apyral 15
Apyral 24
Apyral 25
Apyral 40
Apyral 60
Apyral 90
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Alolt 80
Alolt 90
Amberol ST 140F
Apyral 120
Apyral 120VAW
Hychol 705
Hydral 705
Hydral 710
Alcoa C 31
Alcoa C 33
Alcoa H 65
Hydrated aluminum oxide
AKP-DA
Alcoa 331
Alcoa 710
Alcoa AS 301
Alcoa A 325
Alcoa C 330
Alcoa C 331
Alcoa C 333
Alcoa C 385
Reheis F 1000
Aluminum oxide trihydrate
Aluminic acid (H3AlO3)
British aluminum AF 260
C 4d
BACO AF 260
AC 714KC
Aluminiumhydroxid
HSDB 575
P 30BF
Alumina, tabular
Alumina, calcined
GHA 331
GHA 332
GHA 431
aluminum;trihydrate
C 31C
C 31F
trihydroxidoaluminium
Dialume (TN)
EINECS 244-492-7
AC 450
AE 107
AF 260
C-31-F
ALterna GEL (TN)
Ground ATH, 9 mum
Aluminum hydroxide, CP
C 31
C 33
CI 77002
H 46
Coarse ATH, 90 mum
Ground ATH, 11 mum
Ground ATH, 15 mum
Ground ATH, 19 mum
aluminium(3+) hydroxide
aluminium(III) hydroxide
C.I. 77002
Aluminum hydroxide (USP)
Ground ATH, 3.6 mum
UNII-5QB0T2IUN0
A 3011
Aluminum hydroxide, 76.5%
Aluminum hydroxide, dried gel
Coarse ground ATH, 25 mum
Dried Aluminium Hydroxide Gel
Aluminium Hydroxide Nanopowder
CHEMBL1200706
Aluminum hydroxide, dried (USP)
Aluminum hydroxide, reagent grade
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate
BCP04783
HY-B1521
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A211
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A215
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A503
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A611
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A621
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A651
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A661
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A671
Aluminum Hydroxide - ALUGEL A681
NSC664400
s4826
Dried aluminum hydroxide gel (JP17)
Aluminum hydroxide, dried [USP:JAN]
Aluminum hydroxide, puriss., 76.5%
CCG-266013
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 20 mum
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 22 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 4 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 6 mum
Aluminum hydroxide Gel, colloidal suspension
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 11 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 14 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 25 mum
Aluminum hydroxide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade
CS-0013311
Ground ATH, Low Viscosity Grade, 7.5 mum
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 9 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Ground ATH, 8.5 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 55 mum
Aluminium trihydroxide, Unground ATH, 95 mum
D02416
EC 244-492-7
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 11 mum
Ground ATH,Viscosity Optimized Grade, 15 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 10 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 14 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 20 mum
Ground and high whiteness Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), 6 mum
Aluminum oxide hydrated, technical, >=64% Al2O3 basis, powder
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH)
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a white, odorless, powdery, solid substance.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) demonstrates a very low solubility in water but is considered to be amphoteric, meaning it will dissolve in both acids or a strong alkali.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is the most common mineral filler in the manufacture of solid surface.


CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
Molecular Formula: AlH6O3


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a white powder that has thermal characteristics that give translucency and whiteness to the product.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is dry to the touch.
Solid surface as a homogeneous pigmented mass formed by the polymerization of thermostable resins and, basically, aluminum trihydrate as the mineral filler of the mixture.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is chemically combined with three water molecules and has a high melting temperature.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Aluminium trihydrate (also known as aluminium trihydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)3) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a high surface area alumina trihydrate product with a very precise, ultrafine particle size distribution.
Features and benefits include a lower cost replacement for precipitated Aluminium trihydrate (ATH); lower soluble soda and free moisture content; improved handling properties; dependable delivery; long-tern availability; exceptional brightness; excellent suspension; an economical halogen-free smoke suppressor/flame retardant.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) has a number of common names used throughout the chemical industry which include: Hydrate Alumina, Alumina Hydrate, Aluminium Tri Hydroxide, ATH, Aluminium Hydrate and Aluminium Hydroxide.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) as its more commonly known is an inexpensive filler powder that can be added to polyester gelcoats & resins for bulking out.


Doing so will reduce shrinkage, improve thermal stability considerably and result in a heavier more substantial feel to cast products however the resin will become harder to pour and reproduction of fine surface details will be impaired as the filler content is increased.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) also has a secondary use that if added to polyurethane it will provide a fire-retardancy.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is an inert, odourless filler powder than can be used to reduce shrinkage and add weight to cast polymer products.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can also improve the fire resistant properties of the casting and reduce exothermic reaction.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can be added to casting resins at an approximate maximum percentage of 200% by weight (e.g. 200g of filler powder to 100g of resin).


The aluminium trihydrate (ATH) Market Size was valued at USD 1.56 billion in 2021.
The aluminium trihydrate (ATH) market industry is projected to grow from USD 1.63 Billion in 2022 to USD 2.89 billion by 2030, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6% during the forecast period (2022 - 2030).


Growing demand for flame retardants across major industries and surging use of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) in the paints and coatings industry are driving the market growth.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) are obtained by digestion of bauxite throughout the Bayer process.
Alumina trihydrate starts to remove constitution water above 180 ° C.


Water removal cools the surface and eliminates entry of oxygen, which confers flame retardant properties and smoke suppressant.
Accordingly Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a necessary raw material for products like rubber, polyurethane, polyester, silicone, thermoplastic, cables, etc. with fire retardant properties.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is separated from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.
The block crystals of alumina hydrate impart good chemical reactivity.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is white in color.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is chemically designated as Al(OH)3.


Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market size is forecast to reach $ 836.20 Million by 2025, after growing at a CAGR of 4.52% during 2020-2025.
The growth of the Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) Flame Retardant Market is due to fast growing construction sector and ever increasing electronics industry.


The consumption of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) flame retardants in American region is high and clearly seen the growth, because the availability of low-priced raw materials and comparatively less labor cost.
Presence of major manufacturing firms in the electrical and electronic industry is estimated to positively affect the market owing to the increasing product launches by the companies.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a white, translucent powder that is also called Aluminium trihydrate (ATH).
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is obtained from Bauxite.
When Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is strongly heated, alumina trihydrate will convert to Aluminum oxide with the release of water.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is filler powder which is generally used with fast-cast resin products to alter the properties and bulk the material out.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can be added to casting resins at an approximate maximum percentage of 200% by weight (e.g. 200g of filler powder to 100g of resin).


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is s a low-cost, inert, odourless filler powder that can be used to bulk out, reduce shrinkage, add weight and add fire retardancy to casting resins including polyurethane, epoxy and polyester.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) or Aluminium Hydroxide is the hydrated oxide of Aluminium.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)’s unique reactivity with acid, as well as a base, makes it a major raw material for many applications.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a non-abrasive powder with a Mohs' hardness index of 2.5 -3 and a specific gravity of 2.42.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a fine particle and easy disperse grade.
On heating to 200°C, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) decomposes into 66% alumina and 34% water.
This irreversible process makes Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) an effective flame retardant.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) (AI2O3•3H2O) is the most widely used flame retardant in the world due to its versatility and low cost.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is available in different particle sizes, it can be used in a wide range of polymers at processing temperatures below 220°C.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.


Additional benefits are arc and track resistance in plastics exposed to electrical arcing, acid resistance, and smoke suppression.
At about 220°C, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of its weight as water vapor.
AI2O3•3H2O + HEAT —–> AI2O3 + 3 H2O
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) acts as heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing the burning rate.


The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion gases and toxic fumes.
Over 90% of all Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) produced is converted to Aluminium Oxide (alumina) that is used to manufacture aluminum.
As a flame retardant, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is chemically added to a polymer molecule or blended in with a polymer to suppress and reduce the spreading of a flame through a plastic.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used as an antacid that can be ingested in order to buffer the pH within the stomach.
The most common use of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is for the production of aluminum metal.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in polymers such as rubber products and carpet backing.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH), also known as alumina trihydrate is the most economic and widely used flame retardant and smoke suppressant in the plastics industry.
needs to be incorporated in high loading which can impair the mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is employed in acrylic rubbers and moulding, thermosetting resins, thermoplastic cable sheathing, PVC flooring etc.


Applications of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) include wire and cable insulation, injection-molded polyolefins, coatings, adhesives, rubber goods, paper filler and coating, PVC, EPDM, EPR, ABS, XLPE and compression molded Thermosets.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a low-cost, inert, odourless filler powder than can be used to bulk-out, reduce shrinkage, add weight and add fire retardancy to casting resins including polyurethane, epoxy and polyester.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also use in Paints Industries.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) also is used in the ceramic industry, in the manufacture of enamel and pigments and catalyst for chemical reactions.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) of the Common filler used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Alumina Trihydrate has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.
Alumina Chemical & Castables is the leading developer & Processor of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH).


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used in polyester resins.
However with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of its thermodynamic properties. Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)'s endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
The latter is probably the main phenomenon associated with smoke suppression other excellent performance include electrical and track resistance.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is commercially used as a paper coating, water repellant, flame retardant and a filler in glass, inks, ceramics, cosmetics, detergents and plastics.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is widely used in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used in Paints Industries.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can replace up to 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production costs.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is ideal for the manufacture of mortars used for floors with epoxy resins, polymer concrete parts, decorative resin parts, etc.


Aluminium Trihydrate (ATH) is a flame retardant and smoke suppressant.
Industrial uses of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) include; thermoplastic, thermoset plastic (SMC/BMC, pultrusion/extrusion), elastomers, latex backing, coatings and sealants.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is the most used flame retardant in the world by volume and its use of it will continue to grow as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant with companies moving away from bromine and halogenated flame retardants.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as a filler for epoxy, urethane, or polyester resins, where fire retardant properties or increased thermal conductivity are required.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) Filler Powder is compatible with all popular casting resins, including polyurethane, epoxy and polyester.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can be added to casting resins at an approximate maximum percentage of 200% by weight (e.g. 200g of filler powder to 100g of resin).


Doing so will reduce shrinkage, improve thermal stability considerably and result in a heavier more substantial feel to cast products however the resin will become harder to pour and reproduction of fine surface details will be impaired as the filler content is increased.
Never count the weight of the filler powder in the mix ratio.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) Filler Powder is compatible with all popular casting resins, including polyurethane, epoxy and polyester.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as a base in the preparation of transparent lake pigments.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used as an inert filler in paints and tends to increase the transparency of colors when dispersed in oils.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) can react with a base as well as an acid, and finds use in many applications as raw material.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a highly refined, inert mineral flame retardant and smoke suppressant.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is offering lower costs, greater flexibility and non toxic flame retardant solutions compared to bromine and halogenated flame retardants.


Utilizing proprietary grinding, classifying and surface modification technology, Cimbar Performance Minerals Polyfill/PolyJet series Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) offer a broad spectrum of products for any industrial application.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used in polyester resins.


However with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) has found large volume applications in vinyl as a low smoke, non-toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of its thermodynamic properties.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)'s endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilutes with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
The latter is probably the main phenomenon associated with smoke suppression other excellent performances include electrical and track resistance.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a very white halogen-free flame retardant filler used in a number of applications utilising the different benefits the product provides.
Plastics and rubber Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is compatible with a wide range of polymer types including thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers and is used in a diverse range of applications like glass reinforced plastic (GRP), rubber carpet backing and latex flexible foams.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) enhances the fire resistance properties of the final polymer product.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used in the manufacturing of many inorganic chemicals like Non – ferric Alum, Poly Aluminium chloride, Aluminium fluoride, Sodium Aluminate, Catalysts, Glass etc.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used in the manufacture of many inorganic chemicals including Aluminium Sulphate, Poly Aluminium Chloride, Sodium


Aluminate, Aluminium Fluoride, Titanium Dioxide, Zeolites, Catalysts and Glass.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is the most consumable and applicable inorganic additive flame retardant that not only resists firing but also prevents smoke, dropping or toxic gas.
So, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is widely used with a gradual increase of usage, in the sectors of hot solidifying and moulding plastic, synthetic rubber, coating and construction materials.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a flame retardant suitable to be used in several industries.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also used as an adsorbent, emulsifier, ion exchanger, mordant, antacid, and filter medium, manufacture of paper, ceramics, printing inks, detergents, for waterproofing fabrics and in dentifrices and antiperspirants.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is also to be used in the production of aluminium chemicals, major products are alum (aluminium sulfate), poly aluminium chloride (PAC), sodium aluminate, zeolites, and aluminium fluoride.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as raw material in the manufacturing of glass, glaze and frits, flame retardant and smoke suppressant in plastic like Fiberglass cables, rubber products and carpet backing, raw material for fertilizer, and fibre cement board products.


Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as a paper extender, solvent and water paint, UV curable coatings, inks, adhesives, polishing and cleansing agent, mould wash and separating agent.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) also can be used as filler for cast polymer products such as onyx and solid surfaces.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is produced by latest technology with superior quality, high purity and constant performance properties.


-Solid Surfacing uses of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH):
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)’s superior whiteness makes it a preferred choice for manufacturers of solid surfacing and synthetic marble.
Solid surfacing is filled with Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) machines easily which is particularly beneficial when producing seamless surfacing.


-Applications of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH):
*Raw material for aluminium chemicals production.
*Flame-retardant filler in plastics and fiber cement board construction products.
*Specialty alumina production.


-Surface coatings use of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH):
In waterborne and solvent-based paints Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) extends TiO2 enabling a reduction of paint production costs and providing flame retardancy to the coating.
The weathering resistance provided by Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) means it performs well in exterior coatings.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) also controls gloss in coatings making it suitable for a variety of applications including powder and roof coatings.


-Special properties of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH):
The raw material used for the Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) products is from a high purity source.


-Composites:
Due to their good chemical resistance and physical properties, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a basic raw material for the manufacture of solid surface.
The solid surface is a material widely used in sanitary, kitchen, hotels, hospitals, façade cladding and construction in general.


-Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) will provide:
*Abrasion resistance: due to its hardness of 3 on Mohs scale, ATH will increase the coating’s resistance to wear.
*Clarity: due to its fairly low refractive index, ATH becomes transparent when combined with certain binder systems.
*UV-curing compatibility: being transparent for UV radiation, ATH does not block the curing mechanism.


-Applications of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH):
*Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as filler in Dough Molding Compounds.
*Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as filler in Cable compounds
*Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is used as filler in resin transfer molding.


-Aluminium Trihydrate is used in various industries as:
*A raw material in the production of Aluminium chemicals
*A raw material in the manufacture of glass and glazes
*A raw material in catalyst production
*A flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in plastics (for example: Cables, rubber products and carpet backing)
*A raw material for fertilizers, and fiber cement board products
*An extender and bodying agent in paper, solvent- and water-borne paints, UV curable coatings, inks, and adhesives
*A polishing and cleansing agent
*Mould wash and separating agent
*A filler of cast polymer products such as onyx and solid surfaces



BENEFITS OF ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
1. Flame Retardant Filler of Plastic & Rubber.
2. Good Fire-retardant Effect.



PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
Annual production of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is around 100 million tons which is nearly all produced through the Bayer process.
The Bayer process dissolves bauxite (Aluminium Ore) in sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is then separated from the solids that remain after the heating process.



ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH) IS A SIDE STREAM OF ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION CHARACTERISED BY:
*High purity
*High whiteness
*Relatively low density of 2.4g/cm3 compared to other mineral fillers, which are typically at 2.7g/cm3
*Medium Mohs hardness of 3
*Decomposition around 180°C, releasing water.



ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH) / FLAME RETARDANT FILLER:
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is a white filling material that provides flame retardant and self-extinguishing properties for polyester resins and gelcoats.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) exposes water molecules within the body at high temperatures to reduce flame spread and smoke formation.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)is used in GRP pipe applications, in acrylic applications and in other multicomponent applications.



ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH) IS CHARACTERISED BY:
*high purity
*high whiteness
*relatively low density (2.4g/cm3) compared to other mineral *fillers (typically 2.7g/cm3)
*medium Mohs hardness of 3
*decomposition around 180oC, releasing water (making it an excellent halogen-free flame retardant)



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
*Powdery substance
*Odorless
*Non-carcinogenic
*Contains thermal characteristic that provides translucency and whiteness to
*Solid surface material
*Non-smoking
*Low-toxicity
*Halogen-free
*Flame retardant



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is soluble in mineral acids and caustic soda.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is insoluble in water.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is fine grains.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is no birefringence.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) is under plane-polarized light, particles are colorless with low relief



FOR THE CHOICE OF THE MOST SUITABLE ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH) FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SOLID SURFACE WE MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT:
*particle size (grading):
Very thick particles will have a tendency to go to the bottom of the mixture.
On the contrary, the particles that are too thin may not disperse in the mixture.
*particle shape (milling):
If the particle is like a golf ball, the resin will stick easily.
If on the contrary, the particle is like a ping pong ball, it will be much more complicated.
*purity of the particles:
Avoid the presence of polluting particles that can generate black dots on the surface of the finished piece.
*silanization



WHY ARE MINERAL FILLERS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYMERIC COMPOSITES?
The use of mineral fillers in the production of solid surfaces and polymeric composites has basically two objectives:
to provide the physical and mechanical properties required for the final product.
To a large extent it will be determined by the requirements and standards associated with the final product.
Thanks to the combination of different minerals we can:
modify the mechanical properties: hardness, abrasion, bending, etc…
lighten or increase the weight of the final product
improve conductive or anti-static properties
improve fire resistance
lower the cost of the mixture as fillers are cheaper than the resin itself.



FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)decomposes when exposed to heat yielding aluminium oxide and water by the following reaction:
2Al(OH)3 --> Al2O3 + 3H2O
The decomposition starts at 180oC and is endothermic with a heat change of ~1050J/g.
A total loss of 34.7% of the original weight is observed.
When incorporated into organic materials such as plastics, textiles and wood, Aluminium trihydrate (ATH)acts a flame retardant by taking heat away from the flame front.
In addition the creation of water vapour near the surface of the polymer leads to oxygen depletion and reduces the burning rate of the gases.
Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) also promotes the formation of a char which prevents heat being returned back to the polymer.



SMOKE SUPPRESSION:
Smoke is the main cause of death in fire situations; one of the main advantages of using Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) in flame retardant formulations is to reduce smoke output.
A solid phase reaction occurs whereby the high surface area aluminium oxide formed from the decomposition of Aluminium trihydrate (ATH), absorbs the combustion products responsible for the formation of soot particles.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
Physical Form: Powder
Particle Morphology: Hexagonal Platelet
Color: White
Specific Gravity g/cm3: 2.42
pH Value: 9 - 10
Hardness, Mohs: 2.5 – 3.5
Refractive Index: 1.57
Temperature of Decomposition: 220°C / 428°F
Heat of Decomposition, cal/g: 280
Theoretical loss on ignition, %: 34.6
Al2O3: 64.7%
Fe2O3: 0.0205% max
SiO2: 0.025% max
Na2O (Total): 0.35% max

Al(OH)3: 99.8% max
Sp. gravity: 2.4 g/cc
LOD at 1100C: 0.4% max
Loss on ignition at 10500C: 34%
Residue on 325 Mesh NIL
Average Particle Size: varies as per grade from 2 - 80 microns
Coatings: Silane, Stearic Acid
Molecular Weight : 81.028
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 81.0132325
Monoisotopic Mass: 81.0132325
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Power, dust.
Colour: White.
Odour: Odourless.
Solubility: Insoluble.
Initial boiling point and boiling range (°C): 2980°C at 760 mmHg.
Melting point (°C) decomposes before melting at >: 200°C.
Relative density: 2.44 @ 20°C.
Solubility Value: (G/100G) 0.000009.
Explosive properties: non explosive.
Other information: Particle Size (Micron) variable.



FIRST AID MEASURES of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Description of first aid measures
*Inhalation:
Get medical attention if any discomfort continues.
*Ingestion:
Rinse mouth thoroughly and give plenty of water to drink.
Seek medical advice if necessary.
*Skin contact:
Clean by mechanical dry removal.
Subsequently rinse with water.
*Eye contact:
Immediately flush with plenty of water or eyewash solution for up to 10 minutes.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
None



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear protective clothing.
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Take up mechanically.
Dispose of absorbed material in accordance within local requlations



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Extinguishing media:
*Extinguishing media:
The product is non-combustible.
Use fire-extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding materials.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
None
-Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
None.
-Advice for firefighters:
None



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Engineering measures:
Provide adequate general and local exhaust ventilation.
*Respiratory equipment:
If ventilation is insufficient, suitable respiratory equipment must be provided.
*Hand protection:
Wear suitable protective gloves conforming to EN 374.
*Eye protection Wear approved safety goggles.
-Other Protection:
Provide an eyewash station and safety shower.
*Hygiene measures:
When using do not eat, drink, or smoke.
*Environmental:
No special exposure controls required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Dry storage at moderate temperatures.
-Specific end use(s):
See product information



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE (ATH):
-Reactivity:
No specific reactivity hazards associated with this product.
-Chemical stability:
Stable under normal conditions of storage and use.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Not determined.
-Hazardous Polymerisation:
Will not polymerise.
-Hazardous decomposition products:
No hazardous decomposition products.



SYNONYMS:
Alumina Trihydrate
Alumina Hydrate
Aluminium Tri Hydroxide
ATH
Aluminium Hydrate
Aluminium Hydroxide & ATH Mineral
Aluminium trihydrate
Aluminum, trihydrate
DTXSID20421935
153337-83-8
Hydrated alumina
Alumina trihydrate
ATH
Aluminum hydrate
Aluminum trihydrate
Alhydrogel
Ascriptin
Superfos
Amphogel
Aluminum (III) hydroxide
Amorphous alumina
Trihydrated Alumina
Trihydroxyaluminum
Tonerdehydrat
Hydrargillit
Bayerit
Böhmit
Diaspor
Nordstrandit
Aluminiumhydroxid
aluminum hydroxide
Pigment White 24
CI 7702
alumina hydrate
aluminum trihydrate
hydrated alumina
aluminium trihydrate
hydrated aluminum oxide
aluminum white
aluminum hydrate white
transparent white
gloss white
ALUMINIUM TRISTEARATE
Aluminium Tristearate About Aluminium tristearate Aluminium tristearate has not been registered under the REACH Regulation, therefore as yet ECHA has not received any data about this substance from registration dossiers. Aluminium tristearate is used at industrial sites. Uses of Aluminium Tristearate at industrial sites Aluminium tristearate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals.Aluminium tristearate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Aluminium tristearate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging. Release to the environment of Aluminium tristearate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid. What Is Aluminium Tristearate? The Stearate salts, including Lithium Stearate, Aluminum Distearate, Aluminum Stearate, Aluminium Tristearate, Ammonium Stearate, Calcium Stearate, Magnesium Stearate, Potassium Stearate, Sodium Stearate, and Zinc Stearate are fine, white powders with a slight fatty odor. In cosmetics and personal care products, Stearate salts are used mainly in the formulation of makeup products such as eyeliner, eyeshadow, mascara, lipsticks, blushers, face powders and foundations. They are also used in fragrances, deodorants, and hair and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The Stearate salts are generally used for their lubricating properties. They also help to keep emulsions from separating into their oil and liquid components. The Stearate salts increase the thickness of the lipid (oil) portion of cosmetics and personal care products and reduce the clear or transparent appearance of finished products. The commercial stearic acid from which the Stearate salts are manufactured is actually a mixture of monocarboxylic acids obtained from animal and/or vegetable sources. Synonyms and Related Terms aluminum tristearate; octadecanoic acid aluminum salt; stearic acid aluminum salt; Aluminium tristearate white (AAT); stéarate d'aluminium (Fr.) Other Properties Soluble in ethanol, benzene, turpentine and mineral oils. Odor: characteristic Use: Aluminium Stearate is commonly used as a paint and varnish dryer, waterproofing agent, defoaming agent, cement additive, in lubricants, cutting compounds, and in some food and pharmaceutical products. Potential Uses of Aluminium Tristearate: emollients emulsion stabilisers opacifying agents viscosity controlling agents The earliest and simplest oil paints were mixtures of pigments and drying oils. Eventually driers, resins, fillers, sometimes adulterants and suspension aids were also added. Aluminium tristearate was one of the components introduced in the 20th century. The gelling of oil solutions by aluminum soaps was known since at least the late 19th century but the use of Aluminium tristearate to alter the properties of paint did not come into use until much later. Church in 1901 mentions the use of "linoleate or oleate of alumina" to prevent the "subsidence" of vermilion in tubes (Church 1901), a comment not found in the 1890 edition (Church 1890). No further mention is made of this or similar materials until decades later even in Gardner's test protocols of 1911, the first of a series of books which would become the industry standard for paint analysis (Gardner 1911). Aluminium tristearate has been used to help suspend pigments in oil to prevent separation, to reduce the amount of oil needed to wet the pigment, and/or to increase the body of the paint by forming a gel with the oil thereby requiring less pigment. Research into the use of aluminum and zinc stearates as aids to grinding pigments and preventing settling or separation of pigment from vehicle (medium) resulted in a patent application in 1920 and issue of U.S. patent #1,421, 625 on July 23, 1922 to Clarence A. Ward. The Aluminium tristearate was added in a range of from 1 to 5% by weight. U.S. patent #1,428,273 describing a variation of this procedure but using unsaturated mineral oils as a vehicle and aluminum soaps (stearate, palmitate etc.) to "jellify" the oil was issued on September 5, 1922 to W. A. Collings. In regard to the wetting of pigments, the small amounts of free fatty acids normally present in pressed oils helped form soaps at the pigment interface, aided dispersion, and improved settling characteristics. Alkali refined linseed with its low free acid content created settling problems which were mediated by pigments precoated with metal soaps. Unlike calcium and zinc stearates that are available as 100% pure salts, the Aluminium tristearate as used in commerce is a non-stoichiometric compound. The trivalent aluminum may be united with one or two stearate anions with the balance of the charge being neutralized by hydroxyl anions (Elliott 1946; Pilpel 1971). Aqueous systems for the preparation or use of disalts seems to lead to a range of products containing varying amounts of stearate, hydroxyl, and water units. Anhydrous systems are needed to prepare stearates higher than the di-salt. Commercial preparations of Aluminium tristearate may also contain anywhere from 2 to 7% by weight free stearic acid (Pilpel 1971; Witco 1999). Analysis by weight of two commercial specimens by the author showed free stearic acid as 2 and 3% respectively. Early preparations may also contain significant amounts of palmitate (from palmitic acid) since the commercial stearic acid used in the preparation of metal soaps was often only 90% pure. Other fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic etc.) were also present as impurities. Product details of Aluminium tristearate Aluminium tristearate, also referred to as Aluminium Soap, has a variety of applications and uses, primarily as a thickener and a hydrophobic agent. See below for more details on the use of this product in different applications, which can include plastics, oil and gas additives, food and beverage, and various others. This product can be either vegetable or tallow based. Acme-Hardesty stocks the tallow based material, enabling us to complete your project quickly and efficiently. If you require vegetable based Aluminium tristearate material, please inquire about availability and lead times.Acme-Hardesty has been a leading provider of cost-effective solutions in the oleochemical industry for more than seven decades. We remain committed to helping customers and suppliers reach their specific operational goals. Our adherence to our core values of integrity, innovation and performance has enabled us to develop many enduring strategic alliances with companies in industries such as Food & Beverage, Cosmetics, Cleaners & Detergents, Metal Working Fluids, Renewable Chemistries, Surfactants and Esters, and many more. Uses and Applications of Aluminium tristearate Pigment Suspension and Thickening Agent in Paints, Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers and Inks. Water Repellent for Leather, Rope and CementFood and Beverage: Aluminium tristearate is FDA Compliant for Food Contact as a Component of Adhesives, Resinous and Polymeric Coatings, Polymers, Adjuvants (Release Agents, Waxes and Dispersants) and as a Component of Paper or Paperboard in Contact with Aqueous and Fatty FoodsOil and Gas: Additive to Drilling Fluids to Release Gas BubblesPlastics: Lubricant in the Production of Polyamides and Thermosetting Plastics About Aluminium Tristearate Aluminium Tristearate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 per annum. Aluminium Tristearate is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Chemical Properties White powder. Insoluble in water, alcohol, ether. Forms gel with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Uses Thickener in paints, inks, and greases; water repellent; lubricant in plastics and cordage; and in cement production. Aluminium tristearate dissolves in vegetable oils on heating and if a high enough concentration of the soap is used, gelling occurs on cooling. In the usual practice of making paints, the Aluminium tristearate is ground with the pigment before the bulk of the oil is added. In a series of experiments Gardner tested the effects of metal soaps on pigments. Aluminium tristearate was found to coat the surface of pigment particles and helped prevent settling as well as reducing the amount of oil needed to wet the pigment. The amount of Aluminium tristearate needed to coat pigments varied on a weight basis, but a solution of 2% by weight (wt stearate/wt oil) Aluminium tristearate was more effective than 0.5% or 4% solutions in altering the surface (Gardner 1930). The soaps coat the surface of the pigments and by steric effects or electrical charge mechanisms keep the particles from aggregating (Pilpel 1966). This keeps the pigments in suspension. With increasing amounts of Aluminium tristearate the oil pigment mixture becomes viscous, and by using an appropriate amount of Aluminium tristearate the paint can gel at a lower pigment concentration (Mayer 1965). This can be used to create a "cheaper" paint since a smaller amount of a costly pigment needs to be used. A significant advantage of using stearates is that the oil and pigment do not separate greatly over long periods of time in the paint tube. Aluminium tristearate is an organic compound which is a salt of stearic acid and aluminium. It has the molecular formula Al(OH)2C18H35O2. It is also referred to as dihydroxy(octadecanoato-O-)aluminium or dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium. Aluminium tristearate is used to form gels in the packaging of pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation of colors for cosmetics. It is usually safe in commercial products, but aluminium may accumulate in the body. Properties of Aluminium Tristearate Chemical formula C18H37AlO4 Molar mass 344.472 g·mol−1 Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, ie. they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gasitrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the esophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect of aluminum ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell contraction and delaying gastric emptying. Aluminum is known to bind troponin C (a muscle protein) and to interfere with voltage-dependent calcium transport. Aluminum also binds to and inhibits the activity of mitochondrial voltage gated channels (VDAC). Description of Aluminium tristearate Aluminium tristearate is a salt of stearic acid and aluminium with the molecular formula Al(OH)2C18H35O2. Also known as dihydroxyaluminium or dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium, it is used to form gels in the packaging of pharmaceuticals and in the preparation of colors for cosmetics. While considered safe for use, extensive usage may result in aluminum accumulation. Aluminium Stearate (C54H105AlO6) exists as white powder and is an aluminum salt of stearic acid. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an anticaking agent; colorant; emulsion stabilizer; and viscosity increasing agent. According to the FDA, aluminum stearate is considered safe for general or specific, limited use in food. Aluminium stearate is not classifiable as a human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). Description Aluminium tristearate is a salt of stearic acid and aluminium. It is used to form gels in the packaging of pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation of colors for cosmetics. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (5, 6, 7) What is Aluminium Tristearate? Aluminium tristearate (C54H105AlO6) exists as white powder and is an aluminum salt of stearic acid. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an anticaking agent; colorant; emulsion stabilizer; and viscosity increasing agent. According to the FDA, Aluminium tristearate is considered safe for general or specific, limited use in food. Aluminium tristearate is not classifiable as a human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). Compound Type Aluminum Compound Household Toxin Industrial/Workplace Toxin Organic Compound Organometallic Synthetic Compound The commercial stearic acid from which the Stearate salts are manufactured is actually a mixture of monocarboxylic acids obtained from animal and/or vegetable sources. Aluminium tristearate is an organic compound which is a salt of stearic acid and aluminium. It has the molecular formula Al(OH)2C18H35O2. It is also referred to as dihydroxy(octadecanoato-O-)aluminium or dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium. It is used to form gels in the packaging of pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation of colors for cosmetics. It is usually safe in commercial products, but aluminium may accumulate in the body Aluminium tristearate (aluminum distearate) is a white, wax-like powder (metallic soap) that dissolves in mineral spirits or hot oil. A small amount (2% or less) added to oil paint imparts a short, buttery consistency. It eliminates the separation of pigment and oil, thickens varnishes considerably. A concentrate of Aluminium tristearate and linseed oil can be prepared ahead of time and added to the paint whenever needed. Aluminium tristearate is made via the precipitation process using high quality stearic acid and exhibits the following properties: Good gelling and thickening action, excellent water repellency, transparency and a synergistic effect with zinc stearate or calcium stearate. The effects of metal soaps on pigments have been extensively studied. Aluminium tristearate was found to coat the surface of pigment particles and helped prevent settling as well as reducing the amount of oil needed to wet the pigment. The amount of Aluminium tristearate needed to coat pigments varied on a weight basis, but a solution of 2% by weight (weight of Aluminium tristearate/weight of oil) of Aluminium tristearate was more effective than 0.5% or 4% solutions in altering pigment surfaces (Gardner 1930). The soaps coat the surface of the pigments and by steric effects keep the particles from aggregating (Pilpel 1963), which helps to keep the particles in suspension. With increasing amounts of Aluminium tristearate the oil pigment mixture becomes viscous, and by using an appropriate amount of Aluminium tristearate the paint can gel at a lower pigment concentration (Mayer 1965). This can be used to create a "cheaper" paint since a smaller amount of a costly pigment needs to be used. A significant advantage of using stearates is that the oil and pigment do not separate greatly over long periods of time in the paint tube. Manufacturers of artists' paints often use Aluminium tristearate in their formulations without listing it as a component on the product label. Solubility Aluminium tristearate exhibits relatively high solubility in hydrocarbon solvents (such as mineral spirits) when compared to other metallic stearates. It is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether; but is readily soluble in benzene, acids and common solvents when hot. Storage Aluminium tristearate has long storage life if stored in cool and dry location. USES of Aluminium Tristearate Aluminium tristearate is used to form gels in the packaging of pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation of colors for cosmetics. Use: Aluminium tristearate is one of numerous organo-metallic compounds sold by American Elements under the tradename AE Organo-Metallics™ for uses requiring non-aqueous solubility such as recent solar energy and water treatment applications. Similar results can sometimes also be achieved with Nanoparticles (also see Nanotechnology and Quantum Dots) and by thin film deposition. Note American Elements additionally supplies many materials as solutions. Aluminum Monostearate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety information is available. Use: Aluminium tristearate can be used in the preparation of colors for cosmetics and for the packaging of pharmaceuticals. Aluminium tristearate is the aluminum salt of the fatty acid, stearic acid. What Is Aluminium Tristearate? The Stearate salts, including Lithium Stearate, Aluminum Distearate, Aluminium tristearate, Aluminum Tristearate, Ammonium Stearate, Calcium Stearate, Magnesium Stearate, Potassium Stearate, Sodium Stearate, and Zinc Stearate are fine, white powders with a slight fatty odor. In cosmetics and personal care products, Stearate salts are used mainly in the formulation of makeup products such as eyeliner, eyeshadow, mascara, lipsticks, blushers, face powders and foundations. They are also used in fragrances, deodorants, and hair and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The Stearate salts are generally used for their lubricating properties. They also help to keep emulsions from separating into their oil and liquid components. The Stearate salts increase the thickness of the lipid (oil) portion of cosmetics and personal care products and reduce the clear or transparent appearance of finished products. Aluminium tristearate is one of numerous organo-metallic compounds sold by American Elements under the trade name AE Organo-Metallics™ for uses requiring non-aqueous solubility such as recent solar energy and water treatment applications. Similar results can sometimes also be achieved with Nanoparticles and by thin film deposition. Note American Elements additionally supplies many materials as solutions. Aluminium tristearate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety information is available. Aluminium tristearate is a fine, bulky, odourless and colourless powder forming a plastic mass when heated, having the properties both of organic and inorganic matter. It embraces most of the characteristics of other metallic stearates and is regarded as the most important of these. Several studies of the material have already appeared in past years. The effects of metal soaps on pigments have been extensively studied. Aluminium tristearate was found to coat the surface of pigment particles and helped prevent settling as well as reducing the amount of oil needed to wet the pigment. The amount of Aluminium tristearate needed to coat pigments varied on a weight basis, but a solution of 2% by weight (weight of Aluminium tristearate/weight of oil) of Aluminium tristearate was more effective than 0.5% or 4% solutions in altering pigment surfaces. The soaps coat the surface of the pigments and by steric effects keep the particles from aggregating, which helps to keep the particles in suspension. With increasing amounts of Aluminium tristearate the oil pigment mixture becomes viscous, and by using an appropriate amount of Aluminium tristearate the paint can gel at a lower pigment concentration (Mayer 1965). This can be used to create a "cheaper" paint since a smaller amount of a costly pigment needs to be used. A significant advantage of using stearates is that the oil and pigment do not separate greatly over long periods of time in the paint tube. Manufacturers of artists' paints often use Aluminium tristearate in their formulations without listing it as a component on the product label. Description A hard, thermoplastic white powder prepared from Tallow and Alum. Aluminium tristearate forms gels with turpentine, Mineral spirits, and oils. It has been used as a Drier, thickener, Emulsifier, and matting agent in paints and varnishes although excess amounts produce soft, noncohesive films. Aluminium tristearate is also used to waterproof fabrics, ropes, Paper, Leather, Concrete, and Stucco. It is used as an ingredient in photographic emulsions. Aluminium tristearate is a white, wax-like powder (metallic soap) that dissolves in mineral spirits or hot oil. A small amount (2% or less) added to oil paint imparts a short, buttery consistency. It eliminates the separation of pigment and oil, thickens varnishes considerably. A concentrate of Aluminium tristearate and linseed oil can be prepared ahead of time and added to the paint whenever needed. Aluminium tristearate is made via the precipitation process using high quality stearic acid and exhibits the following properties: Good gelling and thickening action, excellent water repellency, transparency and a synergistic effect with zinc stearate or calcium stearate. Uses of Aluminium tristearate It has been used as a Drier, thickener, Emulsifier, and matting agent in paints and varnishes although excess amounts produce soft, noncohesive films. Aluminium tristearate is also used to waterproof fabrics, ropes, Paper, Leather, Concrete, and Stucco. It is used as an ingredient in photographic emulsions. Aluminium tristearate dissolves in vegetable oils on heating and if a high enough concentration of the soap is used, gelling occurs on cooling. In the usual practice of making paints, the Aluminium tristearate is ground with the pigment before the bulk of the oil is added. To prepare a concentrated solution (10% w/v), add 100 grams of Aluminium tristearate (nearly fills a half liter measuring cup without compacting) to one liter of linseed oil. Heat the oil to about 150° C. and gradually slowly adding the white powder to the hot oil with stirring. Add one part of this solution to four parts of oil by weight of oil before adding to pigments and grinding. There are multiple types of Aluminium tristearates, generally classified as aluminum mono-, di-, and tri-stearate. They vary in terms of physical properties such as melting point, free fatty acids, and particularly the gelling properties. Oils with a low viscosity are best thickened by aluminum di- and tri-stearate, whilst very viscous oils from stiffer gel when combined with aluminum mono- or di-stearates. All Aluminium tristearates are highly hydrophobic, and feature outstanding transparency and excellent adhesion to metal surfaces. Due to their water repellency, aluminum di- and tri-stearate are used as hydrophobic agents in the building industry. Aluminium tristearate (aluminum distearate) is a white, wax-like powder (metallic soap) that dissolves in mineral spirits or hot oil. A small amount (2% or less) added to oil paint imparts a short, buttery consistency. It eliminates the separation of pigment and oil, thickens varnishes considerably. A concentrate of Aluminium tristearate and linseed oil can be prepared ahead of time and added to the paint whenever needed. Aluminium tristearate is made via the precipitation process using high quality stearic acid and exhibits the following properties: Good gelling and thickening action, excellent water repellency, transparency and a synergistic effect with zinc stearate or calcium stearate. With increasing amounts of Aluminium tristearate the oil pigment mixture becomes viscous, and by using an appropriate amount of Aluminium tristearate the paint can gel at a lower pigment concentration (Mayer 1965). This can be used to create a "cheaper" paint since a smaller amount of a costly pigment needs to be used. A significant advantage of using stearates is that the oil and pigment do not separate greatly over long periods of time in the paint tube. Manufacturers of artists' paints often use Aluminium tristearate in their formulations without listing it as a component on the product label. Aluminium tristearate exhibits relatively high solubility in hydrocarbon solvents (such as mineral spirits) when compared to other metallic stearates. It is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether; but is readily soluble in benzene, acids and common solvents when hot. How to Use Aluminium tristearate dissolves in vegetable oils on heating and if a high enough concentration of the soap is used, gelling occurs on cooling. In the usual practice of making paints, the Aluminium tristearate is ground with the pigment before the bulk of the oil is added. To prepare a concentrated solution (10% w/v), add 100 grams of Aluminium tristearate (nearly fills a half liter measuring cup without compacting) to one liter of linseed oil. Heat the oil to about 150° C. and gradually slowly adding the white powder to the hot oil with stirring. Add one part of this solution to four parts of oil by weight of oil before adding to pigments and grinding. Aluminium tristearate (C54H105AlO6) exists as white powder and is an aluminum salt of stearic acid. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an anticaking agent; colorant; emulsion stabilizer; and viscosity increasing agent. According to the FDA, Aluminium tristearate is considered safe for general or specific, limited use in food. Aluminium tristearate is not classifiable as a human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). A hard, thermoplastic white powder prepared from Tallow and Alum. Aluminium tristearate forms gels with turpentine, Mineral spirits, and oils. It has been used as a Drier, thickener, Emulsifier, and matting agent in paints and varnishes although excess amounts produce soft, noncohesive films. Aluminium tristearate is also used to waterproof fabrics, ropes, Paper, Leather, Concrete, and Stucco. It is used as an ingredient in photographic emulsions. Aluminium tristearate exhibits relatively high solubility in hydrocarbon solvents (such as mineral spirits) when compared to other metallic stearates. It is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether; but is readily soluble in benzene, acids and common solvents when hot. Aluminium tristearate has long storage life if stored in cool and dry location. Aluminium tristearate dissolves in vegetable oils on heating and if a high enough concentration of the soap is used, gelling occurs on cooling. In the usual practice of making paints, the Aluminium tristearate is ground with the pigment before the bulk of the oil is added. To prepare a concentrated solution (10% w/v), add 100 grams of Aluminium tristearate (nearly fills a half liter measuring cup without compacting) to one liter of linseed oil. Heat the oil to about 150° C. and gradually slowly adding the white powder to the hot oil with stirring. Add one part of this solution to four parts of oil by weight of oil before adding to pigments and grinding. Use of Aluminium Tristearate: Aluminium Stearate is one of numerous organo-metallic compounds sold by American Elements under the tradename AE Organo-Metallics™ for uses requiring non-aqueous solubility such as recent solar energy and water treatment applications. Similar results can sometimes also be achieved with Nanoparticles (also see Nanotechnology and Quantum Dots) and by thin film deposition. Note American Elements additionally supplies many materials as solutions. Aluminum Stearate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety information is available.
ALUMINIUM ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORHYDREX
EC / List no.: 231-208-1; Mol. formula: AlCl3; N° CAS : 7446-70-0; Nom INCI : ALUMINUM CHLORIDE,Nom chimique : Aluminium chloride, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-208-1, Aluminium chloride; ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS; Aluminium Chloride Anhydrous; Aluminium chloride hexahydrate; Aluminium chloride,anhydrous; Aluminium tri-chloride; Aluminium Trichloride; Aluminium(III) chloride, anhydrous; Aluminum chloride; Aluminum chloride anhydrous; Aluminum Chloride, Anhydrous; Aluminum trichloride; Aluminum(III) Chloride; Alumnium chloride; anhydrous aluminium chloride; Chlorek glinu; trichloroalumane; Aluminium trichloride hydrated; Aluminiumchlorid; Aluminum chloride (8CI); Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) (9CI); Aluminum trichloride (AlCl3); TK Flock; Trichloroaluminumalluminio cloruro anidro (it); Alumiinikloridi, vedetön (fi); Alumiiniumkloriid, veevaba (et); aluminijev klorid, bezvodni (hr); aluminijev klorid, brezvodni (sl); aluminiumchlorid, vandfrit (da); Aluminiumchlorid, wasserfrei (de); aluminiumchloride, watervrij (nl); aluminiumklorid, vannfri (no); aluminiumklorid, vattenfri (sv); alumínium-klorid (vízmentes) (hu); alumīnija hlorīds, bezūdens (lv); chlorid hlinitý bezvodý (cs); chlorid hlinitý, bezvodý (sk); chlorure d'aluminium anhydre (fr); cloreto de alumínio anidro (pt); clorura de aluminiu, anhidra (ro); cloruro d'alluminio anidro (it); cloruro de aluminio anhidro (es); Trichlorek glinu, bezwodny (pl); άνυδρο τριχλωριούχο αργίλιο (el); алуминиев хлорид, безводен (bg) Anti-transpirant : Réduit la transpiration Astringent : Permet de resserrer les pores de la peau Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables. aliuminio chloridas, bevandenis (lt)
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE
DESCRIPTION:

Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of water-soluble, specific aluminium salts having the general formula AlnCl3n−m(OH)m.
Aluminium chlorohydrate is used in cosmetics as an antiperspirant and as a coagulant in water purification.
In water purification, this compound is preferred in some cases because of its high charge, which makes it more effective at destabilizing and removing suspended materials than other aluminium salts such as aluminium sulfate, aluminium chloride and various forms of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polyaluminium chlorisulfate, in which the aluminium structure results in a lower net charge than aluminium chlorohydrate.

CAS: 12359-72-7
Molecular Formula: Al2ClH9O7
IUPAC Name: dialuminum;chloride;pentahydroxide;dihydrate


Aluminum Chlorohydrate is characterized by the highest aluminum concentration (23% Al2O3) in any commercially available aluminum-based solution.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate has a high cationic charge which makes it very effective at removing even very small particles required for drinking water purification.
In addition, Aluminum Chlorohydrate creates strong flocs that dewater well and leads to reduced levels of chemical sludge.


Because of the inherently high basicity (80-85%), Aluminum Chlorohydrate needs less alkalinity in the raw water than other coagulants.
As a result, Aluminum Chlorohydrate can be used in both high- and low-alkalinity waters, and it has very low impact on treated water alkalinity levels, so it decreases or eliminates the need for alkali addition.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is made using high-quality raw materials and thus have very low levels of impurities, making it suitable for both drinking water applications and high demanding industrial applications.






Aluminum Chlorohydrate is a complex inorganic salt that consists of complex basic aluminumchloride described empirically as:
This complex is polymeric, loosely hydrated and encompasses a range of aluminum to chlorideratios from 2.1 down to but not including 1.9 to 1.
In the United States, Aluminum Chlorohydrate may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products.
When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Aluminum Chlorohydrate.

Aluminum Chlorohydrate basic aluminum (metal) salt consisting of aluminum, chloride and water.
Most widely used, very effective antiperspirant (reduces secretion of sweat) and deodorant (reduces bad odor by inhibiting bacterial growth).
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is very low irritant potency.

Further, the high degree of neutralization of the HCl results in minimal impact on treated water pH when compared to other aluminium and iron salts.

Aluminum Chlorohydrate is a common ingredient used in cosmetics, particularly in antiperspirants and deodorants.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is an aluminum salt derived from chlorohydroxy acids and appears as a white, crystalline solid or a colorless liquid, depending on its formulation.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate functions as an antiperspirant agent by temporarily blocking sweat glands, reducing perspiration and odor.


Aluminum Chlorohydrate forms a gel-like plug in the sweat ducts, hindering the release of sweat onto the skin's surface.
Additionally, Aluminum Chlorohydrate is also gentle and non-irritating on the skin.
The chemical formula of Aluminum Chlorohydrate is Al2ClH9O7.



Aluminum Chlorohydrate finds significant use in both cosmetics and skincare products for different purposes.

Cosmetic products:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is primarily employed as an antiperspirant agent.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate works by temporarily reducing sweat production, helping to control underarm wetness and odor.
This makes Aluminum Chlorohydrate a key ingredient in antiperspirant and deodorant formulations, providing individuals with a sense of dryness and freshness throughout the day

Skin care:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is sometimes used in topical products targeting specific skin concerns.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate can be found in some acne treatments and astringents due to its ability to reduce excess oil and minimize pore size.
Additionally, Aluminum Chlorohydrate is occasionally included in products intended to address excessive sweating in other areas of the body, such as the palms or feet



ORIGIN OF ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is typically produced by reacting aluminum hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
The reaction results in the formation of aluminum chloride, which further reacts with water to form Aluminum Chlorohydrate.
The process involves careful control of temperature, pH, and concentration to obtain the desired product.


WHAT DOES ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
• Antiperspirant
• Deodorant


USES OF ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminium chlorohydrate is one of the most common active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.
The variation most commonly used in deodorants and antiperspirants is Al2Cl(OH)5.
Aluminium chlorohydrate is also used as a coagulant in water and wastewater treatment processes to remove dissolved organic matter and colloidal particles present in suspension.


Alzheimer's disease:
Studies have found only a negligible association between exposure to and long-term use of antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease.
There is no adequate evidence that exposure to aluminium in antiperspirants leads to progressive dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Heather M. Snyder, the senior associate director of medical and scientific relations for the Alzheimer's Association, has stated, "There was a lot of research that looked at the link between Alzheimer's and aluminium, and there hasn't been any definitive evidence to suggest there is a link".


Breast cancer:
The International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine found no evidence that certain chemicals used in underarm cosmetics increase the risk of breast cancer.

Ted S. Gansler, the director of medical content for the American Cancer Society, stated "There is no convincing evidence that antiperspirant or deodorant use increases cancer risk".
However, there is continued concern over the use of aluminium chlorohydrate in cosmetics as the risk of toxic build up over time has not been ruled out.
The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) is currently designing a study to analyse the build up of aluminium chlorohydrate via dermal penetration to assess the risk of toxic build up.


Aluminum Chlorohydrate 50% Solution is a widely used coagulant employed in water treatment processes.
Aluminum Chlorohydrate is also prevalent in personal care products, providing effective antiperspirant activity.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate, with its complex polymeric structure, is utilized for its ability to form flocs with particles in water, thus enhancing sedimentation processes and improving water clarity.

Appearance and Odor:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate commonly presents as a colorless to slightly yellowish liquid, typically odorless, and is known for its stability and efficacy in various applications.

pH and Density:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate 50% Solution usually has a mildly acidic pH and exhibits a density that is crucial for its effective function as a coagulant in water treatment processes.

Solubility:
Being soluble in water, Aluminum Chlorohydrate forms a slightly opalescent solution which is utilized in various applications for its coagulating and flocculating properties.


APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate 50% Solution is renowned for its varied applications in water treatment and personal care products.

Water Treatment:
Aluminum Chlorohydrate acts as a primary coagulant in water treatment processes where it facilitates particle aggregation and sedimentation, thereby enhancing water clarity and quality.

Personal Care Products:
In personal care, particularly in antiperspirants, Aluminum Chlorohydrate serves as an active ingredient that reduces perspiration by affecting sweat glands while being gentle on the skin.








STRUCTURE OF ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminium chlorohydrate is best described as an inorganic polymer and as such is difficult to structurally characterize.
However, techniques such as gel permeation chromatography, X-ray crystallography and 27Al-NMR have been used in research by various groups including that of Nazar and Laden to show that the material is based on Al13 units with a Keggin ion structure and that this base unit then undergoes complex transformations to form larger poly-aluminum complexes.


SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminium chlorohydrate can be commercially manufactured by reacting aluminium with hydrochloric acid.
A number of aluminium-containing raw materials can be used, including aluminium metal, alumina trihydrate, aluminium chloride, aluminium sulfate and combinations of these.
The products can contain by-product salts, such as sodium/calcium/magnesium chloride or sulfate.


Because of the explosion hazard related to hydrogen produced by the reaction of aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid, the most common industrial practice is to prepare a solution of aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) by reacting aluminium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
The ACH product is reacted with aluminium ingots at 100 °C using steam in an open mixing tank.
The Al to ACH ratio and the time of reaction allowed determines the polymer form of the PAC n to m ratio.


KEY BENEFITS OF ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Aluminium chlorohydrate is Extremely powerful and versatile coagulant
Aluminium chlorohydrate is Low impact on water alkalinity levels
Aluminium chlorohydrate is Reduced transportation and storage cost


Aluminium chlorohydrate is Minimal chemical sludge
Aluminium chlorohydrate Can be used in wide range of applications
Aluminium chlorohydrate has Optimized performance and reduce operating cost
Aluminium chlorohydrate has Robust performance with process variations







CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
Molecular Weight
210.48 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
7
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
8
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Exact Mass
209.966757 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
209.966757 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
7Ų
Heavy Atom Count
10
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
0
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
10
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Boiling Point, 100°C
pH, 3.0-5.0
Solubility, Soluble in water
Viscosity, High
Product Name
Aluminum Chlorohydrate
Structure
CAS
12042-91-0
Category
Main Products
Description
Basic aluminum (metal) salt consisting of aluminum, chloride and water.
IUPAC Name
Aluminum chloride hydroxide
Molecular Weight
174.45300
Molecular Formula
[Al2(OH)nCl6-n.xH2O]m(m≤10,n=1-5)
Boiling Point
100ºC at 760 mmHg
Solubility
Soluble in water or alcohol
Appearance
Off-white powder, no odor
Application
Antiperspirant & deodorant products as sticks, roll-ons, aerosols, creams, gels, sprays.
Storage
Store in a closed container at a dry place at room temperature
Composition
Aluminum chlorohydrate
Exact Mass
173.94600


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product




SYNONYMS OF ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE:
aluminum chlorhydroxide
aluminum oxychloride
PAX-18
PAX-18 cpd
Phosphonorm
poly(aluminum hydroxy)chloride
polyaluminium chloride
polyaluminum chloride
Aluminum chlorohydrate [USAN]
12359-72-7
Alchlordrate
Phosphonorm
Oristar alch
Sumalchlor 50
HYPERDROL
Takibine 1500
Reach 101
Reach 103
Reach 501
Pac 1000
DTXSID70154049
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE [INCI]
ALUMINUM HYDROXYCHLORIDE [MI]
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE DIHYDRATE
ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE [MART.]
DA-1097
ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE [WHO-DD]
ALUMINUM HYDROXYCHLORIDE [VANDF]
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE [USP IMPURITY]
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Aluminum chloride hydroxide (Al2Cl(OH)5), dihydrate
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE HYDROXIDE (AL2CL(OH)5), HYDRATE (1:2)


ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide's chemical formula is Al(OH)3.
Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.


CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
MDL number: MFCD00003420
Molecular Formula: AlH3O3 / Al(OH)3



SYNONYMS:
Aluminic acid, Aluminic hydroxide, Aluminium(III) hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, Hydrated alumina, Orthoaluminic acid, Gibbsite, Hydrargillite, Algeldrate, Alu-Cap, Aludrox, Gaviscon, Pepsamar, Aluminium hydroxide, Trihydroxidoaluminium, Aluminic acid, Aluminic hydroxide, Alumanetriol, Aluminium(III) hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium trihydroxide, Hydrated alumina, Orthoaluminic acid, Hydrated alumina, aluminum;trihydroxide, aluminum hydrate, Dried aluminium hydroxide, ALternaGEL, Aluminium hydroxide, dried, Alu-Cap, Alcoa C 30BF, Aluminum(III) hydroxide, Aluminum hydroxide, dried, Al(OH)3, ALGELDRATE ANHYDROUS, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, 5QB0T2IUN0, Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried, Aluminium hydroxide gel, dried, ALUMINUM (AS HYDROXIDE), DTXSID2036405, AS04 COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, FOAMCOAT COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, FOAMICON COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, GAVISCON COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (II), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [II], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (MART.), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [MART.], Alum Adjuvant, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (USP IMPURITY), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [USP IMPURITY], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED (USP IMPURITY), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED [USP IMPURITY], DermaMed, Alumina hydrated, Aluminumhydroxide, aluminum hyroxide, Aluminio hidroxido, Alumina, Hydrated, aluminum trihydrate, Hydroxide, Aluminum, aluminium trihydroxide, ASTONEAGRAN, TENDERGRAN, 8064-00-4, Aluminum oxide hydrate, Hydroxyde d' aluminium, Amberol St. 140F, Aluminium oxide, hydrate, ALUMINII HYDROXIDUM, ALUMINUM OXIDE-3H2O, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [MI], DTXCID0016405, NIOSH/BD0708000, ALUMINUM OXIDE, TRIHYDRATE, Di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydialuminum, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [VANDF], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL,DRIED, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE DRIED GEL, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-DD], ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-IP], AKOS015904617, Aluminum, di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydi-, DB06723, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [ORANGE BOOK], ALUMINUM (AS HYDROXIDE) [VANDF], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED [HSDB], ALUMINII HYDROXIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED [II], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL,DRIED [VANDF], BD07080000, DRIED ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL [USP-RS], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF FOAMCOAT, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF FOAMICON, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF GAVISCON, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED [WHO-DD], Q407125, J-014205, 8012-63-3



Aluminum Hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Aluminum Hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties.


Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Aluminum Hydroxide also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.


Aluminum Hydroxide's chemical formula is Al(OH)3.
Aluminum Hydroxide ıs a water-iinsoluble substance in the form of white powder, which is found in nature as a gibbsite mineral with monoclinic crystals has amphoteric properties, and forms salts in bases.


Amphoteric means that this compound displays both acidic and basic properties.
Although aluminum is the mist abundant metal and the third most abundant element, only a fraction of aluminum-containing materials (e.g. bauxite) is used for the production of aluminum hydroxide.


Aluminum hydroxide is the largest volüme flame retardant in the world.
Aluminum Hydroxide is made of aluminate solution through Bayer process, and is filtered.
In addition to behaving as a fire retardant, Aluminum Hydroxide is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.


Precipitated Aluminum Hydroxide is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Aluminum Hydroxide adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.
Since it absorbs protein well, Aluminum Hydroxide also functions to stabilize vaccines by preventing the proteins in the vaccine from precipitating or sticking to the walls of the container during storage.


Aluminum Hydroxide is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.
Vaccine formulations containing Aluminum Hydroxide stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
This strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.


The dendritic cells pick up the antigen, carry it to lymph nodes, and stimulate T cells and B cells.
Aluminum Hydroxide appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pathogens that are blocked by antibodies.
However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens, nor is Aluminum Hydroxide useful when the antigen is peptide-based.


Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid used for the symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach.
Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.
Aluminum Hydroxide is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.


Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin.
An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.
Aluminum Hydroxide) is the amphoteric inorganic compound used as an antacid in the treatment of Duodenal, Peptic and Stomach Ulcer and some other conditions.


Aluminum Hydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach
However, with a little bit of digging, it turns out Aluminum Hyroxide often moonlights as a protective coating for UV filter superstar Titanium Dioxide.


Specifically, Aluminum Hydroxide protects our skin from the harmful effects of nasty Reactive Oxygen Species (free radicals derived from oxygen such as Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide) generated when Titanium Dioxide is exposed to UV light.
Btw, chlorine in swimming pool water depletes this protective coating, so one more reason to reapply your sunscreen after a dip in the pool on holiday.


Other than that, Aluminum Hydroxide also often shows up in composite pigment technologies where it is used the other way around (as the base material and not as the coating material) and helps to achieve higher color coverage with less pigment.
Aluminum hydroxide, also known as hydrated alumina, is a form of aluminum used as a colorant.


Aluminum Hydroxide is an orally active main form of aluminum used as adjuvant.
Aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant researches include the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway.
Aluminum Hydroxide also acts as adjuvant to compensate low inherent immunogenicity of subunit vaccines.


Aluminum is a naturally occurring mineral.
Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid.


Aluminum Hydroxide is an inorganic compound containing aluminum.
Aluminum Hydroxide is used in various immunologic preparations to improve immunogenicity, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant consists of aluminum hydroxide gel in a saline solution.


In vaccines, Aluminum Hydroxide binds to the protein conjugate, resulting in improved antigen processing by the immune system.
Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid - a group of gastrointestinal drugs prepared in many forms such as capsules (475mg content); capsule (content 300mg, 500mg, 600mg); film-coated tablets (600mg strength) or suspension (320mg/5ml, 450mg/5ml, 600mg/5ml, 675mg/5ml).


When taken orally, aluminum chloride is the result of a slow reaction between aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid in the stomach to be dissolved, a small amount is absorbed into the body.
Excess food causes the drug to pass out of the stomach more slowly, prolongs the reaction time of gastric hydrochloric acid with aluminum hydroxide, and causes the amount of aluminum chloride to increase higher.


In the small intestine, the process of digestion causes aluminum chloride to be rapidly converted into insoluble alkaline aluminum salts, poorly absorbed.
Aluminum salts can be a mixture of aluminum hydroxide, alkaline carbonate, oxyaluminum hydroxide and aluminum soap.
Phosphate in food also combines with aluminum hydroxide and also coordinates in the small intestine to form aluminum phosphate insoluble, not absorbed in the digestive tract and will be excreted in the feces.


Aluminum hydroxide is not metabolized.
In people with normal kidney function, only about 17-30% of the aluminum chloride formed is absorbed into the body and eliminated very quickly by the kidneys.


In patients with renal failure, there is a greater risk of aluminum accumulation (especially in the central nervous system and in the bones) leading to aluminum toxicity.
Absorbed aluminum will bind to serum proteins (eg, albumin, transferrin) so it will be difficult to remove by dialysis, most of the aluminum remaining in the digestive tract will form poorly absorbed aluminum salts and is excreted in the feces.


Aluminum hydroxide dry gel is an amorphous powder, insoluble in water or alcohol.
This powder contains up to 50 to 57% aluminum oxide as hydrated oxide and may contain varying amounts of aluminum carbonate and bicarbonate.
Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an ingredient in antacids.


Aluminum hydroxide reacts with excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach to reduce acid levels in the stomach, which is effective in reducing the symptoms of peptic ulcers, heartburn, heartburn or bloating, and acid reflux.
The nature of aluminum hydroxide causes constipation, so the drug is often taken with antacids containing magnesium (magnesium hydroxide or magnesium oxide) - this is a laxative effect.


Food phosphate in the stomach and intestines also binds with Aluminum hydroxide to form insoluble complexes and thereby reduce phosphate absorption.
Because of the above mechanism, aluminum hydroxide is also used to treat hyperphosphatemia in people with secondary hyperparathyroidism or renal failure.
Aluminum hydroxide is found in a variety of antacids.


Aluminum hydroxide, the formulation of which is Al(OH)3, can be found in nature in the following forms: gibbsite, which is a mineral, and doyleite, nordstrandite and bayerite, all of which are rare polymorphs.
Based on its properties, we can say that Aluminum Hydroxide appears to be an antacid.


Aluminum Hydroxide has various uses, primary among which is medical application.
Aluminum hydroxide is prepared by mixing aluminum chloride and ammonium hydroxide in two hydrometer cylinders.
Sodium hydroxide is used to dissolve the precipitate in one cylinder, hydrochloric acid in the other.


Aluminum hydroxide is a common compound of aluminum, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be considered either a base, with the formula Al(OH)3, or an acid, with the formula H3 AlO3.
Aluminum Hydroxide is frequently treated as a hydrate—a water-bonded compound—of aluminum oxide and designated variously as hydrated alumina, or aluminum hydrate or trihydrate, hydrated aluminum, or hydrated aluminum oxide, with the formula Al2 O3 (H2 0)x.


Normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
The aluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.
Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid.


Aluminum Hydroxide is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.
Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin.
An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.


Aluminum Hydroxide is an inorganic compound containing aluminum.
Used in various immunologic preparations to improve immunogenicity, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant consists of aluminum hydroxide gel in a saline solution.
In vaccines, Aluminum Hydroxide binds to the protein conjugate, resulting in improved antigen processing by the immune system.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide is used to treat heartburn, upset stomach, sour stomach, or acid indigestion.
Aluminum hydroxide is also used to reduce phosphate levels in people with certain kidney conditions.
Aluminum Hydroxide is an over-the-counter (OTC) product used as an antacid, and to treat peptic ulcer disease and hyperphosphatemia.


Aluminum hydroxide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Aluminum hydroxide has plenty of applications; some people believe that these uses are really endless.
Just to illustrate the broadness of the uses, we can say that aluminum hydroxide is used as mordant in dyes, purifier for water, ingredient for cosmetics, and even in as an element for processes in photography.


There are also applications of minor character in ceramics and construction.
But the most important field where aluminum hydroxide is applied is medicine.
Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid available over the counter and is used to relieve heartburn from gastrointestinal acidity associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).


Aluminum hydroxide is also used off-label to treat excessive phosphate levels in the blood (hyperphosphatemia) associated with chronic kidney disease.
Aluminum hydroxide works by neutralizing hydrochloric acid, the acid produced in the stomach, but it has no effect on acid production itself.
Aluminum hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid producing water and aluminum chloride, which is excreted in the stools.


By neutralizing stomach acid, aluminum hydroxide raises the pH level in the stomach, making it more alkaline, which inhibits the production and activity of pepsin, a stomach enzyme that breaks down dietary proteins and damages the stomach lining in peptic ulcer disease.
Reduction in the acidity of the stomach and reduced pepsin activity help heal peptic ulcers and also reduce acid reflux in the esophagus.


Aluminum hydroxide also binds to phosphates in the gastrointestinal tract and forms insoluble complexes that are eliminated in the feces. This prevents the absorption of dietary phosphate and helps reduce phosphate levels in the blood.
Aluminum hydroxide acts as an antacid and is most commonly used in the treatment of heartburn, gastritis, and peptic ulcer.


Aluminum Hydroxide is also sometimes used to reduce absorption of phosphorus for people with kidney failure.
Given how actively aluminum hydroxide is used in various fields we could not omit other field of its applications.
Apart from what we have already mentioned above, aluminum hydroxide, as well as any other aluminum compound, is used to purify water in order to remove particles and various kinds of impurities.


In manufacturing of inks aluminum hydroxide acts as an extender and preservative.
Aluminum hydroxide can be also used as chromatography in laboratories in order to separate chemicals into different compounds.
Most of Aluminum Hydroxide is converted to aluminium oxide (alumina) that is used in the manufacture of aluminium metal.


Aluminum Hydroxide is also used as a fire retardant filler, producing water vapor and smoke suppressant for polymer applications.
The gel form of Aluminum Hydroxide is applied to make aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
Aluminum Hydroxide is also used as an antacid, to treat/control, or manage high levels of phosphate in the body.


In addition Aluminum Hydroxide is also used with a low phosphate diet to prevent the formation of phosphate urinary stones.
Aluminum Hydroxide can also be found in personal care products.
Aluminum can in different forms be found in dental implants.


Areas of Use of Aluminum Hydroxide: Aluminum Sulphate, Poly Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Fluoride, Zeolite, Sodium Aluminate, In Insulation and Insulation Industry, In Glass Industry, In Petrochemical Industry, In Textile Industry, In Paint Industry, and Flame Retardants (ATH- alumina trihydrate).
Certain areas where Aluminum Hydroxide is used; Insulation Industry, Glass Industry, Petrochemical Industry, Textile Indsutry, Paint Industry, Cable Indusrtry, Automotive Industry, and Rubber ındustry.


Aluminum hydroxide and its closely related compounds have a number of practical uses.
In one process of water purification, for example, aluminum sulfate, Al2 (SO4)3, or alum (usually potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO4)2), is mixed with lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) in a container of water to be purified.


The reaction between these compounds forms the gelatinous precipitate aluminum hydroxide.
As the precipitate settles out of solution, it adsorbs on its surface particles of dirt and bacteria thatwere suspended in the impure water, which can then be removed by filtering off the aluminum hydroxide precipitate.


Aluminum Hydroxide is used as absorbent, in chromatography, manufacturing of glass, paper, inks, ceramics, lubricants, cosmetics.
Aluminum hydroxide is used as a desiccant powder, filler in paper, plastics, rubber and cosmetics.
Aluminum Hydroxide is used as a smoke suppressant and mordant dye.


Aluminum Hydroxide is also used in drugs as antacid and antihyperphosphatemic.
Aluminum Hydroxide is an important starting material for the preparation of other aluminum compounds, calcined alumina, aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina and aluminum nitrate.


In addition, Aluminum Hydroxide is used as a fire retardant.
Aluminum Hydroxide is used as filler in some artificial stone compound material, often in acrylic resin.
Aluminum Hydroxide is also used as a Claus catalyst support for waterproof fabrics.


Aluminum Hydroxide is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Aluminum Hydroxide with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.


-Applications of Aluminum Hydroxide in medicine:
Given that aluminum hydroxide is able to neutralize acids, it serves as a natural antacid.
Aluminum hydroxide also has a very useful property as it stimulates the immune system of human.

Besides, various vaccines, including those that are used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus, are prepared using aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide can be also used for the treatment of kidney patients who have high level of phosphates in blood due to renal failure.

This useful feature exists due to the ability of aluminum hydroxide to bind with phosphates.
After binding with aluminum hydroxide, phosphates are flushed out of the human body easily.


-Cosmetics application of Aluminum Hydroxide:
There are various applications for aluminum hydroxide in the field of cosmetics:
Aluminum hydroxide is most frequently used for the production of lipsticks, make-ups, and other products for skin care.

It is used there because Aluminum Hydroxide is totally stable and non toxic for people.
Sometimes aluminum hydroxide manufacturers of cosmetics also use aluminum hydroxide to produce cleansers for skin, suntan products, body lotions, and moisturizers.

Personal care products, for example, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants and many others, also involve using of aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum hydroxide is also sometimes used for protection of human skin.


-Application of Aluminum Hydroxide in industry:
Concrete could not be produced without aluminum hydroxide.
On the stage of production of concrete aluminum hydroxide is added to cement.

It is also very useful because cement with aluminum hydroxide addition dries rapidly if it is being exposed to heat.
Ceramics and glass of both industrial and home application is manufactured using aluminum hydroxide.

The most useful feature of aluminum hydroxide when it is added to glass consists in the fact that it makes glass heat-resistant.
It is possible because, as have been already mentioned, aluminum hydroxide is not flammable and has high melting point.
Aluminum hydroxide combined with polymers appears to be a very good fire retardant.


-Use of Aluminum Hydroxide in textile field:
Don’t forget that aluminum hydroxide doesn’t dissolve in water.
For this reason, Aluminum Hydroxide can be applied in textiles by adding it in order to produce waterproof clothes.

Besides, when it is needed to bind colors of vegetable dyes to fabric, aluminum hydroxide will also be very useful.
In this case, aluminum hydroxide is used as a mordant.

Any mordant is used in cases when fabrics are resistant to dyes.
In such situations, a mordant allows penetrating fabric by the dye.
Another instance of aluminum hydroxide usage is when it is used to make some dyes fire-resistant.


-Filler and fire retardant uses of Aluminum Hydroxide:
Aluminum Hydroxide finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Aluminum Hydroxide is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Aluminum Hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly.
Aluminum Hydroxide decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.



PHARMACEUTICAL OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Under the generic name "algeldrate", Aluminum Hydroxide is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
Aluminum Hydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7, and hence does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.
Aluminum Hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.

Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Some such products are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.



PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide is found in nature as the mineral bayerite or gibbsite (also called hydrargillite).
Aluminum Hydroxide is a mixed aluminum oxide-hydroxide mineral is known as diaspore or boehmite.
In a purified form, aluminum hydroxide is either a bulky white powder or granules with a density of about 2.42 g/mL.

Aluminum Hydroxide is insoluble in water, but soluble in strong acids and bases.
In water, aluminum hydroxide behaves as an amphoteric substance.
That is, Aluminum Hydroxide acts as an acid in the presence of a strong base and as a base in the presence of a strong acid.

This behavior can be represented by the following somewhat oversimplified equation.
In the presence of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid, the above equilibrium shifts to the right, and aluminum chloride is formed.
Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl → 3H2O + AlCl3

In the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the equilibrium is driven to the left and a salt of the aluminate ion (AlO2–) is formed.
NaOH + H3AlO3 → NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Sodium aluminate, NaAlO2, has a number of practical applications, such as in water softening, paper sizing, soap and milk glass manufacture, and fabric and textile printing.

The purified aluminum hydroxide has form of bulky powder of white color or granules with density nearly 2.42 g per mL.
Aluminum hydroxide won’t dissolve in water, but will dissolve only in bases and acids.
You can expect aluminum hydroxide to act as an amphoteric substance in water.

If a strong base is present, aluminum hydroxide will act as an acid. And if a strong acid is present, Aluminum Hydroxide will act as a strong base.
Aluminum hydroxide should be handled with caution because its exposure can cause irritation.

However, only minor and residual injuries will be present.
As for flammability, aluminum hydroxide is not flammable and will not burn.
Besides, aluminum hydroxide is not reactive, therefore, it is stable in both fire and water conditions.



HOW DO YOU WRITE ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE?
Aluminum hydroxide is composed of three hydroxide anions and one aluminum cation.
The formula for aluminum hydroxide can be written as Al(OH)3



IS ALUMINUM HYDROXIDEA WEAK BASE?
Aluminum hydroxide is an amphiprotic compound.
Aluminum Hydroxide has the ability to act as an acid or as a base depending on the substance its reacting with.
Aluminum Hydroxide is a weak base when it reacts with a strong acid.
Aluminum Hydroxide doesn't dissociate completely to its respective ions.



WHAT DOOES ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE DO?
Aluminum hydroxide is composed of three hydroxide anions and one aluminum cation.
Aluminum Hydroxide is used mainly in medicine as an ingredient in antacids, which are drugs that help relieve the stomach, neutralize its acidity and treat heartburn.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
There are many different forms of aluminum oxide, including both crystalline and non-crystalline forms.
Aluminum Hydroxide’s an electrical insulator, which means it doesn’t conduct electricity, and it also has relatively high thermal conductivity.
In addition, in its crystalline form, corundum, its hardness makes Aluminum Hydroxide suitable as an abrasive.

The high melting point of aluminum oxide makes Aluminum Hydroxide a good refractory material for lining high-temperature appliances like kilns, furnaces, incinerators, reactors of various sorts, and crucibles.
The chemical formula for aluminum hydroxide is Al(OH)₃.



PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide is a highly water insoluble crystalline Aluminum source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments.
Hydroxide, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry.

Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide.
In a watershed 2013 experiment, scientists at JILA (the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) achieved evaporative cooling of compounds for the first time using hydroxide molecules, a discovery that may lead to new methods of controlling chemical reactions and could impact a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science and energy production technologies.

Aluminum Hydroxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.
Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.

American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.



STRUCTURE OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Four polymorphs are recognized.
All feature layers of octahedral Aluminum Hydroxide units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers.
The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers.

All forms of Al(OH)3 crystals are hexagonal [disputed – discuss]:
*gibbsite is also known as γ-Al(OH)3 or α-Al(OH)3
*bayerite is also known as α-Al(OH)3 or β-alumina trihydrate
*nordstrandite is also known as Al(OH)3
*doyleite

Hydrargillite, once thought to be Aluminum Hydroxide, is an aluminium phosphate.
Nonetheless, both gibbsite and hydrargillite refer to the same polymorphism of Aluminum Hydroxide, with gibbsite used most commonly in the United States and hydrargillite used more often in Europe.
Hydrargillite is named after the Greek words for water (hydra) and clay (argylles).



PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide is amphoteric.
In acid, Aluminum Hydroxide acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base.
It neutralizes the acid, yielding a salt:

3 HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3 H2O
In bases, Aluminum Hydroxide acts as a Lewis acid by binding hydroxide ions:
Al(OH)3 + OH− → [Al(OH)4]−



PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Virtually all the Aluminum Hydroxide used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Aluminum Hydroxide is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.

This Aluminum Hydroxide can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.
The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual sodium hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.

An additional 122 sought treatment for chemical burns.
The mud contaminated 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) of land and reached the Danube.
While the mud was considered non-toxic due to low levels of heavy metals, the associated slurry had a pH of 13.



PRECURSOR TO Al COMPOUNDS
Aluminum Hydroxide is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.
Freshly precipitated Aluminum Hydroxide forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.

This gel crystallizes with time.
Aluminum Hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous Aluminum Hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts Aluminum Hydroxide to activated aluminas, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.



HOW TO TAKE ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE?
You should take Aluminum Hydroxide only in the way this is specified on its label or how your doctor prescribes it.
Don’t exceed the dose prescribed by your doctor and don’t take aluminum hydroxide for longer than it was prescribed.

To be sure that your dose is accurate, measure Aluminum Hydroxide with medicine spoon or cup instead of regular spoon.
Don’t have a special medical device for measuring?
Buy it or ask your doctor to provide Aluminum Hydroxide.

Aluminum hydroxide should be taken with full glass of water.
Usually aluminum hydroxide is taken before bedtime or between meals.
Don’t take Aluminum Hydroxide longer than two months if your doctor hasn’t advised you otherwise.
Aluminum hydroxide should be stored away from heat, light, and moisture.

Don’t worry if you have missed a dose.
Usually aluminum hydroxide should not be taken regularly, but if it is, take it as soon as you remember about it.
But if the time for the next dose has almost come, skip the missed dose.

In case of an overdose with aluminum hydroxide, you should contact poison help service or seek emergency medical help.
The symptoms of an overdose with aluminum hydroxide are weight loss, mood changes, confusion, constipation, and urinating less than usually or not urinating at all.



REACTIONS IN HUMANS OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Unlike some other aluminum compounds, aluminum hydroxide causes no adverse reaction in humans, at least towards the majority of persons.
Aluminum Hydroxide is very broadly used in many fields of life and has plenty of applications in home use and industry.
Most people may not know what aluminum hydroxide is or where this compound is used, but we already know it and useful features of aluminum hydroxide are obvious to all people interested in this subject.



MEDICAL PRECAUTIONS OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
There is no surprise that the most important application of aluminum hydroxide is its medical application.
Even though aluminum hydroxide is relatively safe to humans and is applied in various fields of human life, oral administration of aluminum hydroxide should be completed cautiously.

It is always recommended to advise your doctor before starting taking aluminum hydroxide or if any problems occur during the taking.
If you have any health problems related to kidneys, including stones, constipation or disease, you should see a doctor or get an advice of a pharmacist before taking any medicine that contains aluminum hydroxide.

Besides, the doctor’s advice is also necessary in case you are dehydrated or drink alcohol on a regular basis.
Taking aluminum hydroxide for more than two weeks with no advice of your doctor is strongly not recommended.
Besides, you should not take any other medications when taking aluminum hydroxide.

If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant during your treatment with aluminum hydroxide, you must have an advice of your doctor.
The same should be done if you are a breast-feeding mother.
Effect of aluminum hydroxide on a nursing baby can be harmful.
For this reason, you should consult the doctor of yours in such a situation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Chemical formula: Al(OH)3
Molar mass: 78.003 g·mol−1
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm³ (solid)
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/(100 mL)
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Solubility: Soluble in acids and alkalis
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1277 kJ·mol−1

Molecular Properties
Molecular Weight: 78.004 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 77.9897574 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 77.9897574 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
Molecular Weight: 78.00
EC Number: 244-492-7
MDL number: MFCD00003420
Physical Properties
Physical state: Solid
Color: White
Odor: Odorless

Melting point/freezing point: 300 °C (Elimination of water of crystallization)
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not applicable
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: Not applicable
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: ca. 150 - 300 °C
pH: ca. 8 - 9 at 100 g/l at 20 °C (slurry)
Viscosity: No data available
Water solubility: Insoluble at 20 °C (OECD Test Guideline 105)
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: < 0.1 hPa at 20 °C

Density: 2.42 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical Formula: H3AlO3
Molecular Weight: 78 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 300° C (572° F)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 2.42 g/cm³

Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 77.989757 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 77.989757 g/mol
Physical Form: Granules
Quantity: 100 g
Assay Percent Range: 76.5% min.
Solubility Information: Soluble in alkaline aqueous solution,
hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid solution. Insoluble in water.
Formula Weight: 78
Grade: Reagent
Chemical Name or Material: Aluminum hydroxide


Identifiers:
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
IUPAC Name: Aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
Molecular Formula: AlH3O3
InChI Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SMILES: [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3]
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 78.00
Synonyms: Amphojel, Alu-Cap, AlternaGel
MDL Number: MFCD00003420



FIRST AID MEASURES of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE:
Reactivity
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid
no information available
-Incompatible materials
No data available


ALUMINUM STARCH OCTENYLSUCCINATE
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is a texture enhancing ingredient that is used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products.
In its raw form, Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate has the appearance of a white powder that has no odor or smell.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is also great for absorbing oil from the skin and giving it a flawless matte look.

CAS: 9087-61-0

Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate can be found in products like foundations, mascaras, lip balms and creams.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is a modified starch.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is a complex carbohydrate made by plants.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is used in the formulation of lotions, powders, makeup and underarm deodorants.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is the aluminum salt of the reaction product of octenylsuccinic anhydride with starch.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is used in cosmetics at concentrations as high as 30% as an anticaking agent and a nonaqueous viscosity increasing agent.

Uses
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is a texture enhancer and anti caking agent that also serves other purposes in the world of cosmetics.

Cosmetic products: Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is added to cosmetics because it absorbs excess oil and prevents the product from looking or feeling greasy and tacky.
By improving the texture of the cosmetic formulations, Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate enables easy spreadability and allows the makeup to last longer

Skin care: Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate is also present in skin care products because of its oil absorbing properties.
Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate leaves the skin clean and velvety.

Synonyms:
Starch, hydrogen octenylbutanedioate, aluminum salt
ALUMINIUMSTARCHOCTENYLSUCCINATE
STARCHALUMINIUMOCTENYLSUCCINATE
Aluminum starch octenylbutanedioate
Starch aluminum octenylsuccinate
ALUMINUM STARCH OCTENYLSUCCINATE
starch food modified: starch aluminum octenyl succinate
ALUMINUM TRI POLYPHOSPHATE

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate, also known as Aluminum Tripolyphosphate or Aluminum Phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula AlH2P3O10.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a white, odorless powder that is insoluble in water.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a type of inorganic phosphate compound that contains aluminum and phosphate ions.

CAS Number: 13939-25-8



APPLICATIONS


Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is widely used as a flame retardant additive in the production of coatings, paints, plastics, and textiles.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance fire resistance and reduce flammability.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the manufacturing of fire-resistant textiles such as curtains, upholstery, carpets, and protective clothing.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate helps to improve the fire safety of textiles, making them suitable for applications in high-risk environments.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the production of fireproof coatings for structural materials in buildings and other infrastructure.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used as a flame retardant in the manufacturing of plastics, including electronics, automotive components, and household products.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to foam insulation materials to enhance their fire resistance and meet safety regulations.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant cables and wires, ensuring electrical safety.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the formulation of adhesives and sealants to provide fire resistance and improve their performance.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the construction industry, where it is used in the production of fire-resistant gypsum boards and composite panels.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed as a corrosion inhibitor in metal coatings and primers, preventing metal corrosion and extending the lifespan of coated surfaces.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the automotive industry to enhance the fire resistance of interior components, such as dashboards and seat covers.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant foams for mattresses and upholstery in the furniture industry.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the marine industry, where it is used in coatings and textiles to enhance fire safety on ships and vessels.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the aerospace industry to meet stringent fire safety standards for aircraft interiors.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to intumescent coatings to enhance their fire resistance and create a protective barrier when exposed to heat.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant paints for steel structures and industrial equipment.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant curtains and drapes for theaters and public spaces.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the production of fire extinguisher powders and formulations.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the manufacturing of fire-resistant wallpapers and wall coverings for commercial and residential buildings.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant foam seals and gaskets for industrial applications.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to fire-resistant concrete formulations to improve their resistance to high temperatures.
ATPP finds applications in the production of fire-resistant panels and partitions for interior spaces.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for electrical equipment and appliances.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the production of fire-resistant textiles for military and firefighting uniforms.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant curtains and blinds for commercial and residential spaces.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the formulation of fire-resistant varnishes and coatings for wooden surfaces.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant flexible hoses and tubing for industrial applications.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to fire-resistant paints for steel structures, bridges, and pipelines to enhance their resistance to fire.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the manufacturing of fire-resistant roofing materials, such as shingles and tiles.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the production of fire-resistant sealants and caulks for construction and industrial use.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the formulation of fire-resistant mortars and grouts for construction and masonry applications.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant fabrics for theater curtains, stage backdrops, and event decorations.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to fire-resistant adhesives used in the bonding of materials requiring high fire safety standards.
It finds applications in the production of fire-resistant composite materials for aerospace and automotive industries.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for electrical cabinets and control panels.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the manufacturing of fire-resistant insulation materials for HVAC systems and ductwork.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the production of fire-resistant partitions and walls for commercial and industrial buildings.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to fire-resistant mastics and sealants for air ducts and ventilation systems.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the production of fire-resistant foam boards used for insulation and soundproofing.
It finds applications in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for storage tanks and pipelines in the oil and gas industry.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the production of fire-resistant carpets and flooring materials for public spaces and transportation.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the manufacturing of fire-resistant composite panels for façade cladding and architectural applications.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to fire-resistant mortars and concrete mixes for fire-rated walls and structural elements.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the production of fire-resistant electrical enclosures and control cabinets.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the formulation of fire-resistant coatings for shipboard applications, including bulkheads and decks.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the manufacturing of fire-resistant glass and glazing systems for buildings and vehicles.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the production of fire-resistant air filters for HVAC systems and cleanrooms.
It is added to fire-resistant gels and foams used in firefighting and emergency response applications.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed in the formulation of fire-resistant tapes and wraps for cable and wire insulation.


Here are some of its common applications:

Flame Retardants:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is widely used as a flame retardant additive in the production of coatings, paints, plastics, and textiles.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate reduces the flammability of these materials and slows down the spread of flames, enhancing fire safety.

Coatings and Paints:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is incorporated into coatings and paints to improve their fire resistance.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate helps to create a protective barrier that prevents the spread of fire and the release of toxic fumes.

Textiles:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in the manufacturing of fire-resistant textiles, such as curtains, upholstery, carpets, and protective clothing.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate enhances the fire retardancy of these materials, making them safer in fire-prone environments.

Adhesives and Sealants:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to adhesives and sealants to provide fire resistance and improve their overall performance.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate helps to increase the fire safety of bonded or sealed surfaces.

Plastics and Polymers:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used as a flame retardant in the production of various plastic products, including electronics, automotive components, and construction materials.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate helps to reduce the flammability of these materials and prevent the rapid spread of fire.

Construction Materials:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is added to construction materials such as insulation foams, gypsum boards, and composite panels to enhance their fire resistance.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate contributes to the safety of buildings by slowing down the progression of fire and reducing the release of toxic gases.

Corrosion Inhibition:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is employed as a corrosion inhibitor in metal coatings and primers.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate forms a protective layer on the metal surface, preventing corrosion and improving the durability of the coating.

Adhesion Promoters:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used as an adhesion promoter in various formulations, especially in metal coatings and primers.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate enhances the bonding strength between the substrate and the coating, improving adhesion and durability.

Automotive Industry:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate finds applications in the automotive industry, where it is used in coatings, plastics, and textiles to meet fire safety regulations.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate helps to reduce the flammability of interior components and enhance passenger safety.

Marine and Aerospace Industries:
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is utilized in marine and aerospace applications where fire safety is crucial.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in coatings, textiles, and plastics to enhance fire resistance and comply with stringent safety standards.



DESCRIPTION


Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a white, crystalline powder with a fine particle size.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate has a high melting point and is insoluble in water.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate has a chemical formula of AlH2P3O10.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is composed of aluminum ions (Al3+) and polyphosphate ions (P3O10^-5).
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is odorless, non-toxic, and non-combustible.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate exhibits good thermal stability and does not decompose easily.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is commonly used as a flame retardant in various industries.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate acts as a fire-resistant additive by releasing water when exposed to heat, reducing the temperature of the material and slowing down the spread of flames.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate forms a protective layer on the surface of materials, preventing combustion and the release of toxic gases.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is effective in improving the fire resistance of coatings, paints, and textiles.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is also used as a corrosion inhibitor, providing protection against metal corrosion.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate forms a protective film on the metal surface, inhibiting the corrosive action of moisture, chemicals, and other environmental factors.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is often utilized in the formulation of coatings, primers, and sealants for metal substrates.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is compatible with various resins and binders, facilitating its incorporation into different formulations.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate can enhance the adhesion and durability of coatings, improving their resistance to wear and environmental degradation.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is widely employed in the automotive, aerospace, construction, and marine industries.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is used in the production of fireproof textiles, such as curtains, upholstery, and protective clothing.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is known for its high efficiency as a flame retardant, requiring relatively low loading levels to achieve desired fire protection.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is also used in the manufacturing of plastics, foams, and rubber products to enhance their fire resistance.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is compatible with various manufacturing processes, including extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is an environmentally friendly alternative to certain halogenated flame retardants that are known to be harmful to health and the environment.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate exhibits low volatility and does not release toxic fumes during combustion.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is regulated and complies with international standards and regulations for fire safety.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a versatile compound that plays a crucial role in enhancing fire safety and corrosion protection in a wide range of applications.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate, also known as Aluminum Tripolyphosphate or Aluminum Phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula AlH2P3O10.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a white, odorless powder that is insoluble in water.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is a type of inorganic phosphate compound that contains aluminum and phosphate ions.

Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is often used as a flame retardant and as a corrosion inhibitor in various applications.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate works by forming a protective layer on the surface of materials, inhibiting the spread of flames and preventing the formation of corrosive by-products.
Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is commonly used in the production of coatings, paints, adhesives, and sealants, as well as in the manufacturing of plastics, textiles, and construction materials.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: AlH2P3O10
Molecular weight: Approximately 393.95 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Melting point: Decomposes above 250°C (482°F)
Density: 2.7 g/cm³
pH value: Neutral
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Vapor pressure: Negligible
Flammability: Non-flammable
Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage
Hygroscopicity: Low moisture absorption
Particle size: Fine powder
Refractive index: Not available
Electrical conductivity: Non-conductive
Optical properties: Not applicable
Toxicity: Generally considered non-toxic, but should be handled with care and in accordance with safety guidelines
Environmental impact: Considered environmentally friendly with low ecological impact
Compatibility: Compatible with various resins, binders, and additives



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the affected person to fresh air and ensure they are in a well-ventilated area.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen support if available and seek medical attention immediately.
In case of severe respiratory distress, call emergency services or a poison control center.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical advice and provide the medical personnel with detailed information about the exposure.


Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, keeping the eyelids open to ensure thorough irrigation.
Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, providing information about the substance involved in the eye exposure.


Ingestion:

Ingestion of Aluminum Tri Polyphosphate is unlikely to occur, but if swallowed accidentally, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for further guidance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to minimize direct contact with ATPP.

Ventilation:
Handle ATPP in a well-ventilated area or under local exhaust ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne dust or fumes.

Avoid Inhalation:
Avoid breathing in the dust or mist generated during handling.
Use respiratory protection (e.g., dust mask or respirator) if necessary.

Avoid Skin and Eye Contact:
Prevent skin contact by wearing suitable protective gloves and clothing. In case of contact, promptly rinse with water.
Wear safety goggles or a face shield to protect the eyes.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling ATPP.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where the compound is present.

Spill and Leak Response:
In the event of a spill, contain and collect the material using appropriate absorbent materials.
Avoid generating dust. Dispose of collected material according to local regulations.


Storage:

Store in a Dry Place:
Keep ATPP in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible materials.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range specified by the manufacturer.

Moisture Control:
Prevent exposure to moisture or excessive humidity as it may affect the performance and integrity of ATPP.

Containment:
Store ATPP in tightly sealed containers or bags to minimize the risk of dust generation or contamination.

Compatibility:
Keep ATPP away from incompatible substances, including strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing agents, and reactive metals.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers with the name of the substance, hazard symbols, safety precautions, and any other relevant information.

Accessibility:
Store ATPP in a designated area that is inaccessible to unauthorized personnel, children, and pets.

Fire Safety:
Keep ATPP away from potential ignition sources and incompatible materials that may pose a fire hazard.

Follow Regulations:
Adhere to local regulations and guidelines regarding the storage and handling of ATPP.

Inventory Control:
Maintain proper inventory control to ensure FIFO (First In, First Out) usage and prevent long-term storage.



SYNONYMS


Aluminum Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Polyphosphate
Aluminophosphate
Alumino Tripolyphosphate
Aluminosodium Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Phosphate
Aluminum Triphosphate
Alumina Phosphate
Aluminic Acid Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Salt of Tripolyphosphoric Acid
ATPP
APP
ATP
Aluminotripolyphosphate
Alum
Aluminum Tripolyphosphoric Acid
Aluminum Salt of Tripolyphosphate Acid
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate
Alum Triphosphate
Aluminotriphosphate
Aluminum Polyphosphate Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Sodium
Sodium Aluminophosphate
Sodium Aluminum Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphoric Acid Salt
Aluminophosphoric Acid Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Phosphate Tripoly
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Hydrated
Aluminum Tripolyphosphoric Acid Sodium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate
Alumina Tripolyphosphate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Monohydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Hydrated Sodium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Sodium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Anhydrous
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Octahydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Dodecahydrate
Aluminophosphate Tripoly
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Sodium Salt Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Pentahydrate
Aluminophosphoric Acid Tripolyphosphate Sodium Salt
Aluminum Polyphosphate Sodium
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Sodium Salt
Aluminum Phosphate Tripolyphosphate Sodium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate Sodium Salt
Aluminum Polyphosphate Sodium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Nonahydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Dihydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Potassium Salt
Aluminophosphoric Acid Tripolyphosphate Sodium Salt Hydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Ammonium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate Ammonium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Calcium Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Sodium Salt Tetrahydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Octahydrate Potassium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate Calcium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Magnesium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Pentahydrate Sodium Salt
Aluminophosphoric Acid Tripolyphosphate Calcium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Zinc Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Dodecahydrate Sodium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Octahydrate Calcium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate Sodium Salt Dihydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Iron Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Pentahydrate Potassium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Nonahydrate Copper Salt
Aluminotriphosphoric Acid Sodium Salt Nonahydrate
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Octahydrate Sodium Salt
Aluminum Tripolyphosphate Tetrahydrate Potassium Salt
ALUMINUM TRIHYDROXIDE

Aluminum Trihydroxide, also known as Aluminum Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is a chemical compound that consists of aluminum and hydroxide ions.
Aluminum trihydroxide is a white, odorless, and tasteless powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in acids and alkalis.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in various applications such as plastics, rubber, and textiles.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7



APPLICATIONS


Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a flame retardant in polymeric materials, such as plastics, rubber, and coatings.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of refractory products, such as ceramic tiles, fire bricks, and furnace linings.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a raw material for the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate and aluminum chloride.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and treat heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a filler in the manufacture of paper, paint, and rubber products.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a thickener and viscosity enhancer in cosmetic and personal care products, such as lotions, shampoos, and toothpaste.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an adsorbent and catalyst support in chemical processes.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a polishing agent in the production of glass, metal, and plastic products.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an abrasive in toothpaste and as a cleaning agent in industrial and household applications.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a component in automotive coatings and as a corrosion inhibitor in metal coatings.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a stabilizer in the processing of PVC plastics.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of catalysts for the manufacture of polyethylene and other polyolefins.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a filler in the manufacture of solid surface materials, such as countertops, sinks, and bathtubs.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations, such as antiperspirants and topical creams.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a pigment and opacifier in the manufacture of ceramics, glass, and paints.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of alumina, a key ingredient in the manufacture of aluminum metal and ceramics.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a flocculant and coagulant in water treatment and wastewater treatment.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a filler in electrical insulation materials, such as cable jackets and circuit boards.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a component in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and caulks.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a clarifying agent in the production of fruit juices, wine, and beer.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of rubber tires and other automotive components.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene and other polyolefins.

Aluminum trihydroxide is used in the production of synthetic zeolites, which are used as catalysts and adsorbents in a variety of applications.
Aluminum trihydroxide is used as an insulating material in the construction of buildings, such as fireproof doors and windows, and as a component in acoustic insulation materials.


Aluminum Trihydroxide has a wide range of applications in various industries.
Here are some of its common applications:

Flame retardant:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an effective flame retardant and is widely used in the production of plastic, rubber, and textile products.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to reduce the risk of fires by suppressing flames and slowing down the combustion process.

Filler:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is often used as a filler in various materials to improve their mechanical properties.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to increase the stiffness, strength, and hardness of materials, as well as reduce shrinkage and warping.

Antacid:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Pigment:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is used as a white pigment in the paper industry.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to improve the opacity and brightness of paper products.

Raw material:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a common raw material in the production of aluminum and other metal products.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to purify metal ores and remove impurities.

Adsorbent:
Aluminum Trihydroxide has a high surface area and can be used as an adsorbent in various applications.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to remove impurities and pollutants from water, air, and other liquids.

Opacifying agent:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an opacifying agent in transparent materials such as plastics and paints.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to reduce transparency and increase opacity.

Insulating material:
Aluminum Trihydroxide has low electrical conductivity and can be used as an insulating material.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to prevent the flow of electricity and reduce the risk of electrical fires.

Precision components:
Aluminum Trihydroxide has a low coefficient of thermal expansion and can be used in the production of precision components.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to reduce distortion and improve dimensional accuracy.

Heat sink:
Aluminum Trihydroxide has good thermal conductivity and can be used as a heat sink.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to dissipate heat and prevent overheating in electronic devices.

UV stabilizer:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is resistant to UV radiation and can be used as a UV stabilizer.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to protect materials from damage caused by exposure to sunlight.

Abrasive:
Aluminum Trihydroxide has low abrasiveness and can be used as a gentle exfoliant in personal care products.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.

Scratch resistance:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is often used as a filler in paints and coatings to improve their scratch resistance.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to protect surfaces from damage caused by abrasion and wear.

Environmental safety:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an environmentally friendly alternative to other flame retardant materials, as it does not release harmful gases when exposed to fire.
Aluminum trihydroxide is also non-toxic and considered to be safe for most applications.

Ceramic production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a common raw material in the production of ceramics.
Aluminum trihydroxide can help to improve the strength, durability, and stability of ceramic products.

Coagulant:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a coagulant in water treatment to help remove impurities and clarify water.

Adhesive:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in adhesives to improve their bonding strength and increase their resistance to water and chemicals.

Soundproofing:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in soundproofing materials to improve their acoustic properties.

Insulator:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an insulator in the production of electrical wires and cables. It can help to prevent the flow of electricity and reduce the risk of electrical fires.

Food additive:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an approved food additive that can be used as a color retention agent, pH control agent, and anti-caking agent.

Rubber production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in rubber products to improve their mechanical properties and increase their resistance to heat and chemicals.

Textile production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a flame retardant in textile production to improve the fire resistance of fabrics.

Cosmetics: Aluminum
Trihydroxide can be used as an opacifying agent in cosmetics such as foundations and sunscreens.

Pharmaceuticals:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an antacid in pharmaceutical products such as tablets and suspensions.

Packaging materials:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in packaging materials such as plastic films and containers to improve their mechanical properties and reduce their environmental impact.

Flame retardant:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is a common flame retardant used in plastics, textiles, and other materials to reduce the risk of fire.

Building materials:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used in building materials such as concrete, insulation, and roofing to improve their fire resistance.

Paints and coatings:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in paints and coatings to improve their fire resistance and reduce their flammability.

Ceramic production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used in the production of ceramics to improve their mechanical properties and increase their resistance to heat and chemicals.

Glass production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a flux in glass production to reduce the melting temperature and improve the flow properties of the glass.

Polymer production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in polymer production to improve their mechanical properties and reduce their flammability.

Paper production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used in paper production as a filler to improve the opacity, brightness, and printability of the paper.

Pigment production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a pigment in the production of white and colored paints, coatings, and plastics.

Water treatment:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a coagulant in water treatment to remove impurities and clarify water.

Adhesives:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in adhesives to improve their bonding strength and increase their resistance to water and chemicals.

Soundproofing:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in soundproofing materials to improve their acoustic properties.

Insulators:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an insulator in the production of electrical wires and cables to prevent the flow of electricity and reduce the risk of electrical fires.

Food additive:
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an approved food additive that can be used as a color retention agent, pH control agent, and anti-caking agent.

Rubber production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in rubber products to improve their mechanical properties and increase their resistance to heat and chemicals.

Textile production:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a flame retardant in textile production to improve the fire resistance of fabrics.

Cosmetics:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an opacifying agent in cosmetics such as foundations and sunscreens.

Pharmaceuticals:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an antacid in pharmaceutical products such as tablets and suspensions.

Packaging materials:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in packaging materials such as plastic films and containers to improve their mechanical properties and reduce their environmental impact.

Abrasives:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an abrasive in the production of grinding wheels, sandpaper, and other abrasive materials.

Welding rods:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a filler in welding rods to improve their mechanical properties and increase their resistance to heat and chemicals.

Lubricants:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a lubricant in metalworking and other industrial applications to reduce friction and wear.

Catalysts:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as a catalyst in chemical reactions to speed up the reaction rate and improve the yield of the desired product.

Emulsifiers:
Aluminum Trihydroxide can be used as an emulsifier in food and cosmetic products to improve the texture and stability of the product.



DESCRIPTION


Aluminum Trihydroxide, also known as Aluminum Hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is a chemical compound that consists of aluminum and hydroxide ions.
Aluminum trihydroxide is a white, odorless, and tasteless powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in acids and alkalis.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in various applications such as plastics, rubber, and textiles.

In addition to its use as a flame retardant, Aluminum Trihydroxide is also used as an antacid to relieve symptoms of heartburn and stomach upset.
Aluminum trihydroxide works by neutralizing excess stomach acid, which can help to reduce the irritation and discomfort caused by acid reflux and other gastrointestinal conditions.

Aluminum Trihydroxide has also been used as a filler in various materials to improve their mechanical properties.
For example, it is commonly added to polymer composites to increase their strength, stiffness, and durability.

Other applications of Aluminum Trihydroxide include its use as a raw material for the production of aluminum and as a component in ceramic glazes.
Aluminum trihydroxide is also used in the paper industry as a filler and coating pigment to improve the brightness and opacity of paper products.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is considered to be relatively safe and non-toxic, with low levels of acute toxicity and no evidence of carcinogenicity.
However, prolonged exposure to high levels of aluminum can cause respiratory problems and neurological disorders, so appropriate precautions should be taken when handling and using this compound.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is a white, crystalline powder with a high degree of purity.
Aluminum trihydroxide has a molecular weight of 78 g/mol and a density of 2.42 g/cm³.

Aluminum trihydroxide has a melting point of approximately 300°C and is insoluble in water.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is highly stable, non-flammable, and non-toxic.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in various applications.

Aluminum trihydroxide has good thermal stability and can withstand high temperatures.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an effective antacid that can neutralize excess stomach acid.

Aluminum trihydroxide is commonly used in the production of aluminum and other metal products.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often added to plastic, rubber, and textile products to improve their flame retardant properties.

Aluminum Trihydroxide is also used as a filler in various materials to improve their mechanical properties.
Aluminum trihydroxide is commonly used as a raw material in the production of ceramics.

Aluminum Trihydroxide has a high surface area, which makes it useful as an adsorbent in various applications.
Aluminum trihydroxide has a low refractive index and can be used as a filler in transparent materials.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is highly stable in acidic and alkaline environments.

Aluminum trihydroxide has good dispersibility and can be easily incorporated into various products.
Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a pigment and opacifying agent in the paper industry.

Aluminum Trihydroxide has low electrical conductivity and can be used as an insulating material.
Aluminum trihydroxide is compatible with a wide range of polymers and resins.

Aluminum trihydroxide has low abrasiveness and can be used as a gentle exfoliant in personal care products.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is resistant to UV radiation and can be used as a UV stabilizer.
Aluminum trihydroxide has low toxicity and is considered to be safe for most applications.

Aluminum Trihydroxide has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which makes it useful in the production of precision components.
Aluminum trihydroxide has good thermal conductivity and can be used as a heat sink.

Aluminum trihydroxide is often used as a filler in paints and coatings to improve their durability and scratch resistance.
Aluminum Trihydroxide is an environmentally friendly alternative to other flame retardant materials, as it does not release harmful gases when exposed to fire.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: Al(OH)3
Molecular weight: 78.0 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm³
Melting point: 300°C (572°F)
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Insoluble in water and organic solvents
pH: 9.5 to 10.5 (in a 10% aqueous suspension)
Refractive index: 1.57 to 1.59
Mohs hardness: 2.5 to 3.5
Heat capacity: 0.8 J/g·K
Thermal conductivity: 0.3 W/m·K
Specific heat: 1.17 J/g·K
Electrical conductivity: 1.6 x 10^-7 S/cm
Dielectric constant: 5.6
Optical properties: Aluminum trihydroxide is a white, opaque material that does not transmit light.
Flame retardancy: Aluminum trihydroxide decomposes at high temperatures to release water vapor, which cools the surrounding area and dilutes the concentration of flammable gases. This mechanism helps to slow or stop the spread of flames in plastic materials.
Stability: Aluminum trihydroxide is stable under normal conditions but can decompose at high temperatures to release water vapor and aluminum oxide.
Toxicity: Aluminum trihydroxide is not considered toxic but can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system upon exposure.



FIRST AID


Handling:

Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Wear appropriate protective equipment such as gloves, safety goggles, and a respirator when handling aluminum trihydroxide.
Use caution when handling large quantities of aluminum trihydroxide, as the powder can become airborne and potentially cause respiratory irritation.

Handle aluminum trihydroxide in a well-ventilated area to prevent the buildup of dust and fumes.
Do not ingest aluminum trihydroxide or allow it to come into contact with food or beverages.
Avoid generating dust when handling aluminum trihydroxide, as the dust can be a respiratory hazard.


Storage:

Store aluminum trihydroxide in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat and ignition.
Store aluminum trihydroxide in airtight containers to prevent contamination and moisture uptake.
Do not store aluminum trihydroxide near acids or other incompatible materials that could cause a reaction.

Keep aluminum trihydroxide away from direct sunlight and other sources of UV radiation, as this can cause degradation and discoloration.
Store aluminum trihydroxide separately from food and pharmaceutical products to prevent contamination.
Follow all local, state, and federal regulations regarding the storage, handling, and disposal of aluminum trihydroxide.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Inhalation:

If aluminum trihydroxide is inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, seek medical attention right away.
If the person is not breathing, administer CPR and seek medical attention immediately.


Skin Contact:

If aluminum trihydroxide comes into contact with the skin, immediately remove any contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation or redness occurs, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

If aluminum trihydroxide comes into contact with the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.


Ingestion:

If aluminum trihydroxide is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a medical professional.
Give the affected person water to drink and seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is unconscious or having difficulty breathing, call emergency services right away.


Other Measures:

Seek medical attention if symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath occur after exposure to aluminum trihydroxide.
If the affected person is a first responder or healthcare worker, follow established protocols for decontamination and seek medical attention immediately.
Provide the medical professional with the product's safety data sheet (SDS) for proper treatment.



SYNONYMS


Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydrate
Aluminum(III) hydroxide
Aluminum trihydrate
ATH
Alumina trihydrate
Aluminic acid trihydrate
C.I. 77002
Dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
Gibbsite
Hydrated alumina
Hydrated aluminum oxide
Trihydroxyaluminum
Aluminic hydroxide
Aluminous hydroxide
Alhydrogel
Alugel
Aluminium hydrate oxide
Aluminium hydroxide gel
Aluminum(III) oxide trihydrate
Aluminum trioxohydroxide
Hydrargillite
Pural SB
Sipernat D 10
Vistalon 5003
Alcoa Hydrate
Albacar HOV
Alcoa C-31
Alcoa T-20
Aloca V-31
Alhydrogel 1
Aluminic acid, trihydrate
Aluminic hydroxide, trihydrate
Aluminium hydroxide, trihydrate
Aluminum oxide, trihydrate
Aluminum trioxohydroxide, trihydrate
Aluminous hydroxide, trihydrate
Dihydroxyaluminum carbonate
Dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate hydrate
Flame-retardant ATH
Gibbsite hydrate
Hidrox 150
Hydral
Hydrocal HG
Hydral D710
Hydral T710
Hydragil
KB 30
Martinal ON 310
P-30.
ALUMINYUM STEARAT TIPLERI (MONO,DI,TRI)
Aluminum chlorhydrol; Aluminum chlorohydrate; Aluminum hydroxide chloride; Aluminum hydroxychloride; Aluminum hydroxychloride dihydrate CAS NO:1327-41-9
Aluminium Sulfate
Alum; Aluminium sulphate; Aluminum Alum; Aluminum sulfate anhydrous; Aluminum trisulfate anhydrous; Cake Alum; Dialuminum sulfate; Sulfuric acid aluminum salt (3:2); Aluminiumsulfat (German); Sulfato de aluminio (Spanish); Sulfate d'aluminium (French); Aluminum sesquisulfate CAS NO:10043-01-3
Aluminum Chlorohydrate
SynonymsAPP 201;Aluminum chlorohydra;Aluminum oxychloride;ALUMINIUMCHLORHYDRATE;aluminiumchlorohydrate;ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE;ALUMINIUM POLYCHLORIDE;Aluminum hydroxychloride;Aluminiumhydroxychlorid8;Spray pressurefilter PAC CAS No.1327-41-9
Aluminum Sulfate
SYNONYMS Alum; Aluminium sulphate; Aluminum Alum; Aluminum sulfate anhydrous; Aluminum trisulfate anhydrous; Cake Alum; Dialuminum sulfate; Sulfuric acid aluminum salt (3:2); Aluminiumsulfat (German); Sulfato de aluminio (Spanish); Sulfate d'aluminium (French); Aluminum sesquisulfate; Other RN: 10124-29-5, 121739-79-5, 124027-27-6, 139939-73-4, 19239-71-5, 22515-37-3, 66578-72-1, 17927-65-0 CAS NO. 10043-01-3
AMARANTH
SYNONYMS Acid Red 27; C.I. 16185; Azorubin S; 1-(4-Sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-2-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt; Trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonate; trisodium salt of 1-(4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid; FD & C Red No.2; 2-Hydroxy-1,1'-azonaphthalene-3,6,4'-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt; 3-Hydroxy-4-((4-sulfo-1-naphthyl)azo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt; CAS NO. 915-67-3
AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT
American Ginseng Root Extract reduces the risk of cancer.
American Ginseng Root Extract improves mental performance and well being.


INCI Name: Panax Quinquefolius Root Extract
Botanical Name: Panax quinquefolius
Main Active Components: Ginsenosides (similar to other types of ginseng)



SYNONYMS:
Anchi Ginseng, Baie Rouge, Canadian Ginseng, Ginseng, Ginseng à Cinq Folioles, Ginseng Américain, Ginseng Americano, Ginseng d'Amérique, Ginseng D'Amérique du Nord, Ginseng Canadien, Ginseng de l'Ontario, Ginseng du Wisconsin, Ginseng Occidental, Ginseng Root, North American Ginseng, Occidental Ginseng, Ontario Ginseng, Panax Quinquefolia, Panax Quinquefolium, Panax quinquefolius, Racine de Ginseng, Red Berry, Ren Shen, Sang, Shang, Shi Yang Seng, Wisconsin Ginseng, Xi Yang Shen, Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne. & Planch, Ginseng quinquefolium (L.) Alph.Wood, Panax americanus (Raf.) Raf., Panax americanus var. elatus Raf., Panax americanus var. obovatus (Raf.) Raf., Panax cuneatus Raf., Panax quinquefolius var. americanus Raf., Panax quinquefolius var. obovatus Raf, Baie Rouge, Canadian ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, red berry,



American Ginseng Root Extract helps boost the immune system.
American Ginseng Root Extract reduces the risk of cancer.
American Ginseng Root Extract improves mental performance and well being.


American Ginseng Root Extract may be beneficial in the treatment of fatigue, poor memory, diabetes, and viral respiratory infections like colds and flu.
There are many varieties of Ginseng, but the most popular are American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng).
American and Asian ginseng vary in their concentration of active compounds and effects on the body.


According to some older research, it is believed that American Ginseng Root Extract works as a relaxing agent, whereas the Asian variety has an invigorating effect
The name "ginseng" is used to refer to both American (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian or Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), which belong to the genus Panax and have a somewhat similar chemical makeup.


Both Asian and American Ginseng Root Extracts contain ginsenosides, which are the substances thought to give ginseng its medicinal properties.
But they contain different types in different amounts.
Siberian ginseng, or Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus), is an entirely different plant with different effects.


It is distantly related to ginseng, but it does not contain the same active ingredients.
Like Asian ginseng, American Ginseng Root Extract is a light tan, gnarled root that often looks like a human body with stringy shoots for arms and legs.
Native Americans used the root as a stimulant and to treat headaches, fever, indigestion, and infertility.


Ginseng remains one of the most popular herbs in the United States.
Other studies show that American Ginseng Root Extract might have therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases.
Research on American Ginseng Root Extract has focused on a number of conditions, including the following.


American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolis) is an herb that grows mainly in North America.
Wild American Ginseng Root Extract is in such high demand that it has been declared a threatened or endangered species in some states in the United States.
Don't confuse American Ginseng Root Extract with Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng).


They have different medicinal effects.
American Ginseng Root Extract is a high-quality extract powder derived from the root of the American Panax Quinquefolium plant.
American Ginseng Root Extract is a very fine, brown concentrate with a bittersweet flavour and aroma, typical of ginseng, and is the highest quality ginseng root.


American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a species of flowering plant in the ivy family Araliaceae.
American Ginseng is native to eastern North America and introduced in China.
The specific epithet quinquefolius means "five-leaved", which refers to the typical number of leaflets per leaf.


It is one of a group of taxa known as "ginseng".
Europeans first became aware of American ginseng near Montreal in 1716.
It has been wild-harvested and exported to Asia since 1720.


Billions of plants were wild-harvested in the 19th century alone.
To control international trade and prevent global extinction of the species, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements a CITES Export Program that authorizes 19 states and one tribe to export American ginseng from the United States.


From 1978 to 2019, the bulk of exports have come from southern Appalachian states, especially Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee.
The conservation status of American ginseng is globally vulnerable.
It is imperiled or critically imperiled in 14 states and provinces.


In Canada, the species is endangered and facing imminent extinction.
As wild populations declined in the late 19th century, American ginseng became a domesticated crop.
It is cultivated primarily in Ontario, Wisconsin, British Columbia, and China.


Canada is the largest producer and exporter of cultivated American ginseng in the world.
It is the state herb of Wisconsin.
American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolius) is an herb that grows mainly in North America.


American Ginseng Root Extract's an endangered species in some states due to high demand.
American Ginseng Root Extract is considered an adaptogen.
Adaptogens are a class of substances that are believed to stimulate the body's resistance to physical, environmental, and emotional stressors.


American Ginseng Root Extract also contains chemicals called ginsenosides, which seem to affect insulin levels and lower blood sugar.
People take American Ginseng Root Extract for stress, to boost the immune system, for upper airway infections, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.


Don't confuse American Ginseng Root Extract with Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) or Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus).
These are different plants with different effects.
American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolius) is an herb that grows mainly in North America.


American Ginseng Root Extract's an endangered species in some states due to high demand.
American Ginseng Root Extract is considered an adaptogen.
Adaptogens are a class of substances that are believed to stimulate the body's resistance to physical, environmental, and emotional stressors.


American Ginseng Root Extract also contains chemicals called ginsenosides, which seem to affect insulin levels and lower blood sugar.
People take American Ginseng Root Extract for stress, to boost the immune system, for upper airway infections, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.


Don't confuse American Ginseng Root Extract with Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) or Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus).
These are different plants with different effects.
American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolius) is a medicinal herb with antioxidant benefits that protect against cell damage and inflammation.


American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a source of bioactive phytochemicals with pro-health properties.
Supplements containing American Ginseng Root Extract may improve fatigue, boost memory, and reduce the duration of colds and flu, but more research is needed to confirm its benefits.


American Ginseng Root Extract is considered an adaptogen, which some believe can help the body overcome physical, emotional, and environmental stress.
American Ginseng Root Extract also contains chemicals called ginsenosides, which may help to lower blood sugar.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) uses of American Ginseng Root Extract: One preliminary study suggests that American Ginseng Root Extract, in combination with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), may help treat ADHD.
People take American Ginseng Root Extract by mouth for stress, to boost the immune system, and as a stimulant.


American Ginseng Root Extract is often used to fight infections such as colds and flu.
There is some evidence that American Ginseng Root Extract might help prevent colds and flu and make symptoms milder when infections do occur.
American Ginseng Root Extract is used for other infections including HIV/AIDS, infections of the intestine (dysentery), and particular infections (Pseudomonas infections) that are common in people with cystic fibrosis.


Some people use American Ginseng Root Extract to improve digestion and for loss of appetite, as well as for vomiting, inflammation of the colon (colitis), and inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastritis).


American Ginseng Root Extract is also used for low iron in the blood (anemia), diabetes, insulin resistance related to HIV treatments, cancer-related fatigue, high blood pressure, trouble sleeping (insomnia), nerve pain, erectile dysfunction (ED), fever, hangover symptoms, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), blood and bleeding disorders, breast cancer, dizziness, headaches, convulsions, fibromyalgia, "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis), memory loss, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, improving athletic performance, improving mental performance, as an anti-aging aid, menopausal symptoms, complications during pregnancy or childbirth, and for nervous exhaustion (neurasthenia).


You may also see American Ginseng Root Extract listed as an ingredient in some soft drinks.
Oils and extracts made from American Ginseng Root Extract are used in soaps and cosmetics.
American Ginseng Root Extract is used as a nutritional supplement, in order to support neuro-physical and organ health.


-Immune system enhancement use of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Some scientists believe American Ginseng Root Extract enhances the immune system.
In theory, this improvement in immune function could help the body fight off infection and disease.
Several clinical studies have shown that American Ginseng Root Extract does boost the performance of cells that play a role in immunity.


-Diabetes uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Several human studies show that American Ginseng Root Extract lowered blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.
The effect was seen both on fasting blood sugar and on postprandial (after eating) glucose levels.

One study found that people with type 2 diabetes who took American Ginseng Root Extract before or together with a high-sugar drink experienced less of an increase in blood glucose levels.
Other studies suggest that North American Ginseng Root Extract prevents diabetes-related complications including retinal and cardiac functional changes by reducing stress.


-Cancer uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
American Ginseng Root Extract has been shown to inhibit tumor growth.
In one laboratory study on colorectal cancer cells, researchers found that American Ginseng Root Extract possessed powerful anti-cancer properties.


-Uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Ginseng has been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years.
In Asia, American Ginseng Root Extract is highly valued for its cooling and sedative medicinal effects (yin), whereas Asian ginseng embodies the warmer aspects of yang.

American Ginseng Root Extract was of minor importance in traditional Native American medicine.
A number of the uses cited in the literature were likely adopted from the Chinese after the export trade from Canada to China began in 1720.
The Iroquois ingested or smoked the roots as a panacea.

The Menominee in northern Wisconsin used American Ginseng Root Extract as a tonic and to increase one's mental capability, while the Penobscot in Maine used it to promote fertility.
The Seminole in Florida used American Ginseng Root Extract for gunshot wounds.

Native peoples from multiple tribes gathered the roots to barter with white traders.
In the late 19th century, the Cherokee sold large quantities of ginseng to traders for fifty cents a pound.
According to James Mooney, a decoction made from its roots was drunk to relieve headaches and cramps.


-Schizophrenia uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Early research shows that American Ginseng Root Extract might improve some mental symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
Taking 100 mg of a specific American Ginseng Root Extract called HT1001 (Afexa Life Sciences, Canada) twice daily for 4 weeks improves the patient's ability to hold visual information in the mind short-term. This treatment might also reduce some physical side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
However, American Ginseng Root Extract does not improve other mental symptoms.


-Diabetes uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Taking 3 grams of American Ginseng Root Extract by mouth, up to two hours before a meal, can lower blood sugar after a meal in patients with type 2 diabetes.

However, larger doses do not seem to have a greater effect.
Taking 100-200 mg of American Ginseng Root Extract by mouth for 8 weeks might also help lower pre-meal blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Different American Ginseng Root Extract products may have different effects.
Researchers think that is because they contain different amounts of the active chemicals called ginsenosides.


-Respiratory tract infections uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Some research suggests that taking a specific American Ginseng Root Extract called CVT-E002 (Cold-FX, Afexa Life Sciences, Canada) 200-400 mg twice daily for 3-6 months during flu season might prevent cold or flu symptoms in adults between the ages of 18 and 65.
People older than 65 seem to need a flu shot at month 2 along with this treatment in order to decrease their risk of getting the flu or colds.

American Ginseng Root Extract also seems to help make symptoms milder and last a shorter length of time when infections do occur.
Some evidence suggests that American Ginseng Root Extract might not reduce the chance of getting the first cold of a season, but it seems to reduce the risk of getting repeat colds in a season.
However, American Ginseng Root Extract might not help prevent cold or flu-like symptoms in patients with weakened immune systems.


-Fatigue uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
A 2018 review of four studies suggests that American Ginseng Root Extract may help relieve fatigue caused by chronic illnesses ranging from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) to cancer.
The most significant benefit was seen in people who took 2,000 milligrams (mg) daily for eight weeks.

Similar results were seen in a 2019 review examining the effects of American Ginseng Root Extract on people with cancer-related fatigue.
The benefit was greatest in people undergoing active treatment, like chemotherapy or radiation.
As an added bonus, American Ginseng Root Extract does not interact with commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs like tamoxifen, doxorubicin, methotrexate, or fluorouracil.


-Memory uses of American Ginseng Root Extract:
Limited evidence suggests that American Ginseng Root Extract may improve cognitive function in some people.
This includes the ability to learn, think, reason, and remember.

A 2015 study reported that healthy adults who received a single 200 mg dose of an American Ginseng Root Extract extract (called Cereboost) had increased working memory, peaking within three hours of the dose.

The findings were limited by the small size of the study (52 adults) and the lack of a control group (meaning a group given a sham placebo).
A 2022 study involving 61 adults showed longer-lasting improvements in working memory after taking 200 mg of Cereboost daily for two weeks.

For this study, a control group was included, but the findings were limited by the fact that the research was funded by the manufacturer, Naturex SA.
An unrelated study published in 2012 reported that an American Ginseng Root Extract extract taken twice daily for four weeks improved the working memory of 32 people with schizophrenia compared to a matched set of adults given a placebo.



HOW DOES AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT WORK?
American Ginseng Root Extract contains chemicals called ginsenosides that seem to affect insulin levels in the body and lower blood sugar.
Other chemicals, called polysaccharides, might affect the immune system.



PLANT DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
The American ginseng plant has leaves that grow in a circle around a straight stem.
Yellowish-green, umbrella-shaped flowers grow in the center and produce red berries.
Wrinkles around the neck of the root tell how old the plant is.

This is important because American ginseng is not ready for use until it has grown for about 6 years.
American ginseng is endangered in the wild.
So it tends to be expensive.
It is now being grown on farms to protect wild American ginseng from over-harvesting.



WHAT IS AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT MADE OF?
American Ginseng Root Extract products are made from ginseng root and the long, thin offshoots called root hairs.
The main chemical ingredients of American Ginseng Root Extract are ginsenosides and polysaccharide glycans (quinquefolans A, B, and C).
American Ginseng Root Extract seems to be more relaxing than Asian ginseng, which may have stimulating effects.



AVAILABLE FORMS OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
American Ginseng Root Extract is available in water, water and alcohol, alcohol liquid extracts, and in powders, capsules, and tablets.
American Ginseng Root Extract is available with other herbs in several combination formulas.

Be sure to read the label carefully so that you are purchasing the type of ginseng that you want.
If you are looking for Asian ginseng, make sure you buy Korean, red, or Panax ginseng.
If you are looking for American Ginseng Root Extract, you should buy Panax quinquefolius.

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus), which is sometimes called Siberian ginseng, may also be found in health food stores or pharmacies.
It does not have the same active ingredients as Asian or American Ginseng Root Extract.

Both American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolius, L.) and Asian ginseng (P. Ginseng) may boost energy, lower blood sugar, and cholesterol levels, reduce stress, promote relaxation, treat diabetes, and manage sexual dysfunction in men.



IS AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT SAFE?
When taken by mouth: American Ginseng Root Extract is likely safe when used short-term.
Doses of 100-3000 mg daily have been used safely for up to 12 weeks.
Side effects might include headache, but American Ginseng Root Extract's usually well-tolerated.



TYPES OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
American Ginseng Root Extract is a distinctive type of ginseng used in traditional Chinese medicine.
American Ginseng Root Extract and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) are both considered true ginseng in that they contain an organic chemical called ginsenoside.

Even so, American Ginseng Root Extract has a different chemical makeup and "cooler" yin qualities than Asian ginseng.
American Ginseng Root Extract is also less stimulating.
Because of this, American Ginseng Root Extract is widely exported to Asia where it is highly valued for its cooling and sedative effects.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is not a true ginseng, It is a small, woody shrub with blackberry-like fruit found in northeastern Asia.
While it is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, neither the berries, leaves, stalks, nor roots contain ginsenoside.



BENEFITS OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
There are two main types of American Ginseng Root Extract: Asian or Korean Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng Root Extract (Panax quinquefolius).
Studies show that different types have different benefits.
In traditional Chinese medicine, American Ginseng Root Extract is considered less stimulating than the Asian variety.

Although many other herbs are called American Ginseng Root Extract—like Eleuthero or Siberian Ginseng Root Extract—they don't contain the active ingredient of ginsenosides.

American Ginseng Root Extract has traditionally been used for a number of medical conditions.
But American Ginseng Root Extract's benefits for most of them haven't been seriously researched.
Anecdotally, the root may help you:

*Build immunity.
Some studies show that American Ginseng Root Extract may boost your immune system.
There's some evidence that one particular type of Ginseng might lower the number and severity of colds in adults.

*Regulate blood sugar.
Several studies in people have shown that American Ginseng Root Extract may lower blood sugar levels.

*Improve focus.
There's some early evidence that American Ginseng Root Extract might give a small, short-term boost to concentration and learning.
Some studies of mental performance have combined American Ginseng Root Extract from leaves of the ginkgo tree, another traditional remedy said to help with dementia.
While these studies are intriguing, many experts feel we need more evidence.

*Reduce inflammation.
Some studies suggest that American Ginseng Root Extract may help control inflammatory diseases.



HOW EFFECTIVE IS AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT?
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for American Ginseng Root Extract are as follows:
Possibly effective for...
Upper airway infection.

Taking a specific American Ginseng Root Extract called CVT-E002 (Cold-FX, Afexa Life Sciences) by mouth during flu season might prevent cold or flu symptoms in some adults.
There is interest in using American Ginseng Root Extract for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.



CULTURE OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
In the local vernacular, American ginseng has been variously known as "cheng", "chang", "sang", or "shang".
Those collecting it have been called "shangers" and hunting for it has been called "hanging".
In Appalachia, the wild-harvesting of American ginseng is called "sang hunting".
Some blue-collar Appalachian families have been hunting sang for generations



PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT
Like Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng contains dammarane-type ginsenosides, or saponins, as the major biologically active constituents.
Dammarane-type ginsenosides include two classifications: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT).

American ginseng contains high levels of Rb1, Rd (PPD classification), and Re (PPT classification) ginsenosides—higher than that of P. ginseng in one study.
When taken orally, PPD-type ginsenosides are mostly metabolized by intestinal bacteria (anaerobes) to PPD monoglucoside, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (M1).

In humans, M1 is detected in plasma starting seven hours after intake of PPD-type ginsenosides and in urine starting 12 hours after intake.
These findings indicate M1 is the final metabolite of PPD-type ginsenosides.
M1 is referred to in some articles as IH-901, and in others as compound-K.



TAXONOMY OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
Panax quinquefolius was described as Aureliana canadensis by the French ethnologist and naturalist Joseph-François Lafitau in 1718.
As a Jesuit missionary in New France, Lafitau discovered ginseng near Montreal in 1716.

In his search for a specimen, Father Lafitau enlisted the help of the Iroquois by showing them a published botanical illustration of gin-seng, a Chinese name for a plant now known as Panax ginseng.
The Iroquois referred to American ginseng as garent-oguen, which means "resembles man" or "a man's thigh" in Iroquoian language.

Aureliana canadensis was further described by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in 1747.
Catesby published a striking color illustration of a live specimen transplanted from Pennsylvania to the garden of English botanist Peter Collinson in Peckham.

Aureliana canadensis Lafitau ex Catesby is an invalid name since it was published prior to 1 May 1753.
The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus validly described Panax quinquefolium in 1753, but the name was later corrected to Panax quinquefolius.
Linnaeus placed Aureliana canadensis Lafitau ex Catesby in synonymy with Panax quinquefolius, citing both Lafitau [1718] and Catesby [1747].

Its type specimen, designated in 1991, was reportedly collected by Pehr Kalm near Quebec in 1749.
The specific epithet quinquefolius means "five-leaved", which refers to the typical number of leaflets per leaf.



ETYMOLOGY OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
The name ginseng derives from the Chinese herbalism term, jen-shen.
Other Chinese names are huaqishen (simplified Chinese: 花旗参; traditional Chinese: 花旗參; pinyin: huāqíshēn; Cantonese Yale: fākèihsām; lit. 'Flower Flag ginseng') or xiyangshen (simplified Chinese: 西洋参; traditional Chinese: 西洋參; pinyin: xīyángshēn; Cantonese Yale: sāiyèuhngsām; lit. 'west ocean ginseng').
The word "panax" is derived from the Greek 'Panakos' (panacea), in reference to the various benefits attributed to the herb.



DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
Panax quinquefolius is native to eastern United States and southeastern Canada.
It is found primarily in the Appalachian and Ozark mountains of the United States where it prefers full shade environments in deciduous hardwood forests.
It is introduced and cultivated in the following Chinese provinces: Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, and Liaoning.



ECOLOGY OF AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
Panax quinquefolius is a summer flowering plant.
In New England, flower buds and leaves emerge simultaneously around the middle of June, with flowers eventually appearing in July.
Fruits mature to a deep red color by early September.

The seeds exhibit a type of dormancy called morphophysiological dormancy, sometimes called "double dormancy", which requires two full winters to completely break dormancy.
Germination finally takes place eighteen months after the fruit initially ripened.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
Physical State: Solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting Point/Freezing Point: No data available
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: No data available
Flammability (Solid, Gas): No data available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, Kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, Dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: No data available
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: No data available
Other Safety Information: No data available



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Oxygen if necessary.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
*Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water
system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
required when dusts are generated.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMERICAN GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


AMGARD TBEP
AMGARD TBEP is a clear, colorless liquid.
AMGARD TBEP is a phosphine oxide and thus very stable in nature.
AMGARD TBEP is used as a solvent in some resins


CAS NUMBER: 78-51-378-51-3

EC NUMBER: 201-122-9

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C18H39O7P

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 398.5

IUPAC NAME: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate



AMGARD TBEP has many applications including plasticizing agent in acrylic based polishes, defoamer agent in acrylics, knockdown”defoamer in paint, textile and paper and as a halide free flame retardant in polymer systems.
AMGARD TBEP is tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate-based plasticizer and defoamer.

AMGARD TBEP also acts as a leveling agent for acrylic and styrenic floor polishes and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.
AMGARD TBEP is a high purity phosphine oxide which found its initial chemistry in defoamer applications such as water dispersants and papermaking.

AMGARD TBEP also has very established chemistry in paint applications as a defoamer.
Furthermore, AMGARD TBEP can act as a plasticizing agent in acrylics bringing benefi ts in levelling and gloss.

AMGARD TBEP can also be employed in polymers as a fl ame retardant and heat resistant additive.
AMGARD TBEP is used as a plasticizer for PVC, chlorinated rubber, and nitriles due to its flame retardant nature and good low temperature flexibility.

AMGARD TBEP is also used for emulsions of floor polishes, as leveling agent in latex paints and waxes, a processing aid for acrylonitrile rubber, and an antiblock agent for cast polyurethanes.
AMGARD TBEP is a light-colored

AMGARD TBEP has high boiling point
AMGARD TBEP is non-flammable

AMGARD TBEP is a viscous liquid.
AMGARD TBEP is generally used as a plasticizer in rubber and plastics, and aids in floor polish formation (as well as in other surface coatings), leveling and improves gloss.

AMGARD TBEP is an organophosphate
AMGARD TBEP can be used in the preparation of flame retardant, such as viscose fiber.

AMGARD TBEP is used mainly as a component in floor polishes
AMGARD TBEP is used as a viscosity modifier in plastisols

AMGARD TBEP is used as an antifoam
AMGARD TBEP is also used as a plasticizer in synthetic rubber, plastics and lacquers.

AMGARD TBEP is widely used as a plasticizer in rubber stoppers for vacutainer tubes and plastic ware
AMGARD TBEP is widely used in household materials such as plasticizer, floor polish and flame retardant in plastic resins and synthetic rubbers.

AMGARD TBEP-based is a plasticizer and defoamer.
AMGARD TBEP also acts as a leveling agent for acrylic and styrenic floor polishes and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.

AMGARD TBEP is used as a plasticizer for polymer dispersions and also improves wetting-levelling properties of dry-bright emulsions.
AMGARD TBEP is a phosphate ester used as plasticizer for polymer dispersions.

AMGARD TBEP is used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems.
AMGARD TBEP can be used also in conjunction with other flame retardants.

AMGARD TBEP is slightly yellow, oily liquid.
AMGARD TBEP is insoluble or limited solubility in glycerol, glycols, and certain amines

AMGARD TBEP is soluble in most organic liquids.
AMGARD TBEP is combustible.

AMGARD TBEP is a trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.
AMGARD TBEP has a role as an environmental contaminant and a flame retardant.

AMGARD TBEP is a phosphate ester flame retardant
AMGARD TBEP is used in floor polishes and as a plasticizer in rubber and plastics.

AMGARD TBEP is more soluble in non-polar than in polar solvents.
AMGARD TBEP is produced by reacting phosphorus oxychloride and butoxyethanol (butyl glycol) and stripping hydrochloric acid and excess of butoxyethanol.

AMGARD TBEP is a trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.
AMGARD TBEP has a role as an environmental contaminant and a flame retardant.
AMGARD TBEP is a slightly yellow viscous liquid.

AMGARD TBEP is used in the following products:
-washing & cleaning products
-polishes and waxes
-plant protection products
-water treatment chemicals

AMGARD TBEP is used in the following products:
-plant protection products
-hydraulic fluids
-lubricants and greases
-metal working fluids
-washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes

AMGARD TBEP has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
AMGARD TBEP is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

AMGARD TBEP is used for the manufacture of:
AMGARD TBEP is used in polymers and textile treatment products

AMGARD TBEP is used in dyes.
AMGARD TBEP is an organic flame retardant


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

-Molecular Weight: 398.5

-XLogP3-AA: 2.8

-Exact Mass: 398.24334058

-Monoisotopic Mass: 398.24334058

-Topological Polar Surface Area: 72.4 Ų

-Physical Description: Slightly yellow liquid with a sweetish odor

-Color: Slightly yellow

-Form: oily liquid

-Odor: Butyl-like

-Boiling Point: 255 °C

-Melting Point: -70 °C

-Flash Point: >113 °C

-Solubility: 1,100 mg/L

-Density: 1.02 g/cu cm

-Vapor Density: 13.8

-Vapor Pressure: 0.03 mmHg

-Refractive Index: 1.434


AMGARD TBEP is a phosphate ester that, thanks to its structure, can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.
AMGARD TBEP is in fact a multifunctional additive that may be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems and is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.

AMGARD TBEP is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.
The above properties in combination with inherent flame retardancy makes AMGARD TBEP a real multifunctional additive essential to many polymer formulations.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0

-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7

-Rotatable Bond Count: 21

-Heavy Atom Count: 26

-Formal Charge: 0

-Complexity: 281

-Isotope Atom Count: 0

-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

-Chemical Classes: Other Classes -> Organophosphates, Other



AMGARD TBEP is a phosphate ester
AMGARD TBEP can be used in many applications including plasticisation, solvation, flame retardancy and defoaming.

AMGARD TBEP is in fact a multifunctional additive
AMGARD TBEP can be used to modify the properties of many polymer systems

AMGARD TBEP is a particularly good levelling aid and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.
AMGARD TBEP is used in a mixed solvent/aqueous system as a defoamer during production and as a secondary plasticiser in many polymers.

APPLICATIONS:

*in acrylic based polishes where its coalescent and plasticising properties will improve levelling and gloss, enabling a "dry bright" finish to be obtained.
AMGARD TBEP will also reduce surface defects such as streaking, crazing, and powdering.
AMGARD TBEP is used also in acrylic gloss paint formulations as a coalescent and defoamer.

*AMGARD TBEP also helps to improve pigment wetting and rheological properties with a minimal effect on reflectance Tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP) is a highly effective "knockdown" defoamer used extensively in paint, textile and paper industries.

*AMGARD TBEP is also used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems.
AMGARD TBEP can be used also in conjunction with other flame retardants.

AMGARD TBEP also acts as a leveling agent for acrylic and styrenic floor polishes and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.
AMGARD TBEP is used as a plasticizer for PVC
AMGARD TBEP is also used for emulsions of floor polishes, as leveling agent in latex paints and waxes, a processing aid for acrylonitrile rubber, and an antiblock agent for cast polyurethanes.

AMGARD TBEP is a light-colored
AMGARD TBEP has high boiling point

AMGARD TBEP is non-flammable
AMGARD TBEP is a viscous liquid.

AMGARD TBEP is an organophosphate
AMGARD TBEP is used as an antifoam
AMGARD TBEP is also used as a plasticizer in synthetic rubber, plastics and lacquers.

AMGARD TBEP is widely used in household materials such as plasticizer, floor polish and flame retardant in plastic resins and synthetic rubbers.
AMGARD TBEP is used as a plasticizer for polymer dispersions and also improves wetting-levelling properties of dry-bright emulsions.

AMGARD TBEP is a phosphate ester used as plasticizer for polymer dispersions.
AMGARD TBEP is used as a halogen free flame retardant additive in polymer systems.

AMGARD TBEP is soluble in most organic liquids.
AMGARD TBEP is used in floor polishes and as a plasticizer in rubber and plastics.

AMGARD TBEP is a slightly yellow viscous liquid.
AMGARD TBEP is used in polymers and textile treatment products
AMGARD TBEP is used in dyes.


SYNONYMS:

2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Other names: KP 140
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
TBEP
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Kronitex KP-140
Phosflex T-bep
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Amgard TBEP
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
NSC 4839
31227-66-4
19040-50-7
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
tri(2-butylethylether) phosphate
tributoxyethyl phosphate
tributyl cellosolve phosphate
tris(2-n-butoxyethyl)phosphate
tris(butylglycol) phosphate
Phosphate de tris(2-butoxyéthyle)
phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid, tri(butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphat
tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) phosphate
1716010 [Beilstein]
2-butoxyethanol phosphate
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
2-BUTOXYETHANOL PHOSPHATE (3:1)
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
4O2OPO&O2O4&O2O4 [WLN]
Amgard TBEP
EINECS 201-122-9
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
ETHANOL, 2-BUTOXY-, PHOSPHATE (3:1)
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:35038
Kronitex KP-140
NCGC00091600-02
Phosflex T-be
Phosflex T-bep
phosphoric acid tris-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
pTri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
TBEP
Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
TRI-(2-BUTOXYETHYL)-PHOSPHATE
Tri-(2-Butoxyethyl)phosphate (en)
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
TRI-2-BUTOXYETHYL PHOSPHATE
Tributoxy Ethyl Phosphate
Tri-butoxyethyl phosphate
TRIBUTOXYETHYL PHOSPHATE
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
Tris(2-butyloxyethyl)phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate
tris[2-(butyloxy)ethyl] phosphate
Tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
78-51-3
TBEP
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
Phosflex T-bep
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Kronitex KP-140
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
KP 140
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
NSC 4839
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
UNII-RYA6940G86
CCRIS 5942
Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
HSDB 2564
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate (3:1)
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
tributoxy ethyl phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
EINECS 201-122-9
Tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
tris[2-(butyloxy)ethyl] phosphate
TBEP;KP 140;Hostaphat B 310
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 95%
CAS-78-51-3
Phosphoric acid, tri(butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate,C18H39O7P,78-51-3
tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate
C18H39O7P
Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester
EC 201-122-9
tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl)
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 94%
TRI-(2-BUTOXYETHYL)-PHOSPHATE
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl)ester
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric Acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
TBEP
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris2-butoxyethyl
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
78-51-3
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE
Tributoxyethyl phosphate
TBEP
Phosflex T-bep
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
KP 140
Kronitex KP-140
Tributyl cellosolve phosphate
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, phosphate (3:1)
Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Phosphoric acid, tributoxyethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tri(2-butoxyethanol)phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat
tributoxy ethyl phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate
Tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate
Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
tris[2-(butyloxy)ethyl] phosphate
Phosphoric acid, tri-(2-butoxyethyl) ester
2-Butoxyethanol, phosphate
CAS-78-51-3
Phosphoric acid, tri(butoxyethyl) ester
Tri(2-butoxyethanol) phosphate
2-Butoxyethanol phosphate (3:1)
EINECS 201-122-9
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)fosfat [Czech]
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate,C18H39O7P,78-51-3
tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate
Tri-(2-Butoxyethyl)phosphate
tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate
2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate (3:1)
Phosphoric acid tris(2-butoxyethyl)
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 94%
Tris(2-butoxyethyl)ester phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl)ester
Phosphoric acid tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) ester
TRI(2-BUTOXYETHYL) PHOSPHATE

AMGARD TBEP
Amgard TBEP is a clear, colorless liquid.
Amgard TBEP is a phosphine oxide and thus very stable in nature.
Amgard TBEP has many applications including plasticizing agent in acrylic based polishes, defoamer agent in acrylics, “knockdown” defoamer in paint, textile and paper and as a halide free flame retardant in polymer systems.

CAS Number: 78-51-3
EC Number: 201-122-9



APPLICATIONS


Amgard TBEP has several applications in various industries, including:


Plasticizing agent:

Amgard TBEP is commonly used as a plasticizing agent in acrylic-based polishes, lacquers, and coatings.


Defoamer agent:

Amgard TBEP is used as a defoamer agent in acrylics and as a "knockdown" defoamer in paints, textiles, and paper products.


Flame retardant:

Amgard TBEP is used as a halide-free flame retardant in polymer systems such as polyurethane foams, PVC, and other plastics.


Adhesive applications:

Amgard TBEP is used as an additive in adhesive formulations to improve performance and stability.


Lubricant applications:

Amgard TBEP can be used as a lubricant in metalworking fluids and hydraulic fluids.


Overall, Amgard TBEP has many industrial applications due to its stability, low toxicity, and flame retardant properties.


Amgard TBEP is commonly used as a plasticizer in PVC to make it more flexible.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in adhesives to improve safety.
Amgard TBEP is often used as a processing aid for engineering thermoplastics to improve their melt flow properties.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a viscosity modifier in polyurethane systems.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in thermosetting resins such as phenolics and epoxy resins.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a mold release agent in polyurethane foam production.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in flexible polyurethane foams.

Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of rigid polyurethane foam to improve cell structure.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a stabilizer in water-based latex paints.
Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers to improve flexibility.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in extrusion and injection molding of thermoplastics.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in textile coatings to improve fire resistance.

Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers to improve flexibility and adhesion.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a coalescing agent in latex coatings to improve film formation.
Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in synthetic rubber to improve elasticity.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in unsaturated polyester resins to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a defoamer in oil-based drilling fluids to reduce foam.

Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polycarbonate resins to improve melt flow.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a lubricant in metalworking fluids to improve performance.

Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in electrical cable insulation to improve safety.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in flexible PVC foam to improve softness and resilience.
Amgard TBEP is used as a defoamer in paper coatings to reduce foam.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyether polyols to improve reactivity.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in unsaturated polyester gelcoats to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in vinylidene chloride copolymers to improve flexibility and gas barrier properties.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in polyurethane adhesives to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of thermoplastic elastomers to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) to improve impact resistance and flexibility.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in polyolefin film to improve fire resistance.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a defoamer in metalworking fluids to reduce foam.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyethylene to improve melt flow and dispersion of pigments.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl butyral (PVB) to improve flexibility and adhesion.

Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in thermoplastic polyester to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polystyrene to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.

Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) to improve flexibility and toughness.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in rigid polyurethane foam to improve fire resistance.

Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polypropylene to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyester resins to improve flexibility and toughness.

Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a defoamer in food processing to reduce foam.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of nylon to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in butadiene rubber to improve elasticity.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to improve fire resistance.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.
Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in epoxy resins to improve flexibility and toughness.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVA) to improve flexibility and adhesion.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in epoxy adhesives to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polycarbonate to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyurethane coatings to improve flexibility and impact resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film to improve fire resistance.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a defoamer in paints and coatings to reduce foam.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) to improve flexibility and adhesion.

Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.

Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in polyethylene to improve flexibility and impact resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in polyphenylene oxide (PPO) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) to improve melt flow and dispersion of pigments.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisols to improve flexibility and adhesion.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a defoamer in industrial cleaning agents to reduce foam.

Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) to improve melt flow and dispersion of additives.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emulsions to improve flexibility and adhesion.

Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polystyrene foam to improve melt flow and dispersion of blowing agents.

Amgard TBEP is used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers to improve flexibility and adhesion.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a flame retardant in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-styrene (PC/ABS) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a processing aid in the manufacturing of polyamide to improve melt flow and dispersion of fillers.

Amgard TBEP can be used as a plasticizer in chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) to improve flexibility and impact resistance.
Amgard TBEP is used as a flame retardant in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) to improve fire resistance.
Amgard TBEP can be used as a defoamer in water treatment chemicals to reduce foam.



DESCRIPTION


Amgard TBEP is a clear, colorless liquid.
Amgard TBEP is a phosphine oxide and thus very stable in nature.
Amgard TBEP has many applications including plasticizing agent in acrylic based polishes, defoamer agent in acrylics, “knockdown” defoamer in paint, textile and paper and as a halide free flame retardant in polymer systems.

Amgard TBEP is tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate-based plasticizer and defoamer.
Amgard TBEP also acts as a leveling agent for acrylic and styrenic floor polishes and coalescent additive for emulsion polymers.

Amgard TBEP is a phosphine oxide compound with the chemical name tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.
Amgard TBEP is a clear, colorless liquid that is highly stable due to its phosphine oxide structure.

Amgard TBEP has several applications in the chemical industry.
Amgard TBEP is commonly used as a plasticizing agent in acrylic-based polishes and as a defoamer agent in acrylics.

Amgard TBEP can also be used as a "knockdown" defoamer in paints, textiles, and paper products. Additionally, Amgard TBEP is used as a halide-free flame retardant in polymer systems.
It's worth noting that while Amgard TBEP is generally considered safe for its intended applications, it is important to handle it with care and follow proper safety protocols, as with any chemical.

Amgard TBEP is a clear, colorless liquid.
Amgard TBEP has a mild odor.

The chemical formula for Amgard TBEP is C18H39O4P.
Amgard TBEP has a molecular weight of 358.47 g/mol.

Amgard TBEP is soluble in many organic solvents.
Amgard TBEP is stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
The flashpoint of Amgard TBEP is 232 °C (450 °F).

Amgard TBEP has a boiling point of approximately 370 °C (698 °F).
Amgard TBEP is primarily used as a plasticizer and flame retardant.

Amgard TBEP is compatible with a wide range of polymers, including PVC, polyurethane, and acrylics.
Amgard TBEP is commonly used in the production of coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
Amgard TBEP is also used in the manufacture of textiles, leather, and paper products.

Amgard TBEP is a non-halogenated flame retardant, making it an environmentally friendly alternative to other flame retardants.
Amgard TBEP is not classified as a hazardous substance by major regulatory agencies.
Amgard TBEP is considered to be relatively low in toxicity and is not expected to pose a significant risk to human health or the environment.

Amgard TBEP has a low vapor pressure, reducing the risk of inhalation exposure.
Amgard TBEP is recommended to use protective equipment when handling Amgard TBEP, including gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing.

Amgard TBEP should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from sources of ignition and incompatible materials.
Proper ventilation should be provided in areas where Amgard TBEP is used or stored.

Amgard TBEP should be handled and disposed of in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
The chemical should not be released to the environment, including soil, water, or air.
Amgard TBEP should be kept out of reach of children and pets.



PROPERTIES


Physical properties:

Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Molecular weight: 310.35 g/mol
Density: 1.16 g/cm3 at 20°C
Melting point: -65°C
Boiling point: 292°C
Flash point: 185°C (closed cup)
Vapor pressure: 0.001 mmHg at 20°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, and toluene


Chemical properties:

Chemical formula: C18H39O4P
Structure: Phosphine oxide
Hydrolysis: Stable to hydrolysis under acidic or alkaline conditions
Oxidation: Stable to oxidation
pH stability: Stable over a wide pH range


Other properties:

Viscosity: Low viscosity
Flammability: Non-flammable
Toxicity: Low acute toxicity; non-carcinogenic
Environmental persistence: Low persistence in the environment; not expected to bioaccumulate



FIRST AID


The first aid measures that should be taken in case of exposure to Amgard TBEP are as follows:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash affected areas thoroughly with soap and water.

In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if irritation or symptoms persist.

If Amgard TBEP is ingested, do not induce vomiting, but rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.

If the substance is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention if symptoms such as difficulty breathing or irritation of the respiratory tract persist.

If someone has been exposed to a large amount of Amgard TBEP or if symptoms develop, seek medical attention immediately.


It is important to always handle Amgard TBEP with caution and to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and a respirator when working with the substance.
Store the substance in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat and sources of ignition.
Follow all safety precautions and guidelines when using Amgard TBEP, and always read the product label and safety data sheet (SDS) before use.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Here are some handling and storage information for Amgard TBEP:


Handling:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and a respirator when handling Amgard TBEP.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. In case of contact, wash affected areas thoroughly with soap and water.
Use in a well-ventilated area and avoid breathing in vapors or mist.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Amgard TBEP.
Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to the substance.
Follow all safety precautions and guidelines when using Amgard TBEP, and always read the product label and safety data sheet (SDS) before use.


Storage:

Store Amgard TBEP in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat and sources of ignition.
Keep the container tightly closed and upright to prevent spills or leaks.
Store away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers, acids, and bases.
Keep out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.

Follow all local, state, and federal regulations for storage and disposal of the substance.
These are some general guidelines for handling and storage of Amgard TBEP. It is important to always consult the product label and SDS for specific instructions and recommendations.



SYNONYMS


Tri(butoxyethyl) phosphate
TBEP
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Triethyl phosphonoacetate
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethyl)-, triethyl ester
Tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethyl)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphoric acid
Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphat
Tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate
Tris(butoxyethoxy)phosphine oxide
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)phosphate
Triethylene glycol dibutoxyethyl phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy) phosphoric acid
Tri(butoxyethoxy) phosphoric acid
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, triester with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphine oxide
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy) phosphate
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate
Tris[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethyl]phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-phosphate
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)phosphonic acid
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester
Tris[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, ammonium salt
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy) phosphoric acid ester with neopentyl glycol
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-octadecanol
Tris[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, ammonium salt (1:1)
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy) phosphoric acid ester with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)phosphate ammonium salt
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-octadecanol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl]phosphate
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-dodecanol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphoric acid
Phosphonic acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-octadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, ammonium salt
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-hexadecanol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-dodecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, ammonium salt
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphoric acid, ammonium salt
Tris[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphonic acid
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphonic acid
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, ammonium salt
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-octadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 1-octadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphonic acid
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, ammonium salt (1:1)
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, ammonium salt (1:1)
Tris[2-(butoxyethoxy)ethyl]phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-octadecanol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol
Tris(2-butoxyethoxy)phosphate, reaction products
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-octadecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphoric acid, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-tetradecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-dodecanol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 1-dodecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-tetradecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 1-dodecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphoric acid, reaction products with 1-octadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, (2-butoxyethoxy)-, tris(2-butoxyethyl) ester, reaction products with 1-tetradecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Phosphoric acid, tris(2-butoxyethoxy)-, reaction products with 1-hexadecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphoric acid, reaction products with 1-dodecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 1-tetradecanol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Tris[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-octadecanol
Tris[butoxyethoxy-(2)]phosphate, reaction products with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and 1-hexadecanol
AMIDE WAX
Amide wax is an excellent lubricant for sintering.
Amide wax is in a non-ionic aqueous dispersion.
Amide wax is an easy-to-use liquid that is suitable for use in auto dosage units.


CAS number: -
EC / List number: 937-094-6


Amide wax is made of advanced unique powder forming process.
Amide wax is obtained when fatty acids react with amines and diamines.
Amide wax is brittle and hard with a low penetration.


Amide wax is known to possess good antisettling and migration characteristics.
When added to paint formulations Amide wax does reduce gloss but impart a satin texture to the coating.
Some of Amide wax's limitations include tendency to thicken solvent borne coatings and causing yellowing in light colored thermoset coatings.


Amide wax is white, light yellow powder or particles.
Amide wax is yellowish, hard waxes made from ethylene bis-stearamide.
Amide wax is recommended for solvent and water based coatings and inks.


Amide wax has also excellent degassing properties in powder coatings.
Amide Wax Market size is projected to reach Multimillion USD by 2029, In comparison to 2022, at unexpected CAGR during 2022-2029.
Despite the presence of intense competition, due to the global recovery trend is clear, investors are still optimistic about this area, and Amide wax will still be more new investments entering the field in the future.


Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, making Amide wax more widely used in downstream applications.
Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the Amide Wax market.
The Global Amide Wax market is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period, between 2022 and 2030.


In 2021, the market of Amide wax is growing at a steady rate and with the rising adoption of strategies by key players, the market is expected to rise over the projected horizon.
North America, especially The United States, will still play an important role which cannot be ignored.


Any changes from United States might affect the development trend of Amide Wax.
The market in North America is expected to grow considerably during the forecast period.
The high adoption of advanced technology and the presence of large players in this region are likely to create ample growth opportunities for the market.


Europe also play important roles in global market, with a magnificent growth in CAGR During the Forecast period 2022-2029.
The Amide Wax market is expected to grow annually by magnificent.
Amide wax is an ecofriendly version of rheological additive which is the newest enhancement of amide wax.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMIDE WAX:
Amide wax is used as a lubricant in the printing inks and coatings industry.
In the plastics industry and powder metallurgy, Amide wax is used as lubricants or processing aids.
Other applications of Amide wax include rubber, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics, leather and textiles, paper and packaging as well as road construction.


Amide wax is based rheology modifiers for paint system, it can also be used in Ink, Coatings, PU sealants etc. excellent thixotropy in various kinds of coating systems.
Amide wax can provide good thickening, anti-settling and anti-sagging effect.
Amide wax has good thixotropy, suitable for various kinds of solvent coating systems.


Especially in marine paint and anti-corrosive paint, Amide wax can form a mesh structure with the effect of anti-settling and anti-sagging.
Amide wax can improve the grindability when used in NC Nitroncellulose and acid cured resin those paint systems.
When used in powder coating, Amide wax can increase its charging state.


In some porous surfaces like iron casting, Amide wax acts as degassing agent.
When Amide wax works together with the HAA and benzoin curing system, it can reduce the yellowish of the benzoin.
Amide wax is suitable for processing of various inks and coating systems.


The waxes improve the gloss and slip of the coating surface and also provide defoaming effects.
Amide wax is a slip additive in various printing ink systems.
Additionally Amide wax also provides rub and scratch resistance.


In solvent and water based coatings the micronized amide wax performs as scratch resistance additive and lowers the coefficient of friction.
Furthermore Amide wax improves the sand ability of wood coating and creates a soft touch effect on the surface.
In powder coatings Amide wax is a very effective degassing agent, especially for polyester based coatings.


In addition high water repellence effect and scratch resistance can be achieved by adding the Amide wax.
Also the anti blocking behavior of the cured lacquer is improved with the add-on of Amide wax.
Amide wax is a fine particle dispersing agent and is recommended for engineering polymers like PA, PC, PET, PBT, TPU, etc.


Amide wax is used dispersing agent, especially for hard-to-disperse pigments in masterbatches based on polyolefines and engineering resins like PA,PBT,PET,PC,PDM,TPU,PS etc.
Amide wax is used as additive for paints and coatings, sandin gaid and slip additive for inks.


Amide wax is applicable to low toxic solvent systems which is not associated with B.T.X (Benzene group) or applicable to most of aliphatic solvent based synthetic resin coatings
This is a high performance amide wax applicable to most of solvent based synthetic resin coatings and develops an exceptionally strong and durable thixotropic structure.


Amide wax is used make many breakthroughs in making healthier products that are environmentally friendly.
Amide wax is used for solvent and water-based coatings, powder coatings, and printing inks.
Amide wax can also be used in plastic application as dispersion and lubricating agent.


For liquid coatings and inks, Amide wax offers excellent anti-blocking and slip properties, water repellency effect, and enhances scratch resistance, with minimal impact of transparency.
Amide wax can be used in can coating application as meat releasing agent.


In powder coatings, Amide wax acts as an effective degassing agent and is suitable for post-blending.
Amide wax also demonstrates excellent dispersion and lubricating properties in plastic application.
Amide wax is used Anti-sagging, Anti-settling, and Thickening Agent


Amide wax is applicable to a wide range of solvent base synthetic resin coating and develops an exceptionally strong and long-lasting thixotropic structure.
Amide wax is used heavy duty protective coatings and ambient curing solvent based epoxy coatings to provide excellent recoat ability.
Amide wax is an additive free dispersion of micronized amide wax in water.


The use of Amide wax imparts excellent velvet surface feel, improved sand ability and grain enhancement (Anfeuerung).
The dispersion is made without using dispersing additives, emulsifiers and defoamers and is thus highly compatible without negative influence on the coating performance.
Amide wax is used sintering industry as a lubricant.


Amide wax is recommended for use in the water-based coating systems.
Amide wax is used any of several types of amide-containing wax, such as stearamide and oleoamide.
Amide wax is commonly used as release agents.


For example, bags contain amide waxes to prevent the interior surfaces from sticking.
Amide wax is highly fragmented with the unique use of advanced powder molding process combined with modern nanotechnology.
Compared with traditional grinding mill products, Amide wax can help achieve anti-rub, abrasion resistance and slip characteristics in inks and coatings applications.


Amide wax is specifically composited micronized amide waxes.
Amide wax can improve pigment wetting and allows better degassing of powder coating based on polyester, polyester/epoxy,epoxy, acrylics and polyurethane.
Amide wax has a high affinity to metal surfaces, spreading on hot surfaces, anti blocking.


Amide wax is used in Metal die casting, lubricants, and hot melt adhesives.
Amide wax is used Rubber Industry, Releasing agent.


-ANTI-GLASSFIBRE EXPOSURE AGENT:
Amide wax is used in glass fiber reinforced PA, PBT, ABS, POM products, to prevent glass fiber from outcropping.
Amide wax is used in strengthening of PC, PPS, PPO to have a better thermal resistance.
Recommended dosage of Amide wax is 0.5 – 2%.


-ENHANCED DISPERSING AGENT:
Amide wax is used as efficient dispersing agent in high concentration color masterbatch, and specific color pigments which are difficult to disperse such as Carbon Black, Phthalocyanine Blue & Phthalocyanine Green.
Recommended dosage of Amide wax is 0.5 – 3%.


-HIGH GLOSS LUBRICANT:
Amide wax is used in plastic compounding & masterbatch; Increase fluidity and surface brightness of product for reinforced flame-retardant nylon which require higher processing temperature.
Recommended dosage of Amide wax is 0.5 – 1%.


-INORGANIC POWDER:
As coating agent with coupling agent & stearic acid, Amide wax enhances the overall performance and solve the issue of mold coking.
Recommended dosage of Amide wax is 0.5 – 2%.


-OTHER APPLICATIONS:
Amide wax is used modifying agent for road asphalt & water-proofing coating materials.
Amide wax is used as release agent for PE isolation film in tires.


-Applications include:
*Extrusion and injection of rigid or soft PVC. External lubricant.
*Rubber and PE with high molecular weight.
*Cable coverings.
*Rigid PVC extrusion. Gives good shine. Non-transparent rigid polymers.
*Anti-static.
*Hardening agent for paints, lacquers, asphalts, etc.
*In PVC used for calendering or blown film extrusion.
*Lubricant for ABS, polystyrene, acrylnitrile styrene, polystyrene and polypropylene pigment dispersion agent.



BENEFITS OF AMIDE WAX:
*Acts as a degassing agent in powder coatings
*Excellent anti-blocking and slip properties
*Good scratch resistance properties
*Increased matting
*High water repellent effect
*Improved sand-ability of wood coatings
*no influence on the transparency of polymers
*Excellent dispersion and lubricating properties in plastics applications



THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT AMIDE WAXES:
One normally distinguishes between primary and secondary types of amide waxes.
Both types are semi-synthetic waxes, i.e. the fatty acid portion is of native origin and comes from either a vegetable or an animal source.

Secondary amide waxes are essentially the synthetically manufactured EBS = ethylene-bis-stearamides, frequently also known by the name EDS = ethylene distearmides.
These secondary amide waxes are synthesised from ethylenediamine and stearic acid (usually based on animal fats, although a vegetable stearic acid is also possible upon request) in a nitrogen atmosphere, and are used as an effective and cheap process aid in many technical applications.

Our primary amide waxes, such as, among others, erucic acid amide, stearic acids amide, and oleamide are exclusively synthesised on the basis of vegetable fatty acids.
The primary and secondary amide waxes have in common that they possess good lubricating and sliding properties in many applications , act as flow improvers, or are used as dispersion additives, especially if the transparency and colour characteristics of the end product are to remain unaffected.

Typical areas of application are the plastics and rubber industries, printing ink production, paint industry, powder metallurgy, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics, leather & textiles, paper and roadbuilding.



CHARACTERISTICS AND PURPOSES OF AMIDE WAX:
Amide wax with ultrafine particle size, high melting point, outstanding grindability and smoothness, good recoatability, breathability, and anti-blocking.
Amide wax can improve the grindability when used in NC Nitroncellulose and acid cured resin those paint systems.
To ensure the fully wetting of Amide wax, the mixing time should more than 15 minutes under high-shear dispersion device.

When used in powder coating, we suggest to use the post addition method, by which can increase its charging state.
In some porous surfaces like iron casting, Amide wax acts as degassing agent.
When works together with the HAA and benzoin curing system, Amide wax can reduce the yellowish of the benzoin.
The additional amount of Amide wax is less than 1.5 %.



CONTENT AND METHODS OF USE OF AMIDE WAX:
In a variety of systems, the additional amount of Amide wax is generally between 0.5 to 3%.
Usually by a direct high-speed stirring, Amide wax can disperse in solvent-based coatings and printing inks directly.

Amide wax can be added by using varieties of grinding machines, and high-shear dispersing devices.
Should pay attention to temperature control.
Can make wax slurry with the wax at 20-30%; add Amide wax into the systems when needed, by which can save the dispersion time.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMIDE WAX:
Appearance: white micronized powder
Acid value [mg KOH/g]: 5.0 - 8.0
Drop point [°C]: 139 - 144
Particle size d50 [µm]: 5.5 - 7.5
Density (23°C) [g/cm³]: 0.99 - 1.01
Functions: Lubricants
Physical State: solid
Melting Point: 120-138 c
% Moisture: 0.2% Max
Globule Retention: Nil (100 % Passes through 150 Mesh)
Reaction with Iron Powder: No Reaction
Acid Value: Max.0.02805



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMIDE WAX:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMIDE WAX:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMIDE WAX:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMIDE WAX:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMIDE WAX:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMIDE WAX:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

AMIDET N
Amidet N presents better performance in terms of thickening and foaming than Cocamide DEA.
Amidet N is liquid non-ionic surfactant with good thickening and emulsifying properties.


CAS Number: 827613-35-4
Chemical name: PEG-4 Rapeseedamide
Chemical Composition: Polyoxyethylene Rapeseedamide
INCI name: PEG-4 Rapeseedamide
Ingredient Origin: Oleochemical, Synthetic



SYNONYMS:
Amides, Rape-Oil, N-(Hydroxyethyl), Ethoxylated



Amidet N is a high concentrated liquid surfactant - PEG-4 Rapeseedamide - which shows very good solubilizing and emulsifying properties.
Amidet N presents better performance in terms of thickening and foaming than Cocamide DEA.


Amidet N is a high concentrated liquid surfactant - PEG-4 Rapeseedamide - which shows very good solubilizing and emulsifying properties.
Amidet N presents better performance in terms of thickening and foaming than Cocamide DEA.
Amidet N is a liquid non-ionic surfactant with good thickening and emulsifying properties.


Amidet N is a high concentrated liquid surfactant - PEG-4 Rapeseedamide - which shows very good solubilizing and emulsifying properties.
Amidet N presents better performance in terms of thickening and foaming than Cocamide DEA.
Amidet N is liquid non-ionic surfactant with good thickening and emulsifying properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMIDET N:
Amidet N is a nitrosamine-free thickener and foam booster with emulsifying properties.
Amidet N also acts as surfactant, moisturizer and solubilizer.
Amidet N offers re-fatting skin effect, anti-corrosion and wetting power.


Amidet N is used in shampoos, shower bath, creams & lotions, hair colorants, shaving products and hand soaps.
Amidet N is used thickener and foam booster
Amidet N is used Personal Care — Beauty & Care, and Bath & Shower.


Amidet N ıs used lotions, Bath & Shower Applications, Body Wash, Bubble Bath.
Amidet N is used thickener and foam booster



PROPERTIES OF AMIDET N:
*Foam booster
*Solubilizer & Emulsifier
*Thickener



FEATURES OF AMIDET N:
*Amidet N is an effective thickener for foaming products, an emulsifier, a degreaser.
*Mild co-surfactant with good skin cleansing action, improves foaming and foam quality.
*Amidet N gives products a pleasant feeling on the skin.



FUNCTIONS OF AMIDET N:
Emulsifier, Foam Booster, Foaming Agent, Solubilizer, Solubilizer, Surfactant, Surfactant (Nonionic), Thickener, Thixotrope, Viscosity Modifier

-Cleaning Ingredients Functions
*Emulsifier,
*Foam Booster,
*Solubilizer,
*Surfactant,
*Surfactant (Nonionic)
*Thixotrope,
*Viscosity Modifier

-Cosmetic Ingredients Functions
*Emulsifier,
*Foam Booster,
*Foaming Agent,
*Solubilizer,
*Surfactant,
*Surfactant (Nonionic),
*Thickener,
*Viscosity Modifier



INDUSTRIES OF AMIDET N:
*Home Care
*Industrial & Institutional Cleaning
*Hair Care
*Skin Care
*Description



CLAIMS OF AMIDET N:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Non-ionics
*Moisturizing Agents
*Thickeners & Stabilizers
*Solubilizers
*foam booster



PROPERTIES OF AMIDET N:
*Nitroso amine free thickener and foam booster with emulsifying properties.
*Other properties : re-fatting skin effect, anticorrosion and wetting power.



CHARACTERISTIC OF AMIDET N:
*Amidet N is an effective thickener for foaming products, an emulsifier, a degreaser.
*Mild co-surfactant with good skin cleansing action, improves foaming and foam quality.
*Gives products a pleasant feeling on the skin.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMIDET N:
Product name: AMIDET N
Chemical Name: Polyoxyethylene Rapeseedamide
INCI Name: PEG-4 RAPESEEDAMIDE
Appearance: Liquid
Actual Matter (%): 95
Color (Gardner): G-4 maximum
Water, %: 6.5 – 8.5
Amide (mv/g): 1.64 – 1.75
Free amine (mv/g): 0.11 – 0.23
Viscosity (mPa.s/20°C): 500 maximum
Refraction index (nD 25): 1.4675 – 1.4705
pH (1% solution): 9.2 – 10.2
1,4-dioxane, ppm: 1 ppm maximum



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMIDET N:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMIDET N:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMIDET N:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMIDET N:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMIDET N:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMIDET N:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is a high functional silane with a hydrolysable methoxy group and a diamino group.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane acts as a silane coupling agent.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane improves desirable qualities such as mechanical strength, moisture or chemical resistance and electrical properties.


CAS Registry Number: 1760-24-3
EC Number: 217-164-6
MDL number: MFCD00008173
Molecular Formula: C8H22N2O3Si


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is a very representative silane coupling agent.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is a chemical reagent used in organometallic reactions and the process of signal amplification in biomolecular labelling.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is an amino functionalized silane coupling agent.
The individual molecules of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane contain two types of reactive functional groups that are amino group and alkoxy group characterized by different reactivity thus bonding with both organic and inorganic materials.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane acts as a sort of intermediary which bonds organic materials to inorganic materials.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane improves desirable qualities such as mechanical strength, moisture or chemical resistance and electrical properties.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane improves desirable qualities such as mechanical strength, moisture or chemical resistance and electrical properties.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants and coating products.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is extensively used in adhesives to improve adhesion.
Other release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).


Release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.


Other release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following products: coating products, adhesives and sealants and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and furniture.


Other release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following products: non-metal-surface treatment products, coating products, adhesives and sealants, polymers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners.


Release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following products: non-metal-surface treatment products, polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products and laboratory chemicals.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used in the following areas: building & construction work, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and scientific research and development.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), rubber products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and furniture.
Release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane improve adhesion between glass, mineral and metal surfaces and amino-reactive resins.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane improves adhesion,while maintaining good shelf stability as an additive in waterborne systems
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane may be used as an additive, meeting the need of special primers in numerous bonding applications.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used as the equivalent of Dynasylan DAMO or Momentive Silquest A-1120.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can erect superior adhesion to inorganic materials, for example, metals, glass, ceramics.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can also improve adhesion to a variety of composites.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used Adhesives & Sealants, Chemical Synthesis, Construction Chemicals, Glass & Ceramics, Industrial Chemicals, Silicones & Silanes, Coatings.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can be used as an adhesion promoter in paints, coating, adhesives and sealants industries.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is typically used in one-component and two-component polysulfide sealants.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can be used as an additive for special primers in many bonding applications.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can be used to improve the bonding performance between organic resins and inorganic materials.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can be used as a primer for glass and metal or a polymer additive.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can also be used for the synthesis of textile and fabrics additives.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane uses and applications include: Coupling agent for epoxies, phenolics, melamines, nylons, PVC, acrylics, urethanes, nitrile rubbers; crosslinking agent; adhesion promoter for coatings; in food packaging adhesives.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane provides superior elongation, flexibility and spreading at the interface as a coupling agent.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used mainly to improve the performance of epoxy, phenolic, melamine, furan and other resin laminates.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane normally acts as a surface modifier of inorganic fillers and pigments.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is also effective for polypropylene, polyethylene, polyacrylic acid vinegar, silicone, polyamide, polycarbonate, and Poly cyanoethylene.
Glass fiber finishing agent, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is also widely used in glass beads, silica, talc, mica, clay, fly ash and other silicon-containing substances.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is mainly used for coupling organic polymers and inorganic, so that the two chemical bonding into a whole, in order to improve the polymer of various physical and mechanical properties, electrical properties, water resistance, aging resistance, suitable polymers for coupling are thermosetting resins, such as epoxy, phenolic, polyurethane, melamine, nitrile phenolic; Hot melt resins, such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide; Elastomer Polysulfide rubber, polyurethane rubber, etc.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can be used to couple organic polymers and inorganic materials, can be used as a glass fiber finishing agent, can be used as a crosslinking agent and curing agent for silicone rubber and silicone resin, can be used as a textile finishing agent, can also be made into amino modified silicone oil and so on.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is useful for chemical research.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used coupling agent, used in rubber, plastic, glass fiber, coating, adhesive, sealant and other industries.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is also employed as an adhesive and sealant chemical.
Further, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used as a paint additive and coating additive.


In addition to this, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane plays an important role in the production of petroleum.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used to couple organic polymer with inorganic material.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can improve adhesion and water-resistance of mixed material.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane also improves anti-aging properties and various mechanical strengths.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is a suitable polymer includes thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin and elastomer.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can also improve properties of epoxy and phenolic, melamine, furan resin with the effects on polypropylene, polyethylene, organic silicon, polyamide, polycarbonate and polyvinyl chloride.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used as glass fiber lubricant.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane extensively adapts to pearls of glass, fumed silica, talc, mica, pottery clay and clay etc.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used as coupling Agent, used in rubber, plastic, glass fiber, coatings, adhesives, sealants and other industries.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is used as an organic ligand for the surface modification of silica gel to uptake heavy metal ions.


Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can react with fluorinated carbon nanotubes (F-CNT) to form aminoalkylalkoxysilane functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane is a chemical reagent used in organometallic reactions and the process of signal amplification in biomolecular labelling.


-RTV Silicones and Hybrid Silane-Crosslinked Sealants
With single-double component silane-crosslinked sealant, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can improve the adhesion of many substrates, including glass, steel, aluminum and concrete.
And Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can dramatically enhance the adhesion to a wide array of plastics when used in combination with SPURSM Technology for silyl urethane polymers.


-Polysulfide Sealants:
When it’s added to single-double component polysulfide sealants, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane provides better adhesion to a variety of substrates, including glass, aluminum and steel.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane disperses well and can obtain cohesive split rather than interfacial split between the sealant and the substrate.
Furthermore, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can avoid using primers and it can enhance the adhesion strength between the coatings.


-Plastic sealant:
In plastic sealants treatment, Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane as an adhesion promoter, a replacement for polyaminoamide, can improve bonding to metal substrates.
In addition to increasing strength, the silane-modified plastic sealants have a better performance than systems those use polyaminoamide adhesion promoter.
Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane have a very light color and the cured compound is bubble-free.


-Additive in Phenolic and Epoxy Molding Compounds
As an additive in phenolic and epoxy molding compounds, reduces the water absorption of molded composites.
So Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane can effectively improve wet electrical properties, particularly at low frequencies.
High-temperature strength properties are also improved.



PROPERTIES OF AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
• Coupling agent
• Improved adhesion
• Increased wet and dry tensile strength and modulus to the composite
• Increased wet and dry flexural strength and modulus to the composite
• Increased wet and dry compressive strength
• Improved compatibility between inorganic filler and organic polymer



PRODUCTION METHOD OF AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
(1) synthesis of trimethoxysilane see γ-(glycidyl ether) propyltrimethoxysilane.
(2) synthesis of γ-(ethylenediamino) propyltrimethoxysilane obtained by addition reaction of ethylenediaminopropene and trimethoxysilane.
The addition reaction of trichlorosilane and allyl chloride is carried out under the catalysis of chloroplatinic acid, then the amination reaction is carried out with ethylenediamine, and then the product is obtained by methanol alcoholysis.

Chloropropyltrichlorosilane can also be used as a raw material to generate chloropropyltrimethoxysilane by methanol hydrolysis, and then the product N-β-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane is generated by Amine hydrolysis.
Among them, it is more appropriate to use steam liquid reaction for aminolysis, and the optimum conditions for aminolysis reaction are as follows: the ratio of raw material silane to ethylenediamine is 1 ∶ 3.0, and the reflux time is 3H.



PREPARATION OF AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
add 12mol(721.2g) of ethylenediamine to the kettle and add 1mol(198.7G) chloropropyltrimethoxysilane is pressed into the metering tank, ethylenediamine is heated to 100 r/min ° C.

Under 120 stirring, and chloropropyltrimethoxysilane in the metering tank is dropped into ethylenediamine in the reaction kettle through the dropping funnel within 4 hours, after completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was continued at 120 ℃ for 2 hours to produce N-(β-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and ethylenediamine hydrochloride, then, the temperature of the kettle is lowered to 80 ℃, and the water circulation vacuum pump is turned on at the same time.

Under the condition of-0.08MPa, ethylenediamine 8mol(480.8G) is recovered under vacuum, after lowering the temperature of the kettle to 40 ° C, the contents of the kettle were introduced into a conical sedimentation kettle for static stratification at atmospheric pressure for 4 hours.

After 4 hours of static stratification, the lower layer separated from the material in the settling kettle was 165.5G of ethylenediamine hydrochloride, and the upper layer was 273.6G of crude Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane, the crude upper layer was distilled at-0.1MPa to obtain 195.2g of finished Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane; Amino Ethyl Amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane product GC detection content was 99.08%, product quality yield was 98.2%.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
Molecular Weight: 222.36
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Exact Mass: 222.13996910
Monoisotopic Mass: 222.13996910
Topological Polar Surface Area: 79.7 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 14
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 134
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Formula Weight: 222.36
Boiling Point: 261-263°
Flash Point: 136°(276°F)
Density: 1.010
Refractive Index: 1.4435
Storage & Sensitivity:
Moisture Sensitive.
Air Sensitive.
Ambient temperatures.
Solubility: Miscible with toluene.
Boiling point: 261 - 263 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.02 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 136 °C
Ignition temperature: 300 °C
pH value: 10 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1.5 hPa (20 °C)

Molecular Formula: C8H22N2O3Si
Molar Mass: 222.36
Density: 1.028g/mLat 25°C(lit.)
Melting Point: 0°C
Boling Point: 146°C15mm Hg(lit.)
Flash Point: 220°F
Water Solubility: REACTS
Solubility: Miscible with toluene.
Vapor Presure: 1.5 hPa (20 °C)
Appearance: Liquid
Specific Gravity: 1.01
Color: Clear colorless to light yellow
BRN: 636230
pKa: 10.11±0.19(Predicted)
PH: 10 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Sensitive: 7: reacts slowly with moisture/water
Refractive Index: 20/D 1.444(lit.)
Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available

Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 146 °C at 20 hPa - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 136 °C - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available

Density: 1,028 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Color: Yellow
Density: 1.0310g/mL
Boiling Point: 114.0°C to 118.0°C (2.0 mmHg)
Flash Point: 137°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Linear Formula: (H3CO)3Si(CH2)3NH(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2
Refractive Index: 1.4570 to 1.4610



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,2 mm
Break through time: 60 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMINO ETHYL AMINO PROPYL TRIMETHOXY SILANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
SCHEMBL189973
aminoethyl aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane
N-β-(Aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
1,2-Ethanediamine, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-
Ethylenediamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-
Silane, (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl)trimethoxy-
Silicone A-1120
N-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)-ethylenediamine
Aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxy silane
DAMO-P
Dow Corning Z-6020
Dynasylan DAMO
Dynasylan DAMO-P
Dynasylan DAMO-T
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine
Petrarch A0700
Prosil 3128
Union carbide A-1120
Silane, trimethoxy-[3[N-(2-aminoethyl)]aminopropyl]-
1,2-Ethanediamine, N1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-
A 0700
AAS-M
AP 132
en-APTAS; GF 91; KBM 603; NUCA 1120; SH 6020; Z 6020
Dow Corning product Z-6020
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
n1-2-aminoethyl-n2-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl ethane-1,2-diamine
3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine
3-2-2-aminoethylamino ethylamino propyl-trimethoxysilane
3-trimethoxysilyl propyl diethylenetriamine
n1-3-trimethoxysilylpropyl diethylenetriamine
trimethoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, 1,2-ethanediamine
n-2-aminoethyl-n'-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl
diethylenetriamino propyltrimethoxysilane
3-2-2-aminoethylamino ethylamino propyltrimethoxysilane
n-2-aminoethyl-n'-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl ethylenediamine
(2- Aminoethyl)(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)amine-15N
(Trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine-15N
(β-Aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
(γ- Ethylenediaminepropyl)trimethoxysilane-15N
3-(N-Aminoethyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine-15N
3- Ethylenediaminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
3-[N-(2-Aminoethyl)amino]propyltrimethoxysilane-15N
6-Amino-4-azahexyltrimethoxysilane-15N
A 0700-15N
A 1100-15N
A 1120-15N
A 1122-15N
A 1200-15N
A 1200 (amine)-15N
AAS-M-15N
AO 700-15N
AP 132-15N
Aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
LS 3750-15N
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3- (trimethoxysilyl)propylamine-15N
N-(Aminoethyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
N- (Trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine-15N
N-(β-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-15N
Ethylenediaminepropyl)trimethoxysilane
3-(N-Aminoethyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylethylenediamine
3-Ethylenediaminopropyltrimethoxysilane
3-[N-(2-Aminoethyl)amino]propyltrimethoxysilane
DAMO
DAMO-P
DAMO-T
DB 792
DC-Z 6020
Dow Corning Z 6020
Dynasylan
DAMO Dynasylan
DAMO-P Dynasylan
DAMO-T G 91
GF 91
Gelest SIA 0591.0
Geniosil GF 91
HC 792
HD 107
Hydrosil 2776
JH 53
Aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane
A 0700
AAS-M
AP 132
Dow Corning Z-6020 Silane
en-APTAS
GF 91
KBM 603
N-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)-ethylenediamine
NUCA 1120
Prosil 3128
SH 6020
Silane, (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl)trimethoxy-
Silicone A-1120
Z 6020
1,2-Ethanediamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-
1,2-Ethanediamine, N1-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-
Ethylenediamine, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-
N-(3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
AEAPTMS
(Trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine
3-[[[N-(2-Aminoethyl)amino]propyl]trimethoxy]silane
A-1120
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-propylaminotrimethoxysilane
N-[(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethylenediamine
Trimethoxy[3-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]propyl]silane
[gamma-(beta-Aminoethylaminopropyl)]trimethoxysilane
[3-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]propyl]trimethoxysilane
[N-(beta-Aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethane-1,2-diamine
(2-Aminoethyl)(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)amine
[3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
Dow Corning product Z-6020
A0700
Aas-M
sh6020
prosil3128
Prosil 3128
Petrarch A0700
Petrarch A0701
Silicone A-1120
Silane Coupling Agent A-1120
Silane Coupling Agent Kh-792
Aminoethylamino Propyltrimethoxy Silane
N-(3-Trimethoxysillylpropyl)ethylenediamine
3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane
3-(2-Aminoethyl)-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propyl]Ethylenediamine
[3-(2-Aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane
3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane
N-(amino-ethyl)-amino-propyl trimethoxy silane
N-(Β-Aminoethyl)- Γ-Aminopropytrimethoxysilane
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
N-(2-Aminoethyl)(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane
N-[1-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethane-1,1-diamine
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propylamine
N-[1-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethane-1,2-diamine
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethane-1,2-diamine
Silane, (3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl)trimethoxy-
Silane, trimethoxy-[3[N-(2-aminoethyl)]aminopropyl]-
N(beta-aminoethyl)gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxy-silane
N-Beta-(Aminoethyl)-Gamma-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane


AMINOACETIC ACID
DESCRIPTION:
Aminoacetic acid is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Aminoacetic acid is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH.
Aminoacetic acid is one of the proteinogenic amino acids.

IUPAC NAME : Aminoacetic acid
CAS NUMBER : 56-40-6
EC NUMBER : 200-272-2
CHEMICAL FORMULA : C2H5NO2

Aminoacetic acid is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to its compact form.
For the same reason, it is the most abundant amino acid in collagen triple-helices.
Aminoacetic acid is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG).

Aminoacetic acid is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter – interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.

Aminoacetic acid is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid.
Aminoacetic acid can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom.

HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Aminoacetic acid was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid.
He originally called it "sugar of gelatin",but French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault showed in 1838 that it contained nitrogen.

In 1847 American scientist Eben Norton Horsford, then a student of the German chemist Justus von Liebig, proposed the name "glycocoll";however, the Swedish chemist Berzelius suggested the simpler current name a year later.
The name comes from the Greek word γλυκύς "sweet tasting" (which is also related to the prefixes glyco- and gluco-, as in glycoprotein and glucose).
In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid.


PRODUCTION OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Although glycine can be isolated from hydrolyzed protein, this route is not used for industrial production, as it can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis.

The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving glycine and ammonium chloride, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan.


About 15 thousand tonnes are produced annually in this way.
Aminoacetic acid is also cogenerated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Its acid–base properties are most important.

In aqueous solution, glycine is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium.
Above about 9.6, it converts to glycinate.

Aminoacetic acid functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes.
A typical complex is Cu(glycinate)2, i.e. Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2, which exists both in cis and trans isomers.

With acid chlorides, glycine converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylglycine.

With nitrous acid, one obtains glycolic acid (van Slyke determination).
With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product:
H3N+CH2COO−+ 3 CH3I → (CH3)3N+CH2COO−+ 3 HI

Aminoacetic acid condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine:
2 H3N+CH2COO− → H3N+CH2CONHCH2COO− + H2O

Pyrolysis of glycine or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide.
Aminoacetic acid forms esters with alcohols.
They are often isolated as their hydrochloride, e.g., glycine methyl ester hydrochloride.
Otherwise the free ester tends to convert to diketopiperazine.

As a bifunctional molecule, glycine reacts with many reagents.
These can be classified into N-centered and carboxylate-center reactions.

METABOLISM
BIOSYNTHESIS
Aminoacetic acid is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis.

In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate:

serine + tetrahydrofolate → glycine + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O


In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This conversion is readily reversible:
CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ⇌ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+

In addition to being synthesized from serine, aminoacetic acid can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys.

DEGRADATION
Glycine is degraded via three pathways.
The predominant pathway in animals and plants is the reverse of the glycine synthase pathway mentioned above.
In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the glycine cleavage system:
Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ⇌ CO2 + NH+4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH +H+

In the second pathway, aminoacetic acid is degraded in two steps.

The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.
Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.

In the third pathway of its degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.
Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.

The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose.
In one study, the half-life varied between 0.5 and 4.0 hours.

Glycine is extremely sensitive to antibiotics which target folate, and blood glycine levels drop severely within a minute of antibiotic injections.
Some antibiotics can deplete more than 90% of glycine within a few minutes of being administered.


PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
The principal function of glycine is it acts as a precursor to proteins.
Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine, a notable exception being collagen, which contains about 35% glycine due to its periodically repeated role in the formation of collagen's helix structure in conjunction with hydroxyproline.
In the genetic code, glycine is coded by all codons starting with GG, namely GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.


AS A BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATE
In higher eukaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA by the enzyme ALA synthase.
Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.

AS A NEUROTRANSMITTER
Aminoacetic acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.
Aminoacetic acid is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors. In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors which are excitatory.
The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability.

USES OF AMINOACETIC ACID
In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade.
USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine.

If purity greater than the USP standard is needed, for example for intravenous injections, a more expensive pharmaceutical grade glycine can be used.
Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold at a lower price for use in industrial applications, e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing.


ANIMAL AND HUMAN FOODS
Aminoacetic acid is not widely used in foods for its nutritional value, except in infusions.
Instead glycine's role in food chemistry is as a flavorant.
Aminoacetic acid is mildly sweet, and it counters the aftertaste of saccharine.

Aminoacetic acid also has preservative properties, perhaps owing to its complexation to metal ions.
Metal glycinate complexes, e.g. copper(II) glycinate are used as supplements for animal feeds.
The U.S. "Food and Drug Administration no longer regards glycine and its salts as generally recognized as safe for use in human food".

CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK
Aminoacetic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the manufacture of the herbicides glyphosate, iprodione, glyphosine, imiprothrin, and eglinazine.
Aminoacetic acid is used as an intermediate of the medicine such as thiamphenicol.


LABORATORY RESEARCH OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Aminoacetic acid is a significant component of some solutions used in the SDS-PAGE method of protein analysis.
Aminoacetic acid serves as a buffering agent, maintaining pH and preventing sample damage during electrophoresis.

Aminoacetic acid is also used to remove protein-labeling antibodies from Western blot membranes to enable the probing of numerous proteins of interest from SDS-PAGE gel.
This allows more data to be drawn from the same specimen, increasing the reliability of the data, reducing the amount of sample processing, and number of samples required.
This process is known as stripping.

PRESENCE IN SPACE OF AMINOACETIC ACID
The presence of aminoacetic acid outside the earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to earth.

Aminoacetic acid had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970.
The discovery of aminoacetic acid in outer space bolstered the hypothesis of so called soft-panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the universe.
In 2016, detection of aminoacetic acid within Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.

The detection of aminoacetic acid outside the Solar System in the interstellar medium has been debated.
In 2008, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered the spectral lines of a aminoacetic acid precursor (aminoacetonitrile) in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius.

EVOLUTION OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Aminoacetic acid is proposed to be defined by early genetic codes.
For example, low complexity regions (in proteins), that may resemble the proto-peptides of the early genetic code are highly enriched in aminoacetic acid.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINOACETIC ACID
Molecular Weight 150.13
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
Rotatable Bond Count 2
Exact Mass 150.06405680
Monoisotopic Mass 150.06405680
Topological Polar Surface Area 127 Ų
Heavy Atom Count 10
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 42.9
Isotope Atom Count 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2
Compound Is Canonicalized Yes


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT AMINOACETIC ACID
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



SYNONYMS OF AMINOACETIC ACID:
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
87867-94-5
glycine aminoacetic acid
SCHEMBL1493
AKOS028110004

AMINOACETIC ACID

Aminoacetic acid, commonly referred to as Aminoacetic acid, is the simplest amino acid found in nature.
Aminoacetic acid is a small, organic molecule with a molecular formula of C2H5NO2.
Aminoacetic acid is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, often occurring as a white crystalline powder.
Its chemical structure consists of a single amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the same carbon atom.

CAS Number: 56-40-6
EC Number: 200-272-2



APPLICATIONS


Aminoacetic acid is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as a buffering agent to maintain the pH of medications and formulations.
Aminoacetic acid serves as a stabilizing agent for vaccines and certain therapeutic proteins.
In the food industry, Aminoacetic acid is utilized as a flavor enhancer, contributing to the savory taste of various dishes.
Aminoacetic acid functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a role in signal transmission.

Aminoacetic acid is employed as a supplement to potentially improve sleep quality and enhance relaxation.
Aminoacetic acid is a key component of collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, contributing to skin health and wound healing.
In cosmetics and skincare products, it is used for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties.

The production of gelatin, which is essential in the food, pharmaceutical, and photography industries, relies on Aminoacetic acid.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the manufacture of antacids to neutralize excess stomach acid.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of creatine, which is essential for muscle energy metabolism.

In the pet food industry, Aminoacetic acid is added to improve palatability and provide essential nitrogen.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized as a foliar fertilizer in agriculture to supply plants with essential nutrients.
Aminoacetic acid is an important precursor in the synthesis of porphyrins, which are crucial for hemoglobin and chlorophyll.

Aminoacetic acid is employed as a reductant in various chemical reactions and can reduce metal ions in laboratory settings.
In the textile industry, it is used in dyeing processes to improve color fastness and uniformity.
Aminoacetic acid acts as a chelating agent, binding to metal ions and aiding in the removal of metal stains and scale.
Aminoacetic acid is used as a component in some skin creams and lotions to promote skin hydration.

Aminoacetic acid is employed as a dietary supplement for its potential benefits in supporting metabolic health.
In the paper and pulp industry, it is used as an additive to improve pulp bleaching processes.

Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of purines, which are essential for DNA and RNA.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals and as a starting material for various organic compounds.
In veterinary medicine, Aminoacetic acid can be used as a treatment for certain metabolic disorders in animals.
Aminoacetic acid serves as a stabilizing agent for certain enzymes and proteins used in biotechnology and research.

Aminoacetic acid is employed as a component in some dishwashing detergents to enhance cleaning effectiveness.
In the brewing industry, it can be used as a fining agent to clarify beer and remove impurities.

Aminoacetic acid is a crucial component in the formulation of shampoos and conditioners, contributing to hair strength and moisture retention.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the manufacturing of toothpaste and mouthwash products to enhance the flavor and freshness of the oral care products.
In the leather industry, Aminoacetic acid is used as a tanning agent in the production of high-quality leather goods.
Aminoacetic acid is an important ingredient in dietary supplements aimed at promoting muscle growth and recovery.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized in the brewing process to control the pH of beer and prevent undesirable flavors.

In the textile industry, it serves as a dye levelling agent, ensuring uniform color distribution during dyeing.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the production of detergents to enhance the cleaning and stain-removing capabilities.

Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of nucleic acids, contributing to the genetic material of living organisms.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the manufacture of explosives, where it acts as a stabilizing agent.
In the production of cosmetics and skincare products, it helps maintain product stability and consistency.

Aminoacetic acid is used as a metal complexing agent in electroplating processes to improve the quality of metal coatings.
Aminoacetic acid is a key ingredient in some energy drinks and supplements for its potential performance-enhancing properties.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an excipient in tablet and capsule formulations to aid in drug delivery.

Aminoacetic acid can be used as a reducing agent in chemical analysis and laboratory experiments.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the production of specialty chemicals, including herbicides and pesticides.
Aminoacetic acid is added to some animal feed formulations to improve nutrient absorption and overall health.

In the production of cosmetics, it can be used to regulate product pH and enhance skin hydration.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the synthesis of various chemicals, including polymers, surfactants, and plasticizers.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the formation of bile acids in the liver, aiding in digestion and fat absorption.
Aminoacetic acid is a component in some dietary supplements aimed at supporting cognitive function and memory.

In the manufacturing of ceramics and glass, it is employed as a flux to reduce melting temperatures.
Aminoacetic acid is used as a supplement in certain poultry diets to enhance growth and feather quality.

Aminoacetic acid is utilized as a stabilizer for enzymes used in the food and beverage industry.
In the construction industry, it can be added to cement formulations to improve concrete strength and durability.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the production of biodegradable plastics, contributing to environmentally friendly materials.

Aminoacetic acid is a common ingredient in skincare products, including creams and serums, due to its moisturizing and skin-soothing properties.
In the textile industry, it is used as a dyeing assistant to improve the colorfastness and uniformity of dyed fabrics.

Aminoacetic acid serves as a chelating agent in water treatment processes, helping to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater.
In the agricultural sector, it can be utilized as a soil conditioner to improve soil structure and nutrient retention.

Aminoacetic acid is used in the formulation of some veterinary medicines, particularly in the treatment of livestock.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of heme, a component of hemoglobin responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the production of certain pharmaceuticals, such as antacids and analgesics.

In the pet food industry, it is added to pet treats and supplements for its potential health benefits.
Aminoacetic acid is used as a stabilizing agent for enzymes used in molecular biology and biotechnology research.
Aminoacetic acid can be incorporated into cooling bath solutions for laboratory equipment to control temperature during experiments.

In the automotive industry, Aminoacetic acid can be used as a component in engine coolants and antifreeze solutions.
Aminoacetic acid is a key ingredient in some protein-based nutritional supplements, contributing to muscle health and recovery.

Aminoacetic acid is employed in the synthesis of various chemical compounds, including pesticides and herbicides.
Aminoacetic acid can be found in some over-the-counter cough syrups and throat lozenges for its soothing properties.
In the production of ceramics and glass, it acts as a flux to lower melting temperatures and improve consistency.

Aminoacetic acid is used in the manufacturing of foaming agents for fire extinguishers and firefighting equipment.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, essential for the formation of nucleic acids.
Aminoacetic acid is used as a buffering agent in electrophoresis, a technique for separating molecules in laboratories.
In the construction industry, it can be added to cement to enhance concrete workability and strength.

Aminoacetic acid is an ingredient in some dietary supplements marketed for stress relief and relaxation.
Aminoacetic acid is employed in the production of synthetic rubber and plastics, contributing to their elasticity.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized in the manufacturing of adhesives and sealants to improve product performance.

In the food industry, it can be used as a food additive to enhance the taste and flavor of various dishes.
Aminoacetic acid serves as a component in some formulations for leather treatments and conditioning.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized in the production of specialty chemicals, including those used in the electronics and semiconductor industries.

Aminoacetic acid is used in the cosmetic industry to create facial masks and skincare products for its skin-soothing and moisturizing properties.
In the pet care industry, it can be found in pet shampoos and grooming products to promote coat health.
Aminoacetic acid is a component in some dietary supplements aimed at supporting overall digestive health.

Aminoacetic acid serves as a buffering agent in the production of certain vaccines to maintain their stability.
In the manufacturing of photographic chemicals, Aminoacetic acid is employed as a developing agent.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of various types of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized in the production of specialty adhesives, including those used in the construction industry.

In the pharmaceutical field, it is used as an excipient in tablet coatings to improve drug delivery.
Aminoacetic acid can be added to poultry feed as a dietary supplement to enhance growth and feather quality.
In the production of soap and detergents, it acts as a surfactant, improving cleaning effectiveness.
Aminoacetic acid is used as a metal complexing agent in the mining industry to extract valuable metals from ores.

Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serine and glutathione, influencing brain function.
In the wine industry, it is used as a fining agent to clarify and improve the taste of wine.
Aminoacetic acid can be added to fire extinguishing solutions to enhance their firefighting effectiveness.
Aminoacetic acid serves as a reducing agent in chemical reactions, particularly in the preparation of specialty chemicals.

In the automotive sector, Aminoacetic acid is used in the formulation of some engine coolant and antifreeze products.
Aminoacetic acid is a component in certain formulations for plant-based meat substitutes to enhance flavor and texture.
In the manufacturing of ceramics, it is employed to improve the molding and firing processes.
Aminoacetic acid can be used as a pH regulator in laboratory experiments and analytical chemistry.

Aminoacetic acid is added to some body wash and shower gel formulations for its mild cleansing properties.
In the semiconductor industry, it is used as a dopant material to modify the electrical properties of silicon.
Aminoacetic acid plays a role in the synthesis of heme, which is essential for the functioning of hemoglobin.

Aminoacetic acid can be incorporated into cooling bath solutions for laboratory equipment to maintain precise temperatures.
Aminoacetic acid is utilized in the production of specialty plastics and polymers for specific industrial applications.
In the paper and pulp industry, it is used to improve the efficiency of paper bleaching processes.



DESCRIPTION


Aminoacetic acid is a common name for the chemical compound known as Aminoacetic acid.
Its chemical formula is C2H5NO2, and it is the simplest amino acid, making it an essential building block of proteins.
Aminoacetic acid is an organic compound with a single amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the same carbon atom.
Aminoacetic acid is considered a non-essential amino acid because the human body can synthesize it from other precursors, but it is still crucial for various physiological functions.

Aminoacetic acid, commonly referred to as Aminoacetic acid, is the simplest amino acid found in nature.
Aminoacetic acid is a small, organic molecule with a molecular formula of C2H5NO2.
Aminoacetic acid is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, often occurring as a white crystalline powder.
Its chemical structure consists of a single amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the same carbon atom.

Aminoacetic acid is classified as a non-essential amino acid, as the human body can synthesize it from other amino acids.
Aminoacetic acid plays a vital role as a building block for proteins, forming peptide bonds between amino acids in protein chains.
As a neurotransmitter, Aminoacetic acid serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Aminoacetic acid helps regulate brain and spinal cord activity, contributing to motor control and sensory perception.
Aminoacetic acid is often used as a supplement in the form of Aminoacetic acid powder or capsules for its potential health benefits.
Aminoacetic acid is involved in the synthesis of creatine, an essential compound for energy production in muscle cells.
Aminoacetic acid is known for its sweet taste, which is used as a flavor enhancer in the food industry.

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a stabilizer and buffering agent in drug formulations.
The cosmetic industry utilizes Aminoacetic acid in skincare products for its hydrating and anti-aging properties.
Aminoacetic acid is a critical component in the production of gelatin, which finds use in foods, pharmaceuticals, and photography.
Aminoacetic acid is often added to pet food to enhance palatability and as a source of nitrogen for pets.
In agriculture, it is used as a foliar fertilizer to provide plants with essential nutrients.

As a biologically important molecule, Aminoacetic acid is involved in various metabolic processes.
Aminoacetic acid aids in the synthesis of porphyrins, which are essential for hemoglobin and chlorophyll production.

Aminoacetic acid's small size and lack of a chiral center make it a versatile building block in organic chemistry.
Aminoacetic acid is used in the preparation of peptides, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals.
Aminoacetic acid exhibits unique physical properties, such as high solubility in water and low toxicity.

Aminoacetic acid is considered one of the "branched-chain amino acids" and is essential for collagen formation.
In laboratory research, Aminoacetic acid is often used as a buffer to control pH in biological experiments.
Aminoacetic acid is a component of some antacid medications due to its buffering capacity.
Overall, Aminoacetic acid's diverse properties and functions make it a fundamental compound in biology, chemistry, and various industries.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C2H5NO2
Molecular Weight: 75.07 g/mol
Chemical Structure: Aminoacetic acid has a simple chemical structure with an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the same carbon atom.
Physical State: Aminoacetic acid exists as a white, crystalline solid at room temperature.
Solubility: It is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents.
Melting Point: Aminoacetic acid has a melting point of approximately 240°C (464°F).
Boiling Point: It decomposes before reaching its boiling point.
Odor: Aminoacetic acid is odorless.
Taste: It has a sweet taste.
Color: Aminoacetic acid typically appears as a white, colorless solid.
Density: The density of Aminoacetic acid is approximately 1.6 g/cm³.
pH Level: A Aminoacetic acid solution is slightly acidic in nature with a pH around 2.34 at room temperature when fully ionized.
Hygroscopicity: Aminoacetic acid is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air.
Stability: Aminoacetic acid is stable under normal conditions but can decompose at high temperatures.
Optical Activity: Aminoacetic acid is optically inactive because it lacks a chiral center.
Heat of Combustion: The heat of combustion of Aminoacetic acid is approximately 10.2 kJ/g.
Reactivity: Aminoacetic acid is a non-reactive compound under typical conditions.
Toxicity: Aminoacetic acid is considered non-toxic and safe for consumption.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If Aminoacetic acid dust or aerosol is inhaled, immediately remove the affected person from the contaminated area to a well-ventilated space.
If the person experiences difficulty breathing, seek medical attention promptly.
Provide oxygen if breathing difficulties persist.
If the individual loses consciousness, administer CPR and call for emergency medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact with Aminoacetic acid, promptly remove contaminated clothing and jewelry.
Wash the affected skin area with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap if available to help remove any residual Aminoacetic acid.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse skin reactions occur.


Eye Contact:

If Aminoacetic acid comes into contact with the eyes, rinse the affected eye(s) immediately with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. Ensure thorough flushing under the eyelids.
Hold the eyelids open during flushing to facilitate removal of the chemical.
Contact an eye specialist or seek medical attention to assess any eye damage or irritation.


Ingestion:

If Aminoacetic acid is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a healthcare professional.
Rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to help dilute the chemical.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center for guidance.
If the person experiences symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, severe abdominal pain, or altered consciousness, do not delay medical assistance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Protective Equipment: When handling Aminoacetic acid, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, gloves, a lab coat, and suitable footwear.

Ventilation: Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation systems to minimize dust exposure.

Avoid Inhalation: Avoid breathing dust, vapors, or aerosols of Aminoacetic acid. Use a dust mask or respirator with the appropriate filter if necessary.

Prevent Skin Contact:
Prevent skin contact by wearing chemical-resistant gloves and suitable protective clothing.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or a face shield to protect against potential eye contact.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where Aminoacetic acid is handled.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spills and Leaks:
Clean up spills immediately to prevent contamination.
Use appropriate absorbent materials and dispose of them properly.

Tools and Equipment:
Ensure that all laboratory or industrial tools and equipment used with Aminoacetic acid are clean and in good working order to prevent accidents or contamination.

Hygiene:
Practice good personal hygiene, including regular handwashing, after handling Aminoacetic acid.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store Aminoacetic acid in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials.

Temperature:
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range, typically at or below room temperature.

Containers:
Store Aminoacetic acid in tightly sealed containers, such as bottles, drums, or bags, to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Separation:
Store Aminoacetic acid away from strong oxidizing agents, acids, and bases, as it may react with them.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the product name, hazard information, and handling precautions.

Accessibility:
Ensure that Aminoacetic acid is stored in a location accessible only to trained and authorized personnel.

Incompatible Materials:
Avoid storing Aminoacetic acid near incompatible chemicals or substances to prevent potential reactions.



SYNONYMS


Glycocoll
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoacetic acid
Glycolixir
Glycosthene
Aminoacetic acid Pharma brand of aminoacetic acid
Aminoacetic acid, compound with carbonic acid (1:1)
Kyselina glycinova
Aminoessigsaeure
Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid
Aminoacetic acid gel brand of aminoacetic acid
Acetic acid, amino-
Amidocetic acid
Aminoacetate
Aminoacetic acid hydrochloride
Glycinum
Glisin
Aminoessigsaeure
Leimzucker
Monazoline
Norvaline
Trolamine
Pesticol
Aminoethanoate
Glycocollum
Glycosthen
Glicina
Aminoethanoate
Glicin
Glycocin
Glycinium
Glykokoll
Glykolsaeureamin
Glyzine
Kyselina glycinova
Glicin [Czech]
Aminoacetic acid carbonate (1:1)
Aminoacetic acid, ammonium salt
Aminoacetic acid amide
Aminoacetic acid betaine
Aminoacetic acid hydroxide
Aminoacetic acid, barium salt
Aminoacetic acid, calcium salt
Aminoacetic acid, copper(2+) salt
Aminoacetic acid, iron salt
Aminoacetic acid, lead salt
Aminoacetic acid, lithium salt
Aminoacetic acid, magnesium salt
Aminoacetic acid, manganese(2+) salt
AMINOCYCLOHEXANE
AMINOCYCLOHEXANE = CYCLOHEXYLAMINE = CHA


CAS Number: 108-91-8
EC Number: 203-629-0
MDL number: MFCD00001486
Molecular Formula: C6H13N or C6H11NH2


Aminocyclohexane appears as a clear colorless to yellow liquid with an odor of ammonia.
Aminocyclohexane's Flash point is 90 °F.
Aminocyclohexane is less dense than water.
Aminocyclohexane's vapors heavier than air.


Aminocyclohexane is a primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexane carrying an amino substituent.
Aminocyclohexane is a conjugate base of a cyclohexylammonium.
Aminocyclohexane is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum asiaticum with data available.
Aminocyclohexane is an organic compound, belonging to the aliphatic amine class.


Aminocyclohexane is a colorless liquid, although, like many amines, samples are often colored due to contaminants.
Aminocyclohexane has a fishy odor and is miscible with water.
Like other amines, Aminocyclohexane is a weak base, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic analog, aniline.
Aminocyclohexane is used as an intermediate in synthesis of other organic compounds.


Aminocyclohexane is the precursor to sulfenamide-based reagents used as accelerators for vulcanization.
Aminocyclohexane is a building block for pharmaceuticals (e.g., mucolytics, analgesics, and bronchodilators).
The amine itself is an effective corrosion inhibitor.
The herbicide hexazinone and the anesthetic hexylcaine are derived from cyclohexylamine.


Aminocyclohexane is colorless or yellow liquid with a strong, fishy, amine-like odor.
Aminocyclohexane is Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid, no visible impurities.
Aminocyclohexane has strange odor.
Aminocyclohexane is a strong organic caustic liquid, It can form azeotrope with water at 96.40°C, miscible with a lot of organic solvents.


Aminocyclohexane is colorless or light yellow liquid. Aminocyclohexane has fishy smell.
Aminocyclohexane is strong alkaline, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, acetone, esters, hydrocarbons and other organic reagents.
Aminocyclohexane is by high thermal decomposition.
Aminocyclohexane is a colorless transparent liquid with strong fishy and ammonia odor.


Aminocyclohexane is soluble in water, with ethanol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, heptane, benzene and other general organic solvents miscible.
Aminocyclohexane can volatilize with water vapor.
Aminocyclohexane can absorb carbon dioxide in the air, the formation of white crystalline carbonate.


Aminocyclohexane is an azeotrope is formed with water, with a azeotropic point of 96.4 °c and a water content of 55.8%.
Aminocyclohexane's the aqueous solution is alkaline. 0.01% concentration of aqueous solution pH = 10.5.
Aminocyclohexane appears as a clear colorless to yellow liquid with an odor of ammonia.
Aminocyclohexane's flash point is 90°F.


Aminocyclohexane is an intermediate of the herbicide cycloazinone, and also an intermediate of rubber accelerator, petroleum additive and corrosion inhibitor.
Aminocyclohexane is a food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane.


Aminocyclohexane is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of 17.7 °C and boiling point 134.5 °C, miscible with water.
Like other amines, Aminocyclohexane is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic.


Aminocyclohexane is with flash point at 28.6 °C.
Aminocyclohexane readily absorbs through skin.
Aminocyclohexane is clear colorless to pale yellow liquid with an amine-like odor, no visible impurities.
Aminocyclohexane is a strong organic caustic liquid.


Aminocyclohexane can form azeotrope with water at 96.40 deg C. b.p.: 134.5 deg C, specific wt. (d2525 deg C) 0.8647, freezing point:-18 deg C, flash point: 90 deg F (open cup).
Aminocyclohexane is miscible with water and all common organic solvents.
Aminocyclohexane is an important organic chemical raw material.


Aminocyclohexane belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclohexylamines.
These are organic compounds containing a cyclohexylamine moiety, which consist of a cyclohexane ring attached to an amine group.
Aminocyclohexane, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane.


Aminocyclohexane is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of −17.7 °C and boiling point 134.5 °C, miscible with water.
Like other amines, Aminocyclohexane is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic.


Aminocyclohexane is a colorless organic liquid having a substituent of an amine group.
Aminocyclohexane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Aminocyclohexane (CAS Number: 108-91-8) is an organic amine, which belongs to the aliphatic amine class that has a fishy odor and is miscible with water.


Aminocyclohexane is a colorless liquid, even though, alike various amines, the compound is often colored due to contaminants.
Aminocyclohexane contains a fishy odor and is miscible with water.
Like other amines, Aminocyclohexane is a weak base, related to strong base such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic analog, aniline.
Aminocyclohexane is an organic compound of the aliphatic amine group, also known as cyclohexane amine.


The chemical formula of this colorless liquid, Aminocyclohexane, is C3H13N.
However, like other amines, Aminocyclohexane may appear colored due to the presence of contaminants.
Aminocyclohexane smells like fish and can be mixed with water and other organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, ketones and aliphatic and aromatic esters.


Aminocyclohexane was introduced in 1893 but was not used economically in the United States until 1936.
But today Aminocyclohexane is one of the most highly produced chemicals in the chemical industry and has an annual production of over one million in the United States.
According to reports published in 2016, Asia, especially China, accounts for about 65% of total global capacity.


Due to the increasing demand for nylon, the demand for Aminocyclohexane has been growing.
After China, Japan and Taiwan are also known as the largest producers of Aminocyclohexane, which accounted for 80% of total global production in 2016.
Aminocyclohexanes, like other amines, are weak bases compared to strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.


Although aniline and cyclohexyl amine both have the NH2 group and a hexagonal carbon ring, the difference in the base strength of the two substances can be attributed to their structure.
And because of this, the chemical is weaker than aniline.
Aminocyclohexane is a useful intermediate in the production of many other organic compounds.
Aminocyclohexane is a metabolite of cyclamate.


Aminocyclohexane is a building block for pharmaceuticals (e.g., mucolytics, analgesics, and bronchodilators).
Aminocyclohexane (C6H13N) belongs to the class of amine.
Aminocyclohexane is a colorless liquid with fishy odor and is readily soluble in water.
Aminocyclohexane inhibits corrosion, acts as an artificial sweetener and is used in metal working fluids.


Several industries take advantage of the uses of Aminocyclohexane, few of them are.
Aminocyclohexane molecule consists of 13 Hydrogen atom(s), 6 Carbon atom(s) and 1 Nitrogen atom(s) - a total of 20 atom(s).
The molecular weight of Aminocyclohexane is determined by the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms, which is calculated to be: 99.17412⋅gmol



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Aminocyclohexane has been used as a flushing aid in the printing ink industry.
Aminocyclohexane is a useful intermediate in the production of many other organic compounds (e.g. cyclamate)
Aminocyclohexane is used For the synthesis of desulfurizers, corrosion inhibitors, vulcanization promoters, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, latex coagulants, petroleum product additives, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides, pesticides and so on.


Aminocyclohexane is the raw material of food additive sweetener: Aminocyclohexane can be used to produce cyclohexylamine sulfonate and sodium cyclamate, which is a sweetener 30 times sweeter than sucrose.
The product name is cyclamate.
Aminocyclohexane is used as a boiler feed water pH regulator.


Aminocyclohexane is mainly used for producing (Beet) molasses, cyclone, amide, nylon 6,cellulose acetate and rubber accelerator, sweetening agent, the agent for preventing corrode, emulsion, antiseptic, antistatic agent, latex cement, oil additive, germicide, pesticide and dyestuff medium, etc.
Aminocyclohexane (Glipizide EP Impurity B) is a building block for pharmaceuticals that has been used for the preparation of paromomycin analogs to be used as aminogycoside antibiotics.


Aminocyclohexane is used Chemical synthesis, Crop Protection, Explosives, Hardener and crosslinking agents for polymeres, Industrial water, Lubricants and oils, Manufacturing of diabetics, Manufacturing of dyestuffs, Manufacturing of herbicides, Manufacturing of insecticides / acaricides, Manufacturing of pharmaceutical agents, Manufacturing of pigments, Manufacturing of sweeteners, Manufacturing of textile dyestuffs, Manufacturing of textiles dyestuffs, Petroleum, Pigments, Polymer auxiliaries, Polymerisation initiator, Stabilizers for explosives, and Textile dyestuffs.


Aminocyclohexane is used raw material for producing desulfurization agent, boiler corrosion inhibitors,boiler water treatment, vulcanization accelerator, emulsifier, antistatic agent, latex coagulant, oil product additives, corrosion resistance agents, fungicides, pesticides and so on.
Aminocyclohexane is used in the manufacture of reactive dyes, softeners VS and pharmaceuticals, and can also be used in pharmaceuticals and pesticides.


Aminocyclohexane is a volatile substance, and it can easily reach the whole system after dosing.
If the pH is lower than 8.5, the effect of the Aminocyclohexane treatment is disadvantageous.
Aminocyclohexane is used as rust inhibitor, production of anti-rust paper, Clearing agent, Antifreeze, antistatic agents (Textile Auxiliaries), latex coagulants and additives for petroleum products.


Aminocyclohexane is used due to the alkalinity of cyclohexylamine aqueous solution, it can be used as an absorbent for CO2 removal and sulfur dioxide removal.
Aminocyclohexane is used in the manufacture of reactive dyes, softeners VS and medicine Crestor thionite, and so on, can also be used in medicine, pesticide.


Aminocyclohexane itself as a solvent, can be used in resin, coating, fat, paraffin oil applications.
Aminocyclohexane can also be used for the preparation of desulfurizer, rubber antioxidant, vulcanization accelerator, plastic and textile chemical additives, boiler water treatment agent, metal corrosion inhibitor, emulsifier, preservative, antistatic agent, latex coagulant, petroleum additive, bactericide, pesticide and dye intermediates.


Sulfonates of Aminocyclohexane are used in food, beverage, and medicine as an artificial flavor.
Aminocyclohexane is used in organic synthesis, plastic synthesis, also as preservatives and acid gas absorbents intermediates for the production of water treatment chemicals, artificial sweeteners, rubber processing chemicals and agrochemicals.
Aminocyclohexane is used acid gas absorbent, organic synthesis.


Aminocyclohexane is used to prepare cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, caprolactam, cellulose acetate and Nylon 6, etc.
Aminocyclohexane is mainly used as an intermediate for organic synthesis, especially for herbicides, antioxidants&vulcanization accelerator, corrosion inhibitors, artificial sweetener etc.
Aminocyclohexane is also used to make rubber accelerator CZ and sweet-element.


Additionally, Aminocyclohexane also can be used to make cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, emulsifying agent, preservative, antistatic agent, gelling agent, and petroleum additive.
Aminocyclohexane is used corrosion inhibitors; dye intermediate; emulsifying agent; organic syntheses; paint film solvent; petroleum additive.
Aminocyclohexane is typically used as an intermediate in synthesis for different herbicides, antioxidants and pharmaceuticals.


Aminocyclohexane is used as an intermediate in synthesis of some herbicides, antioxidants, accelerators for vulcanization, pharmaceuticals (eg. mucolytics, analgesics, and bronchodilators, corrosion inhibitors, some sweeteners (notably cyclamate), etc.
Aminocyclohexane is used in low-pressure boilers where the condensate works for a longer period of time.
Aminocyclohexane can remain along with condensate steam at various steam pressures which cannot be done with other neutralizing amines.


Aminocyclohexane is a metabolite of cyclamate and has been found to be useful in production of other organic compounds.
Aminocyclohexane is used especially for the industrial water treatment, for the production of cure accelerator, for the manufacturing of synthetic sweeteners and in a rubber industry for the production of vulcanization accelerators.
On the basis of end user demands and desires, industrial Aminocyclohexane can be utilized for various respective applications for various respective industries like agriculture, rubber, food, oil, pharma, petroleum and textile industries.


Aminocyclohexane is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
The primary use of Aminocyclohexane is as a corrosion inhibitor in boiler water treatment and in oil field applications (HSDB 1989).
Aminocyclohexane is also a chemical intermediate for rubber processing chemicals, dyes (acid blue 62, former use), cyclamate artificial sweeteners and herbicides and a processing agent for nylon fiber production.


Aminocyclohexane is also known as Aminohexahydrobenzene, Hexahydroaniline, Hexahydrobenzenamine, Cyclohexanamine - used in applications such as pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitor, oil field production, rubber chemicals, boiler water treatments.
Aminocyclohexane is used Nylon production, as a solvent, oil extractant, paint and varnish remover, dry cleaning material, as an insecticide, and as a chemical intermediate to product target molecules.


Aminocyclohexane is used in the manufacture of a number of products, including plasticizers, drycleaning soaps, insecticides, and emulsifying agents.
Aminocyclohexane is used in organic synthesis, manufacture of insecticides, plasticizers, corrosion inhibitors, rubber chemicals, dyestuffs, emulsifying agents, dry-cleaning soaps, acid gas absorbents.


Aminocyclohexane is used primarily as corrosion inhibitor and vulcanization accelerator.
Alone or mixed with other compounds, it has an anticorrosive action, for example, when used as an additive in heating oil or in the operation of steam boilers.
Aminocyclohexane functions as a hardener for epoxy resins and as a catalyst for polyurethanes.


Sodium cyclohexylsulfamate and calcium cyclohexylsulfamate (cyclamates) are important artificial sweeteners.
In polyamide polymerizations, Aminocyclohexane is employed as chain terminator to control the molecular mass.
Aminocyclohexane has application as an intermediate in synthesis of other organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals industry suppliers buy Aminocyclohexane as a major chemical for mucolytics, analgesics, and bronchodilators.


Aminocyclohexane is the precursor to sulfenamide-based reagents employed as accelerators for vulcanization.
Aminocyclohexane is an effective corrosion inhibitor.
Aminocyclohexane is also used as certain sweeteners which are taken from this amine, particularly cyclamate.
People buy Aminocyclohexane as it is derived as herbicide from hexazinone and the anesthetic hexylcaine.


Aminocyclohexane is also used pharmaceutical, water treatment, and rubber chemical
Aminocyclohexane is used as an intermediate in synthesis of other organic compounds.
Aminocyclohexane is also used as a corrosion inhibitor and in organic synthesis.
Aminocyclohexane is used as rubber vulcanization accelerator, also used as synthetic fiber, dye, vapor phase corrosion inhibitor raw material.


Aminocyclohexane is the precursor to sulfenamide-based reagents used as accelerators for vulcanization.
Aminocyclohexane itself is an effective corrosion inhibitor.
Some sweeteners are derived from this amine, notably cyclamate.
The herbicide hexazinone is derived from Aminocyclohexane.


-Application Areas OF Aminocyclohexane:
*Agriculture
*Manufacture of Herbicides, Insecticides, Pesticides
*Catalysis & Chemicals Processing
*Chemical Synthesis Reactions
*Dyes, Pigments, Textiles
*Hardener & Cross Linking Polymers
*Industrial Water Treatment
*Polymer Auxiliaries
*Lubricants & Oils
*Petroleum
*Stabilizers for Explosives
*Polymerization Initiator


-Applications of Aminocyclohexane include the following:
*Pharmaceutical industry: Production of analgesics
*Agricultural Industries: Production of some herbicides
*Oil and gas industry:The compound mediates the synthesis of many organic compounds
*Inhibitor against corrosion and sediment
*Neutralizing raw material
*Water purifiers for boilers
*Petroleum products additive
*Cosmetics industry: as raw materials for the production of some perfumes
*Printing and dyeing industries: as a solvent
*Water and wastewater treatment
*Production of PVC adhesive



MAIN PURPOSE OF AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Aminocyclohexane can be used as raw material of surfactant to produce cyclohexylbenzene sulfonate, used as emulsifier and foaming agent;
perfume raw materials to produce allyl cyclohexyl propionate;
Dye raw materials to produce acid blue 62, disperse fluorescent yellow, disperse fluorescent yellow H5GL, weak acid blue BRN, Disperse Blue 6 and dye auxiliaries;

The raw material of food additive sweet material;
Cyclohexylamine can be used to produce cyclohexylamine sulfonate and sodium cyclamate, which is a sweetener 30 times higher than sucrose sweetness,
raw materials for pesticides, pesticides used in the production of fruit trees "acaraptor", herbicide Wilber and fungicides;
Additives used in the preparation of petroleum products, boiler water treatment agents and corrosion inhibitors;
raw material of rubber vulcanization accelerator to produce thiazole vulcanization accelerator CZ, which has excellent vulcanization performance and is especially suitable for SBR and FDA rubber.



KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
*Condensate line treatment
*Prevent of carbon dioxide corrosion
*Prevents formation of carbonic acid in boiler steam system
*Does not add to TDS of boiler water
*Completely volatile



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
*Organopnictogen compounds
*Monoalkylamines
*Hydrocarbon derivatives



SUBSTITUENTS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
*Cyclohexylamine
*Organopnictogen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary amine
*Primary aliphatic amine
*Amine
*Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound



PREPARATION of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Cyclohexylamine is produced by two routes, the main one being the complete hydrogenation of aniline using some cobalt- or nickel-based catalysts:
C6H5NH2 + 3 H2 → C6H11NH2
It is also prepared by alkylation of ammonia using cyclohexanone.

Aminocyclohexane is obtained by catalytic reduction of aniline at high temperature and high pressure using nickel or cobalt as a catalyst.
Aminocyclohexane is also possible to obtain cyclohexanol by catalytic reduction of phenol, which is oxidized to cyclohexanone, and then aminated with ammonia to obtain cyclohexylamine.
Cyclohexylamine can be catalyzed by aniline at high temperature and high pressure (nickel or cobalt) reduction to produce cyclohexylamine product; Can also be obtained from phenol by catalytic reduction of cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone as raw materials, and ammonia amination.

Aminocyclohexane is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of aniline, and can be divided into atmospheric pressure method and pressure method.
In addition, cyclohexylamine can be obtained by catalytic aminolysis of cyclohexane or cyclohexanol, reduction of nitrocyclohexane, and catalytic aminolysis of cyclohexanone in the presence of hydrogen.
The preparation method is obtained by using aniline as a raw material through catalytic hydrogenation.

The aniline vapor is mixed with hydrogen and then enters the catalytic reactor, and the hydrogenation reaction is carried out at 130~170 ° C. In the presence of cobalt catalyst.
After cooling, the product is distilled to obtain a finished product.



REACTIONS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Aminocyclohexane reacts with chlorine to form N,N-dichlorocyclohexylamine.
N-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexylamine reacts with chloramine to give 1-cyclohexyl-3,3-pentamethylenediaziridine, which can be hydrolyzed to give cyclohexylhydrazine .
Aminocyclohexane and formaldehyde together react with peracetic acid to give 2-cyclohexyloxaziridine.
In addition to using alkyl halides, alkyl sulfates, or alkyl phosphates, Aminocyclohexane can be alkylated with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, such as aluminum oxide, copper, nickel, cobalt, or platinum, or by the Leuckart – Wallach method.



PRODUCTION METHODS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Aminocyclohexane is produced by the reaction of ammonia and cyclohexanol at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a silica-alumina catalyst (SRI 1985).
Aminocyclohexane is also prepared by a similar process of catalytic hydrogenation of aniline at elevated temperature and pressure.
Fractionation of the product of this reaction yields CHA, aniline, and a high-boiling residue containing n-phenylcyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine.
In 1982, U.S. production was 4.54 metric tons and 739.3 metric tons were imported into the U.S..

There are 2 methods of producing Aminocyclohexane.
Aminocyclohexane is traditionally produced by the amination of cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone.
Aminocyclohexane suppliers used this method of production which is by the catalytic hydrogenation of aniline.
When ruthenium catalyst is in contact with the hydrogen pressure and in the presence of around one to about 8 parts by weight of ammonia, aniline is hydrogenated under an absolute pressure from about 2 to about 5 MPa at a temperature of from about 160° to about 180° C.
The yields are high and with a minimum of byproducts result.
The catalyst can be recycled.

Aminocyclohexane is produced using two methods.
These processes include:
Hydrogenation of aniline in the presence of cobalt or nickel as catalyst:
C6H5NH2 + 3H2 -> C6H11NH2



PURIFICATION METHODS of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Dry the amine with CaCl2 or LiAlH4, then distil it from BaO, KOH or Na, under N2.
Also purify it by conversion to the hydrochloride (which is crystallised several times from water), then liberation of the amine with alkali and fractional distillation under N2.
The hydrochloride has m 205-207o (dioxane/EtOH).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
Molecular Weight: 99.17
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 99.104799419
Monoisotopic Mass: 99.104799419
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C6H13N
Molar mass: 99.17
Appearance: clear to yellowish liquid
Odor: strong, fishy, amine odor
Density: 0.8647 g/cm3
Melting point: −17.7 °C (0.1 °F; 255.5 K)
Boiling point: 134.5 °C (274.1 °F; 407.6 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Solubility: very soluble in ethanol, oil
miscible in ethers, acetone, esters, alcohol, ketones
Vapor pressure: 11 mmHg (20° C)
Acidity (pKa): 10.64[3]
Refractive index (nD): 1.4565


Appearance Form: liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: amine-like
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 11,5 at 100 g/l at 20 °C
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -17 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 134 °C - lit.
Flash point: 27 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 9,4 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1,6 %(V)
Vapor pressure: 30,66 hPa at 37,7 °C 13,33 hPa at 22 °C
Vapor density: 3,42 - (Air = 1.0)

Density. 0,867 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: 0,86 at 25 °C
Water solubility at 20 °C: completely miscible
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 3,7 at 25 °C
Autoignition temperature: 293 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 2,1 mPa.s at 20 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 68,8 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Dissociation constant: 10,68 at 25 °C
Relative vapor density: 3,42 - (Air = 1.0)


Relative Density: 0.8647(25/25℃)
BP: 134.5°C
Flash Point (open): 1.4585
Melting Point: -17~-18℃
Refractive Index: 1.4585
Molecular Formula: C6H13N
Molar Mass: 99.17
Density: 0.867g/mLat 25°C(lit.)
Melting Point: -17 °C
Boling Point: 134°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 90°F
Water Solubility: MISCIBLE
Solubility: organic solvents: miscible
Vapor Presure: 10 mm Hg ( 22 °C)
Vapor Density: 3.42 (vs air)
Appearance: Liquid
Color: Clear

Exposure Limit: TLV-TWA 10 ppm (~40 mg/m3) (ACGIH).
Merck: 14,2729
BRN: 471175
pKa: 10.66(at 24℃)
PH: 11.5 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Sensitive: Air Sensitive
Explosive Limit: 1.6-9.4%(V)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.459(lit.)
Melting Point: -17.7 ℃ Boiling Point: 134.5 ℃
relative density (water = 1): 0.86
saturated vapor pressure: (kpa) 1.17(25 ℃)
refractive index: 1.4585
solubility: soluble in water, miscible in most organic solvents


Density: 0.865 g/mL
Molar volume: 114.7 mL/mol
Refractive index: 1.459
Molecular refractive power: 31.35 mL/mol
Dielectric constant: 4.43
Dipole moment: 1.31 D
Melting point: -18 °C
Boiling point: 134 °C
Vapour pressure: 1 Torr
Surface tension: 31.54 dyn/cm
Critical pressure: 4.2 atm
Solubility in water: 100 % w/w
Solubility of water: 100 % w/w
Log10 partition octanol / water: 1.49
Hildebrant solubility parameter (δ): 9.2
Hansen solubility parameter: δd: 8.5 (cal/ml)^0.5 δp: 1.5 (cal/ml)^0.5 δh: 3.2 (cal/ml)^0.5


Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.86700 to 0.86900 @ 20.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 7.223 to 7.239
Refractive Index: 1.45800 to 1.46000 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -17.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 134.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 10.000000 mmHg @ 22.00 °C.
Vapor Density: 3.42 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 81.00 °F. TCC ( 27.22 °C. )
logP (o/w): 1.490
Soluble in: water, 1000000 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Remove container from danger zone and cool with water.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Use tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 120 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Precautions for safe handling
*Hygiene measures
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well ventilated place.
Handle under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMINOCYCLOHEXANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Cyclohexanamine
Other names
Aminocyclohexane
Aminohexahydrobenzene
Hexahydroaniline
Hexahydrobenzenamine
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
Cyclohexanamine
108-91-8
Aminocyclohexane
Hexahydroaniline
Hexahydrobenzenamine
Aminohexahydrobenzene
Cyclohexyl amine
1-Cyclohexylamine
1-Aminocyclohexane
Aniline, hexahydro-
Benzenamine, hexahydro-
Aminocylcohexane
Cyclohexylamines
cyclohexyl-amine
1-AMINO-CYCLOHEXANE
CCRIS 3645
HSDB 918
cyclohexaneamine
UNII-I6GH4W7AEG
Cyclohexylamine.HCl
I6GH4W7AEG
157973-60-9
CHEBI:15773
MFCD00001486
Cyclohexylamine
DSSTox_CID_3996
DSSTox_RID_77250
DSSTox_GSID_23996
CAS-108-91-8
HAI
EINECS 203-629-0
UN2357
BRN 0471175
cylohexylamine
cyclohexylarnine
cyclo-hexylamine
AI3-15323
cyclohexane-amine
n-cyclohexylamine
cyclohexanyl amine
Hexahydro-Aniline
monocyclohexylamine
4-Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexylamine,(S)
Hexahydro-Benzenamine
Cyclohexanamine, 9CI
CyNH2
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexylamine, 99.5%
bmse000451
EC 203-629-0
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
4-12-00-00008
BIDD:ER0290
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
GTPL5507
CHEMBL1794762
DTXSID1023996
BDBM81970
BCP30928
Tox21_202380
Tox21_300038
STK387114
ZINC12358775
AKOS000119083
Cyclohexylamine, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
UN 2357
VS-0326
Aminocyclohexane pound>>Hexahydroaniline
NCGC00247889-01
NCGC00247889-02
NCGC00253922-01
NCGC00259929-01
AM802905
BP-21278
CAS_108-91-8
NCI60_004907
GLIPIZIDE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Cyclohexylamine 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Cyclohexylamine, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.9%
FT-0624217
C00571
J-002206
J-520164
Q1147539
F2190-0381
1-Aminocyclohexane
1-Cyclohexylamine
Aminocyclohexane
Aminohexahydrobenzene
Hexahydrobenzenamine
Biodur E 1
HY
Hexahydroaniline
Monocyclohexylamine
Glipizide EP Impurity B
CHA
Cyclohexylamine
cyclohexanamine
Aminocyclohexane
Hexahydroaniline
1-Cyclohexylamine
1-Aminocyclohexane
Aniline, hexahydro-
aminocyclohexane[qr]
Aminohexahydrobenzene
Benzenamine, hexahydro-
aminohexahydrobenzene[qr]
benzenamine,hexahydro-[qr]
Cyclohexanamine ChEBI
1-amino-CYCLOHEXANE
1-Aminocyclohexane
1-Cyclohexylamine
Aminocyclohexane
Aminocylcohexane
Aminohexahydrobenzene
CHA
Cyclohexanamine, 9ci
Cyclohexyl amine
Cyclohexylamine.HCL
HAI
hexahydro-Aniline
hexahydro-Benzenamine
Hexahydroaniline
Hexahydrobenzenamine
Cyclohexylamines
Aniline, hexahydro-
Benzenamine, hexahydro-
Hexahydroaniline
Hexahydrobenzenamine
1-Aminocyclohexane
1-Cyclohexylamine
Aminocyclohexane
Aminocylcohexane
Aminohexahydrobenzene
Cyclohexyl amine
HAI




AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE
N-(Aminoethyl)piperazine; Aminoethylpiperazine; 1-Piperazineethanamine; N-(��-Aminoethyl)piperazine; 2-Piperazinylethylamine; 1-Piperazineethylamine; 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine; cas no: 140-31-8
AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE
AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE (AEEA) = N-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHYLENEDIAMINE

Aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) is a single component product, with minimal ethylenediamine impurity.
Aminoethylethanolamine is water-soluble, clear, colorless, and slightly viscous.
An ammonia-like odor is typical of Aminoethylethanolamine.

CAS Number: 111-41-1
EC Number: 203-867-5
Molecular Weight: 104.15
Molecular Formula: C4H12N2O

Aminoethylethanolamine is member from the class of Ethyleneamines and is used in a broad array of applications.
Aminoethylethanolamine or AEEA is an organic base used in the industrial manufacture of fuel and oil additives, chelating agents, and surfactants.

Aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) is a linear molecule with primary and secondary amine groups.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a colorless liquid, with slightly higher viscosity than EDA and DETA.

Aminoethylethanolamine is used as an intermediate in the fabrication of detergents, fabric softeners, chelates, fuel additives and coatings.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a linear member of the ethyleneamines family, at room temperature Aminoethylethanolamine is a clear, colorless, oily liquid with a weak ammonia-like odor.

Aminoethylethanolamine is water soluble, and Aminoethylethanolamine dilute solutions have an alkaline pH.
Aminoethylethanolamine is building block in the manufacture of specialty corrosion inhibitors.

Aminoethylethanolamine is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Aminoethylethanolamine appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Aminoethylethanolamine is corrosive to tissue.

Aminoethylethanolamine is combustible, but may be difficult to ignite.
Aminoethylethanolamine is less dense than water.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used to make other chemicals.

Aminoethylethanolamine is also known as AEEA.
Aminoethylethanolamine is manily used in oil additives and surfactants.

The boiling point of Aminoethylethanolamine is 243 degree celsius and melting point is -28 degree celsius.
The molar mass of Aminoethylethanolamine is 104.15 g/mol.

The chemical formula of Aminoethylethanolamine is C4H12N2O.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a single component with having very less ethylethanolamine impurity.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a very clear and colourless liquid with ammonia like odor.
The CAS number of Aminoethylethanolamine is 111-41-1.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a clear colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Aminoethylethanolamine is industrially produced in the process of the continuously hydrogenative amination of monoethylene glycol.

In the reaction mixture Aminoethylethanolamine is only yielded as a co-product of 6.8%.
The residual compounds of Aminoethylethanolamines are 3.4% of diethylene triamine, 7.0% of piperazine, 51.1% of ethylenediamine, 1.7% of diethanolamine and 30.0% of monoethanolamine.

Aminoethylethanolamine is water soluble, and Aminoethylethanolamine dilute solutions have an alkaline pH.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used in building block in the manufacture of specialty corrosion inhibitors.

Aminoethylethanolamine is member from the class of Ethyleneamines and is used in a broad array of applications.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a single-component product.

Aminoethylethanolamine is used in chelating agents, fabric softeners, lube oil & fuel additives, surfactants, textile additives, urethane chemicals.

Aminoethyl Ethanolamine is a hygroscopic liquid with a mild ammoniacal odor.
Aminoethylethanolamine is miscible with water, ethanol, and acetone, but immiscible with ether, benzene, and hexane.

Aminoethyl Ethanolamine is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of surfactants, sequestering agents, cationic textile softeners, antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, and insecticides.
Aminoethylethanolamine is also found in rubber products, resins, and certain medicinals.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a linear molecule with primary and secondary amine groups with chemical formula of C4H12N2O.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a hygroscopic liquid containing minimal ethylenediamine impurity.

Aminoethylethanolamine is also referred to as N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine, N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino], and N-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-Ethylenediamine.
Aminoethylethanolamine possesses mild ammonia-like odor.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a water-soluble, clear, colorless, and viscous liquid.
Aminoethylethanolamine is miscible with water, ethanol, and acetone, but immiscible with ether, benzene, and hexane.
Aminoethylethanolamine is widely used as an intermediate in the production of surfactants, sequestering agents, cationic textile softeners, antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, and insecticides.

Aminoethylethanolamine (CAS #000111-41- 1, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-ethanol) is a single-component product, with minimal ethylenediamine impurity.
Aminoethylethanolamine typically has an ammonia-like odor and is water-soluble, clear, colorless, and slightly viscous.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a linear molecule with a C4H12N2O the chemical formula in the primary and secondary amine groups.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a hygroscopic liquid that contains minimal ethylenediamine impurity.

Aminoethylethanolamine is often referred to as N-(2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine, N-(2 hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amine] and N-(- -hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine.
Aminoethylethanolamine has a faint ammonia-like scent.

Aminoethylethanolamine is a water-soluble, clear, colorless, and viscous liquid.
Aminoethylethanolamine is miscible with ethanol, water, and acetone but is immiscible with ether, benzene, and hexane.

Aminoethylethanolamine, is a very polar compound and is difficult to analyze as Aminoethylethanolamine is often irreversibly adsorbed on most columns.

Aminoethylethanolamine reacts severely to acids.
Aminoethylethanolamine dissolve in water, ethanol, ether, hexane, acetone and benzene.
Aminoethylethanolamine absorbs the carbon dioxide in the air.

Aminoethylethanolamine is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Aminoethylethanolamine Market Outlook - 2021–2030:
The global aminoethylethanolamine market size was valued at $222.5 million in 2020, and is projected to reach $357.5 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2021 to 2030.

Aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) belongs to ethyleneamines group.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a clear chemical compound that is soluble in water and has ammonia odor.

Increasing trends for cleanliness have surged the demand for cleaners and surfactants where aminoethylethanolamine is used as a chelating agent to reduce the deposition of minerals from surfaces during the manufacturing process.
This may act as one of the key drivers answerable for the growth of the aminoethylethanolamine market.
Moreover, the increasing demand for industrial cleaning solutions among a wide range of industries, such as oil and gas, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and others, is providing an additional push to the growth of the aminoethylethanolamine market. All these factors collectively surge the demand for aminoethylethanolamine, thereby augmenting the global market growth.

However, aminoethylethanolamine is cited as a hazardous substance by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
Prolonged exposure to aminoethylethanolamine can cause several health-related disorders such as severe skin burns, eye damage, and irritation in the nose, throat, lungs, and asthma-like allergy.

Moreover, Aminoethylethanolamine may also cause permanent reproductive damage if exposed beyond the standard exposure limit.
This factor hampers the market growth.

On the contrary, aminoethylethanolamine possesses enhanced surface dynamic characteristics, such as flexible surface tension, enhanced surface enthalpy, entropy, and high absorption characteristics, that make Aminoethylethanolamine suitable for a wide range of applications.
Aminoethylethanolamine is increasingly used in the development of absorbents for CO2 removal applications in industries.

Moreover, characteristics, such as high absorption capacity and low energy costs, make Aminoethylethanolamine an excellent replacement for traditional tertiary amine solutions, such as methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), for absorbent manufacturing purposes.
Aminoethylethanolamine is a key factor that is anticipated to offer new opportunity in the global aminoethylethanolamine market.

The global aminoethylethanolamine market analysis is done on the basis of grade, application, and region.
Depending on grade, the market is divided into >99% and <99%.

The applications covered in the study include chelating agent, surfactants, textile additives, fabric softeners, lubricants, and others.
Region-wise, the market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

Aminoethylethanolamine market, by region:
The Asia-Pacific aminoethylethanolamine market size is projected to grow at the highest CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period and accounted for 46.3% of aminoethylethanolamine market share in 2020.
The rise in demand for end-user industries, such as personal care, home care, and others, in China and India has surged the growth of the chemical manufacturing sectors where aminoethylethanolamine is used an intermediate for manufacturing solvents.

Aminoethylethanolamine market, by grade:
In 2020, the >99% segment was the largest revenue generator, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period.
Proliferating demand for both household and industrial surfactants where aminoethylethanolamine with more than 99% purity is widely used as a chelating agent to prevent the deposition of minerals on metal surfaces may propel the market growth.

Aminoethylethanolamine market, by application:
By application, the lubricant segment dominated the global market in 2020, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period.
The increasing demand for aminoethyl ethanolamine-based lubricants in the automotive sector is expected to drive the growth of the market.

For instance, according to a report published National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency, India’s passenger vehicle industry is expected to grow by 22%-25% in 2022.
This is projected to positively impact the growth of the aminoethyl ethanolamine market for lubricants.

Applications of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Aminoethylethanolamine is manufactured to be marketed as a chemical intermediate for the downstream manufacture of chemicals and products.
Aminoethylethanolamine has a variety of applications and is used in the production of fabric softener, textile additive, surfactants, chelating agents, lube oil and fuel additives and urethane chemicals.
Does not market aminoethylethanolamine directly for consumer use.

Other Applications:
Hardeners
Lubricant
Paint
Bath and Shower Products
Textile Auxiliary
Textile Softeners
Epoxy Coating
Fabric Softener
Urethane Catalysts
Hair care
Chelating agents
Lube oil and fuel additives
Surfactants
Textile additives
Urethane chemicals

Uses of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as a by-product in the sectors of textile, leather and glue.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as the raw material of surface activators.

Aminoethylethanolamine is used as a detergent admixture.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as an admixture in shampoos and lubricants and a resin material.

Aminoethylethanolamine is used as a chemical intermediate, textile finishing compound, and additive to oils in metal cutting.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used to manufacture wet-adhesion additives for latex paints, in the manufacture of fabric softeners, fuel additives and lube oil additives.
Aminoethylethanolamine is an intermediate in the manufacture of chelating agents and surfactants.

Cleaning:
Aminoethylethanolamine is mainly used as building block for fabric softeners/surfactants, which make the textiles less harsh, “softer” or more pleasing to the touch.

Coatings:
For production of latex paints Aminoethylethanolamine acts as intermediate to form an adhesion monomer, which increases adhesion under damp conditions (wet adhesion).
Additionally, via the pendent amino and hydroxy functionalities, Aminoethylethanolamine is used in urethane systems

Fuels and Lubricants:
Aminoethylethanolamine is used in the production of chlorinated polybutene based fuel additives as a dispersant-detergent additive.

Other:
Aminoethylethanolamine is formulated as an intermediate to form polycarboxylic acids and their salts, and chelating agents.
In several additional applications Aminoethylethanolamine is used as building block for synthesis.

Uses at industrial sites
Aminoethylethanolamine is used in the following products: polymers.
Aminoethylethanolamine has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Aminoethylethanolamine is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Aminoethylethanolamine can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Corrosion inhibitor
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Viscosity adjustors
pH regulating agent

Consumer Uses:
Viscosity adjustors

Other Uses:
Corrosion inhibitors
Wet-strength resins
Fabric softeners
Epoxy curing agents
Polyamide resins
Fuel additives
Lube oil additives
Asphalt additives
Ore flotation
Corrosion inhibitors
Ore flotation
Asphalt
Additives
Corrosion inhibitors
Epoxy curing agents
Hydrocarbon purification
Lube oil & fuel additives
Mineral processing aids
Polyamide resins
Surfactants
Textile additives- paper wet-strength Resins
Fabric softeners
Surfactants
Coatings
Urethanes
Fuel additives
Chemical intermediates
Epoxy curing agents
Lube oils
Wet strength resins

Uses Area of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as a by-product in the sectors of textile, leather and glue.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as the raw material of surface activators.

Aminoethylethanolamine is used as a detergent admixture.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used as an admixture in shampoos and lubricants and a resin material.

Aminoethylethanolamines have the combined physical and chemical characteristics of both alcohols and amines in one molecule, which makes them useful intermediates in the synthesis of various target molecules for the use in many diverse areas such as pharmaceutical, urethane catalysts, coatings, personal care, products, water treatments, corrosion inhibitors, and gas treating industries.
There are 1°, 2º or 3º nitrogen atom and one hydroxyl group at least in alkanolamines.

Aminoethylethanolamine react with inorganic acids carboxylic acids to form salts, soaps, esters, or amides.
Aminoethylethanolamine are used in both water- based and solvent-based coatings to enhance the solubility, reducibility, pigment dispersing and pH stability.
They are used in cathodic electrodeposition systems and as a catalyst for chain-extend.

Aminoethylethanolamine are used to prepare surface-active soaps through reaction with fatty acids.
Surface-active soaps are used commercially as a emulsifier, lubricants, detergents, pesticides and personal care products.

Aminoethylethanolamine maintain a constant alkalinity in the boiling water flows and condensate not to form solid products which would impede line flow.
This function of Aminoethylethanolamine is applied for corrosion Inhibits.
Aminoethylethanolamine are widely employed in the preparation of water soluble cationic flocculants and ion exchange resins which adsorb solid and colloidal particles by electrostatic attraction.

Aminoethylethanolamines are used for water treatment industry.
Aminoethylethanolamine and their derivatives are widely used as intermediates for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as procaine, antihistamines analgesics from N,N-dimethylethanolamine or N-methyldiethanolamine.

Aminoethylethanolamine are used to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and CO2 gas from gas streams in natural and refinery gas operations.
Aminoethylethanolamine which has amine groups and hydroxyl group is used as an important intermediate for polymer condensation, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, paper chemicals, rubber chemicals, textile auxiliaries.
Aminoethylethanolamine is used to produce shampoo, cationic surfactants, antistatic agents and chelating agents.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Machining
Soldering
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)

Benefits of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Consistent and predictable reaction products
Easily derivatized
Low vapor pressure
High viscosity
Low environmental impact
Suitable for harsh conditions
Low sensitivity
Versatile

Functions of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Raw Material,
Chemical Intermediate

History of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Air samples collected on tubes containing XAD-2 resin coated with NITC were received at SLTC along with a request for analysis for Aminoethylethanolamine.
Aminoethylethanolamine was collected on the same media used in OSHA Method 601, for diethylene triamine, so those extraction and analytical parameters were used as a starting point for Aminoethylethanolamine.

The Aminoethylethanolamine was found to readily derivatize with the NITC to form a stable derivative.
The mobile phase of 80:20 isooctane: isopropanol gave a separation for the Aminoethylethanolamine peak from interferences from the NITC.

The samples were extracted with dimethylformamide (DMF), with an extraction efficiency mean of 99.7% for the concentration range of 20.7 to 413 µg/tube.
The retention efficiency study showed no Aminoethylethanolamine on the back up section of the spiked tube or back up tube, for tubes spiked with 413.2 µg through which10-L humid air had been drawn.
The storage study showed no loss for samples stored for up to 14 days under both refrigerated and ambient conditions.

General Manufacturing Information of Aminoethylethanolamine:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

Reactivity Profile of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Aminoethylethanolamine is an amine and alcohol.
Amines are chemical bases.

They neutralize acids to form salts plus water.
These acid-base reactions are exothermic.

The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base.
Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.

Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
This chemical is hygroscopic.

Handling and Storage of Aminoethylethanolamine:
In order to maintain the high degree of purity with which Aminoethylethanolamine is manufactured and shipped, the following storage and handling considerations are recommended:

Dry Inert Gas Blanket:
Aminoethylethanolamine should be stored under a dry inert gas blanket, such as nitrogen, to minimize contamination resulting from contact with air and water.

Materials of Construction:
If slight coloration of the ethyleneamine is acceptable, storage tanks may be made of carbon steel or black iron, provided they are free of rust and mill scale.
However, if the amine is stored in such tanks, color may develop due to iron contamination.

If iron contamination cannot be tolerated, tanks constructed of types 304 or 316 stainless steel should be used. (Note: Because they are quickly corroded by amines, do not use copper, copper alloys, brass, or bronze in tanks or lines.)
Recommended storage construction for Aminoethylethanolamine is stainless steel.

Storage Temperature:
Aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) has a pour point of -38°C.
To avoid freezing, Aminoethylethanolamine should be maintained above this temperature.
At temperatures below 5°C, viscosity becomes so high that Aminoethylethanolamine cannot be easily pumped.

Spills or Leaks:
Small spills should be covered with inorganic absorbents and disposed of properly.
Organic absorbents have been known to ignite when contaminated with amines in closed containers. Certain cellulosic materials used for spill cleanup such as wood chips or sawdust have shown reactivity with ethyleneamines and should be avoided.

Large spills should be contained and recovered.
Water may be used for clean-up purposes, but avoid disposing of the material into sewers or natural water bodies.

Disposal should be in accordance with all federal, state and local laws, regulations, and ordinances.
Ethyleneamine leaks will frequently be identified by the odor (ammoniacal) or by the formation of a white, solid, waxy substance (amine carbamates).
Inorganic absorbents or water may be used to clean up the amine waste.

Safety of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Because of the fragility of eye tissue, almost any eye contact with any ethyleneamine may cause irreparable damage, even blindness.
A single, short exposure to ethyleneamines, may cause severe skin burns, while a single, prolonged exposure may result in the material being absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts.

Exposures have caused allergic skin reactions in some individuals.
Single dose oral toxicity of ethyleneamines is low.

The principal hazards that arise in working with Aminoethylethanolamine are those associated with similar organic amines; namely, a corrosive action on skin and eyes. Precautions should be taken to prevent contact with these parts of the body such as by use of protective clothing and chemical goggles.
If contact occurs, immediately flush the exposed area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.

Eye exposures should be examined by a physician.
Contaminated clothing should be laundered before reuse.

If ingestion occurs, do not induce vomiting.
Have the individual drink a large amount of water (or milk, if Aminoethylethanolamine is readily available) and transport them to a medical facility immediately.

First Aid Measures of Aminoethylethanolamine:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area.
Take deep breaths of fresh air.

If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.

Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used.
If not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Fire Fighting Measures of Aminoethylethanolamine:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
If Aminoethylethanolamine can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Aminoethylethanolamine:

Isolation and Evacuation:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE:
Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL:
Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Identifiers of Aminoethylethanolamine:
CAS Number: 111-41-1
ChemSpider: 7821
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.516
PubChem CID: 8112
UNII: RC78W6NPXT
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7025423
InChI:
InChI=1S/C4H12N2O/c5-1-2-6-3-4-7/h6-7H,1-5H2 check
Key: LHIJANUOQQMGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C4H12N2O/c5-1-2-6-3-4-7/h6-7H,1-5H2
Key: LHIJANUOQQMGNT-UHFFFAOYAR
SMILES: OCCNCCN

CAS number: 111-41-1
EINECS/ELINCS No.: 203-867-5
Molecular weight: 104.15
Molecular formula: C₄H₁₂N₂O

Chemical family: Ethylene Amines
CAS number: 111-41-1
Physical form: Liquid
Molecular Weight: 104.15
Chemical name: 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol

Properties of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Chemical formula: C4H12N2O
Molar mass: 104.153 g·mol−1
Density: 1.03 g/cm3
Melting point: −28 °C (−18 °F; 245 K)
Boiling point: 243 °C (469 °F; 516 K)
Vapor pressure: 0.01 mmHg @ 20 °C ; 8.17x10−4mmHg @ 25 °C

Form: Clear liquid
Colour: colourless
Odour: ammoniacal
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 12 at 25 % solution
Melting point/freezing point: -38 °C at 1,013 hPa
Boiling point/boiling range: 243 °C at 1,013 hPa
Flash point: 132 °C at 1,013 hPa
Ignition temperature: > 150 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): Not applicable
Flammability (liquids): Not classified as a flammability hazard
Vapour pressure: 0.012 hPa at 20 °C
Relative vapour density: 3.6
Density: 1,030 kg/m3 at 20 °C
1,024 kg/m3 at 25 °C
1,012 kg/m3 at 40 °C
Relative density: 1.026 at 25 °C
Water solubility: soluble
Solubility in other solvents: Soluble in ethanol.
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: log Pow: -1.46 at 25 °C
Viscosity, dynamic: 141 mPa.s at 20 °C
Explosive properties: Not explosive
Oxidizing properties: Aminoethylethanolamine or mixture is not classified as oxidizing.

Form: Viscous liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Ammonical
Water solubility :Miscible
Solubility in other solvents: Ethanol
pH, 25% solution: 12
Melting point/freezing point, 1013 hPa: -38 °C
Boiling point/boiling range, 1013 hPa: 243 °C
Flash point, 1013 hPa: 132 °C
Ignition temperature: > 150 °C
Vapor pressure, 20°C: 0.012 hPa
Relative vapor density, air = 1.0 3.6
Density, 25°C: 1.024 kg/m³
Relative density, 25°C: 1.026
Partition coefficient, N-octanol/water, 25°C, log Pow -1.46
Dynamic viscosity, 20°C: 141 mPa.s

Molecular Weight: 104.15
XLogP3: -1.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 104.094963011
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.094963011
Topological Polar Surface Area: 58.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 32.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Aminoethylethanolamine:
Appearance (MOA 200): Clear liquid
Assay (MOA 553): ≥ 99.6 wt%
Ethylene diamine (MOA 558): ≤ 100 ppm
Color (MOA 201): ≤ 20 Hazen
Water (MOA 305): ≤ 0.2 wt%

Names of Aminoethylethanolamine:

Regulatory process names:
(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
(AEEA)
(beta-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
1-(2-(Hydroxyethyl)amino)-2-aminoethane
2-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol; (AEEA)
Aminoethyl ethanolamine
beta-Aminoethyl-beta-hydroxyethylamine
Ethanol, 2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)-
Ethanolethylene diamine
Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine
Monoethanolethylenediamine
N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-Aminoethyl ethanolamine
N-Hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
N-Hydroxyethylethylenediamine

Translated names:
(AEEA) (bg)
(AEEA) (cs)
(AEEA) (da)
(AEEA) (de)
(AEEA) (el)
(AEEA) (es)
(AEEA) (et)
(AEEA) (fi)
(AEEA) (fr)
(AEEA) (hr)
(AEEA) (hu)
(AEEA) (it)
(AEEA) (lt)
(AEEA) (lv)
(AEEA) (mt)
(AEEA) (nl)
(AEEA) (no)
(AEEA) (pl)
(AEEA) (pt)
(AEEA) (ro)
(AEEA) (sk)
(AEEA) (sl)
(AEEA) (sv)
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (cs)
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (da)
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol (de)
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (mt)
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol (nl)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (es)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (hr)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (hu)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (pt)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (ro)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanol (sl)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanolis (lt)
2-(2-aminoetilamino)etanols (lv)
2-(2-aminoetylamino)etanol (no)
2-(2-aminoetylamino)etanol (sv)
2-(2-Aminoetylamino)etanoli (fi)
2-(2-aminoetyloamino)etanol (pl)
2-(2-aminoetüülamino)etanool (et)
2-(2-aminoéthylamino)éthanol; (AEEA) (fr)
2-(2-amminoetilammino)etanolo (it)
2-(2-αμινο-αιθυλαμινο)αιθανόλη (el)
2-(2-аминоетиламино)етанол (bg)
2-[(2-aminoetyl)amino]etanol (sk)

CAS name:
Ethanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-

IUPAC names:
(AEEA)
2,2 aminoethylaminoethanol
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)-ethanol
2-(2-AMINOETHYLAMINO)ETHANOL
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethan-1-ol
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol
2‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]ethan‐1‐ol
AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE
Aminoethylethanolamine
Aminoethylethanolamine
Aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) - OR30
Ethanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-
Unamine O - 2-(2-aminoethykamino)ethanol

Preferred IUPAC name:
2-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]ethan-1-ol

Trade names:
AEEA
Aminoethyethanolamine
Aminoethylethanolamine
AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE.

Other names:
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine

Other identifiers:
111-41-1
51251-98-0
51251-98-0
603-194-00-0

Synonyms of Aminoethylethanolamine:
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol
111-41-1
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
Aminoethylethanolamine
2-((2-Aminoethyl)amino)ethanol
N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
2-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]ethanol
N-(Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
Ethanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-
Monoethanolethylenediamine
(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
Ethanolethylene diamine
N-Hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
N-Hydroxyethylethylenediamine
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
NSC 461
Ethanol, 2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)-
2-((Aminoethyl)amino)ethanol
2-[2-Aminoethylamino]ethanol
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethan-1-ol
RC78W6NPXT
1-(2-(Hydroxyethyl)amino)-2-aminoethane
.beta.-Aminoethyl-.beta.-hydroxyethylamine
NSC-461
2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)ethylamine
N-(.beta.-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
(.beta.-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(.beta.-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
1-[2-(Hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-aminoethane
N-Aminoethylethanolamine
N-Aminoethyl ethanolamine
Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine
CCRIS 4825
HSDB 2067
(beta-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
EINECS 203-867-5
UNII-RC78W6NPXT
beta-Aminoethyl-beta-hydroxyethylamine
BRN 0506012
n-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine
AI3-15368
aminoethylethanolamin
N-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-ETHYLENEDIAMINE
1-Aminoethyl ethanolamine
EC 203-867-5
(Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
WLN: Z2M2Q
SCHEMBL18854
4-04-00-01558 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:GT0276
N-(2-aminoethyl)-ethanolamine
N-hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine
2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol
2-(2-aminoethylamino)-ethanol
NSC461
SCHEMBL2787111
2-Amino-2'-hydroxydiethylamine
CHEMBL3186403
DTXSID7025423
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylendiamine
N-(beta-aminoethyl) ethanolamine
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-ethanol
N-(2-hydroxy ethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(2'-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
ZINC6021259
AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE [INCI]
N-.beta.-Hydroxyethylethylenediamine
Tox21_200209
BBL027690
MFCD00008170
N-(2-hydroxy ethyl) ethylenediamine
STK802366
AMINOETHYL ETHANOLAMINE [HSDB]
N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine
AKOS009156720
HYDROXYETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE, N-
CS-W011299
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 99%
NCGC00248562-01
NCGC00257763-01
CAS-111-41-1
VS-08576
DB-040972
A0299
FT-0629139
D77720
EN300-126824
A935986
Q209289
Q-200137
F0001-0240
N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHYLENEDIAMINE
(β-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
111-41-1 [RN]
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol
2-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]ethanol [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]ethanol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
2-[(2-Aminoéthyl)amino]éthanol [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
203-867-5 [EINECS]
Aminoethylethanolamin [German]
Aminoethylethanolamine [Wiki]
Ethanol, 2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)-
Ethanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]- [ACD/Index Name]
KJ6300000
MFCD00008170 [MDL number]
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(2'-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(β-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(β-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-Aminoethyl ethanolamine
N-Hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
RC78W6NPXT
β-Aminoethyl-β-hydroxyethylamine
(2-AMINOETHYL)ETHANOLAMINE
(β-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
1-(2-(Hydroxyethyl)amino)-2-aminoethane
1-[2-(Hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-aminoethane
1246819-88-4 [RN]
147770-06-7 [RN]
1-Aminoethyl ethanolamine
2-​(2-​aminoethylamino)​ethanol
2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)ethanol
2-((Aminoethyl)amino)ethanol
2-(2-Amino-ethylamino)-ethanol
2-(2-AMINOETHYLAMINO)ETHANOL-D4
2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)ethylamine
2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethan-1-ol
2-[2-Aminoethylamino]ethanol
20261-60-3 [RN]
263-177-5 [EINECS]
263-179-6 [EINECS]
2-Amino-2'-hydroxydiethylamine
2-hydroxyethylethylenediamine
4-04-00-01514 [Beilstein]
51251-98-0 [RN]
59219-56-6 [RN]
61791-44-4 [RN]
61791-46-6 [RN]
66085-61-8 [RN]
8033-73-6 [RN]
Aminoethyl ethanolamine
Aminoethylethanolamin
Ethanolethylene diamine
ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-
H2dea
Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine
hydroxyethylethylenediamine
Jsp000857
N-(2-Aminoethyl) ethanolamine
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
N-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)ETHANE DIAMINE
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine
N-(Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(β-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N'-Iminodiethanol
N-AMINOETHYLETHANOLAMINE
N-β-Hydroxyethylethylenediamine
UNII:RC78W6NPXT
UNII-RC78W6NPXT
VS-08576
WLN: Z2M2Q
β-Aminoethyl-β-hydroxyethylamine

MeSH Entry Terms of Aminoethylethanolamine:
aminoethylethanolamine
monoethanol ethylenediamine
N-(2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine monohydrochloride
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine sodium salt
AMINOETHYLPIPERAZINE
Aminoethylpiperazine is a combustible and corrosive aliphatic amine.
Aminoethylpiperazine is a colorless to light yellow liquid.
Aminoethylpiperazine used for studying corrosion inhibition.

CAS: 140-31-8
MF: C6H15N3
MW: 129.2
EINECS: 205-411-0

An amine combining a primary, secondary, and ter- tiary amine in one molecule.
A colorless liquid with a faint fishlike odor.
Flash point 199°F.
Corrosive to tissue.
Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced by combustion.
Aminoethylpiperazine is a derivative of piperazine.
This ethyleneamine contains three nitrogen atoms; one primary, one secondary and one tertiary.

Aminoethylpiperazine is a corrosive organic liquid and can cause second or third degree burns.
Aminoethylpiperazine can also cause pulmonary edema as a result of inhalation.
Aminoethylpiperazine is REACH and TSCA registered.
Aminoethylpiperazine, also known as N-aminoethyl piperazine, is an organic synthesis intermediate and pharmaceutical intermediate.
Aminoethylpiperazine can be used as an important fine chemical with high added value and is widely used in polyurethane, plastic, pesticide and electroplating industries.

Aminoethylpiperazine Chemical Properties
Melting point: -19 °C
Boiling point: 218-222 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.985 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor density: 4.4 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.05 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.500
Fp: 200 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: >1000g/l
Form: Liquid
pka: 10.11±0.10(Predicted)
Color: Clear colorless to slightly yellow
PH: 12 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Explosive limit: 2.1-10.5%(V)
Water Solubility: soluble
Sensitive: Air Sensitive
BRN: 104363
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with acids, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, strong oxidizing agents, chloroformates.
LogP: -1.48 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 140-31-8(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Aminoethylpiperazine (140-31-8)
EPA Substance Registry System: Aminoethylpiperazine (140-31-8)

Uses
Aminoethylpiperazine is utilized in a variety of reactions for studying corrosion inhibition, biological activity and metal ligand effects on catalysis.
Aminoethylpiperazine is used for epoxy curing, surface activation, and as an asphalt additive.
Aminoethylpiperazine is used in lube oil and fuel additives, mineral processing aids, polyamide resins, urethane chemicals, wet strength resins.
Aminoethylpiperazine uses include inhibition of corrosion, surface activation, and as an asphalt additive.
As Aminoethylpiperazine is alkaline and carbon dioxide is weakly acidic, it has been researched as a carbon dioxide sequestrant.
Aminoethylpiperazine is part of ongoing research in Carbon capture and storage.

Reactivity Profile
Aminoethylpiperazine neutralizes acids to form salts plus water in exothermic reactions.
May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Production
Ethylene dichloride is reacted with ammonia as a main method of production.
This process produces various ethylene amines which can then be purified by distillation.
These include ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, other higher homologues and Aminoethylpiperazine
Aminoethylpiperazine is also manufactured by reacting ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over a catalyst.

Synonyms
140-31-8
N-Aminoethylpiperazine
N-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine
1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine
2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanamine
1-Piperazineethanamine
2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine
Aminoethylpiperazine
Piperazineethanamine
1-Piperazineethylamine
1-AMINOETHYLPIPERAZINE
Piperazine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-
2-Piperazin-1-ylethylamine
USAF DO-46
2-Piperazinylethylamine
NSC 38968
2-(1-Piperazinyl)ethylamine
N-(beta-Aminoethyl)piperazine
CCRIS 6678
HSDB 5630
N-(Aminoethyl)piperazine
EINECS 205-411-0
UN2815
4-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine
BRN 0104363
AI3-52274
MLS000736991
DTXSID2021997
UNII-I86052F9F6
N-(.beta.-Aminoethyl)piperazine
2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-amine
NSC-38968
I86052F9F6
EC 205-411-0
1-[2-Aminoethyl]piperazine
5-23-01-00257 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXCID401997
28631-79-0
AEP
CAS-140-31-8
Ancamine AEP
aminoethyl piperazine
1-Piperazinaetanamina
1-Piperazinaetilamina
2-aminoethylpiperazine
2-Piperaziniletilamina
Epikure 3202
n-aminoethyl piperazine
AEP (CHRIS Code)
N-AEP
Aminoethylpiperazine, n-
N-2-aminoethylpiperazine
1-(2-aminoetil) piperazina
2-piperazin-1-yl-ethylamine
4-(2-aminoetil) piperazina
n-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine
SCHEMBL17210
2-(1-Piperazinyl)ethanamine
N-(2-amino ethyl)piperazine
N-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine
WLN: T6M DNTJ D2Z
1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine
1-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine
2-(1-piperazinil) etanamina
2-(1-piperazinil) etilamina
1-(beta-Aminoethyl)piperazine
N-(beta-aminoethyl)-piperazine
1-(2-aminoethyl)- piperazine
CHEMBL209790
D.E.H. 39 (Salt/Mix)
2-(1-Piperazinyl)ethanamine #
Piperazina, 1-(2-aminoetil)-
PIPERAZINEETHANAMINE, 1-
N-(2-AMINOETHYL)PYPERAZINE
1-(. Beta.-Aminoetil) piperazina
1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine, 99%
NSC38968
Tox21_202230
Tox21_302922
BBL011596
MFCD00005971
NA2815
STL163329
AKOS000118842
AM81364
LF-0556
UN 2815
NCGC00249192-01
NCGC00256327-01
NCGC00259779-01
SMR000393948
N-(2-AMINOETHYL)PIPERAZINE [HSDB]
LS-110237
A0304
FT-0629105
Piperazine 1-(2-aminoethyl)-(6CI7CI8CI)
EN300-17952
N-Aminoethylpiperazine [UN2815] [Corrosive]
N-Aminoethylpiperazine [UN2815] [Corrosive]
Q3887815
W-109074
Z57127897
F2191-0297
InChI=1/C6H15N3/c7-1-4-9-5-2-8-3-6-9/h8H,1-7H
1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine; N-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine; 4-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine
AMINOETHYLPIPERAZINE (AEP)
2-(2-Aminoethylamino)-Ethanol; N-hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethanediamine; N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine; N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine; 2-((aminoethyl)amino)ethanol; N-aminoethylethanolamine; cas no: 111-41-1
AMINOETILETANOLAMIN-(AEEA)
EC / List no.: 217-707-7; CAS no.: 1937-19-5; Mol. formula: CH7ClN4Nom INCI : AMINOGUANIDINE HCL; 240-295-5 [EINECS]; 3909606; Aminoguanidine hydrochloride; Guanylhydrazine hydrochloride; Hydrazincarboximidamidhydrochlorid (1:1) [German] ; Hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide, chlorhydrate (1:1) [French] ; Hydrazinecarboximidamide, hydrochloride (1:1) ; Pimagedine hydrochloride; (Diaminomethylene)hydraziniumchloride; (diaminomethylideneamino)azanium chloride; [1937-19-5]; 1-aminoguanidine hydrochloride; 2-aminoguanidine;hydrochloride; 2-aminoguanidine;hydron;chloride; 2-ammonioguanidine chloride; 2-azaniumylguanidine chloride; Carbazamidine monohydrochloride; 1-aminoguanidine hydrochloride; Aminoguanidine Hydrochloride; hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride; hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride; N-aminoguanidine hydrochloride; Aminoguanadine hydrochloride; Aminoguanadine hydrochloride 98%; Aminoguanidine (hydrochloride); Aminoguanidine HCl; aminoguanidine hydrochloride, 98%; Aminoguanidine monohydrochloride; AminoguanidineHydrochloride; Aminoguanidinhydrochlorid; Aminoguanidinium chloride; carbazamidine hydrochloride; carbazamidine monohydrochloride; carbonohydrazonic diamide hydrochloride; CST-8 |; Guanidine, amino-, hydrochloride; hydrazinecarboximidamide hcl(1:x); Hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride(1:x); hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloridehydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide(9CI); Hydrazinecarboximidamide, hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide, hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide,hydrochloride (9CI); HYDROGEN AMINO-GUANIDINE CHLORIDE; monoaminoguanidinium chloride; N- AMINOGUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE; Pharmakon1600-01506176; pimagedine HCl; Pimagedine hydrochloride;GER-11;Aminoguanidinium chloride
AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water .
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).


CAS Number: 2582-30-1
EC Number: 219-956-7
MDL number: MFCD00012949
Linear Formula: NH2NHC(=NH)NH2 · H2CO3
Molecular Formula: CH6N4.CH2O3 / C2H8N4O3



SYNONYMS:
aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, Aminoguanidine hicarbonate, 1-aminoguanidine carbonate, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, GUANYLHYDRAZINE BICARBONATE, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, Aminoguanidine carbonic acid, 1-AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, 1-AMINOGUANIDINE HYDROGEN CARBONATE, aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, 1-AMINOGUANIDINIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE, AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE CRYSTALLINE, 1-AMINOGUANIDINIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE OE, Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 2582-30-1, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, 2200-97-7, Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate, 2-aminoguanidine;carbonic acid, Aminoguanidine carbonate, Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), Aminoguanidium hydrogen carbonate, Aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, N1-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, MFCD00012949, BA 51-090222, NSC7887, N''-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid, amino(diaminomethylidene)azanium;hydrogen carbonate, AMINOGUANIDINE; CARBONIC ACID, 1-Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, AMINOGUANIDINECARBONATE, 2-aminoguanidine,carbonic acid, Hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonate, NSC 7887, EINECS 219-956-7, Amino guanidine bicarbonate, Guanidine, amino-, hydrogen carbonate, Ba 51-090222 (VAN), N(sup 1)-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), AI3-52138, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate, UNII-X2151435R9, aminoguandine bicarbonate, EC 219-956-7, SCHEMBL40128, CH6N4.H2CO3, 1-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid, DTXSID2062537, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 97%, Amino guanidine hydrogen carbonate, 1-aminoguanidine carbonic acid salt, HB0111, AKOS015894487, AKOS015901290, hydrazinecarboximidamide bicarbonate salt, hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonic acid salt, LS-12944, A0307, F87308, Q27293343, [amino(hydrazinyl)methylidene]azanium hydrogen carbonate, F0001-0859, Carbonic acid compound with hydrazinecarboximidamide (1:1), 2-Aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, Aminoguanidine hydrocarbonate, Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, Aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, Guanylhydrazine hydrogen carbonate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate, aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, aminoguanidinium bicarbonate, aminoguanidine hydrocarbonate, aminoguanidine carbonate 1:1, aminoguanidium hydrogen carbonate, n1-aminoguanidine carbonate 1:1, aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, aminoguanidinebicarbonate, hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonate, Carbonic Acid, compd. with Aminoguanidine, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, Aminoguanidine Hydrogen Carbonate, Hydrazinecarboximidamide Carbonate, 1-Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, Aminoguanidine Carbonate, Aminoguanidine Hydrogen, Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate, Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate, AMINOGUANIDINE HYDROGEN CARBONATE, hydrazinecarboxiMidaMide carbonate, AMINOGUANADINE BICARBONATE, aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, ABGC, 1-AMinoguanidi, AMINOGUANIDINE HCO3, Aminoguanidine bicar, uanidine bicarbonate, Ceramides 100403-19-8, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, Aminoguanidine hicarbonate, carbonic acid - carbonohydrazonic diamide (1:1), 1-aminoguanidine carbonate, Aminoguanidine carbonic acid, Amino guanidine bicarbonate,



Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white to off-white crystalline powder.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is almost insoluble in water, alcohol and other acids.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a chemical compound used as precursor for the preparation of aminoguanidine compounds.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate has the chemical formula C2H8N4O3.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, also known as aminoguanidinium hydrogen carbonate, is a chemical compound used as a precursor for the preparation of aminoguanidine compounds .


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate has the chemical formula C2H8N4O3 .
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water .
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, also known as Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H8N4O3, esteemed for its versatile applications in the specialty chemical industry.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate, also referred to as Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H8N4O3.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CH6N4·H2CO3.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water.


Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a strong nucleophile and a powerful reducing agent.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is also a useful reagent for the synthesis of heterocycles.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is of practical importance because of its use in dyes, dispersants, explosives and other commercial applications.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is used in the synthesis of antitumor agents and antileukemic activity.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is also used in the synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors in the inhibition of influenze.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is used to study the effect of addition of polyamines to rat embryo cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 5.
Synthesis of heterocycles: Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate serves as a reagent for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds like 1,2,4-triazoles, which have various biological and industrial applications.


Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase: Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is used to investigate the role of NO in various physiological and pathological processes by inhibiting NOS activity [, ].
Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation: Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is employed to study the role of AGEs in diabetes, aging, and other conditions [, ].


Wound healing: Research suggests that aminoguanidine bicarbonate improves wound healing in diabetic rats by preserving collagen ultrastructure and restoring TGF-β1 expression .
Pulmonary fibrosis: Studies indicate that aminoguanidine exhibits potential therapeutic effects in preventing pulmonary fibrosis by reducing collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content in the lungs .


Anticonvulsant activity: Certain derivatives synthesized from aminoguanidine bicarbonate demonstrate potent anticonvulsant activity, offering potential therapeutic applications in epilepsy .
Energetic materials: Aminoguanidine bicarbonate serves as a precursor for the synthesis of high-nitrogen-content energetic materials, which find applications in propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics


Aminoguanidine is a pharmaceutical drug that has been used for the treatment of chronic renal failure and congestive heart failure.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate has also been studied for its potential use in Alzheimer's disease. Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is the most commonly used form of aminoguanidine in clinical trials.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can be synthesized by reacting malonic acid with hydrochloric acid and copper metal hydroxide, which produces copper complexes and aminoguanidine bicarbonate.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins, and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).


Biochem/physiol Actions Aminoguanidine bicarbonate protects the cells infected with
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can be used as raw materials for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes, foaming agents and explosives.
In the realm of specialty chemicals, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate proves to be a valuable asset with its wide-ranging capabilities.


While Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's protective effects against adenovirus-induced chromosomal damage and its role in modulating nitric oxide synthesis are noteworthy, its primary significance lies in its contribution to the specialty chemical sector.
With a focus on the specialty chemical industry, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate finds utility in producing cutting-edge chemicals catering to diverse sectors.


From high-performance additives to specialized coatings and catalysts, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's presence in specialty chemical formulations enhances the performance and functionality of various end product.
The potential of Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate to shield cells from adenovirus-induced chromosomal damage showcases its prowess in cellular defense mechanisms, promising to bolster the immune response against viral infections.


Acting as an inhibitor of NOS, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate exerts control over the intricate nitric oxide synthesis process, paving the way for therapeutic interventions in conditions where excess nitric oxide could cause detrimental effects.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is used to study the effect of addition of polyamines to rat embryo cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 5.


Significantly, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's role in combating diabetic vascular dysfunction highlights its clinical relevance in managing diabetes.
By mitigating vascular impairments associated with diabetes, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate contributes to the preservation of cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of severe complications stemming from diabetic-related vascular issues.


Beyond its biological effects, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate emerges as an indispensable resource in the realm of chemical synthesis.
As a foundational building block for diverse pharmaceuticals, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate empowers researchers and manufacturers to create innovative drugs targeting a wide range of medical conditions.


Additionally, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's application in pesticide production fortifies agricultural practices, ensuring enhanced crop protection and improved yields.
Furthermore, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's relevance in the production of dyes and foaming agents underscores its significance in the industrial sector.


Its unique properties make Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate an ideal candidate for creating vibrant and durable dyes, catering to various industries such as textiles, cosmetics, and more.
Simultaneously, Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate's capacity as a foaming agent plays a crucial role in the production of numerous consumer products, ranging from personal care items to industrial materials.


Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.
In scientific research, aminoguanidine bicarbonate is primarily used as a reagent for the synthesis of other compounds and as an inhibitor of various enzymes.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate was used to study the effect of addition of polyamines to rat embryo cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 5.



MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
*Condensation reactions:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can react with aldehydes and ketones to form imines, with carboxylic acids to form amides, and with esters to form amidines.

*Cyclization reactions:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be used to synthesize heterocycles such as 1,2,4-triazoles.

*Nitration reactions:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be nitrated to form nitroguanidine .



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
*Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS):
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate acts as an inhibitor of NOS, particularly inducible NOS (iNOS), by competing with L-arginine for the enzyme's active site.
This inhibition reduces NO production and its downstream effects.

Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate interferes with the formation of AGEs, which are implicated in diabetic complications and other pathological conditions.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate acts as a nucleophile, trapping reactive carbonyl compounds that contribute to AGE formation.


*Antioxidant activity:
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate demonstrates antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting cells from oxidative stress



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white fine crystalline powder. Soft, practically insoluble in water.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is insoluble in alcohol and other acids. Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is unstable when heated, and gradually decomposes when it exceeds 50 ° C, turns red when it is heated to 100 ° C.
In an oil bath, and decomposes completely when Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is heated to 171-173 ° C.



BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate protects the cells infected with adenovirus from chromosomal damage.
Aminoguanidine is a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase present in fetal calf serum.



SYNTHESIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
A synthesis method of Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate includes reacting an acidic aqueous hydrazine hydrate solution with calcium cyanamide in an elevated temperature to produce an aminoguanidine solution, recovering the solution, and reacting therewith an alkali metal bicarbonate to produce relatively high purity Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate.



PROPERTIES OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Chemical:
Addition of an equimolar amount of freebase aminoguanidine to Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate will yield aminoguanidinium carbonate.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate will react with acids to yield their respective salts.
X-ray analysis has shown that solid Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is actually a zwitterionic molecule, 2-guanidinium-1-aminocarboxylate monohydrate.

Physical:
Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water.
Recrystallization from hot water is possible, but some decomposition always occurs and reprecipitation tends to be slow and incomplete.



SYNTHESIS ANALYSIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be synthesized by reacting hydrazine hydrate with cyanamide in the presence of carbon dioxide.
The reaction is typically carried out in water at a temperature of 70-80°C.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is then isolated by filtration and recrystallized from water.

Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can be prepared by reacting calcium cyanamide with hydrazine sulfate .
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can also be easily prepared by reducing nitroguanidine with zinc powder .
Another method involves adding zinc powder to a stirred suspension of nitroguanidine in ammonium sulfate solution .



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Melting point: Decomposes at 150°C .
Solubility: Soluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol .
pH: 7-8 (in aqueous solution) .

Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water .
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate has a density of 1.56 g/cm3 at 20 °C .
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate decomposes when boiled .



MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
The molecular weight of Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is 136.1099 g/mol .
The IUPAC Standard InChI name of Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate is InChI=1S/CH6N4.CH2O3/c2-1(3)5-4;2-1(3)4/h4H2, (H4,2,3,5); (H2,2,3,4) .



CHEMICAL REACTIONS ANALYSIS OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate will react with acids to yield their respective salts .
Addition of an equimolar amount of freebase aminoguanidine to aminoguanidine bicarbonate will yield aminoguanidinium carbonate.



PREPARATION OF AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can be prepared by reacting calcium cyanamide with hydrazine sulfate.
Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate can also be easily prepared by reducing nitroguanidine with zinc powder.
Diachrynic used this route obtaining a great yield:
41.14 g zinc powder (629 mmol, 3.3 molar eq.) are weighed and put to the side.

Into a reaction flask of at least 500 mL are put 20.00 g nitroguanidine (192 mmol, 1 molar eq.) and 47.62 g of ammonium sulfate (360 mmol, 1.88 molar eq.) in 285 mL of water.
The suspension is stirred and not everything dissolves, this is expected.

The reaction flask is immersed in an ice bath and equipped with magnetic stirring and a thermometer.
Stirring is started.
Once the solution reaches 10 °C the addition of small spatulas of zinc powder at a time is started.

Monitor the exotherm and don't add too much at once, however the reaction is fairly easy to control.
3-4 spatulas of zinc can be added at a time, making the temperature jump up by 5-8 °C.
The reaction was kept between 5-15 °C, leaning to the latter temperature.

The complete addition of zinc took about 1 hour, during which the ice bath was refilled just once.
Afterwards the reaction was left stirring at about 15 °C for a further 30 minutes.
The pH rose to about 8-9.

Using a fritted vacuum filter the zinc oxide sludge was removed, it filtered fairly easily.
The yellow colored filtrate is put into a flask with magnetic stirring, and 8.57 g of 25% ammonia solution (126 mmol, 0.66 molar eq.) are added as well as 28.57 g of sodium bicarbonate (340 mmol, 0.94 molar eq.) with stirring, it dissolves after a short while.

The solution is left standing for 12 h during which the Aminoguanidine Bicarbonate slowly precipitates.
Afterwards the product is vacuum filtered off and air dried.
Yield of aminoguanidine bicarbonate: 15.700 g (115 mmol, 60% based on nitroguanidine)



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
CAS Number: 2582-30-1
Molecular Weight: 136.11 g/mol
Beilstein: 3569869
EC Number: 219-956-7
MDL number: MFCD00012949
Exact Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 148 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 67.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical State: Crystalline powder
Color: Yellow
Odor: Odorless
Melting Point/Freezing Point: Melting point/range: 170 - 172 °C (decomposition)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: 8.9 at 5 g/l at 20 °C

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: 5 g/l at 25 °C - soluble
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): No data available
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Density: 1.56 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available

Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: None
Other Safety Information: No data available
CBNumber: CB4114194
Molecular Formula: C2H8N4O3
Molecular Weight: 136.11
MDL Number: MFCD00012949
MOL File: 2582-30-1.mol
CAS Number: 2582-30-1
Molecular Weight: 136.11 g/mol
Beilstein: 3569869
EC Number: 219-956-7

MDL number: MFCD00012949
Exact Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 148 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 67.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical State: Crystalline powder
Color: White to off-white
Odor: Odorless
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 170 - 172 °C (decomposition, lit.)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: Decomposes
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: 245 °C
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: 8.9 (5 g/l, H2O, 20 °C)
Viscosity:

Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): LogP -6.61 at 25 °C
Vapor Pressure: 2.56E-08 mmHg at 25 °C
Density: 1.56 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: None
Other Safety Information: No data available
CBNumber: CB4114194
Molecular Formula: C2H8N4O3
Molar Mass: 136.11 g/mol

Hill Formula: C₂H₈N₄O₃
Chemical Formula: CH₆N₄ * H₂CO₃
HS Code: 2928 00 90
Storage Temperature: Store below +30°C
Solubility: 2.7 g/L in H2O at 20 °C
pKa: 6.19 at 20 °C
Bulk Density: 700 kg/m³
Chemical Name: Aminoguanidine bicarbonate
IUPAC Name: 2-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid
SMILES: C(=NN)(N)N.C(=O)(O)O
Canonical SMILES: C(=N[NH3+])([NH3+])N.C(=O)([O-])[O-]
Isomeric SMILES: C(=N/[NH3+])([NH3+])/N.C(=O)([O-])[O-]
InChI: InChI=1/CH6N4.CH2O3/c2-1(3)5-4;2-1(3)4/h4H2,(H4,2,3,5);(H2,2,3,4)/p-2

InChIKey: OTXHZHQQWQTQMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BRN: 3569869
Refractive Index: Not available
Specific Gravity: Not available
Hazard Class: Not available
DOT Name: Not available
PubChem CID: 164944
Grade: For synthesis
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00%
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: Assay Percent Range: 98.5%
Formula Weight: 136.11 g/mol
Percent Purity: 98.50%



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses:
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
hygroscopic
no information available

AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a pharmaceutical drug that has been used for the treatment of chronic renal failure and congestive heart failure.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate has also been studied for its potential use in Alzheimer's disease.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is the most commonly used form of aminoguanidine in clinical trials.

CAS: 2582-30-1
MF: C2H8N4O3
MW: 136.11
EINECS: 219-956-7

Synonyms
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate ;Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate;AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE CRYSTALLINE;1-AMINOGUANIDINIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE OE;Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 98.50%;1-AMINOGUANIDINE BICARBONATE;1-AMINOGUANIDINE HYDROGEN CARBONATE;1-AMINOGUANIDINIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE;GUANYLHYDRAZINE BICARBONATE;Aminoguanidine bicarbonate;2582-30-1;Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate;2200-97-7;2-aminoguanidine;carbonic acid;Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate;Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1);Aminoguanidium hydrogen carbonate;N1-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1);Aminoguanidine carbonate;Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate;MFCD00012949;BA 51-090222;NSC7887;N''-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid;amino(diaminomethylidene)azanium;hydrogen carbonate;1-Aminoguanidine bicarbonate;Hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonate;NSC 7887;EINECS 219-956-7;Amino guanidine bicarbonate;Guanidine, amino-, hydrogen carbonate;Ba 51-090222 (VAN);N(sup 1)-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1);AI3-52138;Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate;UNII-X2151435R9;aminoguandine bicarbonate;EC 219-956-7;SCHEMBL40128;CH6N4.H2CO3;1-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid;DTXSID2062537;Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 97%;Amino guanidine hydrogen carbonate;OTXHZHQQWQTQMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N;1-aminoguanidine carbonic acid salt;AMINOGUANIDINE; CARBONIC ACID;HB0111;AKOS015894487;AKOS015901290;hydrazinecarboximidamide bicarbonate salt;hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonic acid salt;LS-12944;A0307;F87308;Q27293343;[amino(hydrazinyl)methylidene]azanium hydrogen carbonate;F0001-0859;Carbonic acid compound with hydrazinecarboximidamide (1:1)

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be synthesized by reacting malonic acid with hydrochloric acid and copper metal hydroxide, which produces copper complexes and aminoguanidine bicarbonate.
AGBAAminoguanidine bicarbonateinterleukins, and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate or aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a chemical compound used as precursor for the preparation of aminoguanidine compounds.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate has the chemical formula C2H8N4O3.

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is synonymous with aminoguanidine carbonate, etc.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a white and fine crystalline powder.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is soft and almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and other acids.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate will become unstable when heated, and will gradually decompose when the temperature exceeds 50°C.

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is also used in synthetic drugs and dyes.
In the pharmaceutical industry, aminoguanidine bicarbonate is mainly used in the synthesis of guanidine furan, pyrazole, ribavirin, and propyl.
And aminoguanidine bicarbonate can also be used as a raw material for synthetic pesticides, dyes, photosensitizers, foaming agents and explosives.

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate (AG) is a chemical compound that has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in a variety of medical conditions.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a small molecule consisting of an amine group, a guanidine group, and a bicarbonate group.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate has been studied for its potential roles in the treatment of various medical conditions, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 170-172 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: soluble2.7g/L at 20°C
Form: Crystalline Powder
Pka: 6.19[at 20 ℃]
Color: White to off-white
PH: 8.9 (5g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: BRN: 3569869
InChIKey: OTXHZHQQWQTQMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -6.61 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 2582-30-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Aminoguanidine bicarbonate (2582-30-1)

White to off-white crystalline powder.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is almost insoluble in water, alcohol and other acids.
Addition of an equimolar amount of freebase aminoguanidine to aminoguanidine bicarbonate will yield aminoguanidinium carbonate.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate will react with acids to yield their respective salts.
X-ray analysis has shown that solid aminoguanidine bicarbonate is actually a zwitterionic molecule, 2-guanidinium-1-aminocarboxylate monohydrate.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is white or slightly reddish crystalline powder.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is almost insoluble in water and alcohol.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is unstable when heated, and will gradually decompensated over 45°C and turn red.

Physical
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water.
Recrystallization from hot water is possible, but some decomposition always occurs and reprecipitation tends to be slow and incomplete.

Uses
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is of practical importance because of its use in dyes, dispersants, explosives and other commercial applications.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used in the synthesis of antitumor agents and antileukemic activity.
Also used in the synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors in the inhibition of influenze.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is an inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase).
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used to study the effect of addition of polyamines to rat embryo cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 5.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used as synthetic raw materials for medicine, pesticide, dye, photographic agent, foaming agent and explosive.

Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is an industrial intermediate widely used in industrial fields such as organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and chemicals.
The endogenous groups of aminoguanidine carbonate can undergo various acylation reactions, condensation reactions, condensation cyclization reactions, etc.

1. The product of aminoguanidine bicarbonate is mainly used in the dye industry.
2. Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can prepare 3-amino-5-carboxy-12.4-triazole, cationic red 2BL, synthesis of X-GRL, aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used (synthetic drug terafidi, propyl prop); aminoguanidine bicarbonate is also can be used for pesticides, nitrofurazone, etc.
3. Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is also a synthetic material for color film, plastic foaming agents and primer tequila.
4. Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used in the synthesis of medicine and dyes.
In the pharmaceutical industry, aminoguanidine bicarbonate is mainly used to synthesize guanidine furan, pyrazole, ribavirin, and propidium.
5. Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be used as a synthetic raw material for medicines, pesticides, dyes, photosensitizers, foaming agents, and explosives.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate protects the cells infected with adenovirus from chromosomal damage.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase present in fetal calf serum.

Synthesis
A synthesis method of aminoguanidine bicarbonate includes reacting an acidic aqueous hydrazine hydrate solution with calcium cyanamide in an elevated temperature to produce an aminoguanidine solution, recovering the solution, and reacting therewith an alkali metal bicarbonate to produce relatively high purity aminoguanidine bicarbonate.

Preparation
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can be prepared by reacting calcium cyanamide with hydrazine sulfate.
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate can also be easily prepared by reducing nitroguanidine with zinc powder.
Diachrynic used this route obtaining a great yield:
41.14 g zinc powder (629 mmol, 3.3 molar eq.) are weighed and put to the side.
Into a reaction flask of at least 500 mL are put 20.00 g nitroguanidine (192 mmol, 1 molar eq.) and 47.62 g of ammonium sulfate (360 mmol, 1.88 molar eq.) in 285 mL of water.
The suspension is stirred and not everything dissolves, this is expected.
The reaction flask is immersed in an ice bath and equipped with magnetic stirring and a thermometer.
Stirring is started.

Once the solution reaches 10 °C the addition of small spatulas of zinc powder at a time is started.
Monitor the exotherm and don't add too much at once, however the reaction is fairly easy to control.
3-4 spatulas of zinc can be added at a time, making the temperature jump up by 5-8 °C.
The reaction was kept between 5-15 °C, leaning to the latter temperature.
The complete addition of zinc took about 1 hour, during which the ice bath was refilled just once.
Afterwards the reaction was left stirring at about 15 °C for a further 30 minutes.
The pH rose to about 8-9.
Using a fritted vacuum filter the zinc oxide sludge was removed, it filtered fairly easily.

The yellow colored filtrate is put into a flask with magnetic stirring, and 8.57 g of 25% ammonia solution (126 mmol, 0.66 molar eq.) are added as well as 28.57 g of sodium bicarbonate (340 mmol, 0.94 molar eq.) with stirring, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate dissolves after a short while.
The solution is left standing for 12 h during which the aminoguanidine bicarbonate slowly precipitates.
Afterwards Aminoguanidine bicarbonate is vacuum filtered off and air dried.
Yield of aminoguanidine bicarbonate: 15.700 g (115 mmol, 60% based on nitroguanidine)
AMINOGUANIDINE HYDROGEN CARBONATE
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate showcases its prowess in cellular defense mechanisms, safeguarding cells from adenovirus-induced chromosomal damage and bolstering the immune response against viral infections.
By mitigating vascular impairments associated with diabetes, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate actively contributes to preserving cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of severe complications arising from diabetic-related vascular issues.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's versatility as a raw material plays a pivotal role in advancing drug development and therapeutic solutions, making it an indispensable resource in the pursuit of better healthcare.

CAS Number: 2582-30-1
EC Number: 219-956-7
Chemical Formula: CH6N4·H2CO3
Molecular Weight: 136.11

Synonyms: Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 2582-30-1, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, 2200-97-7, 2-aminoguanidine;carbonic acid, Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate, Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), Aminoguanidium hydrogen carbonate, N1-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), Aminoguanidine carbonate, Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, MFCD00012949, BA 51-090222, NSC7887, N''-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid, amino(diaminomethylidene)azanium;hydrogen carbonate, 1-Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, Hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonate, NSC 7887, EINECS 219-956-7, Amino guanidine bicarbonate, Guanidine, amino-, hydrogen carbonate, Ba 51-090222 (VAN), N(sup 1)-Aminoguanidine carbonate (1:1), AI3-52138, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate, UNII-X2151435R9, aminoguandine bicarbonate, EC 219-956-7, SCHEMBL40128, CH6N4.H2CO3, 1-aminoguanidine; carbonic acid, DTXSID2062537, Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, 97%, Amino guanidine hydrogen carbonate, OTXHZHQQWQTQMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N, 1-aminoguanidine carbonic acid salt, AMINOGUANIDINE; CARBONIC ACID, HB0111, AKOS015894487, AKOS015901290, hydrazinecarboximidamide bicarbonate salt, hydrazinecarboximidamide carbonic acid salt, LS-12944, A0307, F87308, Q27293343, [amino(hydrazinyl)methylidene]azanium hydrogen carbonate, F0001-0859, Carbonic acid compound with hydrazinecarboximidamide (1:1)

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is a pharmaceutical drug that has been used for the treatment of chronic renal failure and congestive heart failure.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate has also been studied for its potential use in Alzheimer's disease.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is the most commonly used form of aminoguanidine in clinical trials.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate can be synthesized by reacting malonic acid with hydrochloric acid and copper metal hydroxide, which produces copper complexes and Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins, and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate or Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is a chemical compound used as precursor for the preparation of aminoguanidine compounds.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate has the chemical formula C2H8N4O3.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, also referred to as Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H8N4O3.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.

The potential of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate to shield cells from adenovirus-induced chromosomal damage showcases Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate prowess in cellular defense mechanisms, promising to bolster the immune response against viral infections.
Acting as an inhibitor of NOS, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate exerts control over the intricate nitric oxide synthesis process, paving the way for therapeutic interventions in conditions where excess nitric oxide could cause detrimental effects.

Significantly, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's role in combating diabetic vascular dysfunction highlights Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate clinical relevance in managing diabetes.
By mitigating vascular impairments associated with diabetes, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate contributes to the preservation of cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of severe complications stemming from diabetic-related vascular issues.

Beyond Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's biological effects, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate emerges as an indispensable resource in the realm of chemical synthesis.
As a foundational building block for diverse pharmaceuticals, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate empowers researchers and manufacturers to create innovative drugs targeting a wide range of medical conditions.
Additionally, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's application in pesticide production fortifies agricultural practices, ensuring enhanced crop protection and improved yields.

Furthermore, the compound's relevance in the production of dyes and foaming agents underscores Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's significance in the industrial sector.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's unique properties make it an ideal candidate for creating vibrant and durable dyes, catering to various industries such as textiles, cosmetics, and more.
Simultaneously, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's capacity as a foaming agent plays a crucial role in the production of numerous consumer products, ranging from personal care items to industrial materials.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate has chemical structure H2NC(=NH)NHNH2·H2CO3.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate appears as white crystalline powder.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is hygroscopic in nature.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate or Aminoguanidine bicarbonate or Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate is White crystalline powder, negligibly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and other acids.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate can be used as a raw material for the synthesis of medicines, pesticides, dyes, photographic chemicals and foaming agents.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate Amino guanidine bicarbonate is used as a drug intermediate.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate, also known as Aminoguanidine bicarbonate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C2H8N4O3, highly valued for Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

In the pharmaceutical sector, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's remarkable capabilities shine through.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate showcases its prowess in cellular defense mechanisms, safeguarding cells from adenovirus-induced chromosomal damage and bolstering the immune response against viral infections.

Additionally, as an effective inhibitor of NOS (nitric oxide synthase), this compound plays a crucial role in controlling the intricate nitric oxide synthesis process.
As a result, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate opens up avenues for therapeutic interventions in conditions where excessive nitric oxide levels could lead to harmful effects.

One of the most significant clinical applications of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate lies in managing diabetes.
By mitigating vascular impairments associated with diabetes, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate actively contributes to preserving cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of severe complications arising from diabetic-related vascular issues.

However, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's primary role in the pharmaceutical industry is Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate's utility as a foundational building block for a diverse range of pharmaceuticals.
This unique characteristic empowers researchers and manufacturers to create innovative drugs that target a wide spectrum of medical conditions.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is versatility as a raw material plays a pivotal role in advancing drug development and therapeutic solutions, making Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate an indispensable resource in the pursuit of better healthcare.

Applications of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate was used to study the effect of addition of polyamines to rat embryo cell cultures infected with adenovirus type 5.

Aminoguanidine is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyestuffs and other organic derivatives (photochemicals, explosives).
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is used in the purification of acrylic acid to remove aldehydes.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate protects the cells infected with adenovirus from chromosomal damage.
Aminoguanidine is a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase present in fetal calf serum.

Uses of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is also used as a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase in biochemistry.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate (AGB) is of practical importance because of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is use in dyes, dispersants, explosives and other commercial applications.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is used in the synthesis of antitumor agents and antileukemic activity.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is also used in the synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors in the inhibition of influenze.

Industry Uses:
Intermediate
Other

Biochem/physiol Actions of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate protects the cells infected with adenovirus from chromosomal damage.
Aminoguanidine is a specific and highly effective inhibitor of diamine oxidase present in fetal calf serum.

General Manufacturing Information of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

Preparation of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate can be prepared by reacting calcium cyanamide with hydrazine sulfate.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate can also be easily prepared by reducing nitroguanidine with zinc powder.

Diachrynic used this route obtaining a great yield:
41.14 g zinc powder (629 mmol, 3.3 molar eq.) are weighed and put to the side.
Into a reaction flask of at least 500 mL are put 20.00 g nitroguanidine (192 mmol, 1 molar eq.) and 47.62 g of ammonium sulfate (360 mmol, 1.88 molar eq.) in 285 mL of water.

The suspension is stirred and not everything dissolves, this is expected.
The reaction flask is immersed in an ice bath and equipped with magnetic stirring and a thermometer.
Stirring is started.

Once the solution reaches 10 °C the addition of small spatulas of zinc powder at a time is started.
Monitor the exotherm and don't add too much at once, however the reaction is fairly easy to control.

3-4 spatulas of zinc can be added at a time, making the temperature jump up by 5-8 °C.
The reaction was kept between 5-15 °C, leaning to the latter temperature.

The complete addition of zinc took about 1 hour, during which the ice bath was refilled just once.
Afterwards the reaction was left stirring at about 15 °C for a further 30 minutes.

The pH rose to about 8-9.
Using a fritted vacuum filter the zinc oxide sludge was removed, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate filtered fairly easily.

The yellow colored filtrate is put into a flask with magnetic stirring, and 8.57 g of 25% ammonia solution (126 mmol, 0.66 molar eq.) are added as well as 28.57 g of sodium bicarbonate (340 mmol, 0.94 molar eq.) with stirring, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate dissolves after a short while.
The solution is left standing for 12 h during which the Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate slowly precipitates.

Afterwards Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is vacuum filtered off and air dried.

Yield of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate: 15.700 g (115 mmol, 60% based on nitroguanidine)

Production of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

1-) Two hundred and sixteen grams (2.07 moles) of nitroguanidine1 and 740 g. (11.3 moles) of purified zinc dust are thoroughly ground together in a mortar, and then enough water (about 400 ml.) is added with stirring with the pestle to form a thick paste.
The paste is transferred to a 3-l (enameled can or beaker surrounded by an ice bath)

A solution of 128 g. (2.14 moles) of glacial acetic acid in 130 ml of water is cooled to 5° in another 3-l (Beaker, which is fitted with a strong mechanical stirrer and surrounded by an ice bath)
The paste of nitroguanidine and zinc dust, cooled to 5°, is added slowly with mechanical stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture being kept between 5° and 15°.
A total of about 1 kg of cracked ice is added to the mixture from time to time as the mixture becomes too warm or too thick to stir.

The addition of the paste takes about 8 hours, and the final volume of the mixture is about 1.5 l.
The mixture is then slowly warmed to 40° on a water bath with continued stirring, and this temperature is maintained for 1–5 minutes, until reduction is complete.

The solution is immediately separated from the insoluble material by filtration on a 20-cm.
Büchner funnel, and the cake is sucked as dry as possible.

The residue is transferred to the 3-l (beaker, triturated well with 1 l) of water, and then separated from the liquid by filtration.
In the same manner, the residue is washed twice more with two 600-ml. portions of water.

The filtrates are combined and placed in a 5-l (round-bottomed flask)
Two hundred grams of ammonium chloride is added, and the solution is mechanically stirred until solution is complete.

The stirring is continued, and 220 g. (2.62 moles) of sodium bicarbonate is added during a period of about 10 minutes.
The Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate begins to precipitate after a few minutes, and the solution is then placed in a refrigerator overnight.

The precipitate is collected by filtration on a Büchner funnel.
The cake is removed to a 1-l (beaker and mixed with a 400-ml) portion of a 5% solution of ammonium chloride and filtered.

Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is again washed with two 400-ml portions of distilled water, the wash solution being removed each time by filtration.
Finally the solid is pressed down on the Büchner funnel; the mat is broken up with a spatula and washed while on the funnel with two 400-ml (portions of 95% ethanol and then with one 400-ml) (portion of ether)
After air drying, the Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate amounts to 180–182 g.

2-) 1. The zinc is purified by stirring 1.2 kg of commercial zinc dust with 3 l of 2% hydrochloric acid for 1 minute.

The acid is removed by filtration, and the zinc is washed in a 4-l beaker with one 3-l portion of 2% hydrochloric acid, three 3-l portions of distilled water, two 2-l portions of 95% ethanol, and finally with one 2-l portion of absolute ether, the wash solutions being removed each time by filtration.
Then the material is thoroughly dried and any lumps are broken up in a mortar.

2. The solution becomes basic to litmus after one-half to three-fourths of the paste has been added.
Lower yields are obtained if a larger excess of acetic acid is employed.

3. The state of reduction can be determined by placing 3 drops of the reaction mixture in a test tube containing 5 ml of a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide and then adding 5 ml of a freshly prepared saturated solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate.
A red coloration indicates incomplete reduction; when the reduction is complete, only a greenish precipitate is observed.
The mixture should not be heated after this test shows that reduction is complete.

4. The presence of the ammonium chloride prevents the coprecipitation of zinc salts when sodium bicarbonate is added to the solution to precipitate the aminoguanidine as the bicarbonate.
If the solution is not clear at this step, Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate should be filtered.

5. The Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is pure enough for most purposes.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate should not be recrystallized from hot water, since decomposition will occur.

6. W. W. Hartman and Ross Philips have submitted a procedure suitable for the preparation of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate on a larger scale.
The sulfates of methylisothiourea and of hydrazine are allowed to react with the evolution of methyl mercaptan.

In a 30-gal crock are placed 10 l of water and 5760 g (20 moles) of methylisothiourea sulfate In a 22-l flask, 5.2 kg (40 moles) of hydrazine sulfate is stirred with 12 l of water, and 40% sodium hydroxide is added until all the hydrazine sulfate has dissolved and the solution is just neutral to Congo paper.

The exact amount of alkali is noted and a duplicate amount added.
The hydrazine solution is then added to the 30-gal crock with stirring, as fast as possible, without allowing the foam to overflow the crock.

The mixing is done out-of-doors, or in an efficient hood, since large volumes of methyl mercaptan are evolved.
If the reaction is carried out on a smaller scale in 12- or 22-l flasks, using appropriate amounts of material, the methyl mercaptan evolved may be absorbed in cold sodium hydroxide solution and isolated if desired.

The solution is stirred until evolution of mercaptan stops, and then a few liters of water are distilled off under reduced pressure to free the solution entirely from mercaptan.
The residual liquor is chilled in a crock, and a crop of hydrated sodium sulfate is filtered off, washed with ice water, and discarded.

The filtrate is warmed to 20–25°, 25 ml of glacial acetic acid is added, then 4 kg of sodium bicarbonate, and the solution is stirred vigorously for 5 minutes and thereafter occasionally during an hour, or until the precipitate no longer increases.
The precipitate is filtered with suction and washed with ice water and then with methanol, and is dried at a temperature not above 60–70°.

The yield is 3760 g (69% of the theoretical amount).
Hydrazine sulfate may be recovered from the final filtrate, if the filtrate is strongly acidified with sulfuric acid and allowed to cool.

3. Discussion
Numerous references for the preparation of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate and other salts can be found in an excellent review article by Lieber and Smith.
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate has also been prepared by treating a cyanamide solution at 20–50° with hydrazine and carbon dioxide, and by the electrolytic reduction of nitroguanidine.

Typical Properties of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Chemical:
Addition of an equimolar amount of freebase aminoguanidine to Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate will yield aminoguanidinium carbonate.
Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate will react with acids to yield their respective salts.
X-ray analysis has shown that solid Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is actually a zwitterionic molecule, 2-guanidinium-1-aminocarboxylate monohydrate.

Physical:
Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate is a white solid, slightly soluble in water.
Recrystallization from hot water is possible, but some decomposition always occurs and reprecipitation tends to be slow and incomplete.

Handling and storage of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapor/spray.

Hygiene criteria:
Do not take contaminated clothing out of the workplace.
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Store in original container.
Store in a well-ventilated place.

Stability and reactivity of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Reaction:
No additional information

Chemical stability:
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate is stable under normal conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No additional information

Conditions to avoid:
Avoid dust formation.
Do not allow contact with water.

Incompatible materials:
No additional information

Harmful decomposition products:
No additional information

First Aid Measures of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

First aid measures in case of inhalation:
Remove the person to fresh air and allow them to breathe comfortably.
Give oxygen or artificial respiration if necessary.
If you feel unwell, seek medical help.

First aid measures in case of skin contact:
Wash thoroughly with plenty of soap and water.

If skin irritation occurs:
Get medical help/intervention.

First aid measures in case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to remove.
Rinse constantly.
Rinse carefully with water for a few minutes.

If eye irritation is persistent:
Get medical advice/care.

First aid measures in case of swallowing:
Rinse mouth out with water.
If you feel unwell, seek medical help.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

Symptoms/effects following inhalation:
Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate causes allergic skin reactions.

Initial signs that require medical attention and special treatment:
Treat symptomatically.

Fir Fighting Measures of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Fire extinguishers:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Dry chemical powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide (CO2).

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Do not use fire extinguishing materials containing water.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
No additional information

Advice for firefighting crews:

Protection in case of fire:
Do not attempt to take action without suitable protective equipment.

Accidental Release Measures of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:

Emergency plans:
Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.

For emergency responders:

Protective equipment:
Use personal protective equipment.

Emergency plans:
Stop exposure.

Environmental precautions:
Long-lasting, toxic effect in the aquatic environment.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning:

Cleaning operations:
Clean up immediately by sweeping or vacuuming.

Identifiers of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
CAS No: [2582-30-1]
Product Code: FA33808
MDL No: MFCD00012949
Chemical Formula: CH6N4·H2CO3
Molecular Weight: 136.11 g/mol
Smiles: C(=NN)(N)N.C(=O)(O)O
Melting Point: 171.50 °C

Quality Level: 100
Assay: 97%
mp: 170-172 °C (dec.) (lit.)

solubility:
H2O: soluble 2.7 g/L at 20 °C
H2O: soluble 3.3 g/L at 30 °C

SMILES string: OC(O)=O.NNC(N)=N
InChI: 1S/CH6N4.CH2O3/c2-1(3)5-4;2-1(3)4/h4H2,(H4,2,3,5);(H2,2,3,4)
InChI key: OTXHZHQQWQTQMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Product Number: A0307
Purity / Analysis Method: >98.0%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: CH6N4·H2CO3 = 136.11
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
CAS RN: 2582-30-1
Reaxys Registry Number: 3569869
PubChem Substance ID: 87561960
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 1667
MDL Number: MFCD00012949

Synonym(s): Aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate, Guanylhydrazine hydrogencarbonate
Linear Formula: NH2NHC(=NH)NH2 · H2CO3
CAS Number: 2582-30-1
Molecular Weight: 136.11
Beilstein: 3569869
EC Number: 219-956-7
MDL number: MFCD00012949
PubChem Substance ID: 24846902
NACRES: NA.22

Properties of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Molecular Weight: 136.11 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 136.05964013 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 148Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 67.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical State: Solid
Solubility: Soluble in water (3.3 mg/ml at 30° C), and water (2.7 mg/ml at 20° C).
Storage: Store at 4° C
Melting Point: 170-172° C (lit.)(dec.)
Boiling Point: 422.4° C at 760 mmHg
Density: 1.60 g/cm3
Refractive Index: n20D ~1.67 (Predicted)

Specifications of Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate:
Appearance: White to Light yellow powder to crystal
Purity(Nonaqueous Titration): min. 98.0 %
Purity( Potassium iodate Method): min. 98.0 %

Melting Point: 125°C
Color: White
Ignition Residue: 0.3% max.
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98.5%
Packaging: Plastic Bottle
Linear Formula: H2NNHC(=NH)NH2·H2CO3
Quantity: 250 g
Beilstein: 03,117
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: <5g/L (20°C)
Formula Weight: 136.11
Percent Purity: 98.50%
Physical Form: Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Aminoguanidine hydrogen carbonate
AMINOISOBUTANOL
AMINOISOBUTANOL = AMP-95 = 2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL


CAS Number: 124-68-5
EC Number: 204-709-8
MDL Number: MFCD00008051
Chemical formula: (CH3)2C(NH2)CH2OH / C4H11NO


Aminoisobutanol is an organic compound with the formula H2NC(CH3)2CH2OH.
Aminoisobutanol is colorless liquid that is classified as an alkanolamine.
Aminoisobutanol is a useful buffer and a precursor to numerous other organic compounds.
Aminoisobutanol can be produced by the hydrogenation of 2-aminoisobutyric acid or its esters.


Aminoisobutanol is soluble in water and about the same density as water.
Aminoisobutanol is a precursor to oxazolines via its reaction with acyl chlorides.
Via sulfation of the alcohol, Aminoisobutanol is also a precursor to 2,2-dimethylaziridine.
Aminoisobutanol appears as a clear light colored liquid.


Aminoisobutanol is insoluble in water and about the same density as water.
Aminoisobutanol's Flash point is172 °F.
Aminoisobutanol hydrochloride is also called AMP, a biological buffer component.
Aminoisobutanol is white crystals or viscous liquid


Aminoisobutanol is insoluble in water.
Aminoisobutanol is a clear, colorless liquid that neutralizes acids to form salts and water.
Aminoisobutanol is an alkanolamine.
Aminoisobutanol or aminomethyl propanol is a colorless, viscous liquid that functions as a pH adjuster.


Key attributes include neutralization, dispersancy, pH buffering, non-yellowing, stability, formulation optimization, alkaline pH development and corrosion control, offering inumerous benefits throughout the life cycle of a latex paint compared to regular pH neutralizers, such as ammonia, MEA, NaOH and also branded amines.
Aminoisobutanol is colorless, mobile liquid with a relatively low viscosity remains liquid at temperatures as low as 4°C to permit easy, convenient handling.
Aminoisobutanol is a multifunctional neutralizer containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and 5% added water.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
Cosmetic Uses of Aminoisobutanol: buffering agents
Aminoisobutanol is used to make other chemicals (surface-active agents, vulcanization accelerators, and pharmaceuticals) and as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, leather dressings, textile specialties, polishes, cleaning compounds, and so-called soluble oils.


Aminoisobutanol is also used in hair sprays, wave sets, hair dyes, Pamabrom (drug), and absorbents for acidic gases.
Aminoisobutanol is used as a pigment dispersant for water-based paints, resin solubilizer, corrosion inhibitor, protecting agent for carbonyl groups and in boiler-water treatment
Aminoisobutanol is used to make other chemicals.


Aminoisobutanol is used for the preparation of buffer solutions.
Aminoisobutanol is a component of the drugs ambuphylline and pamabrom.
Aminoisobutanol is also used in cosmetics.
Aminoisobutanol is used in the synthesis of Fepradinol & G-130.


Aminoisobutanol is also used for Isobucaine, and Radafaxine.
Aminoisobutanol is used for the preparation of buffer solution and in cosmetics.
Aminoisobutanol is also used in ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigation of the carbon monoxide absorption characteristics of a series of heterocyclic diamines.


Aminoisobutanol is used for the preparation of buffer solutions, suitable for the determination of alkaline phosphatase.
Aminoisobutanol is also used in ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigation of the carbon monoxide absorption characteristics of a series of heterocyclic diamines.
Aminoisobutanol has been used as an component in enzyme assay for screening the alkaline phosphatase activity in sarcoma osteogenic (SaOS-2) cells.


Aminoisobutanol is used for the preparation of buffer solutions.
Aminoisobutanol is used in the preparation of buffer solutions, suitable for the determination of alkaline phosphatase.
Aminoisobutanol is used to make other chemicals (surface-active agents, vulcanization accelerators, and pharmaceuticals) and as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, leather dressings, textile specialties, polishes, cleaning compounds, and so-called soluble oils.


Aminoisobutanol is also used in hair sprays, wave sets, hair dyes, Pamabrom (drug), and absorbents for acidic gases.
Aminoisobutanol is used as a pigment dispersant for water-based paints, resin solubilizer, corrosion inhibitor, protecting agent for carbonyl groups and in boiler-water treatment.
Aminoisobutanol is used pH adjuster that can also be found in lotions, hair and skin care products.


Aminoisobutanol is used in the formulation of creams and lotions, hair sprays, wave sets, hair dyes and colors, eye and facial products, and other hair and skin care products.
Aminoisobutanol is used in latex emulsion paints, it promotes acceptance of colorants.
Aminoisobutanol is used in water-borne coatings adn other aqueous applications.


Aminoisobutanol is used corrosion in boiler water systems can be controlled successfully as the amine additive to remove CO2.
Aminoisobutanol is also used as an intermediate in drug synthetic schemes.
Aminoisobutanol is used Adhesives and Sealants, Building and Construction, Pigment Slurries, Dispersions and Colorants, Resins and Emulsion Polymerization, and Inks and Overprint Varnish.


Aminoisobutanol is used Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Household and Industrial Cleaning, Water Treatment, Chemical Manufacturing and Synthesis, Oil and Gas, Coatings, Inks, Metal working fluids, Adhesives, Rubber, Water treatment, Personal care and pharmaceutical intermediates and other industries.
Aminoisobutanol is used Latex Emulsion Paints, Waterborne Coatings, Polyethylene and Wax, Boiler Water Systems, Metal Working Fluids, Personal Care applications, and Aqueous Solutions and Formulations.


Aminoisobutanol is a multifunctional additive used across a wide range of Household and Industrial Cleaning applications.
Aminoisobutanol provides high-efficiency pH control, enhances dispersion of pigments, controls corrosion, and provides compatibility and stability to water-based formulations.
Aminoisobutanol has exceptional thermal and UV stability and is highly resistant to yellowing.


Aminoisobutanol is used in many cosmetic formulations as a neutralizing agent with low viscosity, which is half of TEA.
Aminoisobutanol contributes to moisture resistance, curl resistance, easy rinsing, and product stability.
Aminoisobutano is especially recommended for aerosol products.
Aminoisobutanol is a multifunctional additive and synthetic building block.


The versatility, compatibility and preferred environmental profile of Aminoisobutanol are valued across a wide range of applications and markets.
Aminoisobutanol provides high-efficiency pH control, enhances dispersion of pigments and latex, controls corrosion, and provides compatibility and stability to water-based formulations.


Aminoisobutanol is commonly used as a pH neutralizer, dispersant, surfactant and compatibilizer in architectural paints, caulks and sealants as well as artist products.
In addition, AMP is the only US EPA VOC-exempt amine .
Aminoisobutanol is recommended for a wide range of applications, such as Architectural and Industrial Coatings, Emulsion

Polymerization, Inks, Adhesives and Solvent-borne alkyds.
Aminoisobutanol is a multifunctional neutralizer containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and 5% added water.
Aminoisobutanol acts as a corrosion inhibitor.
Aminoisobutanol is a colorless liquid with relatively low viscosity.


Aminoisobutanol contributes to pH stability, low odor and anticorrosive properties.
Aminoisobutanol promotes acceptance of colorants.
Aminoisobutanol is a very efficient amine for neutralizing the carboxylic acid moieties in acid-functional resins to make them suitable for use in water-borne coatings and other aqueous applications.


In latex emulsion paints, Aminoisobutanol is a very efficient co-dispersant for pigments.
In addition, Aminoisobutanol contributes pH stability, low odor, and anticorrosive properties; furthermore, it promotes acceptance of colorants.
Aminoisobutanol is an effective emulsifier for polyethylene and wax by either the normal emulsification techniques or those requiring pressure.


Aminoisobutanol is a very efficient amine for neutralizing the carboxylic acid moieties in acid-functional resins to make them suitable for use in water-borne coatings and other aqueous applications.
Such coatings formulations exhibit higher gloss and greater water resistance than do formulations based on other neutralizing amines.
Corrosion in boiler-water systems can be controlled successfully by use of Aminoisobutanol as the amine additive to remove CO2.


Aminoisobutanol is a high performance alkanolamine, proven as a multifunctional additive for metalworking fluids.
Aminoisobutanol is a highly efficient alkalinity enhancer which also provides corrosion inhibition properties.
The use of Aminoisobutanol will often improve the blostability of these fluids, which can result in longer fluid life.
Aminoisobutanol is the least aggressive amine towards the cobalt binder in carbide tooling.



As an added feature, Aminoisobutanol enhances the performance of triazine biocides, while reducing levels of airborne formaldehyde. Aminoisobutanol does not contribute to ammonia release as do other amines.
Aminoisobutanol is an important additive for the personal care industry.
Aminoisobutanol is compatible with virtually all fixative
resins.


Aminoisobutanol's high base strength and low molecular weight allow formulators to use significantly less
Aminoisobutanol is used for resin neutralization.
Aminoisobutanol possesses liquid phase corrosion inhibition properties, especially useful for the protection of aerosol cans containing aqueous based formulations.


Aminoisobutanol can also be used to neutralize Carbomer resins, in emulsification together with stearic acid, and to make amides and other derivatives used as cosmetic ingredients (CTFA/INCI designation: Aminomethyl propanol).
Aminoisobutanol also functions in dilute aqueous solutions containing small amounts of formaldehyde to scavenge that which otherwise might be released to the atmosphere.


-Uses of Aminoisobutanol:
*In the synthesis of surface-active agents, vulcanization accelerators, pharmaceuticals.
*As emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, leather dressings, textile specialties, polishes, cleaning compounds, so-called soluble oils. In hair sprays, wave sets and hair dyes.
*Absorbent for acidic gases.


-Uses and Applications of Aminoisobutanol:
*Architectural Coatings
*Industrial and Automotive Coatings
*Epoxies, Polyurethanes and Other Reactive Chemistries
*Adhesives and Sealants
*Building and Construction
*Pigment Slurries, Dispersions and Colorants
*Resins and Emulsion Polymerization
*Inks and Overprint Varnish
*Pharmaceutical Synthesis
*Household and Industrial Cleaning
*Water Treatment
*Chemical Manufacturing and Synthesis
*Oil and Gas



AMINOISOBUTANOL USE BENEFITS INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO, THE FOLLOWING:
■ Efficient Amine for Resin Neutralization
– High base strength
– Relatively low molecular weight
■ Multiple Food Contact Approvals
■ Acts as a Co-Dispersant for Particulate
Systems
■ Corrosion Inhibitor for Steam-Condensate
Lines
■ Key Component of Low Cobalt-Leaching
Metalworking Fluids
■ Acts as a Formaldehyde Scavenger
■ Useful Raw Material for Synthesis
Applications
■ Component of Powerful Anionic Emulsifier
Systems



BIOCHEM/PHYSIOL ACTIONS OF AMINOISOBUTANOL:
Aminoisobutanol is a substituted aliphatic alcohol and is used majorly as a pH balancer in cosmetic formulations.
Aminoisobutanol has phototoxic effect as it can interact and penetrate above the sebum layer.
However, Aminoisobutanol is not carcinogenic.



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF AMINOISOBUTANOL:
Aminoisobutanol is an aminoalcohol.
Amines are chemical bases.
They neutralize acids to form salts plus water.
These acid-base reactions are exothermic.
The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base.
Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
Chemical formula: C4H11NO
Molar mass: 89.138 g·mol−1
Average mass: 89.136 Da
Monoisotopic mass: 89.084061 Da
Density: 0.934 g/cm3
Melting point: 30–31 °C (86–88 °F; 303–304 K)
Boiling point: 165.5 °C (329.9 °F; 438.6 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Solubility in alcohols: Soluble
Min. Purity Spec: 95% (GC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Melting Point: 24-28°C
Boiling Point: 164-166°C
Flash Point: 67°C
Density: 0.934
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place

Appearance Form: solid
Color: colorless
Odor: amine-like
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 24 - 28 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 165 °C - lit.
Flash point: 82,1 °C
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,45 hPa at 20,0 °C
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 0,934 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.


Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 8,9 g/l at 20,0 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: log Pow: -0,63 at 20 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 102 mPa.s at 30,0 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Physical description: A clear light colored liquid.
Boiling point: 329°F
Molecular weight: 89.14
Freezing point/melting point: 89.6°F


Flash point: 153°F
Specific gravity: 0.935
Molecular Weight: 89.14
XLogP3-AA: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 89.084063974
Monoisotopic Mass: 89.084063974
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 42.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0


Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance (Clarity): Clear
Appearance (Colour): Colouless to pale yellow
Appearance (Form): Liquid
Assay (GC): min. 95%
pH (0.1M aq. solution): 11.0-12.0
Density (g/ml) @ 20°C: 0.928-0.930
Refractive Index (20°C): 1.446-1.448
Boiling Range: 164-166°C
Melting Point: 25-28°C
Water (KF): max. 5%

Melting point: 24-28 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 165 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.934 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: refractive index: n20/D 1.4455(lit.)
Flash point: 153 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form: Low Melting Solid
Specific Gravity: 0.934
color: Colorless
PH: 11.0-12.0 (25℃, 0.1M in H2O)
pka: 9.7(at 25℃)
PH Range: 9.0 - 10.5


Water Solubility: miscible
λmax
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01
Merck: 14,449
BRN: 505979
Stability: Stable.
Appearance: pale yellow to amber brown liquid to solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.93400 @ 25.00 °C.
Melting Point: 24.00 to 28.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 165.00 to 166.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
PH Number: 9.00 to 10.50
Vapor Pressure: 0.566000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 3 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 154.00 °F. TCC ( 68.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.611 (est)
Soluble in: water, 1000000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMINOISOBUTANOL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
Isobutanol-2-amine
Aminoisobutanol
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-
2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
AMP-95
AMP
2-aminodimethylethanol
β -aminoisobutanol
2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
isobutanol-2-amine
isobutanolamine
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
isobutanol-2-amine
amp regular
2-aminoisobutanol
aminomethylpropanol
2-amino-2-methylpropanol
2-methyl-2-aminopropanol
2-aminodimethylethanol
hydroxy-tert-butylamine
beta.-Aminoisobutanol
1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine
1-PROPANOL,2-AMINO,2-METHYL
1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-
2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane
2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
2-Aminodimethyl Ethanol
2-Aminodimethylethanol
2-Aminoisobutanol
2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol-1
A0333;AB1003856
AC1L1Y6F
AC1Q1NMT
AKOS000119511
AMP
AMP 75
AMP 95
AMP Regular
Aminomethyl propanol
Aminomethylpropanol
Amp-95
BB_SC-6588
Corrguard 75
Hydroxy-tert-butylamine
I05-0097
Isobutanol-2-amine
Isobutanolamine
Jsp001620
KV 5088
Oprea1_147215
beta-Aminoisobutanol
beta-Aminoisobutyl alcohol
A-Aminoisobutyl alcohol
1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine
1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-
2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane
2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol
2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
2-Amino-2-methylpropanol
2-Aminodimethylethanol
2-Aminoisobutanol
2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol-1
AMP
AMP (thinner)
AMP 75
AMP 95
AMP Regular
Aminomethylpropanol
AMP-95
Corrguard 75
Hydroxy-tert-butylamine
Isobutanol-2-amine
KV 5088
beta-Aminoisobutanol
Isobutanolamine
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
124-68-5
2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol
Aminomethylpropanol
1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-
2-Aminoisobutanol
Isobutanol-2-amine
AMP Regular
2-AMINO-2-METHYLPROPANOL
Aminomethyl propanol
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol
2-Aminodimethylethanol
2-Amino-2-methyl-propan-1-ol
Hydroxy-tert-butylamine
Corrguard 75
2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol
AMP (thinner)
Amp-95
Isobutanolamine
1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine
2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol-1
2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine
AMP 95
2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane
.beta.-Aminoisobutanol
AMP 75
NSC 441
KV 5088
MFCD00008051
NSC-441
LU49E6626Q
DSSTox_CID_7032
DSSTox_RID_78283
DSSTox_GSID_27032
beta-Aminoisobutanol
Caswell No. 037
beta-Aminoisobutyl alcohol
CAS-124-68-5
HSDB 5606
EINECS 204-709-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 005801
BRN 0505979
UNII-LU49E6626Q
2-Methyl-2-amino-1-propanol
AI3-03947
A-Aminoisobutyl alcohol
2,2-Dimethyl-ethanolamine
Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol
2-amino 2-methyl propanol
2-amino-2-methyl propanol
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (90% or less)
EC 204-709-8
Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine
2-Amino-2-methyl-propanol
Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
H2NC(CH3)2CH2OH
NCIOpen2_009031
2-amino-2-methyl-1propanol
2-amino-2-methylpropan-1ol
2amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
Oprea1_147215
2-amino-2-methylpropan-l-ol
2-amino-2-methyl 1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1 propanol
2-methyl-2-aminopropan-1-ol
1-Propanol-2-amino-2-methyl
AMP, Technical Grade, 95%
2-amino-2,2,dimethyl-ethanol
CHEMBL122588
NSC441
2-amino-2 -methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2- methylpropan-1-ol
2-amino-2-methyl-1 -propanol
AMINOMETHYLPROPANOL [II]
DTXSID8027032
2-Amino-2-methyl-propane-1-ol
2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethylamine
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-propylamine
3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-propylamine
1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-aminopropane
AMINOMETHYL PROPANOL [INCI]
AMY25550
STR01693
ZINC1555527
Tox21_201780
Tox21_303149
2-Amino-2-methylpropanol (~95%)
BBL023024
STL284638
1-PROPANOL,2-AMINO,2-METHYL
AKOS000119511
WLN: ZX1 & 1 & 1Q
CS-W013743
SB83772
2-AMINO-2-METHYLPROPANOL
NCGC00249118-01
NCGC00257048-01
NCGC00259329-01
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 93-97%
2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
DB-041780
A0333
FT-0611018
FT-0661937
2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
P20005
Q32703
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, BioXtra, >=95%
A805277
Q-200228
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, Technical Grade, 95%
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, technical, >=90% (GC)
F2190-0372
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, BioUltra, >=99.0% (GC)
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, ~5% Water, technical grade, 90%
2-AMINO-2-METHYLPROPAN-1-OL
AMP-95
2-Amino-2-methylpropanol
1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine
Aminomethylpropanol
2-methyl-2-amino-1-propanol
Karl Fischer
2,2-Diethyl-ethanolamine
Isobutanolamine
2-Aminoisobutanol







AMINOSULFONIC ACID
Aminosulfonic Acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
Aminosulfonic Acid belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as other non-metal oxides.
Aminosulfonic Acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds.


CAS Number: 5329-14-6
EC Number: 226-218-8
Linear Formula: NH2SO3H
Chemical formula: H3NSO3


Aminosulfonic Acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colourless, water-soluble compound, Aminosulfonic Acid, finds many applications.
Aminosulfonic Acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.


Aminosulfonic Acid (H3NSO3) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.
This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO2–) moiety.


Sulfamates are derivatives of Aminosulfonic Acid.
Aminosulfonic Acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds.
Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.


Sulfamates have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), antiepileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.


Related compounds are also sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium.
Aminosulfonic Acid is preferable to hydrochloric acid in household use, due to its intrinsic safety.
If erroneously mixed with hypochlorite based products such as bleach, Aminosulfonic Acid does not form chlorine gas, whereas the most common acids would; the reaction (neutralisation) with ammonia, produces a salt, as depicted in the section above.


Aminosulfonic Acid also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brewhouse equipment.
Although Aminosulfonic Acid is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid, corrosion inhibitors are often added to the commercial cleansers of which it is a component.


Aminosulfonic Acid belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as other non-metal oxides.
These are inorganic compounds containing an oxygen atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen belongs to the class of 'other non-metals'.


Aminosulfonic Acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colorless, water-soluble compound, Aminosulfonic Acid, finds many applications.
Aminosulfonic Acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.


Aminosulfonic Acid melts at 205°C before decomposing to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen at higher temperatures.
Aminosulfonic Acid (H3NSO3) can be thought of as an intermediate between sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.


This pattern cannot extend in either direction without cleaving the sulfonyl (-SO2-) moiety.
Sulfamates are derivatives of sulfamic acid.
Offering attractive possibilities in deliming and pickling in the leather industry.


Aminosulfonic Acid is The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for Nickel(II) in electroplating.
Aminosulfonic Acid is slightly soluble in methanol, and insoluble in ethanol and ether.
Characteristics of double functional groups of amino gen and sulphonic radical may go on a chemical reaction with many matters.


Aminosulfonic Acid's melting point is 205℃.
And the decomposing temperature of Aminosulfonic Acid is 209℃.
Aminosulfonic Acid appears as a white crystalline solid.


The density of Aminosulfonic Acid is 2.1 g / cm3.
The melting point of Aminosulfonic Acid is 205 °C.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used to make dyes and other chemicals.


Aminosulfonic Acid is the simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.
Aminosulfonic Acid is the simplest of the sulfamic acids, consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bonded to hydroxy and amino groups by single bonds and to two oxygen atoms by double bonds.


Aminosulfonic Acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3.
This colourless, water-soluble Aminosulfonic Acid finds many applications.


Aminosulfonic Acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.
Aminosulfonic Acid (H3NSO3) may be considered an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sulfamide (H4N2SO2), effectively replacing a hydroxyl (–OH) group with an amine (–NH2) group at each step.


This pattern can extend no further in either direction without breaking down the sulfonyl (–SO2–) moiety.
Sulfamates are derivatives of Aminosulfonic Acid.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Cleaning agent: Aminosulfonic acid cleaning agent has a wide range of applications. Aminosulfonic Acid can clean scale and rust in boilers, condensers, heat exchangers, jackets, and chemical pipelines.
The United States Department of Agriculture permits using Aminosulfonic Acid as an acid cleaner in fresh meat, poultry, rabbit, and egg processing facilities.


Textile Industry: Aminosulfonic Acid can eliminate excess nitrate in diazotization reactions in the dye industry and as a fixative in textile dyeing.
Aminosulfonic Acid can be used for descaling home coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used in many fields.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a standard in acidometry because the solid is non-hygroscopic.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a catalyst in a variety of organic chemical reactions.
Aminosulfonic Acid has been shown to remove nitrite from a mixture of nitrites and nitrates.


Aminosulfonic Acid acts as a catalyst for the esterification process.
Aminosulfonic Acid can also form a fireproof layer on textiles, and sulfamic acid can make yarn-cleaning agents and other auxiliaries in the textile industry.


Paper Industry: Aminosulfonic Acid can be used as a bleaching aid. It can reduce or eliminate the catalysis of heavy metal ions in the bleaching liquor, thereby ensuring the quality of the bleaching liquor, reducing the oxidation and degradation of metal ions on fibers, preventing the peeling reaction of fibers, and improving the strength and whiteness of pulp.


Petroleum Industry: Aminosulfonic Acid can be used to remove the plugging and improve the permeability of the reservoir.
Aminosulfonic Acid solution is injected into a carbonate-producing formation to double oil production.
Agriculture: Aminosulfonic Acid and ammonium sulfamate were originally developed as herbicides.


They are said to have an exposure effect when applied directly to plants; when applied to the soil, it has a male-killing effect.
Electroplating solution: Aminosulfonic Acid is commonly used in gold or alloy plating. Italy has replaced the fluorosilicic acid bath with a lead sulfamate bath.
This will reduce pollution.


Aminosulfonic Acid is a compound used in synthesis of sweeteners and therapeutic agents
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a standard in acidometry because the solid is non-hygroscopic.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a catalyst in a variety of organic chemical reactions.


Aminosulfonic Acid has been shown to remove nitrite from a mixture of nitrites and nitrates.
Aminosulfonic Acid acts as a catalyst for the esterification process.
Aminosulfonic Acid is a precursor to mainly sweet-tasting compounds. Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.


Related compounds are also sweeteners such as acesulfame potassium.
Sulfamates are used in the contents of many drugs such as antibiotics, weight loss drugs, nucleoside / nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), antiepileptic drugs.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a catalyst for the esterification process.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used for dye and pigment production.
Urea is used as a coagulator for formaldehyde resins.


Aminosulfonic Acid is the main raw material of ammonium sulfamate, a widely used herbicide and flame retardant material for household products.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used in the pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used for the synthesis of nitrous oxide by reacting with nitric acid.


The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used to separate nitrite ions from a mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions (NO3− + NO2−) during the qualitative analysis of nitrate with the Brown Ring test.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent, typically for metals and ceramics, sometimes as a component of pure or proprietary blends.
Aminosulfonic Acid is often used to remove rust and limescale to replace the cheaper, more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid.
Aminosulfonic Acid can be used as a descaler in domestic coffee and espresso machines and denture cleaners.


Aminosulfonic Acid can also be used for industrial cleaning of dairy and brewery equipment.
Aminosulfonic Acid can be used as an amphoteric surfactant, metal parts cleaning agents, cyclamate sweeteners, paper pulp bleachers, fire retarders, chlorine (sterilization) stabilizers, and electroplating additives.


Aminosulfonic Acid can get away with surface oxide.
So Aminosulfonic Acid can clean the boiler and sterilize bacterium in water, bleach fiber, wood, and paper, and remove nitrate in tobacco. Aminosulfonic Acid can also be used as raw material for pesticide intermediate.


Aminosulfonic Acid is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is cheaper.
Aminosulfonic Acid is often a component of household descalant, for example, Lime-A-Way Thick Gel contains up to 8% sulfamic acid and has pH 2.0–2.2, or detergents used for removal of limescale.


When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, Aminosulfonic Acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, and low toxicity.
Aminosulfonic Acid forms water-soluble salts of calcium, nickel, and ferric iron.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used Catalyst for esterification process, Dye and pigment manufacturing, Herbicide, Ingredient in Denture Tablets, and Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins.


Ingredient in fire extinguishing media: Aminosulfonic Acid is the main raw material for Ammonium sulfamate which is a widely used herbicide and fire retardant material for household product.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer


Aminosulfonic Acid is used Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid
Aminosulfonic Acid is used In household cleaning chemical products such as Cameo.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent, sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.


Aminosulfonic Acid is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid.
Aminosulfonic Acid is often a component of householddescaling agents or detergents used for removal of limescale.
When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, Aminosulfonic Acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, low toxicity and is a water soluble solid forming soluble calcium and iron-III salts.


Aminosulfonic Acid's also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brew-house equipment.
Although Aminosulfonic Acid is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid due to its lower pKa, corrosion inhibitors are often added to commercial cleansers of which it is a component.


Aminosulfonic Acid is possible that the amino group could act as a ligand under certain circumstances, as does the chloride ion for Fe-III, when hydrochloric acid is used in rust removal.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a cleaning agent of descaling


Aminosulfonic Acid is effective descaling agent, it is used for cleaning kinds of industrial equipment and domestic appliances.
Aminosulfonic Acid can remove rust, limescale, corrosion.
Aminosulfonic Acid is widely used in cleaning of metal, ceramic, and boiler compound, floor Surface, household Equipment, condenser, chemical pipelines etc.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used in paper pulp Industry
Aminosulfonic Acid prevents pulp degradation due to temperature at the chlorination and hydrochloride stage.
Aminosulfonic Acid permits bleaching at higher temperature and lower PH without loss of strength.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used in manufacturing of Dyes,Pigments
Aminosulfonic Acid is more effective, the reaction of sulfamic acid with nitrites is practically instantaneous, and it can remove of excess nitrite following diazotization reactions.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used in the dyeing of leather
Aminosulfonic Acid is used in Chlorine Stabilization
Aminosulfonic Acid can be used for stabilizing chlorine in swimming pools and cooling towers.


Aminosulfonic Acid is preferable to hydrochloric acid in household use, due to its intrinsic safety.
If inadvertently mixed with hypochlorite based products such as bleach, Aminosulfonic Acid does not form chlorine gas, whereas the most common acids would; the reaction (neutralisation) with ammonia, produces a salt, as depicted in the section above.


Aminosulfonic Acid also finds applications in the industrial cleaning of dairy and brewhouse equipment.
Although Aminosulfonic Acid is considered less corrosive than hydrochloric acid, corrosion inhibitors are often added to the commercial cleansers of which it is a component.


Aminosulfonic Acid can be used as a descalant for descaling home coffee and espresso machines and in denture cleaners.
Other uses of Aminosulfonic Acid: Catalyst for esterification process, Dye and pigment manufacturing, Herbicide, Descalant for scale removal, Coagulator for urea-formaldehyde resins, and Ingredient in fire extinguishing media.


Aminosulfonic Acid is the main raw material for ammonium sulfamate which is a widely used herbicide and fire retardant material for household products.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used Pulp and paper industry as a chloride stabilizer.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid.


Aminosulfonic Acid is The deprotonated form (sulfamate) is a common counterion for nickel(II) in electroplating.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used to separate nitrite ions from mixture of nitrite and nitrate ions( NO3−+ NO2−) during qualitative analysis of nitrate by Brown Ring test.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used Obtaining deep eutectic solvents with urea.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used Silver polishing.
Aminosulfonic Acid is used in the following products: washing and cleaning products, biocides (eg disinfectants, pest control products), polishes, air care products, non-metallic surface treatment products, fuels and polymers.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used in offshore mining and health services.
Release of Aminosulfonic Acid to the environment may occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and substances in closed systems with minimal emissions.


Aminosulfonic Acid is used in machine wash fluids/detergents, automotive care products, paints, coatings or adhesives, fragrances, air fresheners, hydraulic fluids in automotive suspension, lubricants in engine oil, brake fluids, coolants in refrigerators, and oil-based electrical heaters.
Aminosulfonic Acid is a water-soluble, moderately strong acid.


An intermediate between sulfuric acid and sulfamide, Aminosulfonic Acid can be used as a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds, a therapeutic drug component, an acidic cleaning agent, and a catalyst for esterification.
Amidosulfonic Acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds. Aminosulfonic Acid has been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anti-cancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), anti-epileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.


Aminosulfonic Acid is mainly a precursor to sweet-tasting compounds. Reaction with cyclohexylamine followed by addition of NaOH gives C6H11NHSO3Na, sodium cyclamate.
Related compounds are also sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium.


Sulfamates have been used in the design of many types of therapeutic agents such as antibiotics, nucleoside/nucleotide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), anticancer drugs (steroid sulfatase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), anti-epileptic drugs, and weight loss drugs.


-Cleaning agent
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent and descaling agent sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.
For cleaning purposes, there are different grades based on application such as GP Grade, SR Grade and TM Grade.


-Specific applications of phosphoric acid include:
*In anti-rust treatment by phosphate conversion coating or passivation
*As an external standard for phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance.
*In phosphoric acid fuel cells.
*In activated carbon production.
*In compound semiconductor processing, to etch Indium gallium arsenide selectively with respect to indium phosphide.
*In microfabrication to etch silicon nitride selectively with respect to silicon dioxide.
*As a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin-care products.
*As a sanitizing agent in the dairy, food, and brewing industries.


-Cleaning agent:
Aminosulfonic Acid is used as an acidic cleaning agent, sometimes pure or as a component of proprietary mixtures, typically for metals and ceramics.
Aminosulfonic Acid is frequently used for removing rust and limescale, replacing the more volatile and irritating hydrochloric acid, which is cheaper.
Aminosulfonic Acid is often a component of household descaling agents, for example, Lime-A-Way Thick Gel contains up to 8% sulfamic acid and has pH 2.0–2.2, or detergents used for removal of limescale.
When compared to most of the common strong mineral acids, Aminosulfonic Acid has desirable water descaling properties, low volatility, and low toxicity.
Aminosulfonic Acid forms water-soluble salts of calcium and ferric iron.



AMINOSULFONIC ACID MAY BE USED IN THE FOLLOWING STUDIES:
• As catalyst in the synthesis of aryl-14H-dibenzo[a.j]xanthenes.
• As green catalyst for the preparation of amide from ketoxime.
• As ammonia equivalent in the regioselective synthesis of primary allylic amines, via allylic substitution reactions.
• Synthesis of polysubstituted quinolones.

Sulfamic acid may be used in the following processes:
• As a titrant in the determination of the burette injection volume and chemical calibration factor.
• To neutralize excess nitrous acid in the colorimetric paracetamol assay by modified Glynn and Kendal colorimetric method.
• To prevent endogenous mercury (Hg) loss during the urine Hg measurement by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method.
• As an acid catalyst and a hypochlorite scavenger in the chlorite oxidation of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC).
• As a heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives by Hantzsch condensation reaction.
• As catalyst in the degradation of bamboo fiber to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
• As an acid reagent in the determination of silicates in water samples based on centrifugal microfluidics.
• As catalyst in the synthesis of deazaoxaflavin at room temperature.



PROPERTIES OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Aminosulfonic Acid is also known as sulfamic acid.
Aminosulfonic Acid is a white orthorhombic crystal and nonvolatile, nonhygroscopic, and smell-less.
Aminosulfonic Acid has high stability at normal temperatures.
Aminosulfonic Acid can maintain its original quality for several years and is freely soluble in water and liquid ammonia, strongly acidic in water solution.



WHAT DOES AMINOSULFONIC ACID LOOK LIKE?
Aminosulfonic Acid is a white, odorless and crystalline solid



IN WHICH SECTORS IS AMINOSULFONIC ACID USED?
*Pharmaceutical industry
*Sweeteners
*Paint and pigment production
*fire prevention systems
*paper industry
*Nitrate nitrite separator in Brown ring test
*Domestic and industrial cleaner / descaler



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
*Sulfuric acid monoamides
*Inorganic oxides



SUBSTITUENTS OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
*Other non-metal oxide
*Sulfuric acid monoamide
*Inorganic oxide



HOW IS AMINOSULFONIC ACID PRODUCED?
Aminosulfonic Acid is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid (or oleum).
The conversion is carried out in two stages:
OC(NH2)2 + SO3 → OC(NH2)(NHSO3H)
OC(NH2)(NHSO3H) + H2SO4 → CO2 + 2H3NSO3



PRODUCTION OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Aminosulfonic Acid is produced industrially by treating urea with a mixture of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid (or oleum).
The conversion is conducted in two stages, the first being sulfamation:
OC(NH2)2 + SO3 → OC(NH2)(NHSO3H)
OC(NH2)(NHSO3H) + H2SO4 → CO2 + 2 H3NSO3
In this way, approximately 96,000 tonnes were produced in 1995.



STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
The compound is well described by the formula H3NSO3, not the tautomer H2NSO2(OH).
The relevant bond distances are 1.44 Å for the S=O and 1.77 Å for the S–N.
The greater length of the S–N is consistent with a single bond.
Furthermore, a neutron diffraction study located the hydrogen atoms, all three of which are 1.03 Å distant from the nitrogen.
In the solid state, the molecule of Aminosulfonic Acid is well described by a zwitterionic form.



HYDROLYSIS OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
The crystalline solid is indefinitely stable under ordinary storage conditions, however, aqueous solutions of Aminosulfonic Acid slowly hydrolyse to ammonium bisulfate, according to the following reaction:
H3NSO3 + H2O → [NH4]+[HSO4]−
Its behaviour resembles that of urea, (H2N)2CO.
Both feature amino groups linked to electron-withdrawing centres that can participate in delocalised bonding.
Both liberate ammonia upon heating in water, with urea releasing CO2 while Aminosulfonic Acid releases sulfuric acid.



ACID-BASE REACTIONS OF AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Aminosulfonic Acid is a moderately strong acid, Ka = 0.101 (pKa = 0.995).
Because the solid is not hygroscopic, Aminosulfonic Acid is used as a standard in acidimetry (quantitative assays of acid content).
H3NSO3 + NaOH → NaH2NSO3 + H2O
Double deprotonation can be effected in ammonia solution to give the anion HNSO2−3.
H3NSO3 + 2 NH3 → HNSO2−3 + 2 NH+4



REACTION WITH NITRIC AND NITROUS ACIDS, AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
With nitrous acid, Aminosulfonic Acid reacts to give nitrogen:
HNO2 + H3NSO3 → H2SO4 + N2 + H2O
while with concentrated nitric acid, it affords nitrous oxide:
HNO3 + H3NSO3 → H2SO4 + N2O + H2O



REACTION WITH HYPOCHLORITE, AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
The reaction of excess hypochlorite ions with Aminosulfonic Acid or a sulfamate salt gives rise reversibly to both N-chlorosulfamate and N,N-dichlorosulfamate ions.
HClO + H2NSO3H → ClNHSO3H + H2O
HClO + ClNHSO3H ⇌ Cl2NSO3H + H2O
Consequently, Aminosulfonic Acid is used as hypochlorite scavenger in the oxidation of aldehydes with chlorite such as the Pinnick oxidation.



REACTION WITH ALCOHOLS, AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Upon heating Aminosulfonic Acid will react with alcohols to form the corresponding organosulfates.
Aminosulfonic Acid is more expensive than other reagents for doing this, such as chlorosulfonic acid or oleum, but is also significantly milder and will not sulfonate aromatic rings.

Products are produced as their ammonium salts.
Such reactions can be catalyzed by the presence of urea.
Without the presence of any catalysts, Aminosulfonic Acid will not react with ethanol at temperatures below 100 °C.

ROH + H2NSO3H → ROS(O)2O− + NH+4
An example of this reaction is the production 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, a wetting agent used in the mercerisation of cotton, by combining Aminosulfonic Acid with 2-ethylhexanol.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
Chemical formula: H3NSO3
Molar mass: 97.10 g/mol
Appearance: white crystals
Density: 2.15 g/cm3
Melting point: 205 °C (401 °F; 478 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: Moderate, with slow hydrolysis
Solubility: Moderately soluble in DMF
Slightly:Vsoluble in MeOH
Insoluble in hydrocarbons
Acidity (pKa): 1.0
Physical state: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 215 - 225 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C
Relative self-ignition temperature for solids
Decomposition temperature: 209 °C
pH: 1,5 at 10 g/l at 20 °C

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 181,4 g/l at 20 °C
soluble470 g/l at 80 °C
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water:
No data available
Vapor pressure: 0,008 hPa at 20 °C
0,025 hPa at 100 °C
Density: 2,151 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor
density:
No data available
Particle
characteristics:
No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Dissociation constant: -0,99 at 25 °C


Molecular Weight: 97.10 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 96.98336413 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.8Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point °C: 205
Density g/cm³: 2.13 20 °C
Solubility g/ L: 181.4 20 °C,
Soluble with water (soluble in acetone and methanol)
Vapor pressure Pa: 0.8 20 °C
LogP: 0 20 °C
pKa: -0.997 20 °C
pH: 0.41 1 N solution
CAS: 5329-14-6
Molecular Formula: H3NO3S
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 97.088
MDL Number: MFCD00011603
InChI Key: IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 5987
ChEBI
CHEBI:9330
IUPAC Name: sulfamic acid
SMILES: NS(=O)(=O)O
Chemical Formula: H3NSO3
Molecular weight: 97.10 g/mol
Melting point: 205 °C
Density: 2.15 g/cm3

Chemical Formula: H3NO3S
Average Molecular Weight: 97.094
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 96.983363657
IUPAC Name: sulfamic acid
Traditional Name: sulfonic acids
CAS Registry Number: 5329-14-6
SMILES: NS(O)(=O)=O
InChI Identifier:
InChI=1S/H3NO3S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)
InChI Key: IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular form: H3NO3S
Appearance: White Solid
Mol. Weight: 97.09
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter B-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMINOSULFONIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available



SYNONYMS:
SULFAMIC ACID
5329-14-6
Amidosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfaminic acid
Jumbo
Aminosulfuric acid
Sulphamidic acid
Kyselina sulfaminova
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Caswell No. 809
sulfuramidic acid
NSC 1871
Sulfamidsaeure
HSDB 795
amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur
Amidoschwefelsaeure
EINECS 226-218-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078101
UNII-9NFU33906Q
CHEBI:9330
DTXSID6034005
AI3-15024
9NFU33906Q
NSC-1871
H2NSO3H
MFCD00011603
UN2967
CHEMBL68253
DTXCID4014005
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
EC 226-218-8
Sulfamic acid [UN2967]
(S(NH2)O2(OH))
CAS-5329-14-6
SULFAMIC ACID, ACS
SULFAMIC ACID, REAG
sulfoamine
Sulphamic-acid-
amidosulphuric acid
Sulfamic acid (ACN
SCALE CLEEN
ALPROJET W
AMINESULFONIC ACID
WLN: ZSWQ
NH2SO3H
Sulfamic acid (packaging)
Sulfamic acid, ACS grade
H3NO3S
SULFAMIC ACID [MI]
NCIOpen2_000675
SULFAMIC ACID [HSDB]
BDBM26994
H3-N-O3-S
NSC1871
Sulfamic acid, p.a., 99.5%
Sulfamic acid, analytical standard
Sulfamic acid, reagent grade, 98%
Tox21_201905
Tox21_303482
NA2967
STL282725
7773-06-0 (mono-ammonium salt)
AKOS005287325
Sulfamic acid, ACS reagent, 99.3%
UN 2967
NCGC00090927-01
NCGC00090927-02
NCGC00257489-01
NCGC00259454-01
Sulfamic acid [UN2967] [Corrosive]
Sulfamic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Sulfamic acid, >=99.5% (alkalimetric)
LS-147664
FT-0688102
Sulfamic acid, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sulfamic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Sulfamic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
Q412304
W-105754
Sulfamic acid, analytical standard (for acidimetry), ACS reagent
Amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Sulphamic acid
Aminosulfuric acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
UN 2967
Sulfaminic acid
NSC 1871
sulphamidic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Sulfamic acid descaler
Sulphamidic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfamic acid.
Sulfamic Acid
Alprojet W
Amidosulfuric Acid
Aminesulfonic Acid
Aminosulfonic Acid
Aminosulfuric Acid
NSC 1871
Sulfamidic Acid
Sulfaminic Acid
Sulphamic Acid
Sulfamic acid
5329-14-6
Imidosulfonic acid
Acide sulfamidique
acido sulfamidico
Alprojet W
AMIDOSULFONIC ACID
AMIDOSULFONSAEURE
Amidosulfuric acid
Amidosulphonic acid
Aminesulfonic acid
Aminosulfonic acid
AMINO-SULFONIC ACID
Aminosulfuric acid
NSC 1871
Scale Cleen
Sulfamic acid
Amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulfuric acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfamidsaure
Sulfaminic acid
Sulphamic acid
sulphamidic acid
UN 2967
Caswell No. 809
EINECS 226-218-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078101
Kyselina amidosulfonova
Kyselina sulfaminova
UNII-9NFU33906Q
Amidoschwefelsaeure
Sulfamidsaeure
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
sulphamidic acid
1266250-83-2
[S(NH2)O2(OH)]
Amidoschwefelsaeure
Amidosulfuric acid
Aminosulfonic acid
Imidosulfonic acid
Sulfamidic acid
Sulfamidsaeure
Sulfaminic acid
Sulphamic acid
Sulphamidic acid
Amidosulfate
Amidosulphate
Amidosulphuric acid
Aminosulfonate
Aminosulphonate
Aminosulphonic acid
Imidosulfonate
Imidosulphonate
Imidosulphonic acid
Sulfamidate
Sulphamidate
Sulphamidsaeure
Sulfaminate
Sulphaminate
Sulphaminic acid
Sulfamate
Sulfamic acid
Sulphamate
Amidosulfonate
Amidosulphonate
Amidosulphonic acid
Ammate
Ammonium sulfamate
Sulfamic acid, indium (+3) salt
Sulfamic acid, magnesium salt (2:1)
Sulfamic acid, monoammonium salt
Sulfamic acid, monopotassium salt
Sulfamic acid, nickel (+2) salt (2:1)
Sulfamic acid, tin (+2) salt
Sulfamic acid, zinc (2:1) salt
7773-06-0 (mono-Ammonium salt)
Amidohydroxidodioxidosulfur
Aminosulfuric acid
Jumbo
Sulfamic acid, acs
Sulfamic acid, reag
Sulfuramidic acid
Amidosulfonic acid
Amidosulfonic Acid
Steradent Active Plus
Sulfamidic Acid
Sulfaminic Acid
Sulphamic Acid
Alprojet W
Amidosulfuric Acid
Aminesulfonic Acid
Aminosulfonic Acid
Aminosulfuric Acid
NSC 1871


AMINOTRIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID)
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), its solid form is crystalline powder, soluble in water, hygroscopic, has excellent chelation, low threshold inhibition and lattice distortion.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) or aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid with chemical formula C3H12NO9P3.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has excellent scale inhibition below 200 ℃, low toxicity, good thermal stability, Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) can be dissociated into six positive and negative ions in the water, and can form a stable chelate with a variety of metal ions such as iron, copper, aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, etc.

CAS Number: 6419-19-8
Molecular Formula: C3H12NO9P3
Molecular Weight: 299.05
EINECS Number: 229-146-5

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has chelating properties.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be synthesized from the Mannich-type reaction of ammonia, formaldehyde, and phosphorous acid, in a manner similar to the Kabachnik–Fields reaction.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has a more preferable scale inhibition effect on carbonate .

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has good synergy with the polyphosphate, polycarboxylate, nitrite.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has better antiscale performance than that of polyphosphate through its excellent chelating ability, low threshold inhibition and lattice distortion process.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can prevent scale formation in water systems.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is the phosphonate analog of nitrilotriacetic acid.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a common chelating agent used in synthetic chemistry.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for the preparation of hexagonal porous three-dimensional structures encapsulating a template, layered structures with intercalated templates or linear polymers, for the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks in combination with uranyl nitrate or the preparation of anticorrosive protective coatings.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can also be employed as an anti-fouling agent (scale inhibitor).
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can prevent scale formation in water systems.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as detergents and cleaning agent, water treatment and antiscale agent.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) solution is an antiscalant and can be removed form membrane concentrates by iron-coated waste filtration sand.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a cement retarder.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) reacts with the aluminum surface to form a coating which is an effective inhibitor of the reaction of evaporated aluminum thin films on glass or silicon with deionized water.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid compound with the chemical formula N(CH2PO3H2)3.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is also known by other names such as tris(phosphonomethyl)amine, nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid, and NTMP .
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is widely used in various industrial applications, particularly in industrial water treatment, as an effective scale inhibitor.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) exhibits chelating properties and is known for its ability to inhibit scale formation in water systems.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be synthesized through the Mannich-type reaction of ammonia, formaldehyde, and phosphorous acid, similar to the Kabachnik-Fields reaction .
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a white solid with a molar mass of approximately 299.048 g/mol.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has a density of 1.33 g/cm3 at 20°C and decomposes at a melting point of 200°C The compound is soluble in water, with a solubility of 61 g/100 mL.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is also used in the construction of highly-effective and sustainable corrosion protective composite nanofilms, along with trivalent cerium ions.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has been studied for its degradation processes and analytical methods to determine phosphonic and amino acid groups.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a general purpose, cost-effective scale inhibitor based on amino tri methylene phosphonic acid pentasodium salt.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) provides corrosion inhibition with zinc and phosphates and is a good chelant. In cosmetics, pentasodium aminotrimethylene phosphonate is used as an emulsifier.
Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) is a common chelating agent used in synthetic chemistry.

Preparation of hexagonal porous three-dimensional structures encapsulating a template, layered structures with intercalated templates or linear polymers.
Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks in combination with uranyl nitrate.
Preparation of ingredient of anticorrosive protective coatings on the steel surface.

Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) can also be employed as a scale inhibitor during squeeze treatments in oilfield operations.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is an effective scale inhibitor used in various industrial applications such as industrial water treatment and detergents.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) further shows good corrosion inhibition properties in presence of zinc and other phosphates.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be also used as chelating agent in the textile industry.
The three main raw materials for Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) production are phosphorous acid, ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde.
The first two are added into the reactor and heated and stirred until dissolved completely.

Then, formaldehyde will be dropwise. Phosphorus acid can be from the hydrolysis of PCl3 or the production of other chemicals.
If chlorine content needs to be lower than the normal specs, the steam-heating time will be extended.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid), also known as ammonium (nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic phosphonic acids.

These are organic compounds containing phosphonic acid.
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid).
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a phosphoric acid derivative produced by a Mannich reaction using ammonia, formaldehyde and phosphoric acid.

The chemical formula of the compound is N(CH2PO3H2)3.
Due to its excellent chelating properties, it is more effective in inhibiting the formation of precipitates (sedimentation) on membranes than polyphosphates.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a phosphonate analogue of nitrilotriacetic acid.

Melting point: ~215 °C (dec.)
Boiling point: 746.2±70.0 °C(Predicted)
Density 1.3 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: Water (Slightly, Heated)
form: Solid
pka: 0.56±0.10(Predicted)
color: White
PH: 0.46
Water Solubility: 500g/L at 20℃
BRN: 1715724
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -3.5

Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid)is acidic, pay attention to labor protection, should avoid contact with eye and skin, once contacted, flush with plenty of water.
Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid has excellent chelation.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) İs threshold inhibition is low and chemical stability is high.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is an excellent antiscalant and chelating agent to most metal ions like Ca, Ba, Mg, Fe and Pb, especially Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3).
In the water system, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is difficult to hydrolyze and can distort the lattice.
In a higher concentrated system, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is also a good corrosion inhibitor.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in industrial circulating cool water system of thermal power plant and oil refinery plant.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can decrease scale formation and inhibit the corrosion of metal equipment and pipeline.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) acid can be used as a chelating agent in woven and dyeing industries and as a metal surface treatment agent.

Usually, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is compounded with organophosphorus acid/salt, polycarboxylic acid/salt.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) solid as crystal powder can also be supplied for cold areas, particularly in water.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a compound that exhibits chelating properties and is widely used as a scale inhibitor in industrial water treatment applications.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is primarily known for its ability to inhibit scale formation in water systems.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can effectively prevent the precipitation and deposition of scale-forming minerals, such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, which can lead to the fouling of pipes, equipment, and surfaces.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) acts as a chelating agent, meaning it forms stable complexes with metal ions.

This property allows it to sequester and bind metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, which are often responsible for scale formation.
By forming soluble complexes with these metal ions, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) helps to keep them in solution and prevent their precipitation.
In addition to scale inhibition, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has also been found to exhibit corrosion inhibition properties.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can help protect metal surfaces from corrosion by forming a protective layer or film on the metal surface, which acts as a barrier against corrosive agents.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be synthesized through the Mannich-type reaction of ammonia, formaldehyde, and phosphorous acid.
This reaction leads to the formation of the tris(phosphonomethyl)amine structure.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) finds applications in various industries, including cooling water systems, boilers, oil extraction, and desalination plants.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is commonly used in industrial settings where water quality and scale control are critical.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has excellent chelation, low threshold inhibition and lattice distortion ability.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can prevent scale formation, calcium carbonate in particular, in water system.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has good chemical stability and is hard to be hydrolyzed in water system.
At high concentration, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has good corrosion inhibition.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in industrial circulating cool water system and oilfield water pipeline in fields of thermal power plant and oil refinery plant.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can decrease scale formation and inhibit corrosion of metal equipment and pipeline.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be used as chelating agent in woven and dyeing industries and as metal surface treatment agent.

The solid state of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is crystal powder, soluble in water, easily deliquescence, suitable for usage in winter and freezing districts.
Because of its high purity, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be used in woven & dyeing industries and as metal surface treatment agent.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is usually used together with organophosphoric acid, polycarboxylic acid and salt to built all organic alkaline water treatment agent.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be used in many different circulating cool water system.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) or aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid with chemical formula N(CH2PO3H2)3.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has chelating properties.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be synthesized from the Mannich-type reaction of ammonia, formaldehyde, and phosphorous acid.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) has excellent scale inhibition performance, good stability and excellent effect on calcium carbonate scale.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can form stable complexes with iron, copper, aluminum, zinc and other metal ions, and has good dispersion performance.

Uses:
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for power plants, refineries, petrochemicals, fertilizer plant cooling water, oil field injection water system,particularly suitable for hard high-calcium, low concentration multiple systems, such as power plants and high hardness high salinity, bad water quality conditions of the oil pipeline inhibitors,which may decrease the risk of corrosion and scaling of metal equipment and pipeline.
In the textile printing and dyeing industry, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as a metal ion chelating agent, metal surface treatment agent.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is often used with other organic acid, polylactic acid or salt to form organic water treatment agents for circulating cooling water systems under a variety of different water quality conditions.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in drilling fluids as a viscosity regulator.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be encountered as a main component of lubricating fluids or as an additive to lubricating fluids.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for the scale prevention of cooling water system, oil pipeline and boiler; Used as the scale inhibitor for the oil pipeline with high hardness, high salinity and bad water quality; Used as scale inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor for the treatment of cooling water, boiler water, oil field water; Used for circulating cooling water of thermal power plant and an oil refinery.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) solution was used to study the mechanism of inhibition of cement hydration by phosphonic acid.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is an effective scale inhibitor used in various industrial applications such as industrial water treatment and detergents.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) further shows good corrosion inhibition properties in presence of zinc and other phosphates.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be also used as chelating agent in the textile industry.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following products: water softeners, fertilisers, coating products, cosmetics and personal care products, air care products, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following areas: building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for the manufacture of: mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Other release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following products: water softeners, pH regulators and water treatment products, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals, polishes and waxes and paper chemicals and dyes.

Release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following products: water softeners, pH regulators and water treatment products, water treatment chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment, mining and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products, textile, leather or fur, metals, fabricated metal products, machinery and vehicles, furniture and chemicals.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is employed in water softening formulations.
As a chelating agent, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can sequester and inhibit the precipitation of hardness ions, such as calcium and magnesium, helping to prevent the formation of scale in water systems.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is utilized in industrial metal cleaning processes where the control of metal ions and prevention of scale formation are crucial.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is chelating properties contribute to effective metal cleaning solutions.
In the construction industry, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is sometimes used as a concrete additive.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can function as a retarder, helping to control the setting time of concrete, and also as a dispersant for cement particles.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is employed in the oil and gas industry to control scale formation in oil wells and production equipment.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) helps maintain the efficiency of oil extraction processes by preventing scale buildup.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in metal surface treatment processes to inhibit corrosion and improve the adhesion of coatings.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be incorporated into formulations for metal pre-treatment before painting or coating.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is employed in the pulp and paper industry to control scale formation and improve the efficiency of various processes, such as pulping and papermaking.

Release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) Na4 is used in industrial circulating cool water system and oilfield water pipeline in fields of thermal power plant and oil refinery plant.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is suitable for usage in winter and freezing districts.
Multifunctional and cost effective performance makes it an excellent replacement to other sequestrants e.g EDTA, DTPA, NTA, Metaclaw, Trilon, Versene, Dissolvine, Dequest, Codex, Sequacel, Acinol etc.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is a common chelating agent used in synthetic chemistry.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as an anti-corrosive additive in metal surface cleaners, as a surfactant that does not foam (automotive care products, cleaning and furniture care products, laundry and dishwashing products).
Also used as a water softener which binds metal ions in a chelating form.

Preparation of hexagonal porous three-dimensional structures encapsulating a template, layered structures with intercalated templates or linear polymers.
Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks in combination with Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid).
Preparation of ingredient of anticorrosive protective coatings on the steel surface.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can also be employed as a scale inhibitor during squeeze treatments in oilfield operations.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as scale and corrosion inhibitor, deflocculant, sequestrant, and water stabilizer in cooling and boiler water treatment systems.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used mainly as a deflocculant and sequestrant (chelating or complexing agent) in industrial water treatment.
Also Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in cleaners and in stabilizers (peroxide solutions to bleach cotton, linen, jute, rayon, and paper).

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is usually used together with organophosphorus acid, polycarboxylic acid, and salt to built all organic alkaline water treatment chemicals.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is broadly applied in recirculated cooling water systems for the power station, oil field, and central air-conditioning, etc.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is also used in the woven and dyeing industry.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the following products: water softeners, fertilisers, coating products, air care products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Release to the environment of Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).

Other release to the environment of Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is usually used together with other organophosphoric acid, polycarboxylic acid and salt to built all organic alkaline water treatment agent.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be used in many different circulating cool water system. The recommended dosage is 5-20mg/L. As corr
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is widely used as a corrosion inhibitor and a scale inhibitor in water treatment processes, especially in cooling water systems.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) helps prevent the formation of scales and deposits, which can reduce the efficiency of heat exchange equipment and lead to corrosion.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) acts as a chelating agent, forming stable complexes with metal ions, particularly calcium and magnesium.
This chelating property is beneficial in preventing the precipitation of metal ions and improving the effectiveness of other water treatment chemicals.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is sometimes used in detergents and cleaning formulations to sequester metal ions, preventing them from interfering with the cleaning process.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) contributes to the stabilization of metal ions in the cleaning solution.
Textile Industry: In the textile industry, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) may be employed as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide bleach baths, helping to control metal impurities that can affect the bleaching process.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) finds applications in the oil and gas industry as a scale and corrosion inhibitor in water injection systems and other processes where water is in contact with metal surfaces.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is also used in some personal care products, such as shampoos and cosmetics, as a chelating agent.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used for power plants, refineries, petrochemicals, fertilizer plant cooling water, oil field injection water system,particularly suitable for hard high-calcium, low concentration multiple systems, such as power plants and high hardness high salinity, bad water quality conditions of the oil pipeline inhibitors,which may decrease the risk of corrosion and scaling of metal equipment and pipeline.
In the textile printing and dyeing industry, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as a metal ion chelating agent, metal surface treatment agent.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as a metal ion binder in heating or refrigeration systems to prevent the formation of lime scale deposits.
At the same time, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) phosphonate has a corrosion inhibiting function which prevents melting and rusting of iron and copper (bronze) parts.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used as an additive to dye baths to bind metal ions, to allow better penetration of the dye into the fabric, and to keep the colour intact.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is used in the production of distilled water by reverse osmosis as a lime inhibitor.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) binds calcium and magnesium ions, thus keeping the membrane free of blockages and eliminating the need for additional cleaning or washing.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is often found in membrane cleaners.

Safety Profile:
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Direct contact with the skin or eyes should be avoided.
In case of contact, Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid)'s important to flush the affected area with plenty of water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) can be harmful.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid)'s not intended for consumption, and ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort.
While Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is not typically associated with significant inhalation hazards, inhalation of dust or mist should be avoided.

Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is biodegradable, but its introduction into the environment should be minimized.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) is important to follow proper disposal practices and adhere to local environmental regulations.
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid) may react with certain metals, and compatibility should be considered when using it in systems containing metals.

Synonyms:
6419-19-8
(Nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid)
Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid
Tris(phosphonomethyl)amine
Ferrofos 509
Dequest 2000
Nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid)
Dowell L 37
Aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid)
Nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid
Nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid)
Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid)
Aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid)
[bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]methylphosphonic acid
Aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid)
Aminotri(methylphosphonic acid)
Nitrilotrimethanephosphonic acid
NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENE)TRIPHOSPHONIC ACID
Phosphonic acid, [nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-
Aminotris(methanephosphonic acid)
Nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid
Amino, tris(methylene phosphonic acid)
Nitrilotrimethylenetris(phosphonic acid)
NITRILOTRIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID)
(Nitrilotris(methylene))trisphosphonic acid
AI3-51572
Nitrilotris(methylene)trisphosphonic acid
Nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid) (Aminotris(methylphosphonic acid))
[Nitrilotris(methylene)]trisphosphonic acid
1Y702GD0FG
DTXSID2027624
Sodium (nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonate
Phosphonic acid, (nitrilotris(methylene))tri-
Aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid), sodium salt
Sodium (nitrilotris(methylene))tris(phosphonate)
{[bis(phosphonomethyl)amino]methyl}phosphonic acid
Nitrilotris(methylene phosphonic acid), sodium salt
(Nitrilotris(methylene))trisphosphonic acid, sodium salt
Phosphonic acid, (nitrilotris(methylene))tri-, sodium salt
(nitrilotris(methylene))tris(phosphonic acid)
[nitrilotris(methylene)]tris(phosphonic acid)
Phosphonic acid, (nitrilotris(methylene))tris-
103333-74-0
dodecylamine-N,N-bis(methylenephosphonic acid) sodium salt
Phosphonic acid, P,P',P''-(nitrilotris(methylene))tris-
Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid)
(nitrilotris(methylene))tris-Phosphonic acid
[nitrilotris(methylene)]tris-Phosphonic acid
EINECS 229-146-5
BRN 1715724
UNII-1Y702GD0FG
C3H12NO9P3
EINECS 243-900-0
Dequest 2001
EC 229-146-5
EC 243-900-0
Phosphoric acid, (nitrilotris-(methylene))tris-
SCHEMBL21434
4-01-00-03070 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
CHEMBL260191
DTXCID107624
Amino trimethylene Phoshonic Acid
CHEBI:168957
YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Sym-Trimethylaminetriphosphonic acid
Sodiumamino-tris(methylenesulphonate)
Tox21_202753
MFCD00002138
nitrilotris (methylenephosphonic acid)
AKOS003599784
7611-50-9 (tri-hydrochloride salt)
NCGC00164342-01
NCGC00260300-01
2235-43-0 (penta-hydrochloride salt)
NitrilotrimethylentriphosphonsA currencyure
CAS-6419-19-8
(nitrilotris(methylene))tri-Phosphonic acid
FT-0622276
N0474
(nitrilotris-(methylene))tris-Phosphoric acid
NITRILOTRIS(METHYLENE)TRIPHOSPHONICACID
AMINOTRIMETHYLENE PHOSPHONIC ACID [INCI]
Nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid), >=97.0% (T)
Q4222241
W-104858
p,p',p''-(Nitrilotris(methylene))tris-Phosphonic acid
.ALPHA.,.ALPHA.',.ALPHA.''-AMINOTRIS(METHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID)
(Nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 2.2mol/L)
Phosphonic acid, P,P',P''-(nitrilotris(methylene))tris-, sodium salt (1:?)
Amino-tris-methylene phosphonic acid (ATMP)
Aluminum chlorhydrol; Aluminum chlorohydrate; Aluminum hydroxide chloride; Aluminum hydroxychloride; Aluminum hydroxychloride dihydrate CAS NO:1327-41-9
AMMONIA %25
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.Although common in nature—both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System—and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes,with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes.Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.Pliny, in Book XXXI of his Natural History, refers to a salt produced in the Roman province of Cyrenaica named hammoniacum, so called because of its proximity to the nearby Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek Ἄμμων Ammon).However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride. According to Herbert Hoover's commentary in his English translation of Georgius Agricola's De re metallica, it is likely to have been common sea salt.In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name.Ammonia is a chemical found in trace quantities in nature, being produced from nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts; crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonia guano.The kidneys secrete ammonia to neutralize excess acid.Ammonium salts are found distributed through fertile soil and in seawater.Ammonia is also found throughout the Solar System on Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, among other places: on smaller, icy bodies such as Pluto, ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as 173 K (−100 °C; −148 °F) if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone.Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal.Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules; the liquid boils at −33.3 °C (−27.94 °F), and freezes to white crystals at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F).Ammonia may be conveniently deodorized by reacting it with either sodium bicarbonate or acetic acid. Both of these reactions form an odourless ammonium salt.The crystal symmetry is cubic, Pearson symbol cP16, space group P213 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 nm.Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high ε of 22. Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, cf. water 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in uninsulated vessels without additional refrigeration. See liquid ammonia as a solvent.Ammonia readily dissolves in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.880 g/cm3 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'.Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–25% air. When mixed with oxygen, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is also formed.At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst, ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements. Decomposition of ammonia is slightly endothermic process requiring 5.5 kcal/mol of ammonia, and yields hydrogen and nitrogen gas. Ammonia can also be used as a source of hydrogen for acid fuel cells if the unreacted ammonia can be removed. Ruthenium and Platinum catalysts were found to be the most active, whereas supported Ni catalysts were the less active.The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape as predicted by the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°.The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives a total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged tetrahedrally. Three of these electron pairs are used as bond pairs, which leaves one lone pair of electrons. The lone pair repels more strongly than bond pairs, therefore the bond angle is not 109.5°, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but 106.7°.This shape gives the molecule a dipole moment and makes it polar. The molecule's polarity, and especially, its ability to form hydrogen bonds, makes ammonia highly miscible with water. The lone pair makes ammonia a base, a proton acceptor. Ammonia is moderately basic; a 1.0 M aqueous solution has a pH of 11.6, and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (pH = 7), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are protonated. Temperature and salinity also affect the proportion of NH4+. The latter has the shape of a regular tetrahedron and is isoelectronic with methane.The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature; a useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The energy barrier to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the resonance frequency is 23.79 GHz, corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1.260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first microwave spectrum to be observed.One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its basicity. Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with acids to form salts; thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac); with nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.As a demonstration experiment, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid produce clouds of ammonium chloride, which seem to appear "out of nothing" as the salt forms where the two diffusing clouds of molecules meet, somewhere between the two bottles.The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the ammonium salts and all contain the ammonium ion (NH4+).Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It is a protic substance and is capable of formation of amides (which contain the NH2− ion). For example, lithium dissolves in liquid ammonia to give a solution of lithium amide: 2Li + 2NH3 → 2LiNH2 + H2 The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such as platinum gauze or warm chromium(III) oxide), due to the relatively low heat of combustion, a lower laminar burning velocity, high auto-ignition temperature, high heat of vaporization, and a narrow flammability range. However, recent studies have shown that efficient and stable combustion of ammonia can be achieved using swirl combustors, thereby rekindling research interest in ammonia as a fuel for thermal power production.The flammable range of ammonia in dry air is 15.15%-27.35% and in 100% relative humidity air is 15.95%-26.55%.For studying the kinetics of ammonia combustion a detailed reliable reaction mechanism is required, however knowledge about ammonia chemical kinetics during combustion process has been challenging.In organic chemistry, ammonia can act as a nucleophile in substitution reactions. Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides, although the resulting -NH2 group is also nucleophilic and secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as byproducts. An excess of ammonia helps minimise multiple substitution and neutralises the hydrogen halide formed. Methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with chloromethane, and the reaction of ammonia with 2-bromopropanoic acid has been used to prepare racemic alanine in 70% yield. Ethanolamine is prepared by a ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide: the reaction is sometimes allowed to go further to produce diethanolamine and triethanolamine.Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic acid derivatives. Acyl chlorides are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the hydrogen chloride formed. Esters and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides so long as there are no thermally sensitive groups present: temperatures of 150–200 °C are required.The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by myriad substituents. When heated with sodium it converts to sodamide, NaNH2.With chlorine, monochloramine is formed.Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ5-amine or, more commonly, ammonium hydride. This crystalline solid is only stable under high pressure and decomposes back into trivalent ammonia and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966.Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. It is a pure σ-donor, in the middle of the spectrochemical series, and shows intermediate hard-soft behaviour (see also ECW model). Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots.For historical reasons, ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds. Some notable ammine complexes include tetraamminediaquacopper(II) ([Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+), a dark blue complex formed by adding ammonia to a solution of copper(II) salts. Tetraamminediaquacopper(II) hydroxide is known as Schweizer's reagent, and has the remarkable ability to dissolve cellulose. Diamminesilver(I) ([Ag(NH3)2]+) is the active species in Tollens' reagent. Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides: silver chloride (AgCl) is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia solution, silver bromide (AgBr) is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution, whereas silver iodide (AgI) is insoluble in aqueous ammonia.Ammine complexes of chromium(III) were known in the late 19th century, and formed the basis of Alfred Werner's revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two isomers (fac- and mer-) of the complex [CrCl3(NH3)3] could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron. This proposal has since been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule, although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. One example is the Calomel reaction, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble.Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I2, phenol, and Al(CH3)3. Ammonia is a hard base and its E & C parameters are EB = 2.31 and C B = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots.Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid and the excess of acid then determined volumetrically; or the ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric acid and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as ammonium hexachloroplatinate, (NH4)2PtCl6.The ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentioned that there were outcrops of salt in an area of Libya that was inhabited by a people called the "Ammonians" (now: the Siwa oasis in northwestern Egypt, where salt lakes still exist).The Greek geographer Strabo also mentioned the salt from this region. However, the ancient authors Dioscorides, Apicius, Arrian, Synesius, and Aëtius of Amida described this salt as forming clear crystals that could be used for cooking and that were essentially rock salt. Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of Pliny, although it is not known whether the term is identical with the more modern sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).The fermentation of urine by bacteria produces a solution of ammonia; hence fermented urine was used in Classical Antiquity to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a mordant in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron.In the form of sal ammoniac, ammonia was important to the Muslim alchemists as early as the 8th century, first mentioned by the Persian-Arab chemist Jābir ibn Hayyān, and to the European alchemists since the 13th century, being mentioned by Albertus Magnus.It was also used by dyers in the Middle Ages in the form of fermented urine to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. In the 15th century, Basilius Valentinus showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac.At a later period, when sal ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hooves and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with hydrochloric acid, the name "spirit of hartshorn" was applied to ammonia.Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by Joseph Black in 1756 by reacting sal ammoniac (Ammonium Chloride) with calcined magnesia (Magnesium Oxide).It was isolated again by Peter Woulfe in 1767,by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1770 and by Joseph Priestley in 1773 and was termed by him "alkaline air".Eleven years later in 1785, Claude Louis Berthollet ascertained its composition.The Haber–Bosch process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909 and patented in 1910. It was first used on an industrial scale in Germany during World War I,following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of nitrates from Chile. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain war efforts.Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to ammonia production was produced via the electrolysis of water or using the chloralkali process.With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal.In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously.When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat.30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year.Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative is nitric acid. This key material is generated via the Ostwald process by oxidation of ammonia with air over a platinum catalyst at 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F), ≈9 atm. Nitric oxide is an intermediate in this conversion: NH3 + 2 O2 → HNO3 + H2O Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water, and is used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5 to 10% ammonia.United States manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's material safety data sheet which lists the concentration used.As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly antiseptic ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve beef tea." In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of zoonotic bacteria in 3 types of animal feed, but not silage.Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination of beef.Lean finely textured beef (popularly known as "pink slime") in the beef industry is made from fatty beef trimmings (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and centrifugation, then treating it with ammonia to kill E. coli. The process was deemed effective and safe by the US Department of Agriculture based on a study that found that the treatment reduces E. coli to undetectable levels.There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans.Because of ammonia's vaporization properties, it is a useful refrigerant.It was commonly used before the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons (Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high energy efficiency and low cost. It suffers from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Along with its use in modern vapor-compression refrigeration it is used in a mixture along with hydrogen and water in absorption refrigerators. The Kalina cycle, which is of growing importance to geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia–water mixture. Ammonia coolant is also used in the S1 radiator aboard the International Space Station in two loops which are used to regulate the internal temperature and enable temperature dependent experiments.The potential importance of ammonia as a refrigerant has increased with the discovery that vented CFCs and HFCs are extremely potent and stable greenhouse gases.The contribution to the greenhouse effect of CFCs and HFCs in current use, if vented, would match that of all CO2 in the atmosphere.The raw energy density of liquid ammonia is 11.5 MJ/L,which is about a third that of diesel. There is the opportunity to convert ammonia back to hydrogen, where it can be used to power hydrogen fuel cells or directly within high-temperature fuel cells.The conversion of ammonia to hydrogen via the sodium amide process,either for combustion or as fuel for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell,is possible. Conversion to hydrogen would allow the storage of hydrogen at nearly 18 wt% compared to ≈5% for gaseous hydrogen under pressure.Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a working fluid, have been proposed and occasionally used.The principle is similar to that used in a fireless locomotive, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by Goldsworthy Gurney in the UK and the St. Charles Avenue Streetcar line in New Orleans in the 1870s and 1880s,and during World War II ammonia was used to power buses in Belgium.Ammonia is sometimes proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for internal combustion engines.Its high octane rating of 120 and low flame temperature allows the use of high compression ratios without a penalty of high NOx production. Since ammonia contains no carbon, its combustion cannot produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, or soot.Even though ammonia production currently creates 1.8% of global CO2 emissions, the Royal Society report claims that "green" ammonia can be produced by using low-carbon hydrogen (blue hydrogen and green hydrogen). Total decarbonization of ammonia production and the accomplishment of net-zero targets are possible by 2050.However ammonia cannot be easily used in existing Otto cycle engines because of its very narrow flammability range, and there are also other barriers to widespread automobile usage. In terms of raw ammonia supplies, plants would have to be built to increase production levels, requiring significant capital and energy sources. Although it is the second most produced chemical (after sulfuric acid), the scale of ammonia production is a small fraction of world petroleum usage. It could be manufactured from renewable energy sources, as well as coal or nuclear power. The 60 MW Rjukan dam in Telemark, Norway produced ammonia for many years from 1913, providing fertilizer for much of Europe.Despite this, several tests have been done. In 1981, a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel.In 2007, a University of Michigan pickup powered by ammonia drove from Detroit to San Francisco as part of a demonstration, requiring only one fill-up in Wyoming.Compared to hydrogen as a fuel, ammonia is much more energy efficient, and could be produced, stored, and delivered at a much lower cost than hydrogen which must be kept compressed as a cryogenic liquid.Rocket engines have also been fueled by ammonia. The Reaction Motors XLR99 rocket engine that powered the X-15 hypersonic research aircraft used liquid ammonia. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine, and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design.Ammonia, as the vapor released by smelling salts, has found significant use as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine through a Birch reduction.The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added.Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like mercerisation, using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool.At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere and has approximately 45-48% of the lifting power of hydrogen or helium. Ammonia has sometimes been used to fill weather balloons as a lifting gas. Because of its relatively high boiling point (compared to helium and hydrogen), ammonia could potentially be refrigerated and liquefied aboard an airship to reduce lift and add ballast (and returned to a gas to add lift and reduce ballast).The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume.The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently reduced the IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, the level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes without suffering irreversible health effects) from 500 to 300 based on recent more conservative interpretations of original research in 1943. Other organizations have varying exposure levels. U.S. Navy Standards [U.S. Bureau of Ships 1962] maximum allowable concentrations (MACs): continuous exposure (60 days): 25 ppm / 1 hour: 400 ppm.Ammonia vapour has a sharp, irritating, pungent odour that acts as a warning of potentially dangerous exposure. The average odour threshold is 5 ppm, well below any danger or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death.Ammonia is regulated in the United States as a non-flammable gas, but it meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 13,248 L (3,500 gallons).Liquid ammonia is dangerous because it is hygroscopic and because it can cause caustic burns. See Gas carrier § Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers for more information.The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, and then enters the urea cycle to be either incorporated into amino acids or excreted in the urine.Fish and amphibians lack this mechanism, as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion. Ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and for this reason it is classified as dangerous for the environment.Ammonia is a constituent of tobacco smoke.Ammonia is present in coking wastewater streams, as a liquid by-product of the production of coke from coal.In some cases, the ammonia is discharged to the marine environment where it acts as a pollutant. The Whyalla steelworks in South Australia is one example of a coke-producing facility which discharges ammonia into marine waters.
AMMONIUM ACETATE
AMMONIUM ACETATE Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.[5] Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Buffer 1.2 Other 1.3 Food additive 2 Production 3 References 4 External links Uses It is the main precursor to acetamide:[6] NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O It is also used as a diuretic.[5] Buffer As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is volatile at low pressures. Because of this, it has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry.[7] It is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD detection for this reason. Other volatile salts that have been used for this include Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) formate. Other a biodegradable de-icing agent. a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis. a protein precipitating reagent in dialysis to remove contaminants via diffusion. a reagent in agricultural chemistry for determination of soil CEC (cation exchange capacity ) and determination of available potassium in soil wherein the Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ion acts as a replacement cation for potassium. Food additive Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264. It is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.[8] Production Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia.[9] Obtaining crystalline Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) PORPHYRINS: LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Choice of Mobile Phase The porphyrins derived from the haem biosynthetic pathway are amphoteric compounds ionizable and soluble in both acids and bases. They are therefore ideal for separation by RP-HPLC in the presence of an ion-pairing agent (e.g. tetrabutyl Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) phosphate) or by ionization control with an acid (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid), a base (e.g. triethylamine) or a buffer solution (e.g. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer). The choice of a correct mobile phase is obviously important for achieving an optimal separation. With the increasing use of online HPLC–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), the chosen mobile phase ideally should also be fully compatible with mass spectrometry. The introduction of hybrid electrospray quadrupole/time-of-flight MS allows sensitive and specific analysis of porphyrin free acids by LC–MS. To exploit this capability a mobile phase that is sufficiently volatile and is able to separate the whole range of porphyrins, including the complex type-isomers, is highly desirable. This rules out reversed-phase ion pair chromatography and the use of phosphate buffer. Simple acidic eluent such as 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid–acetonitrile mixtures can be used for the separation of porphyrins. However, resolution of the type-isomers of uro- and hepta-carboxyl porphyrins was not achieved although type-isomers of porphyrins with 6, 5, and 4 carboxyl groups were well separated. To date, mobile phases containing Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer provide excellent resolution and column efficiency as well as being fully compatible with LC–MS operation. This buffer has been studied for the separation of porphyrins in detail and the following conclusions have been drawn: The molar concentration of Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer in the mobile phase significantly affected the retention and resolution. The optimum buffer concentration is 1 M. Below 0.5 M, excessive retention and peak broadening results, particularly in isocratic elution. At above 1.5 M, rapid elution with the consequent loss of resolution was observed. The retention and resolution of the porphyrins are greatly influenced by the pH of the Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer. Increasing the pH decreased the retention with loss of resolution. The optimum pH range is between 5.1 and 5.2, although this is column dependent. This pH range is, however, suitable for most reversed-phase columns. In earlier studies it was shown that the isocratic elution of uroporphyrin I and III from reversed-phase columns was organic modifier specific and, with methanol as the organic modifier and 1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) (pH 5.16) as the aqueous buffer, excessive retention and peak broadening was observed. The methanol adsorbed on the hydrocarbonaceous stationary phase surface is able to form extensive hydrogen bonds with the eight carboxyl groups of uroporphyrin, thus resulting in long retention and peak broadening. This effect is less significant in the separation of porphyrins with fewer carboxyl groups. Nevertheless it is best to avoid using methanol as the sole organic modifier in porphyrin separations, especially when uroporphyrin is one of the components to be separated. Replacing methanol with acetonitrile results in excellent resolution of uroporphyrin isomers within convenient retention times. Acetonitrile, however, is immiscible with 1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) when its proportion is above 35% in the mobile phase. While acetonitrile–1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer mobile phase systems are excellent for the separation of porphyrins that can be eluted at up to 30% acetonitrile content (8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxyl porphyrins), they are not suitable for the separation of porphyrins that required a higher proportion of acetonitrile for elution, such as the dicarboxyl mesoporphyrin and protoporphyrin. In order to achieve simultaneous separation of all the porphyrins, therefore, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol as the organic modifier is required. 1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer is completely miscible with methanol. A mixture consisting of 9–10% (v/v) acetonitrile in methanol as the organic modifier thus overcomes the hydrogen bonding effect caused by methanol and the solubility problem of 1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) in acetonitrile. In practice, gradient elution is carried out by inclusion of 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in each of the gradient solvents, i.e. 1 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) (pH 5.16) and methanol. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution, 5M is an important reagent for studying molecular biology, biological buffers, reagents and DNA and RNA purification. It is a popular buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ESLD detection, for ESI mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules, and has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volitile salts. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is also used in protein studies and protein preparation. It can be used in the protein purification steps of dialysis to remove contaminants through diffusion and, when combined with distilled water, as a protein precipitating agent. In organic chemistry, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution is useful as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction. Additionally, it is occasionally used commercially as a biodegradable de-icing agent and as an additive in food as an acidity regulator. How long does 10M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) take to dissolve in water? I need to make 10M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) for DNA extraction. I calculated the amount required for 70 ml solution and started dissolving it using a magnetic stirrer. It has been four hours, but the solute hasn't dissolved yet. Is this normal? How long does it usually take to make 10M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution? The Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) I used to make solution was not powder per se, it was more like crystals. I cannot add more water to the solution. Is heating an option? I am trying to make acetonitrile solution containing 10mM Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), but I've noticed that Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) would immediately crash out once 10ml of 1M stock was added into 1L acetonitril. This solution will be used as a mobile phase in LC-MS-MS for gradient elution, so ideally acetonitrile concentration should be kept at no less than 98%. Does anyone have experience making up this solution? I want to prepare 7.5 M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution. The recipe stated that I need to dissolved 57.81 g Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) in water to final volume of 100 ml, then sterilize by filtration (0.2 micro meter filter). The final pH will be 5.5. I don't understand and don't know how to sterilize by filtration? I hope someone can explain and show how to prepare this solution. Thank you Our 5M Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution is prepared in molecular biology grade/ultrapure water, filter sterilized with 0.22 µm filter and DNase/RNase/Protease Free. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution is an important reagent used in molecular biology research- DNA and RNA purification, biological buffers, chemical analysis, in pharmaceuticals, and in preserving foods. It is commonly used for routine precipitation of nucleic acids, and is useful for reducing the co-precipitation of unwanted dNTPs and contaminating oligosaccharides in the sample. Note: 1) Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) should not be used when phosphorylating the nucleic acid using T4 polynucleotide kinase, because this enzyme is inhibited by Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ions. 2) Do not autoclave Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Acetate Buffer. If precipitates form, warm solution to 37°C to re-suspend. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is also used in protein studies and protein preparation. It can be used in the protein purification steps of dialysis to remove contaminants through diffusion and, when combined with distilled water, as a protein precipitating agent. It is a popular buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ESLD detection, for ESI mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules, and has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution is used commercially as a biodegradable de-icing agent and as an additive in food. Additionally, it is useful in organic chemistry as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction. The chemical details of Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) are below: CAS Number: 631-61-8; Synonyms: Azanium Acetate; Acetic acid Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) salt; Acetic acid, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) salt; Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ethanoate Molecular Formula: C2H7NO2 Molecular Weight: 77.083 g/mol InChI Key: USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Product Description Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Application Notes Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Ultra pure is for applications which require tight control of elemental content. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is a widely used reagent in molecular biology and chromatography. Its applications include the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein crystallization. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is commonly used in HPLC and MS analysis of various compounds, such as oligosaccharides, proteins, and peptides. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is also used for the nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) of lipophilic peptides and therapeutic drugs. Usage Statement Unless specified otherwise, MP Biomedical's products are for research or further manufacturing use only, not for direct human use. For more information, please contact our customer service department. Applications Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is widely utilized as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation. It is the primary source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis. It is used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent. It acts as a buffer for electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules and as mobile phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sometimes, it is used as a biodegradable de-icing agent and an acidity regulator in food additives. Notes Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is an inorganic chemical compound. Its IUPAC name is Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ethanoate. When in aqueous solution, the substance is often called spirit of Mindererus. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) CAS number is 631-61-8, its chemical formula can be written in two ways: C2H7NO2 and NH4CH3CO2. The compound itself is a white solid with orthorhombic crystal structure and highly hygroscopic. It dissolves easily in cold water and decomposes in hot. Besides, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is soluble in alcohol, acetone, sulfur dioxide, and liquid ammonia. Here are some more characteristics of the substance: density: 1.17 g/cm3; molar mass: 77.08 g·mol−1; melting point: 113 °C; flash point: 136 °C. The chemical is considered hazardous, as it irritates human tissues. Production and Uses There are two methods of Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) production. According to the first one, acetic acid is neutralized with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) carbonate. The second includes saturation of glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) uses are not very diverse. It usually serves as basic catalyst for Henry reactions. The substance is also used to create a buffer solution, since it is the salt of a weak acid. It is an important reagent in different chemical reactions. In food industry, the compound is applied to control the acidity and alkalinity of foods. You do not need now to spend your precious time on searching consumables for your lab as you can buy Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) and many other chemicals at compatible price on our website Brumer.com. We care about our customers and offer you only certified high-quality products for your laboratory needs. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Formula Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Formula- It is a salt that has interesting chemical properties and due to this reason, the pharmaceutical industry uses it as an intermediary and raw material in various processes. NH4OAc (Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat)) is a salt that forms from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. Also, it is useful for applications that require buffer solutions. The Henry reactions are the most common reactions that use Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat). In an aqueous solution, it is a chemical compound that we know by the name spirit of Mindererus or Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), which is a white, hygroscopic solid we can derive from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Formula and Structure Its chemical formula is NH4CH2CO2 or CH2COONH4. The molecular formula of Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is C2H7NO2and its molar mass is 77.08 g/mol-1. Also, it is a slat of acetate ion COO-1(from acetic acid dissociation in water) and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ion NH4+(from ammonia dissociation in water). Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is volatile at low pressure because it has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts that help in the preparation of chemical samples. Its common representation of organic molecule’s chemical structure can be written as below: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) formula Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Occurrence In nature, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is not present in a free compound state. But, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) and acetate ions are present in many biochemical processes. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Preparation Just like other acetates, we can also synthesize Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) in a similar way to other acetates that is through neutralization of acetic acid. Furthermore, this synthesis uses acetic acid that we neutralize by adding Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) carbonate. Besides, in the chemical industries, this method uses glacial acetic acid that is saturated with ammonia: 2CH3COOH + (NH4)2CO3→ 2CH3COONH4+ H2CO3 H2CO3→ CO2+ H2O CH3COOH + NH3→ CH3COONH4 Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Physical Properties It is a hygroscopic white solid with a slightly acidic odor. Furthermore, its melting point is 113oC. Also, it is highly soluble in water and its density in this liquid is 1.17 g/mL-1. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Chemical Properties It is a slat of a weak acid (acetic acid) and a weak base (ammonia). We use this salt with acetic acid to prepare a buffer solution to regulate its pH. Nevertheless, its use as a buffering agent is not very extensive because Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) can be volatile in low pressures. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Uses We use it as a raw material in the synthesis of pesticides, herbicides, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Moreover, it is the precursor in the acetamide synthesis (a chemical compound that we use to produce plasticizers): CH3COONH4→ CH3C(O)NH2+ H2O In industries, they use it to acidify textiles and hair and some countries use it as a food acidity regulator. With acetic acid, it is a buffering agent. In organic chemistry, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) found its use as a catalyst, in reactions such as Knoevenagel condensations. We can use it as a fertilizer and in the synthesis of explosives. It is volatile at low pressure and because of this, industries and scientists have used it to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry. Besides, it is popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC and ELSD detection for this reason. Moreover, other salts that they have used for this include Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) formate. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Health and Safety Hazards Majorly, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) causes irritation in the mouth, eyes, skin, and nose. Furthermore, it is highly dangerous by ingestion and can cause tissue necrosis. It can also destroy the cell membranes, penetrate in organisms, and saponify the skin. When heated it produces toxic fumes that can damage the lungs. In a few seconds, it can decompose sodium hypochlorite. Solved Examples on Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Formula Question: Show how Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is a precursor of acetamide? Solution: The reaction is as below: NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O 11.4.3 Reagents and Materials Acetonitrile, methanol: HPLC grade; n-Hexane; Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) hydroxide; Formic acid; Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat); Anhydrous sodium sulfate: Calcine at 650°C for 4 h and store in a desiccator; Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) hydroxide-methanol mixed solvent: 25 + 75,v/v; Formic acid solution: 0.1%; Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) buffer solution: 10 mmol/L; Strong cation exchange (SCX) SPE cartridge: 500 mg/3 mL; the extraction cartridge is conditioned using 3 mL methanol, 3 mL water, 3 mL 10 mmol/L ammonia acetate before use. Prevent the columns from running dry. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Acetonitrile: HPLC grade. Chlorhydric acid Tris hydroxymethylaminomethane (tris): C4H11NO3 Calcium chloride: CaCl2·2H2O. Methanol water solution (2 + 3): Mix 400 mL methanol and 600 mL water. 0.01 mol/L Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution: Dissolve 0.77 g Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) into a 1000-mL volumetric flask, bring to volume with water and mix. Constant volume solution: Mix 0.01 mol/L Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) solution and Acetonitrile in volume proportion of 17:3. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat): Analytically Pure Methanol: HPLC Grade Toluene: HPLC Grade Acetone: HPLC Grade Sodium Acetate: Anhydrous, Analytically Pure Membrane Filters (Nylon): 13 mm × 0.2 μm, 13 mm × 0.45 μm Sodium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate: Anhydrous, Analytically Pure. Ignited at 650°C for 4 h and Kept in a Desiccator 0.1% Formic Acid (V/V) 5 mmol/L Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Solution Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), sulphate or phosphate which liberates respective acid beyond 80°C to develop required pH. Dye anions possess higher affinity for fibre even at neutral pH requiring a minimum of acid. These are commonly known as ‘super milling dyes’ due to their high fastness to milling. Dyeing is started at 60°C with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is a widely used reagent in molecular biology and chromatography. Suitable applications include the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein crystallization. Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is commonly used in HPLC and MS analysis of various compounds, such as oligosaccharides, proteins, and peptides. Based on the experimental results obtained with the analogue Fumaric Acid (4h-LD 50 for New Zealand rabbits > 20000 mg/kg bw) and the molecular weights, the read-across approach is applied and the LD 50 for substance Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is calculated to be greater than 26556.42 mg/kg bw under test conditions. The analogue Fumaric Acid, which shares the same functional group with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), also has comparable values for the relevant molecular properties. These properties are: - a low log Pow value which is 0.25 for Fumaric Acid and - 2.79 for Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), - water solubility which is 0.0063 g/mL at 25 ºC for Fumaric Acid and 1480 g/L at 4 ºC for Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), and - molecular weights which are 116.07 for Fumaric Acid and 77.08 for Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat). Any other information on results incl. tables The analogue Fumaric Acid which shares the same functional group with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), also has comparable values for the relevant molecular properties. These properties are: - a low log Pow value which is 0.25 for Fumaric Acid and -2.79 for Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), - similar molecular weights which are 116.07 for Fumaric Acid and 77.08 for Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat). Both chemicals are grouped together by US EPA category group Carboxylic Food Acids and Salts Category. As indicated in the European Chemical Agency Practical Guide 6 “How to report read –across and categories”, the structural grouping was realized using “OECD QSAR APPLICATION TOOL BOX” version 1.1.0.Presented results show that both substances have common (eco)toxicological behavior (attachment). Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY Aerobic Biodegradation Experimental results: Readily biodegradable Experimental results on Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), read-across from experimental data on Sodium Acetate and read-across from estimated data on Ammonia and Acetic Acid, based on functional group: Experimental data and read-across from Potassium Acetate, based on molecular weights: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Experimental data: Read-across from experimental data on analogues Sodium Acetate, Potassium Acetate and Ammonia, based on molecular weights: Read-across from experimental data on analogues Acetic Acid, Potassium Acetate and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulphate, based on molecular weights: Acute Toxicity: Oral Experimental data: Weight of evidence: Read-across from experimental data on Potassium Acetate and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulphate, based on molecular weights: Weight of evidence: Read-across from experimental data on Fumaric Acid and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulphate, based on molecular weights: Weight of evidence: Read-across approach from experimental data on analogues Potassium Acetate and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Lactate, and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Stearate based on functional group: The substance Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered as not irritating for skin. Eye Irritation/Corrosion Experimental data: Fumaric Acid has been tested by application of a drop of 10% solution to the eyes of rabbits after mechanical removal of corneal epithelium to facilitate penetration, but it appeared to do no damage, & healing was similar to that in control eyes without test chemical. Weight of evidence: Read-across approach from experimental data on analogues Potassium Acetate, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulphate, and Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Stearate, based on functional group: The substance Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered as not irritating for eyes. Weight of evidence: Read-across approach from experimental results on Citric Acid, Glycolic Acid, Sodium Glycolate, Lactic Acid, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Lactate, and Triacetin, based on functional group: All this substances were not sensitising for human and guinea pigs. Based on these results, Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered to be not sensitizing. Repeated Dose Toxicity Repeated dose toxicity: oral: Experimental data: Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 2-year study in male and female rats which were treated by diet. The LOAEL = 750 mg/kg bw/day (based on slight increases in mortality and increased incidence of testes degeneration at the highest dose tested). The NOAEL = 600 mg/kg bw/day. Repeated dose toxicity: oral: Weight of evidence: Experimental results: Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 90 days withfemale Wistar rats. The NOAEL was 3150.4 mg/kg bw/day . Repeated dose toxicity: oral: 15 days study with female Wistar rats. The NOAEL 3102.2 mg/kg bw/day . Read-across from the analogue Sodium Acetate, based on molecular weights: In a bacterial reverse mutation assay usingS. typhimurium(TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA97 and TA1537) in the absence of metabolic activation and concentrations up to 1000μg/plate, fumaric acid was not mutagenic. Weight of evidence: Read-across from Sodium Acetate (category analogue) based on functional group: Reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium strains TA92, TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA94 and TA98 with metabolic activation. Resultslead to the conclusion that Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) did not cause point mutations in the microbial systems. Read-across from Acetic Acid, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered to be not mutagenic on S.typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 97, and/or TA 1537, with and without metabolic activation. Read-across from experimental data on Ammonia, anhydrous, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered to be not mutagenic on Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, with and without metabolic activation. Read-across from experimental data on Ammonia, aqueous solution, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered not mutagenic on E. coli Sd-4-73, without metabolic activation. Weight of evidence: Read-across from the analogue Acetic anhydride, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered to be not mutagenic on mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, with and without metabolic activation. Read-across from the analogue Phenoxy acetic acid, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered to be not mutagenic on Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without metabolic activation. Estimated data from Danish (Q)SAR Database: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) was not mutagenic in mammalian cell gene mutation assays on mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells nor on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chromosomal aberration Fumaric acid was assayed in anin vitroassay using Chinese hamster fibroblast cells in the absence of metabolic activation at doses up to 1 mg/mL; however, insufficient information was provided in the robust summary to adequately evaluate this study. Weight of evidence: Read-across from Sodium Acetate (category analogue) based on functional group: In an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay with a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line, CHL, without metabolic activation systems, it is concluded that Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) did not induce chromosomal aberrations(including gaps). Read-across from Acetic Acid, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is considered as not clastogenic on Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, without metabolic activation. Read-across from Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulfate, based on functional group: Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is not considered mutagenic on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, in the absence of a metabolic activation system. Key studies: Read-across from Sodium Acetate (category analogue) based on functional group: The Testicular DNA-synthesis inhibition test (DSI test) on male mice provides evidence that Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is not genotoxic in animals (basis of the method: measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation). Test substance did not inhibit DNA replication in this assay. TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION: Weight of evidence: Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, based on molecular weights: A study on rats and mice daily treated by feed before, during, and after mating. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or greater than 3009.37 mg/kg bw/day (basis for effect: number of pregnancies, number of young born, or survival of young). A fertility test on female rats daily treated by feed for several months. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be 722.25 mg/kg bw/day, and LOAEL greater than 722.25 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive effects. Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, sodium salt, based on molecular weights: A fertility study on female rats daily treated by feed for several months. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be 54.0 mg/kg bw/day, and LOAEL greater than 54.0 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive effects. Read-across from the analogue Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) sulfate, based on molecular weights: A study on male and female rats exposed for 13 weeks to diets with Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) Sulfate. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be 1033.64 mg/kg bw/day for males, and 2304.12 mg/kg bw/day for females. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY / TERATOGENICITY: Weight of evidence: Experimental results: A study on female rats fed an Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) -containing diet starting on day 1 of pregnancy until weaning (at posnatal day on 21). After weaning, pups were either fed a normal diet, with no Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) added, or continued on Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) until sacrifice. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was 4293 mg/kg bw/day . Read-across from the analogue Sodium Acetate, based on molecular weights: Pregnant CD-1 mice were treated by oral gavage with Sodium Acetate on days 8-12 of gestation. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), theNOAEL is calculated to be939.66 mg/kg bw/day (based on maternal toxicity: mortality, pregnancy and resorption; and on neonatal effects: mortality and body weight). Read-across from the analogue Citric Acid, based on molecular weights: A study on rats and mice daily treated by feed before, during, and after mating. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or greater than 3009.37 mg/kg bw/day (basis for effect: number of pregnancies, number of young born, or survival of young). Read-across from the analogue substance Calcium Formate, based on molecular weights: A three-generation drinking water study was performed. For Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat), the NOAEL is calculated to be equal or higher than 236.96 mg/kg bw/day. Read-across from Acetic Acid, based on molecular weights: A one-generation study was performed on female mice, rats and rabbits with Acetic Acid. The read-across approach was applied and the NOAEL with the substance Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) acetate is calculated to be equal or greater than 2055.47 mg/kg bw/day for maternal and developmental toxicity in mice, rats, and rabbits. Applicant's summary and conclusion Interpretation of results: not classified Remarks: Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU Conclusions: The (4h) LD 50 for substance Ammonium acetate(Amonyum asetat) is calculated to be gr
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate is a biodegradable de-icing agent.
Ammonium Acetate is a white crystalline solid formed when ammonia reacts with acetic acid.
Ammonium acetate is an ammonium salt obtained by the reaction of ammonia with acetic acid.


CAS Number: 631-61-8
EC Number: 211-162-9
Linear Formula: CH3CO2NH4
Chemical formula: C2H7NO2


Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.
Ammonium Acetate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Ammonium Acetate is available commercially.


Ammonium Acetate has a relatively low melting point (114°C) for a salt.
Ammonium Acetate acts as a food acidity regulator and buffer.
Ammonium acetate has a number of distinctive properties.


Ammonium acetate or C2H7NO2 appears in the form of a crystalline white solid with a slight acetous odour.
This ammonium salt is derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
The chemical name of this salt is Ammonium Acetate while it is even known as the spirit of Mindererus on the aqueous form.


The other names of Ammonium Acetate include ammonium ethanoate and Azanium Acetate.
Ammonium Acetate is extensively used in the preservation of foods; in pharmaceuticals and the chemical analysis procedure.
Ammonium Acetate salt works most effectively when used in the form of a food acidity regulator.


Ammonium Acetate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Ammonium Acetate is a biodegradable de-icing agent.


Ammonium Acetate is a white crystalline solid formed when ammonia reacts with acetic acid.
Ammonium acetate is an ammonium salt obtained by the reaction of ammonia with acetic acid.
Ammonium acetate is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.


Ammonium Acetate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Ammonium Acetate is available commercially.
Ammonium Acetate has a variety of applications in molecular biology and chromatography.


Ammonium Acetate is a useful reagent for the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein.
Ammonium Acetate Solution is a clear, near colourless liquid manufactured by reacting ammonia solution with glacial acetic acid to produce strengths ranging from 50% to 66%.


Ammonium Acetate is typically supplied in bulk tankers, 200 litre drums or 1000 litre IBC’s for use in a wide range of applications including metals processing, latex manufacture, chemical intermediate manufcature and pH control.
Ammonium Acetate is used as a raw material in the synthesis of pesticides, herbicides, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Moreover, Ammonium Acetate is the precursor in the acetamide synthesis (a chemical compound that we use to produce plasticizers):
CH3COONH4→ CH3C(O)NH2+ H2O


In industries, they use Ammonium Acetate to acidify textiles and hair and some countries use it as a food acidity regulator.
With acetic acid, Ammonium Acetate is a buffering agent. In organic chemistry, ammonium acetate found its use as a catalyst, in reactions such as Knoevenagel condensations.


We can use Ammonium Acetate as a fertilizer and in the synthesis of explosives.
Ammonium Acetate is volatile at low pressure and because of this, industries and scientists have used it to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry.


Besides, Ammonium Acetate is popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC and ELSD detection for this reason.
Moreover, other salts that they have used for this include ammonium formate.
The Hydrogen atom in Acetic acid was replaced by an Ammonium ion.


Most commonly Ammonium Acetate is used as a food acidity regulator, is also used in dialysis processes, and is used as a reagent in agricultural products and it is not harmful with less exposure.
Ammonium Acetate consists of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms.


One carbon atom is linked to 3 Hydrogen atoms and another carbon atom that linked to 2 oxygen atoms, one with a double bond and one with a single bond.
Single bond linked oxygen atom again linked to Nitrogen have 4 hydrogen atoms.
Ammonium acetate is also called as Spirit of mindererus.


Ammonium Acetate is a chemical compound that appears in the form of a white crystalline solid with a slight acetous odor.
Ammonium Acetate contains 2 carbons, 7 hydrogens, 1 Nitrogen, and 2 Oxygen atoms.
The Hydrogen atom in the Acetic acid was replaced by an Ammonium ion.
Finally, it gives Ammonium acetate.


And it is a precursor of Acetamide which is used as a diuretic.
On further heating, it will be converted into Acetonitrile (Methyl cyanide).
Ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) is a salt formed from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Ammonium Acetate can be useful for applications that require buffered solutions.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Use to the environment of Ammonium Acetate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and in the production of articles.


Release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.


Other release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).


Ammonium Acetate can be used to precipitate DNA from enzymatic reactions.
Ammonium acetate is widely used in perfumes, fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products.
Ammonium Acetate has use in healthcare, scientific research and development, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, construction and civil works, formulation of mixtures and/or repackaging.


Ammonium Acetate is used in the formulation and repackaging of laboratory chemicals, leather processing products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers.
Ammonium Acetate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Other releases of Ammonium Acetate into the environment are likely to occur from: indoor use as a processing aid, outdoor use as a processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with a low release rate (eg flooring, furniture, toys, building materials, curtains, shoes, leather goods, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-lasting materials with a high emission rate (eg separation from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of interior paints).


Release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.


Other release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.


Ammonium Acetate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Ammonium Acetate can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).


Ammonium Acetate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals and fertilisers.
Ammonium Acetate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, agriculture, forestry and fishing and building & construction work.


Ammonium Acetate is used for the manufacture of: food products and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Ammonium Acetate is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.


Other release to the environment of Ammonium Acetate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).


Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Ammonium Acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Ammonium Acetate acts as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation.


Ammonium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator.
Ammonium Acetate is widely used in perfumes, fragrances, cosmetics and personal care products.
Ammonium Acetate has use in healthcare, scientific research and development, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, construction and civil works, formulation of mixtures and/or repackaging.


Other releases of Ammonium Acetate into the environment are likely to occur from: indoor use as a processing aid, outdoor use as a processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with a low release rate (eg flooring, furniture, toys, building materials, curtains, shoes, leather goods, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-lasting materials with a high emission rate (eg separation from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of interior paints).


Ammonium Acetate is used in the formulation and repackaging of laboratory chemicals, leather processing products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers.
Ammonium Acetate is widely used in the chemical analysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food sector in preserving foods, and in various other industries too.


Ammonium Acetate is also used as a buffer in topical personal care and cosmetic products in manufacturing skin lotions, shampoos, conditioners and more.
Ammonium Acetate is used as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.
Ammonium Acetate is used as a protein precipitating reagent in dialysis to remove contaminants via diffusion.


Ammonium Acetate is used as a reagent in agricultural chemistry for determination of soil CEC (cation exchange capacity) and the determination of available potassium in soil wherein the ammonium ion acts as a replacement cation for potassium.
Ammonium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator.


Ammonium Acetate is the main precursor to acetamide:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O
Ammonium Acetate is also used as a diuretic.


There are large scale uses of Ammonium acetate.
Ammonium Acetate is used in the form of a food acidity regulator.
Ammonium Acetate is the food additive used for changing or controlling the alkalinity or acidity of foods.


Ammonium Acetate is also widely used in the form of a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation procedure.
Ammonium Acetate serves as one of the best sources of ammonia is the Borch reaction during organic synthesis.
Ammonium acetate is used in combination with wholly distilled water for making a kind of protein precipitating reagent.


Ammonium Acetate even serves in the form of a buffer for ESI or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of molecules and proteins and the form of a mobile phase for HPLC or high-performance liquid chromatography.
Quite rarely though, ammonium acetate is even used in the form of a biodegradable de-icing agent.


Ammonium Acetate even works best when used as a diuretic.
Ammonium acetate tends to be unstable at low pressure, and this is why it is used for substituting cell buffers with different non-explosive salts in the preparation of mass spectrometry samples.


Ammonium Acetate is used in the manufacture of explosives.
Ammonium Acetate is used for making foam rubber.
Ammonium Acetate is used for preserving meat.


Ammonium Acetate is used for manufacturing vinyl plastics.
Ammonium Acetate is used in different agricultural products.
In analytical chemistry, Ammonium Acetate is used in the form of a reagent.


Ammonium Acetate is used as a reagent in different dialysis procedures for the elimination of contaminants through diffusion.
In agricultural chemistry, Ammonium Acetate, when used as a reagent, helps in determining soil CEC or cation exchange capacity along with the availability of potassium in the soil.


Ammonium Acetate is used as food acidity regulator.
Ammonium Acetate is used in agricultural products.
Ammonium Acetate is used as a reagent in dialysis processes to eliminate the contaminants.


Ammonium Acetate is used for preservation of food items.
Ammonium Acetate is used as a reagent in determining soil cation exchange capacity.
Ammonium Acetate is used in the making of foam rubber process.


Ammonium Acetate is used as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation procedure.
Ammonium Acetate is used to prepare buffer solutions.
Ammonium Acetate is used in manufacturing of vinyl plastics.


Ammonium Acetate can be used in the HPLC and MS analysis of peptides, oligosaccharides, and proteins.
Ammonium acetate is a salt that can be used as a buffer.
Ammonium acetate is commonly used as an additive for regulating the acidity of various foodstuffs and as a catalyst for Henry reactions.


Ammonium Acetate is also used in agriculture, where it functions as a fungicide and insecticide.
In biochemical research, ammonium acetate is used for precipitation of DNA and RNA.
Ammonium Acetate is especially useful for precipitating RNA from dilute solutions and has been shown to produce less detergent precipitation than sodium chloride salt.


Likewise, ammonium acetate can be used to facilitate precipitation in the extraction of proteins, particularly from tissues not naturally rich in them.
Ammonium Acetate is a chemical compound that contains a weak acid and weak base, so it can be used as a buffering agent along with Acetic acid.
One reaction in which ammonium acetate is commonly used in is Henry reactions.
Ammonium acetate is mainly used as a non-lethal attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly.


However, Ammonium Acetate also has fungicidal and insecticidal properties.
Ammonium Acetate is non-volatile, highly soluble in water.
Ammonium Acetate is a reagent used in chromatographic analysis of various compounds, such as oligos, proteins, and peptides.



STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
As Ammonium Acetate salt is constituted of a weak acid and a weak base and is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Ammonium acetate chemical component is volatile at low pressures because it has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing the chemical samples.
Ammonium acetate is an ammonium salt obtained by the reaction of ammonia with acetic acid.
Ammonium Acetate has a relatively low melting point (114°C) for a salt.
Ammonium Acetate acts as a food acidity regulator and buffer.



PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia.
Obtaining crystalline ammonium acetate is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature.



AMMONIUM ACETATE PRODUCTION:
Two methods can be used for obtaining Azanium acetate, and they are:
Through the saturation of glacial acetic acid or CH3COOH with NH3 or ammonia.
Through the neutralization of acetic acid with (NH4)2CO3 or ammonium carbonate.
These are the two basic methods used for obtaining ammonium acetate, though some new methods have also surfaced in recent years.
Ammonium acetate functions in the form of an acetamide precursor. This results in a reaction that follows like this:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C (O) NH2 + H2O



UNDERSTANDING AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUBILITY
Coming to ammonium acetate solubility, it is water-soluble.
The solubility of this acetous salt, Ammonium Acetate, in water corresponds to around 102 g/100 mL at zero degrees temperature.
The water solubility of Ammonium Acetate in water increases with an increase in temperature.
Take for instance; iAmmonium Acetate's solubility will reach 5330 grams per litre of water at a temperature of 80 °C.
It is worth noting that Ammonium Acetate even has liquid ammonia, acetone and alcohol solubility.
Ammonium Acetate is thinly soluble in methanol with the solubility corresponding to 7.89 g/100 mL at 15°C and 131.24 g/100 g at 94.2°C.
Other solubility specifications of Ammonium Acetate include:
Water solubility
148 g/100 mL at 4°C
143 g/100 mL at 20°C
533 g/100 mL at 80°C
Dimethylformamide solubility
0.1 g/100 g



AMMONIUM ACETATE PROPERTIES:
This deliquescent acetate salt comes with a low melting point of 114°C.
Ammonium Acetate density: 1.17 g/cm3
Molecular weight: 277.083 g/mol
Ammonium acetate viscosity: 21
Molecular formula: C2H7NO2
Monoisotopic mass: 77.047676 Da
Ammonium acetate structure: C2H7NO2



AMMONIUM ACETATE FORMULA
The chemical formula for ammonium acetate C2H7NO2.
Other names are the spirit of Mindererus, Ammonium ethanoate, Azanium acetate



STRUCTURE OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium acetate contains 2 Carbon atoms, 7 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Nitrogen atom, and 2 Oxygen atoms.
The chemical formula of Ammonium acetate is C2H7NO2.
In the acetic acid one Hydrogen atom was replaced by an ammonium ion.
The IUPAC name of Ammonium Acetate is Ammonium Ethanoate.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium acetate is a crystalline white solid (deliquescent) with a slight acetous odor.
The density of Ammonium acetate is 1.17 g.cm3 at 20°C.
The Melting point of Ammonium acetate is 113°C (or) 235°F.

The solubility of Ammonium acetate in water is 102g/100ml at 0°C.
The Molar mass of Ammonium acetate is 77.083 g/mol.
Chemical properties of Ammonium Acetate

Ammonium acetate is a precursor of acetamide and it is used as a diuretic.
On further heating, the Acetamide will convert into Acetonitrile (Methyl Cyanide).
Commonly Ammonium acetate is used only in the preparation or synthesis of Acetamide.
NH4CH3CO2 ⇢ CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O



PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium acetate is prepared by reacting Glacial Acetic acid with Ammonia.
CH3COOH + NH3 ⇢ CH3COONH4
Ammonium acetate is prepared by neutralizing Acetic acid with Ammonium Carbonate.
2CH3COOH + [NH4]2CO3 ⇢ 2CH3COONH4 + H2CO3
H2CO3 ⇢ CO2 + H2O



BUFFER:
As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Ammonium acetate is volatile at low pressures.
Because of this, Ammonium Acetate has been used to replace cell buffers that contain non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry.
Ammonium Acetate is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD detection for this reason.
Other volatile salts that have been used for this include ammonium formate.

When dissolving ammonium acetate in pure water, the resulting solution typically has a pH of 7, because the equal amounts of acetate and ammonium neutralize each other.
However, ammonium acetate is a dual component buffer system, which buffers around pH 4.75 ± 1 (acetate) and pH 9.25 ± 1 (ammonium), but it has no significant buffer capacity at pH 7, contrary to common misconception.



HISTORY OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
The synonym Spirit of Mindererus is named after R. Minderer, a physician from Augsburg.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium Acetate is a hygroscopic white solid with a slightly acidic odor.
Furthermore, Ammonium Acetate's melting point is 113oC.
Also, Ammonium Acetate is highly soluble in water and its density in this liquid is 1.17 g/mL-1.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate is a slat of a weak acid (acetic acid) and a weak base (ammonia).
We use Ammonium Acetate with acetic acid to prepare a buffer solution to regulate its pH.
Nevertheless, Ammonium Acetate's use as a buffering agent is not very extensive because ammonium acetate can be volatile in low pressures.



FORMULA OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Ammonium Acetate is a salt that has interesting chemical properties and due to this reason, the pharmaceutical industry uses it as an intermediary and raw material in various processes.
Ammonium Acetate is a salt that forms from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Also, Ammonium Acetate is useful for applications that require buffer solutions.
The Henry reactions are the most common reactions that use ammonium acetate.
In an aqueous solution, Ammonium Acetate is a chemical compound that we know by the name spirit of Mindererus or ammonium acetate, which is a white, hygroscopic solid we can derive from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.



AMMONIUM ACETATE FORMULA AND STRUCTURE:
Ammonium Acetate's chemical formula is NH4CH2CO2 or CH2COONH4.
The molecular formula of ammonium acetate is C2H7NO2and its molar mass is 77.08 g/mol-1.
Also, Ammonium Acetate is a slat of acetate ion COO-1(from acetic acid dissociation in water) and ammonium ion NH4+(from ammonia dissociation in water).

Ammonium acetate is volatile at low pressure because it has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts that help in the preparation of chemical samples.
Ammonium Acetate's common representation of organic molecule’s chemical structure can be written as below:



AMMONIUM ACETATE OCCURRENCE:
In nature, ammonium acetate is not present in a free compound state.
But, ammonium and acetate ions are present in many biochemical processes.



PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE:
Just like other acetates, we can also synthesize ammonium acetate in a similar way to other acetates that is through neutralization of acetic acid.
Furthermore, this synthesis uses acetic acid that we neutralize by adding ammonium carbonate.
Besides, in the chemical industries, this method uses glacial acetic acid that is saturated with ammonia:

2CH3COOH + (NH4)2CO3→ 2CH3COONH4+ H2CO3
H2CO3→ CO2+ H2O
CH3COOH + NH3→ CH3COONH4



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
CAS Number: 631-61-8
Molecular Weight: 77.08
EC Number: 211-162-9
Chemical formula: NH4CH3CO2
Molecular weight: 77.083 g/mol
Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C), 1.073 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting Point: 114°C
Color: White
pH: 7.0
Physical Form: Solid
Assay Percent Range: ≥97 %
Linear Formula: CH3COONH4
Merck Index: 15, 492
Formula Weight: 77.08
Percent Purity: ≥97%
Chemical Name or Material: Ammonium Acetate
Melting point: 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)

Chemical formula: C2H7NO2
Molar mass: 77.083 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid crystals, deliquescent
Odor: Slightly acetic acid like
Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C), 1.073 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)
Solubility in water: 102 g/100 mL (0 °C)
148 g/100 mL (4 °C)
143 g/100 mL (20 °C)
533 g/100 mL (80 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, SO2, acetone, liquid ammonia
Solubility in methanol: 7.89 g/100 mL (15 °C), 131.24 g/100 g (94.2 °C)
Solubility in dimethylformamide: 0.1 g/100 g
Acidity (pKa): 9.9
Basicity (pKb): 33

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -41.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 21
Structure: Crystal structure: Orthorhombic
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −615 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 77.08
Molecular Formula: C2H7NO2
Boiling Point: 117.1ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 110-112ºC
Flash Point: 136ºC
Purity: min 96.50 %
Density: 1.07
Appearance: White adhering crystals
Storage: 2-8ºC
Hazard Codes: T
HS Code: 2915299090
Log P: 0.41480
PSA: 4.54

RIDADR: UN 9079
RTECS: AF3675000
Safety Statements: S24/25
Stability: Stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions.
Deliquescent; tends to lose ammonia.
Appearance: White crystalline hygroscopic powder
Assay: ≥ 97.0 %
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.0005 %
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.0005 %
Insoluble Matter: ≤ 0.005 %
Iron (Fe): ≤ 0.0005 %
Nitrate: ≤ 0.001 %
pH, 5% solution in H2O @25 ºC: 6.7 - 7.3
Residue after Ignition: ≤ 0.01 %
Sulfate: ≤ 0.001 %

Physical state: solid
Color: white
Odor: weakly of acetic acid
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 110 - 112 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Decomposes below the boiling point.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or
explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: -2,79 - (Lit.), Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: < 0,001 hPa
Density: 1,17 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

CAS number: 631-61-8
EC number: 211-162-9
Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: C₂H₇NO₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COONH₄
Molar Mass: 77.08 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 29 00
Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 114 °C
pH value: 6.7 - 7.3 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Vapor pressure: Bulk density: 410 kg/m3
Solubility: 1480 g/l



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMMONIUM ACETATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



AMMONIUM BICARBONATE
CAS No: 1066.33.7
Formula: CH5NO3 / NH4HCO3
Molecular mass: 79.1



APPLICATIONS


Ammonium bicarbonate is commonly used as an inexpensive Ammonium bicarbonaterogen fertilizer in China, but is now being phased out in favor of urea for quality and stabil Ammonium bicarbonatey.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used as a component in the production of fire, extinguishing compounds, pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments,and Ammonium bicarbonate is also a basic fertilizer, being a source of ammonia.
Ammonium bicarbonate is still widely used in the plastics and rubber industry, in the manufacture of ceramics, in chromeleather tanning, and for the synthesis of catalysts.

Ammonium bicarbonate is also used for buffering solutions to make them slightly alkaline during chemical purification, suchas high.performance liquid chromatography.
Because Ammonium bicarbonate entirely decomposes to volatile compounds, this allows rapid recovery of the compound of interest by freeze drying.
Ammonium bicarbonate is also a key component of the expectorant cough syrup "Senega and Ammonia".

Ammonium bicarbonate is listed in Old World baking recipes.
Especially, in Scandinavian gingerbread, Polish ammonia cookies and tranditional German Spekulatius Christmas cookies.
Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic salt commonly used in the food industry.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be generated by the interaction of gaseous carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia.
The add Ammonium bicarbonateion of ammonium bicarbonate to microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has been reported to improve Ammonium bicarbonate's functioning by altering the porosity and pore distribution of catalyst layers.
A recent study reports the use of bubble column evaporator (BCE) based analysis of Ammonium bicarbonates thermal degradation in aqueous solution.


Some applications of Ammonium bicarbonate:

Food Industry
Fertilizer
Pharmaceuticals
Plastic and Rubber
Ceramics
Other Industries


Ammonium bicarbonate is used in, for example, Swedish "drömmar" biscuites and Danish "brunkager" Christmas biscuites, and GermanLebkuchen.
In many cases Ammonium bicarbonate may be replaced with baking soda or baking powder, or a combination of both,depending on the recipe compos Ammonium bicarbonateion and leavening requirements.

Compared to baking soda or potash, hartshorn has the advantage of producing more gas for the same amount of agent, and of not leaving any salty or soapy taste in the finished product, as Ammonium bicarbonate completely decomposes into waterand gaseous products that evaporate during baking.
Ammonium bicarbonate cannot be used for moist, bulky baked goods however, such as normal bread or cakes, since some ammonia will be trapped inside and will cause an unpleasant taste.
Ammonium bicarbonate has been assigned E number E503 for use as a food additive in the European Union

Moreover, Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as medicine and reagents: Alkali; leavening agent; buffer; aerating agent.
Ammonium bicarbonates combination with sodium bicarbonate can be used as the raw materials of leavening agent such as bread, biscuites and pancakes.

Baking powder also takes Ammonium bicarbonate as the main ingredient, together with the acidic substances.
Ammonium bicarbonate can also be used as raw material of foam powder juice.

The dosage of the blanching of green vegetables and bamboo shoots should be 0.1% to 0.3%.
Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as analytical reagent; used for ammonium salt synthesis: Pharmaceuticals; baking powder; dyeing.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be used for fabric degreasing.
Ammonium bicarbonate can also be used as foamed plastics.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be used for buffer applications such as lyophilization and matrix assisted laser desorption.
Ammonium Bicarbonate is a dough strengthener, a leavening agent, a ph control agent, and a texturizer. prepared by reacting gaseous carbon dioxide with aqueous ammonia.

Crystals of ammonium bicarbonate are precipitated from solution and subsequently washed and dried.
Also known as hartshorn and rock ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate is soluble in water but decomposes when heated.
Ammonium bicarbonate was used in place of ammonia.

Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the food industry as a leavening agent for flat baked goods, such as cookies and crackers.
Ammonium bicarbonate was commonly used in the home before modern day baking powder was made available.

Many baking cookbooks, especially from Scandinavian countries, may still refer to Ammonium bicarbonate as hartshorn or hornsalt, while Ammonium bicarbonate is known as "hirvensarvisuola" in Finnish, "hjortetakksalt" in Norwegian,"hjortetakssalt" in Danish, "hjorthornssalt" in Swedish, and "Hirschhornsalz" in German.
Although there is a slight smell of ammonia during baking, this quickly dissipates, leaving no taste.

However, Ammonium bicarbonate contains low nitrogen content and is also easy to caking.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as analytical reagent as well as being used in synthesizing ammonium salt and fabric degreasing.
Ammonium bicarbonate can promote crop growth and photosynthesis; trigger seedlings and the growth of leaves.
Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as top dressing as well as being directly applied as ground fertilizer as food leavening agent and bulking agent.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as a senior food fermentation agent.
Ammonium bicarbonates combination with sodium bicarbonate can be used as the raw materials of leavening agent such as bread, biscuites and pancakes.
Ammonium bicarbonate can also be used as raw material of foam powder juice, as well as being used for the blanching of green vegetables and bamboo shoots.

The powdered baking ammonia cannot be used for bulky baked foods; however, Ammonium bicarbonates applications are not only bounded to the food industry.
Ammonium bicarbonates use can found in the agricultural, pharmaceutical, textile, and ceramic industries, among others.
Ammonium bicarbonate has bestowed the new entrants and emerging players with lucrative opportunities and untapped new avenues for them.

Advantages of using Ammonium bicarbonate in baked goods include:

The absence of alkaline taste residue often encountered with sodium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate doesn’t affect the pH of the baked goods.
In high moisture baked goods (in excess of 5%), ammonium bicarbonate may lead to the development of ammoniacal flavor.

This is why Ammonium bicarbonate’s most suited for low moisture products such as biscuites, crackers, cookies, and waffle cones.
Typically, Ammonium bicarbonate is mixed in with the liquid ingredients to ensure Ammonium bicarbonates dissolution prior to incorporating into the dry mix.
In some formulas, Ammonium bicarbonate is used in combination with 30.50% baking soda.


Ammonium bicarbonate is a common leavening agent used in the baking industry and has been reported to be used in Guangdong-style steamed breads.
Ammonium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide and ammonia gas when the dough temperature reaches 40°C.
If Ammonium bicarbonate is used at the correct addition rate, Ammonium bicarbonate significantly improves steamed bread color and volume.

In addition, Ammonium bicarbonate can function as a buffering agent.
Overuse of ammonium bicarbonate can result in ammoniacal taints in the final steamed bread.
Ammonium bicarbonate is more commonly used in low moisture products such as English-style biscuites.

Ammonium bicarbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and ammonia:
CO2 + NH3 + H2O → (NH4)HCO3

Since ammonium bicarbonate is thermally unstable, the reaction solution is kept cold, which allows the precipitation of the product as white solid.
About 100,000 tons of Ammonium bicarbonate were produced in this way in 1997.

Ammonia gas passed into a strong aqueous solution of the sesquicarbonate (a 2:1:1 mixture of (NH4)HCO3, (NH4)2CO3, andH2O) converts Ammonium bicarbonate into normal ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3), which can be obtained in the crystalline condition from a solution prepared at about 30 °C.
This compound on exposure to air gives off ammonia and reverts to ammonium bicarbonate.


Ammonium bicarbonate (Ammonium bicarbonate) was used in the following studies:

To derivatize histone proteins from human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) by propionylation.
Destaining of silver-stained proteins in polyacrylamide gel bands during the peptide mass profiling using a mass spectrometer.
Digestion of proteins isolated from Xenopus egg extracts in coomassie blue-stained gel bands during the analysis of microtubule binding proteins.


Ammonium bicarbonate is one of nitrogen fertilizer industrial products, being the major varieties of small nitrogenous fertilizer plants in China, being one of the purification products of coke oven in the coking plant.
Coking plant takes concentrated ammonia as raw materials for reaction with carbon dioxide to generate ammonium bicarbonate crystals with centrifugal filtering to obtain ammonium bicarbonate products.
Ammonium bicarbonate is easy to be subject to decomposition.

Ammonium bicarbonate is appropriate to be packed with the combination of inner plastic film and external plastic bag or 3-layers of kraft paper sacks, both need to be sealed and stored in a warehouse of being cool, low-temperature, dry and ventilated to prevent moisture, rain and sun.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used as nitrogen fertilizer, being applicable to a variety of soils, can simultaneously provide the ammonium nitrogen and carbon dioxide demanded by crop growth.


Uses of Ammonium bicarbonate:

Pharma
Lubricants
Water Treatment
Cleaning
Animal NutrAmmonium bicarbonateion
Coatings & Construction
Food and NutrAmmonium bicarbonateion
Agriculture
Cosmetics
Polymers


Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the food industry as a food additive.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used in fire extinguishers.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the manufacturing of dyes.

Ammonium bicarbonate is used as a fertilizer.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used to produce ammonium salt.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.

Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the making of paints.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the manufacturing of ceramics.

Ammonium bicarbonate is used in leather tanning.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used in cooling baths.


Production of Ammonium bicarbonate:

Ammonium hydrogen carbonate is obtained by combining carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3):
Ammonium bicarbonateh the substance known as baking powder or baking soda.
However, the use of actual Ammonium Bicarbonate substance is still preferred by some who want a lighter or crispier texture than can be achieved by using baking powder or soda.

Ammonium bicarbonate can be used as basic fertilizer for topdressing, but not suitable to be used as seed manure.
When being used for topdressing, we should prevent the drop of ammonium bicarbonate onto the plant, to avoid ammonia hazards.
The shortcoming of ammonium bicarbonate as a fertilizer lies in Ammonium bicarbonates chemical instability.

After the addition of crystalline modifier, the crystal of ammonium bicarbonate is enlarged and the water content is reduced, reducing the phenomenon of easily subjecting to decomposition and agglomeration.
Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic chemical compound which is usually used as a raising or leavening agent in the food industry.
Ammonium bicarbonate is utilized as a source of carbon in low-moisture baked foods.

Ammonium bicarbonate is generally produced by coursing the carbon dioxide through a stream of aqua ammonia.
The result of the reaction is unstable and thus Ammonium bicarbonate is kept in a cold atmosphere.


Common applications of Ammonium Bicarbonate:

Cookies
Crackers
Pastas
Frozen dairy products
Bakery ingredients
Pigments and paints
Agriculture
Fire extinguishers

A leavening agent is a substance that releases gas in baked goods to impart a light texture.
A white powder made for use as a leavening agent which is added as an ingredient when preparing many different types of baked goods that will have thin shells or crusts such as puff pasteries, flat breads, crackers, and some cookies.
Ammonium Biocarbonate is typically used with smaller baked goods that can quickly disperse and evaporate the ammonia gas as Ammonium bicarbonate builds up within the baked Ammonium bicarbonateem.

During the baking process, an ammonia aroma may be present, but Ammonium bicarbonate will not remain and will not benoticed in the baked goods when they are eaten.
The result of using Ammonium Bicarbonate is a baked good that will have an light, airy, crispy, and somewhat fluffy texture.
The term Ammonium Bicarbonate is actually an old term that is now more commonly referred to and replaced in recipes.

Ammonium bicarbonate, NH4HCO3, is a common leavening agent which releases CO2 without the need for an acid.
Unlike baking powder or soda, Ammonium bicarbonate does not leave an alkaline taste, characteristic of soda or baking powder.

This ingredient is not used in high volume cakes, but mostly in:
Extra crisp cookies
Cream.puff pastries
Crackers


Advantages of Ammonium Carbonate in Baking:

Ammonium carbonate lends a distinctive crispness and lightness to the baked good, which why Ammonium bicarbonate is still listed in certain recipes, despite the overwhelming use of baking powder and baking soda in modern baked goods.
You can substitute baking powder for ammonium carbonate in a pinch, but the final baked product may not have the same texture.
The designs on molded cookies are also said to keep their shape much better when ammonium carbonate is used.

Usually, ammonium carbonate is mixed in with the liquid before adding to the dry ingredients, so that Ammonium bicarbonate dissolves well and mixes thoroughly.
Ammonium bicarbonate must be stored dry, in a well.sealed container, because Ammonium bicarbonate absorbs moisture easily and clumps.
To tell if Ammonium bicarbonate is still active, place a small amount in hot water.

If Ammonium bicarbonate bubbles vigorously, you can use Ammonium bicarbonate in your recipes.
Ammonium carbonate is used for leavening in cookies, flat biscuites, or crackers.
In German baking, Ammonium bicarbonate's known as hirschhornsalz or hartshorn, and Ammonium bicarbonate is also called baker's ammonia.

Ammonium bicarbonate is not used for cakes since the gaseous ammonia given off during baking cannot escape the thicker, higher batters and would make the baked goods smell bad.
Ammonium bicarbonate leaves no salty or soapy taste residue as baking powder sometimes does since Ammoniumbi carbonate completely decomposes into ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) has been shown to contribute, promote, and speed up acrylamide formation in baked products.
A proposed mechanism is that NH₄HCO₃ fragments sugars, forming the highly reactive glyoxal and methylglyoxal species, which can react with asparagine, thereby increasing acrylamide levels.
Ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) is an important raising agent for the biscuit and cracker industry and bakers also useAmmonium bicarbonate in some strongly flavored products like gingerbread.

Ammonium bicarbonate decomposes on heating at 60°C in a temperature-driven reaction releasing carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water vapor.
Ammonium bicarbonate offers major technical benefits, as Ammonium bicarbonate is used for rapid, early expansion in the oven.
Since Ammonium bicarbonate does not start acting before the oven, Ammonium bicarbonate means that products do not gas when the dough ismixing or standing which can be important during plant breakdowns.

Biscuit makers also value the consistent stack height Ammonium bicarbonate gives, and Ammonium bicarbonate leaves no residue and no adverse flavors in low moisture products.
Another complexity revolves around the fact that the level added to a recipe may change daily because of normal raw material variations.

In this situation using Ammonium bicarbonate allows the adaptation of only one, standalone, ingredient, whereas other raising agents—that require acids for their action—would be more complicated to adapt.
Unfortunately, the tendency to promote acrylamide formation is now a major drawback of using ABC.

Uses of Ammonium bicarbonate:

Ammonium bicarbonate is used as a baking powder, in some food processing applications, in cough syrups and as antacid.
Ammonium bicarbonate also has uses as a fertilizer, pH buffer, and reagent in chemical laboratories.
In the industry, Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, catalysts, ceramics,fire retardants, plastics and other products.

Health effects/safety hazards:

In low concentrations, Ammonium bicarbonate is not considered hazardous.
Ammonium bicarbonates main health hazard is Ammonium bicarbonates decomposition reaction giving pungent ammonia gas, which is a serious irritant.
Inhalation of ammonium bicarbonate can irritate the eyes, skin, nose and entire respiratory system, and cause severe coughing and difficulty in breathing.

Ammonium bicarbonate is a uniform high purity leavening agent, produced by a chemical reaction of ammonia, carbondioxide and water.
Ammonium bicarbonate has a very strong scent and because of this is used primarily used to leaven only low.moisture baked goods like crisp cookies and crackers that thoroughly dry out during baking.

Ammonium bicarbonate is not used to make cakes because the ammonia gas cannot evaporate when baking cake or other large Ammonium bicarbonateems.
When using ammonium bicarbonate instead of baking soda to bake crisp cookies, the ammonium bicarbonate produces a lighter, crunchy texture.



DESCRIPTION


Ammonium bicarbonate is a white crystalline solid having the odor of ammonia.
Ammonium bicarbonate is soluble in water.

Ammonium Bicarbonate appears as a white crystal or crystalline powder.
Ammonium bicarbonate volatilizes rapidly at 60 °C, dissociating into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, but Ammoniumbi carbonate is quite stable at room temperature.

One gram dissolves in about 6 ml of water.
Ammonium bicarbonate is insoluble in alcohol.

The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used to make other ammonium compounds, in food processing, and for other uses.

Some properties of Ammonium bicarbonate:

Colorless or white crystals
Faint odor of ammonia
Melting point: 95 °F (35 °C)
Freely soluble in water.
Insoluble in ethanol
Decomposes above 34 °C with formation of ammonia gas


When heated Ammonium bicarbonate releases ammonia and carbon dioxide gases, but no water.
The lack of water allows the cookies to cook and dry out faster.
Ammonium bicarbonate may also be used as a substitute to remove the alkaline-like flavor that at times occurs in some baked goods when baking powder or baking soda is added.
Many older European and Scandinavian recipes may use the term Baker's Ammonia instead of Ammonium Biocarbonate when referring to this substance.

Ammonium bicarbonate is also often referred to as Hartshorn or Harts Horn which is a substance that is removed from deerantlers.
Ammonium bicarbonate is important to understand that Ammonia and leaving agents such as Baker's Ammonia, baking powder or baking soda are not the same as household ammonia which is a poisonous substance and should not be used with foods or baked goods.
Ammonium bicarbonate is activated when Ammonium bicarbonate is added to a dough or batter mixture and warms to room temperature or is baked, since heat is the catlyst to activate the chemical reaction and the gases.

The chemical reaction releases an ammonia gas that causes the baked goods to rise.
Ammonium Biocarbonate should be stored in an air tight sealed container such as a glass jar with an airtight lid.
An inorganic compound, Ammonium bicarbonate is used in the food industry as a raising agent for flat baked goods, such as cookies and crackers.

Ammonium bicarbonate also has uses as a fertiliser, pH buffer, and reagent in chemical laboratories.
Some other uses of Ammonium bicarbonate in the industry are for the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, catalysts, ceramics, fire retardants, plastics and other products.

Ammonium bicarbonate appears as white monoclinic or orthorhombic crystals.
Ammonium bicarbonate is soluble in water, but insoluble in ethanol, carbon disulfide and concentrated ammonia.

Ammonium bicarbonate dissolves in water to give a mildly alkaline solution.
Ammonium bicarbonate is insoluble in most organic solvents.

Ammonium bicarbonate is mainly used as fertilizers.
After being applied to the soil, the ammonium ion (NH4 +) contained in ammonium bicarbonate can be absorbed by soilcolloid or lattice fixed or transformed into nitrate nitrogen.
After being absorbed by plants, there are no accessory constituents remaining in the soil with a small impact on the soil pH.

Ammonium bicarbonate is applicable to all kinds of soil and crops, soil without leaving any harmful substance residue for the soil and crops.
Ammonium bicarbonate is quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and can be subject to long term usage.
In order to prevent the loss of fertilizer efficacy due to ammonia volatilization and the burning of the crop stems and leaves, we can apply deep placement and cover soil.

Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic compound with bicarbonate formula (NH4)HCO3, simplified to NH5CO3.
Ammonium bicarbonate has many names, reflecting Ammonium bicarbonate's long history.

Chemically speaking, Ammonium bicarbonate is the bicarbonate salt of the ammonium ion.
Ammonium bicarbonate is a colourless solid that degrades readily to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia.

Ammonium bicarbonate used as Raising agent for cookies and flatbreads
Ammonium bicarbonate is used as a leavening / raising agent in the food industry.
Ammonium bicarbonate contains ammonium bicarbonate with the addition of magnesium carbonate as an anti-caking agent.

Ammonium bicarbonate is a white powder that is readily soluble in water.
Ammonium bicarbonate is used as a nutritional supplement in the animal feed industry.
Ammonium bicarbonate is a white powder that is readily soluble in water.


Ammonium bicarbonate will decompose during baking and release ammonia and carbon dioxide leavening gases without reacting with a leavening acid.
Unlike sodium bicarbonate, which leaves a residue of alkaline sodium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate leaves no residue when Ammonium bicarbonate decomposes by heat.
Ammonium bicarbonate, therefore, has no effect on the pH of the baked product.

If there is more than about 5% moisture in the baked product, however, the ammonia gas will dissolve in this water and impart an ammoniacal flavor to the product.
For this reason, ammonium bicarbonate is used only in low moisture products such as crackers.
Ammonium Bicarbonate (or baking ammonia or hartshorn salt) is used as a leavening agent in baking of cookies and other edible treats.

Ammonium bicarbonate, a natural chemical, has a faint ammonia smell because Ammonium bicarbonate slowly decomposes to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water.
As a pesticide active ingredient, Ammonium bicarbonate acts as a feeding attractant for insects.

In Ammonium bicarbonates first approved end use products, ammonium bicarbonate is combined with two other active ingredients to control olive flies in olive orchards.
When used according to label directions on products, Ammonium bicarbonate is not expected to harm people or the environment.

Ammonium bicarbonate gives an explosive and fast leavening for baked goods that are baked for a short time.
Ammonium bicarbonate is specially suitable for thin, dry cookies.

Ammonium Bicarbonate is a widely used ingredient in bakery industry because of Ammonium bicarbonates leavening and stabilizing properties and acid regulating capacity.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 79.056
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 79.026943022
Monoisotopic Mass: 79.026943022
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61.4 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 24.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling Point: N/A
Specific gravity: N/A
Appearance / Odor: white crystalline powder
Melting Point: 41.9 °C (107.4 °F)
pH: 8.2 at 1 percent solution
Molecular Weight: 79.05
Formula: CH5NO3 / NH4HCO3
Molecular mass: 79.1
Decomposes at 35.60°C
Density: 1.58 g/cm³
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 17.4 (good)



SAFETY


Ammonium bicarbonate is an irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system.
Short-term health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to ammonium bicarbonate.
Breathing ammonium bicarbonate can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.

Repeated exposure may cause bronchitis to develop with cough, and/or shortness of breath. Health effects can occur some time after exposure to ammonium bicarbonate and can last for months or years.

Where possible, operations should be enclosed and the use of local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release is recommended.
If local exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators are necessary.
Wear protective work clothing and change clothes and wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to ammonium bicarbonate.

Ammonium bicarbonate from China used to make cookies was found to be contaminated with melamine, and imports were banned in Malaysia following the 2008 Chinese milk scandal.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


When properly stored in a cool dry area, Ammonium Bicarbonate can last for several years.
If stored in a warm or damp area where air can reach the powder, this substance begins to clump together as the particles got hrough a chemical reaction, which will affect the flavor adversely when baked goods use the air exposed Bicarbonate.
In addition, when exposed to air, the Ammonia may begin to evaporate from the powdered Bicarbonate substance.

When a recipe suggests the use of Ammonium Bicarbonate, equal amounts of baking powder can be substituted if necessary.
To determine if Bicarbonate is still active, add a spoonful of the powder to a cup containing lemon juice or vinegar and see if Ammonium bicarbonate fizzes.

Stale Ammonium bicarbonate will be flat and will not fizz when combined with the vinegar or lemon juice.
If you don't store Ammonium bicarbonate in an airtight jar Ammonium bicarbonate will evaporate.



SYNONYMS


AMMONIUM BICARBONATE
1066-33-7
Ammonium hydrogencarbonate
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
Monoammonium carbonate
Carbonic acid, monoammonium salt
Ammonium bicarbonate (1:1)
azanium;hydrogen carbonate
Carbonic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
ammoniumcarbonate
MFCD00012138
45JP4345C9
carbonic acid monoammonium salt
Acid ammonium carbonate
Ammonium acid carbonate
Ammonium hydrogencarbonat
CCRIS 7327
HSDB 491
10361-29-2
EINECS 213-911-5
UNII-45JP4345C9
EC 213-911-5
INS NO.503(II)
DTXSID5035618
INS-503(II)
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [MI]
CHEBI:184335
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [FCC]
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [HSDB]
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [INCI]
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [MART.]
E 503(II)
E-503(II)
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE [WHO-DD]
AKOS016008582
FT-0622308
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
J-610004
AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE
Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) IUPAC Name azanium;fluoride;hydrofluoride Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) InChI InChI=1S/2FH.H3N/h2*1H;1H3 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) InChI Key KVBCYCWRDBDGBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Canonical SMILES [NH4+].F.[F-] Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Molecular Formula F2H5N Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) CAS 1341-49-7 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Related CAS 12125-01-8 (Parent) Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Deprecated CAS 120144-37-8, 127026-25-9 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) European Community (EC) Number 215-676-4 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) UN Number 1727 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) UNII C2M215358O Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID9029645 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Physical Description DryPowder; OtherSolid; OtherSolid, Liquid; PelletsLargeCrystals Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Color/Form Rhombic or tetragonal crystals Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Odor Odorless Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Boiling Point 240 °C Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Melting Point 125.6 °C Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Solubility Solubility in 90% ethanol = 1.73X10+5 mg/L Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Density 1.50 g/cu cm Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Corrosivity Will etch glass Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Heat of Vaporization 65.3 kJ/mol Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) pH 3.5 (5% solution) Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Refractive Index Index of refraction = 1.390 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Molecular Weight 57.044 g/mol Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Rotatable Bond Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Exact Mass 57.039005 g/mol Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Monoisotopic Mass 57.039005 g/mol Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Topological Polar Surface Area 1 Ų Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Heavy Atom Count 3 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Formal Charge 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Complexity 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Isotope Atom Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 3 Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4HF2 or NH4F·HF. It is produced from ammonia and hydrogen fluoride. This colourless salt is a glass-etchant and an intermediate in a once-contemplated route to hydrofluoric acid.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür), as its name indicates, contains an ammonium cation (NH4+) and a bifluoride, or hydrogen(difluoride), anion (HF2−). The centrosymmetric triatomic bifluoride anion features the strongest known hydrogen bond, with a F−H length of 114 pm. and a bond energy greater than 155 kJ mol−1.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is also used as an additive in tin-nickel plating processes as the fluoride ion acts as a complexing agent with the tin, allowing for greater control over the resulting composition and finish.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is toxic to consume and a skin corrosion agent. Upon exposure to skin, rinsing with water followed by a treatment of calcium gluconate is required. Poison control should be contacted.Anhydrous Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) containing 0.1 5 H2O and 93% NH4HF2 can be made by dehydrating ammonia fluoride solutions and by thermally decomposing the dry crystals. Commercial Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür), which usually contains 1% NH4F, is made by gas phase reactions of one mole of anhydrous ammonia with two moles of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride; the melt that forms is flaked on a cooled drum.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) soln should be thoroughly washed from the skin with mildly alkaline soap as soon as possible.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.Ammonium hydrogen fluoride* (NH4HF2) is used for aluminium anodization, metal surface treatment, manufacture of wood preservatives, glass processing, building protection, mineral oil/ natural gas drilling, cleaning of industrial plants and in the electronic industry. Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is used in the the following applications: Glass processing: for matt etching Metal surface treatment: as essential component of bright digo baths for etching and cleaning of non-ferrous metal pieces Mineral oil / natural gas drilling: as aid for drilling through silicate rocks Cleaning of industrial plants: as component in cleaning and disinfecting solutions, e.g. in power stations Building protection: as component in cleaning agents *Goods labelled as “dual use” are subject to special controls and export restrictions in most countries. Before exporting such goods the exporter must apply for an appropriate export licence from the competent authority. For deliveries within the EU, for example, the seller must include an appropriate note in the commercial papers in accordance with article 22, paragraph 10, of the dual use regulation.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis; however, the systematic collection and classification have not been covered until now.In this review, we aim to systematically summarize the application of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) in organic synthesis.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür), Flake is an inorganic compound that is a colorless salt that is used as a glass etchtant. It is produced from ammonia and hydrogen fluoride.The aim of the study was to discuss clinical effects, treatment options and outcomes of pediatric Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) (ABF) poisoning.Dissolution of geological reference materials by fusion with Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür), NH{sub 4}HF{sub 2} or ABF, was evaluated for its potential use in post-detonation nuclear forensics. The fluorinating agent Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) (ABF) is a potential field deployable substitute for HF.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) (ABF, NH4F·HF) is a well-known reagent for converting metal oxides to fluorides and for its applications in breaking down minerals and ores in order to extract useful components.The process involves the use of a hitherto unknown solid‐state chemical reaction between Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) and specific anhydrous and hydrated metal fluoride salts.It was observed that these complexes decompose with the evolution of HF above temperatures at which Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) decomposes and where its supply may be exhausted.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) (ABF) is one of the most common, and dangerous, wheel cleaners used in automatic carwashes today.Hydrogen fluoride and Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür). Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) are created for industrial use only.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) solution is the white crystalline solid dissolved in water. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. It is used in ceramics.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is a white, solid that consists of crystals or flakes with a pungent odor. Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) can cause severe necrosis to tissue, with symptoms such as redness, itching, burns and scarring. Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) can cause a unique, large, pustular skin rash, which is apparently not an irritant or allergic dermatitis.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) may be systematically absorbed in lethal amounts through intact skin. Effects may be delayed and not felt for hours.All contact with Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) must be avoided during clean-up.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) is a respiratory tract irritant, and inhalation may cause nose irritation,sore throat, coughing, and chest tightness and possibly, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) can be absorbed through intact skin in lethal amounts.Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) and hydrofluoric acid are potent toxins with severe local and systemic toxicity due to high permeability coefficient and binding of divalent cations with disruption of the Na-K-ATPase pump.The first SDS stated the product was a proprietary formula with Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür)s and 1-2% hydrofluoric acid. A more specific SDS was located and which showed 21-27% Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) and a small amount of barium sulfate in the product. This corresponds to 17-23 g of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) in a 3 ounce ingestion.Results are given for elevated temperature tests of the effects of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) on corrosion rates of 5 and 10% solutions of inhibited citric, sulfamic, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acid scale solvents. Mild steel coupons were evaluated for weight loss after 12 hr exposures. The rate of attack for citric and sulfamic acid systems on steel decreased as concentration of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) increased. The attack rate of HCL increased at lower Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) concentrations, but at higher concentrations tended to stabilize at a rate equivalent to that from 5% acid without Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür). The rate of 5% phosphoric acid attack decreased with increased concentration of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür), but in 10% phosphoric acid, the rate increased with increased concentration of Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür). It is hypothesized that in citric and sulfamic acids the ammonium ion is inhibitive, but that in the more aggressive hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, the corrosion rates do not hold a relationship with Ammonium Bifluoride (Amonyum Biflorür) concentrations.Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4HF2 or NH4F·HF. It is produced from ammonia and hydrogen fluoride. This colourless salt is a glass-etchant and an intermediate in a once-contemplated route to hydrofluoric acid.Ammonium bifluoride, as its name indicates, contains an ammonium cation (NH4+) and a bifluoride, or hydrogen(difluoride), anion (HF2−). The centrosymmetric triatomic bifluoride anion features the strongest known hydrogen bond, with a F−H length of 114 pm. and a bond energy greater than 155 kJ mol−1.In solid [NH4][HF2], each ammonium cation is surrounded by four fluoride centers in a tetrahedron, with hydrogen-fluorine hydrogen bonds present between the hydrogen atoms of the ammonium ion and the fluorine atoms.[citation needed] Solutions contain tetrahedral [NH4]+ cations and linear [HF2]− anions.Ammonium bifluoride has been considered as an intermediate in the production of hydrofluoric acid from hexafluorosilicic acid. Thus, hexafluorosilicic acid is hydrolyzed to give ammonium fluoride, which thermally decomposes to give the bifluoride:H2SiF6 + 6 NH3 + 2 H2O → SiO2 + 6 NH4F 2 NH4F → NH3 + [NH4]HF2 The resulting ammonium bifluoride is converted to sodium bifluoride, which thermally decomposes to release HF.Ammonium bifluoride is also used as an additive in tin-nickel plating processes as the fluoride ion acts as a complexing agent with the tin, allowing for greater control over the resulting composition and finish.Ammonium bifluoride is toxic to consume and a skin corrosion agent. Upon exposure to skin, rinsing with water followed by a treatment of calcium gluconate is required.Ammonium hydrogen fluoride* (NH4HF2) is used for aluminium anodization, metal surface treatment, manufacture of wood preservatives, glass processing, building protection, mineral oil/ natural gas drilling, cleaning of industrial plants and in the electronic industry. Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is used in the the following applications: Glass processing: for matt etching Metal surface treatment: as essential component of bright digo baths for etching and cleaning of non-ferrous metal pieces Mineral oil / natural gas drilling: as aid for drilling through silicate rocks Cleaning of industrial plants: as component in cleaning and disinfecting solutions, e.g. in power stations Building protection: as component in cleaning agents *Goods labelled as “dual use” are subject to special controls and export restrictions in most countries. Before exporting such goods the exporter must apply for an appropriate export licence from the competent authority. For deliveries within the EU, for example, the seller must include an appropriate note in the commercial papers in accordance with article 22, paragraph 10, of the dual use regulation.Fluorides are absorbed from GI tract, lung, & skin. GI tract is major site of absorption. The relatively sol cmpd, such as sodium fluoride, are almost completely absorbed ... Fluoride has been detected in all organs & tissues examined ... There is no evidence that it is concentrated in any tissues except bone, thyroid, aorta, & perhaps kidney. Fluoride is preponderantly deposited in the skeleton & teeth, & the degree of skeletal storage is related to intake and age. ... A function of the turnover rate of skeletal components, with growing bone showing greater fluoride deposition than bone in mature animals. ... Major route of ... excretion is by way of kidneys ... also excreted in small amt by sweat glands, lactating breast, & GI tract. ... About 90% of fluoride ion filtered by glomerulus is reabsorbed by renal tubules.Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concentrations is soft tissues fall to pre-exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchanges with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concentration of fluoride tends to approximate the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiraton may be an important route of fluoride excretion. The concentration of fluoride retained in bones and teeth is a function of both the concentration of fluoride intake and the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride concentration will decrease to a concentration that is again reflective of intake.Inhibition of one or more enzymes controlling cellular glycolysis (and perhaps resp) may result in a critical lesion. ... Binding or precipitation of calcium as calcium fluoride ... suggested as mechanism underlying many diverse signs and symptoms in fluoride poisoning, particularly if death is delayed. ... At least in some species fluoride interferes with both contractile power of heart and the mechanism of beat in a way that cannot be ascribed to hypocalcemia.The mechanism for acute lethality at high fluoride dose levels is not fully defined. It is believed that certain essential enzymatic reactions may be blocked and there may be interference with the origin and transmission of nerve impulses. The metabolic roles of calcium and physical damage to the kidney and the mucosa of the stomach and intestine are also believed to be associated with the acute lethality mechanism. Fluoride interacts with bones and teeth by replacing hydroxyl or bicarbonate ions in hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride may function as an essential key to bring about precipitation or nucleation of the apatite lattice in an oriented fashion on collagen fibers. Accretion of new mineral continues, and fluoride, brought to the surfaces of newly formed crystals by the extracellular fluid, replaces the hydroxyl ion. As crystal growth continues, fluoride is incorporated into inner layers of the crystals as well as on the surface. Remodeling of the bone structure takes place by an interplay of osteoclastic resorption of old bone and osteoblastic deposition of new bone. The presence of fluorohydroxyapatite increases the crystalline structure of the bone and reduces its solubility. Available evidence suggests that dental fluorosis results from toxic effects of fluoride on the epithelial enamel organ. Specifically, several investigators have shown that ameloblasts are susceptible to fluoride. Dental staining often accompanies fluorosis but does not itself determine the degree of fluorosis. The staining is believed to be due to the oxidation of organic material in defective enamel or the penetration of hypoplastic sections of enamel by food pigments.Manufacture of magnesium and magnesium alloys; in brightening of aluminum; for purifying and cleansing various parts of beer-dispensing apparatus, tubes, etc., sterilizing dairy and other food equipment; in glass and porcelain industries; as mordant for aluminum; as a "sour" in laundering cloth. In lab production of hydrogen fluoride.Anhydrous ammonium bifluoride containing 0.1 5 H2O and 93% NH4HF2 can be made by dehydrating ammonia fluoride solutions and by thermally decomposing the dry crystals. Commercial ammonium bifluoride, which usually contains 1% NH4F, is made by gas phase reactions of one mole of anhydrous ammonia with two moles of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride; the melt that forms is flaked on a cooled drum.Fluoride- Electrode Method. This method is suitable for fluoride concn from 0.1 to more than 10 mg/l. The fluoride electrode is a selective ion sensor. The key element in the fluoride electrode is the laser-type doped lanthanum fluoride crystal across which a potential is lished by fluoride soln of different concn. The crystal contacts the sample soln at one face and an internal reference soln at the other. The fluoride electrode measures the ion activity of fluoride in soln rather than concn. Fluoride ion activity depends on the soln total ionic strength and pH, and on fluoride complexing species. Adding an appropriate buffer provides a uniform ionic strength background, adjusts pH, and breaks up complexes so that, in effect, the electrode measures concn. A synthetic sample containing 0.850 mg fluoride ion/l in distilled water was analyzed in 111 laboratories with relative standard deviation of 3.6% and relative error of 0.7%.Fluoride- SPADNS Method. This method is suitable only for concn in the range of 0.05 to 1.4 mg/l. The reaction rate between fluoride and zirconium ion is influenced greatly by the acidity of the reaction mixture. If the proportion of acid in the reagent is incr, the reaction can be made almost instantaneous. Under such conditions, however, the effect of various ions differs from that in the conventional alizarin method. The selection of dye for this rapid fluoride method is governed largely by the resulting tolerance to these ions. A synthetic sample contanining 0.830 mg fluoride ion/l and no interference in distilled water was analyzed in 53 laboratories with a relative standard deviation of 8.0% and a relative error of 1.2%. After direct distillation of the sample, the relative standard deviation was 11.0% and the relative error 2.4%. Ammonium bifluoride (NH4•HF2) is manufactured and sold in solid form or in aqueous solutions. The solid is a white crystal. The solutions are clear, colorless liquids that have a slightly sharp, pungent odor. Common industrial solution strength concentrations for Ammonium Bifluoride are between 28 and 30%. Ammonium bifluoride (ABF) Ammonium difluoride Ammonium acid fluoride Ammonium hydrogen difluoride Ammonium fluoride compound with hydrogen fluoride (1:1) Ammonium Bifluoride Flakes are used for aluminium anodization, metal surface treatment, manufacture of wood preservatives, glass processing, mineral oil/ natural gas drilling, cleaning agents of industrial plants, breweries and in the electronics industry. It may also be used for pH adjustment in industrial textile processing or laundries. ABF is available as a solid or liquid solution (in water). Background: Ammonium bifluoride is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis; however, the systematic collection and classification have not been covered until now. Methodology: In this review, we aim to systematically summarize the application of ammonium bifluoride in organic synthesis. Conclusion: It can be used for deprotection of hydroxyl protected groups (esp. Silyl protection). It is also used for introducing F & N atoms into organic molecules; promoting cyclization reactions acting as a multifunctional reagent. AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE reacts violently with bases. In presence of moisture will corrode glass, cement, and most metals. Flammable hydrogen gas may collect in enclosed spaces. Do not use steel, nickel, or aluminum containers (USCG, 1999). Ammonium bifluoride (ABF) is one of the most common, and dangerous, wheel cleaners used in automatic carwashes today. Its effectiveness removing brake dust and difficult contaminants from chrome wheels is undisputed, but some chemists say ABF presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk to carwash operators and their employees. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cemented powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.Environmental considerations- water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Avoid breathing fumes from burning material.The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Ammonium bifluoride, solid; Ammonium bifluoride, solution/No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations .The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.Ammonium bifluoride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Monitor ECG and serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium for at least 4 to 6 hours. Admit symptomatic patients with ECG or electrolyte abnormalities to an intensive care setting. When clinically significant hypocalcemia is present, administer intravenous calcium gluconate ... and monitor ionized calcium levels and titrate further doses as needed. Treat hypomagnesemia with intravenous magnesium sulfate... . Treat hypokalemia with intravenous calcium and other usual measures. Do not induce vomiting because of the risk of abrupt onset of seizures and arrhythmias. Administer an antacid containing calcium (eg, calcium carbonate) orally to raise gastric pH and complex free fluoride, reducing absorption. Foods rich in calcium (eg, milk) can also bind fluoride. Magnesium-containing antacids have also been recommended but there are little data for their effectiveness. ... Consider gastric lavage for recent large ingestions. Activated charcoal does not absorb fluoride and is not likely to be beneficial. Because fluoride rapidly binds to free calcium and bone and has a short elimination half-life, hemodialysis is not likely to be effective.Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures adn treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination . Most available toxicity information on fluoride relates to acute toxicity of hydrofluoric acid (''HF''). However, other water soluble fluoride-containing compounds can cause fluoride poisoning. The fluoride ion is systemically absorbed almost immediately. It is highly penetrating and reactive and can cause both systemic poisoning and tissue destruction. Fluoride ions, once separated from either HF or fluoride salts, penetrate deep into tissues, causing burning at sites deeper than the original exposure site. The process of tissue destruction can continue for days. Fluoride absorption can produce hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium), hypocalcemia (lowered serum calcium), hypomagnesemia (lowered serum magnesium), and metabolic and respiratory acidosis. These disturbances can then bring on cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory stimulation followed by respiratory depression, muscle spasms, convulsions, central nervous system (''CNS'') depression, possible respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure, and death. Fluoride may also inhibit cellular respiration and glycolysis, alter membrane permeability and excitability, and cause neurotoxic and adverse GI effects. When exposure is through inhalation, fluorides can cause severe chemical burns to the respiratory system. Inhalation can result in difficulty breathing (dyspnea), bronchospasms, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, airway obstruction, and tracheobronchitis. The severity of burns from dermal absorption can vary depending on the concentration of fluoride available, duration of the exposure, the surface area exposed, and the penetrability of the exposed tissue. Ocular exposure can result in serious eye injury. Ingestion of fluoride can result in mild to severe GI symptoms. Reports suggest that ingesting 3 to 5 milligrams of fluoride per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) causes vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Ingestion of more than 5 mg/kg may produce systemic toxicity. A retrospective poison control center study of fluoride ingestions reported that symptoms, primarily safely tolerated GI symptoms that tended to resolve within 24 hours, developed following ingestions of 4 to 8.4 mg/kg of fluoride.
AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE

Ammonium bifluoride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4HF2.
Ammonium bifluoride is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Ammonium bifluoride is a salt that contains both ammonium (NH4+) and bifluoride (HF2-) ions.

CAS Number: 1341-49-7



APPLICATIONS


Ammonium bifluoride is commonly used for metal surface treatment and cleaning.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the metal industry for the removal of oxides, scales, and impurities from metal surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is particularly effective in descaling stainless steel and aluminum.

In aluminum production, ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the preparation of aluminum alloys.
Ammonium bifluoride is used in the glass industry for glass etching and frosting applications, creating decorative patterns on glass surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride finds application in the preparation of glassware with frosted or textured designs.
Laboratories use ammonium bifluoride as a reagent in various chemical reactions and processes.

Ammonium bifluoride is used in analytical chemistry for sample preparation and analysis.
Ammonium bifluoride is essential in some specialized cleaning products designed for household and industrial use.

Ammonium bifluoride is found in rust removers and cleaning agents, particularly for metal surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed in preparing aluminum surfaces for welding and painting.

In the electronics industry, it is used for cleaning and etching printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Ammonium bifluoride is part of the process for creating microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices.
Ammonium bifluoride is used in the semiconductor industry for silicon wafer etching and cleaning.

In the dental field, ammonium bifluoride is used for etching tooth enamel and dental prosthetics.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in creating dental restorations such as crowns and veneers.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in some rust inhibitors and rust converters.

In the textile industry, it is used for cleaning and treating fabrics.
Ammonium bifluoride is applied in the preparation of specialty coatings and finishes for various materials.

The aerospace industry uses it for the cleaning and preparation of aircraft components.
Ammonium bifluoride is a component in the cleaning and maintenance of optical lenses, telescopes, and other precision instruments.

Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the printing industry for plate etching and cleaning printing equipment.
In the automotive industry, it is used for cleaning engine components and removing oxidation from alloy wheels.

Ammonium bifluoride is used to etch and decorate ceramic and porcelain surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is a versatile chemical compound with applications in various industrial sectors, although it must be handled with caution due to its corrosive nature and potential health risks.

Ammonium bifluoride is used in the petrochemical industry for removing impurities and scale from heat exchangers and pipelines.
Ammonium bifluoride is an essential component in the maintenance and cleaning of cooling towers in industrial facilities.

In the food industry, ammonium bifluoride can be used for equipment cleaning and maintenance, particularly in dairies and food processing plants.
Ammonium bifluoride is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of stainless steel tanks and vessels in breweries and wineries.
Ammonium bifluoride is used for removing mineral deposits, scale, and rust stains from bathroom and kitchen fixtures.

In the automotive detailing industry, ammonium bifluoride is employed to remove stubborn stains and mineral deposits from car windows and windshields.
Ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and etching ceramic tiles and porcelain surfaces in the construction industry.
Ammonium bifluoride can be found in specialty glass cleaners designed to remove mineral deposits and hard water stains from windows and glass surfaces.

Ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and restore antique and stained glass artworks and windows.
In the cleaning of aluminum cookware and utensils, it helps remove tarnish and oxidation.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the recycling industry for the removal of labels and adhesive residues from glass and plastic containers.

Ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and maintaining swimming pool and spa filtration systems.
In the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) industry, it plays a role in cleaning and maintaining air conditioning coils and systems.
Ammonium bifluoride is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of industrial ovens and baking equipment in the bakery industry.
Ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and restoring vinyl records, removing dirt, dust, and contaminants for improved sound quality.

In the oil and gas industry, ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and maintaining drilling equipment.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the cleaning and maintenance of high-pressure steam boilers in power plants.
Ammonium bifluoride is used in the manufacture of specialty glass and optical lenses with precise surface finishes.
Ammonium bifluoride finds applications in the restoration and preservation of historical architectural details and monuments.

In the art conservation field, ammonium bifluoride is used to remove surface contaminants from paintings and sculptures.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of air filtration systems in aircraft and spacecraft.

Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the cleaning and preparation of aquarium tanks for fish and aquatic organisms.
In the electronics manufacturing industry, ammonium bifluoride is used for the etching of printed circuit boards and semiconductor components.

Ammonium bifluoride can be found in rust converter products designed to convert rust into a more stable, paintable surface.
Ammonium bifluoride is a versatile and effective cleaning and etching agent used across a wide range of industries, from industrial manufacturing to art restoration and conservation.

In the electronics industry, ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and etching silicon wafers and microelectronic components during semiconductor manufacturing.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a crucial role in the production of integrated circuits and microchips.

In the field of printed circuit board (PCB) assembly, it is employed for the selective removal of copper and other materials to create circuit patterns.
Ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and maintaining analytical instruments in scientific laboratories, such as spectrometers and chromatographs.

In the aerospace industry, ammonium bifluoride is utilized for cleaning and preparing aircraft components, including engine parts and avionics.
Ammonium bifluoride is an essential component in the maintenance of gas turbines used in power generation and aviation.

Ammonium bifluoride is applied in the glass tempering process to create tempered or safety glass for automotive, architectural, and other applications.
Ammonium bifluoride is used for the etching of aluminum and aluminum alloys to improve adhesion in adhesive bonding and paint applications.
In the manufacturing of solar panels, the compound is employed to clean and etch the surfaces of photovoltaic cells for improved energy conversion.

Ammonium bifluoride is used in the removal of flux residues and soldering fluxes from PCBs.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the cleaning and restoration of historical and antique clocks and watch components.

In the aerospace industry, it is applied to clean and prepare spacecraft components for missions to space.
Ammonium bifluoride is used to remove oxide and scale from heat exchangers and boiler tubes in industrial power plants.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed for cleaning and descaling industrial refrigeration systems, ensuring optimal efficiency.

In the chemical industry, ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and maintain various types of processing equipment and vessels.
Ammonium bifluoride is found in specialty graffiti removers for the removal of graffiti from a variety of surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the cleaning and maintenance of heat exchangers and condensers in the HVAC and refrigeration industry.

In the marine industry, ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and maintaining shipboard equipment and components.
Ammonium bifluoride is applied for the cleaning and maintenance of brewing and fermentation tanks in the brewery industry.
Ammonium bifluoride is used in the petrochemical industry to clean and maintain pipelines, heat exchangers, and storage tanks.

Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the cleaning and preparation of ceramics for glazing and finishing.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of wastewater treatment facilities and equipment.

In the automotive repair and restoration industry, it is used to remove rust and oxidation from metal surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is found in specialized rust stain removers for concrete and masonry surfaces.

Ammonium bifluoride's applications are diverse and extend to various industries and processes, where its cleaning and etching properties are highly valuable.

In the automotive industry, ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and maintain car radiators and cooling systems, removing scale and deposits.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the maintenance of air conditioning systems and heat exchangers in residential and commercial HVAC systems.

In the construction industry, ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and etch concrete surfaces before painting or applying coatings.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the preparation and cleaning of metal surfaces for welding and fabrication in the construction and metalworking sectors.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the nuclear power industry for cleaning and maintaining reactor components.
Ammonium bifluoride is an essential part of the preparation process for electroplating and anodizing metal components.
Ammonium bifluoride is found in some specialty rust and corrosion inhibitors for metal surfaces exposed to harsh environments.

In the marine industry, it is applied for cleaning and maintaining ship hulls, propellers, and underwater structures.
Ammonium bifluoride is used in the restoration and preservation of historical and cultural artifacts, such as sculptures, statues, and monuments.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of water treatment facilities and equipment used for potable water and wastewater.

In the pharmaceutical industry, ammonium bifluoride can be used for equipment cleaning and maintenance in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities.
Ammonium bifluoride is found in some specialty cleaning products for removing tough stains and mineral deposits from bathroom and kitchen surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and maintain laboratory glassware and equipment in research and educational institutions.

In the printing industry, it is applied for plate etching and cleaning in the production of newspapers, magazines, and packaging materials.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the cleaning and maintenance of hydraulic systems and components in heavy machinery and industrial equipment.
Ammonium bifluoride is employed in the cleaning and restoration of fine art and antiquities, including paintings and sculptures.

In the chemical manufacturing industry, ammonium bifluoride is used to clean and maintain reaction vessels and processing equipment.
Ammonium bifluoride is a component in some specialized graffiti removers for removing graffiti from a variety of surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of industrial dryers and industrial ovens used in manufacturing processes.
Ammonium bifluoride is found in cleaning products for removing rust stains from concrete walkways, patios, and driveways.

Ammonium bifluoride is used in the aerospace industry for cleaning and maintaining rocket engines and launch components.
Ammonium bifluoride plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of industrial evaporators used in the food and beverage industry.

In the textile industry, it is applied for cleaning and preparing fabrics and textiles for dyeing and printing.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized in the cleaning and maintenance of analytical instruments used in scientific research and development.
Ammonium bifluoride's versatility extends to an array of applications across industries, contributing to the cleaning, etching, and maintenance of various materials and equipment.



DESCRIPTION


Ammonium bifluoride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4HF2.
Ammonium bifluoride is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Ammonium bifluoride is a salt that contains both ammonium (NH4+) and bifluoride (HF2-) ions.

Ammonium bifluoride is often used in various industrial applications, including metal cleaning and etching, glass etching, and as a laboratory reagent.
Ammonium bifluoride should be handled with care, as it is corrosive and can release toxic hydrogen fluoride gas when heated or exposed to moisture.

Ammonium bifluoride, with the chemical formula NH4HF2, is a crystalline, inorganic compound.
Ammonium bifluoride is also known as ammonium hydrogen difluoride.

Ammonium bifluoride consists of ammonium ions (NH4+) and bifluoride ions (HF2-).
Ammonium bifluoride appears as a white, odorless, and water-soluble solid.
Ammonium bifluoride is highly hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the surrounding air.

Ammonium bifluoride is commonly used in various industrial applications due to its strong etching and cleaning properties.
Ammonium bifluoride has a molecular weight of approximately 57.04 g/mol.

Ammonium bifluoride is used as a source of fluoride ions in chemical processes.
Ammonium bifluoride is often employed in metal surface treatment to remove oxides, scales, and other impurities.

In the metal industry, it is used for cleaning and descaling stainless steel and aluminum surfaces.
Ammonium bifluoride is a key component in the preparation of aluminum alloys.

Ammonium bifluoride is used in the glass industry for glass etching and frosting applications.
Ammonium bifluoride is utilized to etch glass surfaces, creating decorative patterns and designs.

In laboratories, ammonium bifluoride is used as a reagent in chemical reactions.
Ammonium bifluoride is known for its corrosive nature and should be handled with appropriate safety precautions.

Ammonium bifluoride can release toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas when heated or exposed to moisture.
Proper protective equipment, including gloves and goggles, is essential when working with this compound.

Ammonium bifluoride is an essential component in some rust removers and cleaning agents.
Ammonium bifluoride is often used to clean and prepare aluminum surfaces for welding and painting.

Ammonium bifluoride is also used in some specialized cleaning products for household and industrial applications.
Ammonium bifluoride is classified as a hazardous material, and its handling and storage are subject to regulations.
Exposure to this compound can lead to skin and eye irritation and other health risks.

Ammonium bifluoride should be stored in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances and heat sources.
Ammonium bifluoride should be kept in well-sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption.
Due to its potential hazards, safe and responsible handling and disposal practices are essential when working with ammonium bifluoride.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: NH4HF2
Molecular Weight: Approximately 57.04 grams/mol
Physical State: Solid
Appearance: White, crystalline powder or solid
Odor: Odorless
Solubility:
Highly soluble in water
Slightly soluble in alcohol
pH: Acidic
Melting Point: Approximately 124.8°C (257.6°F)
Boiling Point: Decomposes at high temperatures
Density: Approximately 1.50 g/cm³
Hygroscopic: It readily absorbs moisture from the surrounding air.
Corrosivity: Highly corrosive
Toxicity: It can release toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas when heated or exposed to moisture.
Flammability: Non-flammable under normal conditions, but can release flammable gases when in contact with certain metals.



FIRST AID


Inhalation (Breathing in Fumes):

Move the affected person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is not breathing or having difficulty breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Seek immediate medical attention, and inform the medical staff about the exposure to Ammonium bifluoride.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry, taking care not to spread the chemical.
Rinse the affected skin with plenty of lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Use soap and water to wash the exposed skin thoroughly.
Seek medical attention even for minor skin exposure, as Ammonium bifluoride can cause delayed chemical burns.


Eye Contact:

Immediately rinse the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water, keeping the eyelids open to ensure thorough flushing for at least 15 minutes.
Do not use eye drops or any other substances unless prescribed by a medical professional.
Seek immediate medical attention, as eye exposure to Ammonium bifluoride can lead to severe eye damage and vision impairment.


Ingestion (Swallowing):

Do not induce vomiting, as this can worsen the condition.
Give the affected person small sips of water if conscious and not in distress.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.


General First Aid Precautions:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and safety goggles, when providing first aid to an affected person.
Ensure that the exposed person is transported to a medical facility as quickly as possible, and provide information about the chemical exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling Precautions:

Handling of Ammonium bifluoride should only be carried out by trained personnel who are familiar with the properties and hazards of the chemical.
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, a lab coat or protective clothing, and a chemical-resistant apron.
Work with Ammonium bifluoride in a well-ventilated area or under a chemical fume hood to minimize exposure to fumes and dust.
Avoid generating dust or fine particles of the compound, as inhaling them can be harmful.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where Ammonium bifluoride is handled, and wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
All equipment used with Ammonium bifluoride should be constructed of materials that are resistant to corrosion by the chemical, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or stainless steel.


Storage Conditions:

Store Ammonium bifluoride in a dedicated, well-ventilated storage area that is cool, dry, and isolated from incompatible substances.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and contact with air.
Avoid storing it near strong acids, bases, reducing agents, and flammable materials, as it may react with them.
Store the chemical away from heat sources, open flames, sparks, and direct sunlight.
Containers of Ammonium bifluoride should be labeled with clear hazard warnings and information.
Make sure that storage areas are equipped with appropriate safety equipment, including eyewash stations and emergency showers in case of exposure.


Spill and Leak Response:

In the event of a spill or leak, restrict access to the affected area to prevent exposure.
Use appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing, when responding to spills.
Contain and neutralize the spill with appropriate absorbent materials designed for chemical spills (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, or calcium hydroxide).
Carefully transfer the neutralized material into a chemical waste container.
Thoroughly clean the spill area, following local regulations for hazardous waste disposal.


Disposal:

Dispose of Ammonium bifluoride and any contaminated materials in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations for hazardous waste disposal.
Do not dispose of it in regular trash or down the drain.


Emergency Response:

Ensure that emergency response personnel are familiar with the hazards associated with Ammonium bifluoride and are equipped with appropriate PPE and emergency response equipment.
Be prepared to provide information about the chemical, its properties, and the nature of the exposure when seeking medical attention or contacting emergency services.



SYNONYMS


Ammonium acid fluoride
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate
Ammonium hydrogen difluoride
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium hydrogen fluorite
Ammonium hydrofluoride
Ammonium fluorhydric acid
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate
Ammonium HF
Ammonium HF 45%
Ammonium Hydrogen fluoride 55%
Ammonium HF solution
Ammonium HF etchant
Ammonium HF buffer
Ammonium bifluoride solution
Ammonium acid fluoride solution
Aqueous ammonium bifluoride
ABF
ABF solution
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate solution
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate
Ammonium bifluoride solution
Ammonium hydrofluoride
Ammonium hydrofluoride solution
Ammonium fluorhydric acid
Ammonium HF solution
Ammonium HF etchant
Ammonium HF buffer
Aqueous ammonium bifluoride
Aqueous ammonium fluoride
Ammonium acid fluoride solution
Ammonium hydrogen difluoride solution
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen solution
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate solution
ABF solution
ABF etchant
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride solution
Ammonium fluoride acid solution
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen solution
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride etchant
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride buffer
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate etchant
Ammonium bifluoride etching solution
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride solution
Ammonium fluoride acid
Ammonium fluoride solution
Ammonium bifluoride powder
Ammonium fluorhydric acid solution
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride powder
Ammonium HF solid
Ammonium HF 55%
Ammonium fluorohydrogenate powder
Ammonium hydrogen difluoride powder
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen powder
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride powder
Ammonium fluorhydric acid powder
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride etchant
Ammonium fluoride acid etchant
Ammonium fluoride solution etchant
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen solution etchant
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride solid
Ammonium HF buffer solution
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride solid
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride etchant
Ammonium fluoride acid solid
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen powder
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride solid
Ammonium fluoride acid powder
Ammonium fluoride hydrogen fluoride solution etchant
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Ammoniac; Ammonium Muriate; Sal ammoniac; Amchlor; Darammon; Salammonite; Salammoniac; Ammoniumchloridefume; Ammoniumchlorid; Chlorammonic; Chlorid Ammonia;Chlorid Amonny; Chlorid Amonny; Cloruro De Amonio; Gen-diur; Muriate of Ammonia; Ammonium chloride CAS NO:12125-02-9
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
SYNONYMS Ammoniac; Ammonium Muriate; Sal ammoniac; Amchlor; Darammon; Salammonite; Salammoniac; Ammoniumchloridefume; Ammoniumchlorid CAS NO. 12125-02-9
AMMONIUM ETHANOATE
Ammonium ethanoate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.
Ammonium ethanoate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Ammonium ethanoate is widely used in the chemical analysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food sector in preserving foods, and in various other industries too.

CAS Number: 631-61-8
EC Number: 211-162-9
Chemical Formula: C2H7NO2
Molar Mass: 77.083 g·mol−1

Ammonium ethanoate appears as a white crystalline solid.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.

Immediate steps should be taken to limit Ammonium ethanoate spread to the environment.
Ammonium ethanoate is used in chemical analysis, in pharmaceuticals, in preserving foods, and for other uses.

Ammonium ethanoate is an ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid.
A deliquescent white crystalline solid, Ammonium ethanoate has a relatively low melting point (114℃) for a salt.

Ammonium ethanoate is used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.
Ammonium ethanoate has a role as a food acidity regulator and a buffer.
Ammonium ethanoate is an acetate salt and an ammonium salt.

Ammonium ethanoate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Ammonium ethanoate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Ammonium ethanoate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.
Ammonium ethanoate is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Ammonium ethanoate is available commercially.

Ammonium ethanoate is a white crystalline solid formed when ammonia reacts with acetic acid.
Ammonium ethanoate is widely used in the chemical analysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, the food sector in preserving foods, and in various other industries too.
Ammonium ethanoate is also used as a buffer in topical personal care and cosmetic products in manufacturing skin lotions, shampoos, conditioners and more.

Ammonium ethanoate or C2H7NO2 appears in the form of a crystalline white solid with a slight acetous odour.
This ammonium salt is derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.

The chemical name of this salt is Ammonium ethanoate while it is even known as the spirit of Mindererus on the aqueous form.
The other names of Ammonium ethanoate include Spirit of Mindererus and Azanium Acetate.

Ammonium ethanoate is extensively used in the preservation of foods; in pharmaceuticals and the chemical analysis procedure.
Ammonium ethanoate works most effectively when used in the form of a food acidity regulator.

However, Ammonium ethanoate is one of the major threats to the atmosphere or the living environment.
Instant measures need to be taken to restricting the spread of this hazardous sale in the environment.

Ammonium ethanoate is widely utilized as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation.
Ammonium ethanoate is the primary source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Ammonium ethanoate is used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent.
Ammonium ethanoate acts as a buffer for electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules and as mobile phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Sometimes, Ammonium ethanoate is used as a biodegradable de-icing agent and an acidity regulator in food additives.

Ammonium ethanoate is a salt that has interesting chemical properties and due to this reason, the pharmaceutical industry uses Ammonium ethanoate as an intermediary and raw material in various processes.
Ammonium ethanoate is a salt that forms from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.
Also, Ammonium ethanoate is useful for applications that require buffer solutions.

The Henry reactions are the most common reactions that use Ammonium ethanoate.
In an aqueous solution, Ammonium ethanoate is a chemical compound that we know by the name spirit of Mindererus or Ammonium ethanoate, which is a white, hygroscopic solid we can derive from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid.

Ammonium ethanoate has a variety of applications in molecular biology and chromatography.
Ammonium ethanoate is a useful reagent for the purification and precipitation of DNA and protein.
Ammonium ethanoate can be used in the HPLC and MS analysis of peptides, oligosaccharides, and proteins.

Uses of Ammonium ethanoate:
Ammonium ethanoate is used in explosives, foam rubbers, vinyl plastics, and drugs.
Ammonium ethanoate is also used for preserving meats, dyeing and stripping, determining lead and iron, and separating lead sulfate from other sulfates.

There are large scale uses of Ammonium ethanoate.
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the form of a food acidity regulator.

Ammonium ethanoate is the food additive used for changing or controlling the alkalinity or acidity of foods.
Ammonium ethanoate is also widely used in the form of a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation procedure.

Ammonium ethanoate serves as one of the best sources of ammonia is the Borch reaction during organic synthesis. 
Ammonium ethanoate is used in combination with wholly distilled water for making a kind of protein precipitating reagent.

Ammonium ethanoate even serves in the form of a buffer for ESI or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of molecules and proteins and the form of a mobile phase for HPLC or high-performance liquid chromatography.
Quite rarely though, Ammonium ethanoate is even used in the form of a biodegradable de-icing agent.

Ammonium ethanoate even works best when used as a diuretic.
Ammonium ethanoate tends to be unstable at low pressure, and this is why Ammonium ethanoate is used for substituting cell buffers with different non-explosive salts in the preparation of mass spectrometry samples.

Other important uses of Ammonium ethanoate include:
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the manufacture of explosives.
Ammonium ethanoate is used for making foam rubber.

Ammonium ethanoate is used for preserving meat.Used for manufacturing vinyl plastics.
Ammonium ethanoate is used in different agricultural products.

In analytical chemistry, Ammonium ethanoate is used in the form of a reagent.
Ammonium ethanoate is used as a reagent in different dialysis procedures for the elimination of contaminants through diffusion.
In agricultural chemistry, Ammonium ethanoate, when used as a reagent, helps in determining soil CEC or cation exchange capacity along with the availability of potassium in the soil. 

Ammonium ethanoate is the main precursor to acetamide:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2O

Ammonium ethanoate is also used as a diuretic.

Buffer:
As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, Ammonium ethanoate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Ammonium ethanoate is volatile at low pressures.
Because of this, Ammonium ethanoate has been used to replace cell buffers that contain non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry.

Ammonium ethanoate is also popular as a buffer for mobile phases for HPLC with ELSD detection for this reason.
Other volatile salts that have been used for this include ammonium formate.

When dissolving Ammonium ethanoate in pure water, the resulting solution typically has a pH of 7, because the equal amounts of acetate and ammonium neutralize each other.
However, Ammonium ethanoate is a dual component buffer system, which buffers around pH 4.75 ± 1 (acetate) and pH 9.25 ± 1 (ammonium), but Ammonium ethanoate has no significant buffer capacity at pH 7, contrary to common misconception.

Other:
Ammonium ethanoate is a biodegradable de-icing agent.
Ammonium ethanoate is a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation and as a source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Ammonium ethanoate is a protein precipitating reagent in dialysis to remove contaminants via diffusion.
Ammonium ethanoate is a reagent in agricultural chemistry for determination of soil CEC (cation exchange capacity) and determination of available potassium in soil wherein the ammonium ion acts as a replacement cation for potassium.
Ammonium ethanoate is part of Calley's method for lead artifact conservation

Food additive:
Ammonium ethanoate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264.
Ammonium ethanoate is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.[10]

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals and fertilisers.
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, agriculture, forestry and fishing and building & construction work.
Ammonium ethanoate is used for the manufacture of: food products and textile, leather or fur.

Release to the environment of Ammonium ethanoate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Ammonium ethanoate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Uses at industrial sites:
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products and textile treatment products and dyes.
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development and building & construction work.

Ammonium ethanoate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, food products and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Ammonium ethanoate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and in the production of articles.

Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Catalyst
Intermediates
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Other (specify)
Solids separation (precipitating) agent, not otherwise specified
pH regulating agent

Consumer Uses:
Ammonium ethanoate is used in the following products: perfumes and fragrances and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Ammonium ethanoate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.

Other Consumer Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Other (specify)
Photosensitive chemicals

Applications of Ammonium ethanoate:
Ammonium ethanoate is widely utilized as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation.
Ammonium ethanoate is the primary source of ammonia in the Borch reaction in organic synthesis.

Ammonium ethanoate is used with distilled water to make a protein precipitating reagent.
Ammonium ethanoate acts as a buffer for electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry of proteins and other molecules and as mobile phases for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Sometimes, Ammonium ethanoate is used as a biodegradable de-icing agent and an acidity regulator in food additives.

Structural Formula of Ammonium ethanoate:
As Ammonium ethanoate salt is constituted of a weak acid and a weak base and is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.
Ammonium ethanoate chemical component is volatile at low pressures because Ammonium ethanoate has been used to replace cell buffers with non-volatile salts in preparing the chemical samples.

Production of Ammonium ethanoate:
Ammonium ethanoate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia.
Obtaining crystalline Ammonium ethanoate is difficult on account of Ammonium ethanoate hygroscopic nature.

Two methods can be used for obtaining Ammonium ethanoate, and they are:
Through the saturation of glacial acetic acid or CH3COOH with NH3 or ammonia.
Through the neutralization of acetic acid with (NH4)2CO3 or ammonium carbonate.

These are the two basic methods used for obtaining Ammonium ethanoate, though some new methods have also surfaced in recent years.
Ammonium ethanoate functions in the form of an acetamide precursor.

This results in a reaction that follows like this:
NH4CH3CO2 → CH3C (O) NH2 + H2O

General Manufacturing Information of Ammonium ethanoate:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

Occurrence of Ammonium ethanoate:
In nature, Ammonium ethanoate is not present in a free compound state.
But, ammonium and acetate ions are present in many biochemical processes.

Properties of Ammonium ethanoate:

Physical Properties:
Ammonium ethanoate is a hygroscopic white solid with a slightly acidic odor.
Furthermore, Ammonium ethanoate melting point is 113oC.
Also, Ammonium ethanoate is highly soluble in water and Ammonium ethanoate density in this liquid is 1.17 g/mL-1.

Chemical Properties:
Ammonium ethanoate is a slat of a weak acid (acetic acid) and a weak base (ammonia).
Use this salt with acetic acid to prepare a buffer solution that will regulate Ammonium ethanoate pH.
Nevertheless, Ammonium ethanoate use as a buffering agent is not very extensive because Ammonium ethanoate can be volatile in low pressures.

History of Ammonium ethanoate:
The synonym Spirit of Mindererus is named after R. Minderer, a physician from Augsburg.

Handling and storage of Ammonium ethanoate:

Precautions for safe handling:
Provide adequate ventilation.
When not in use, keep containers tightly closed.

Advice on general occupational hygiene:
Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffs.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in a dry place.
Keep container tightly closed.
Hygroscopic solid.

Incompatible substances or mixtures:
Observe hints for combined storage.

Protect against external exposure, such as:
humidity

Consideration of other advice:
Specific designs for storage rooms or vessels

Recommended storage temperature: 15–25 °C

Specific end use(s):
No information available.

Stability and Reactivity of Ammonium ethanoate:

Reactivity:
Ammonium ethanoate is not reactive under normal ambient conditions.

Chemical stability:
Moisture-sensitive.
Hygroscopic solid.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:

Violent reaction with:
Strong oxidiser, Hypochlorites, Gold compound.

Conditions to avoid:
Protect from moisture.

Incompatible materials:
There is no additional information.

First Aid Measures of Ammonium ethanoate:

INHALATION:
Remove victim to fresh air; rinse nose and mouth with water.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

INGESTION:
Induce vomiting immediately. Give large amounts of water.

EYES:
Flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN:
Flush with soap and water.

General notes:
Take off contaminated clothing.

Following inhalation:
Provide fresh air.
In all cases of doubt, or when symptoms persist, seek medical advice.

Following skin contact:
Rinse skin with water/shower.

Following eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
In all cases of doubt, or when symptoms persist, seek medical advice.

Following ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
Call a doctor if you feel unwell.

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:
Nausea, Vomiting, Spasms, Circulatory collapse.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
none.

Firefighting measures of Ammonium ethanoate:

Suitable extinguishing media:
co-ordinate firefighting measures to the fire surroundings water, foam, alcohol resistant foam, dry extinguishing powder, ABC-powder.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
water jet

Special hazards arising from Ammonium ethanoate or mixture:
None.

Hazardous combustion products:

In case of fire may be liberated:
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Advice for firefighters:
In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.
Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Accidental Release Measures of Ammonium ethanoate:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

For non-emergency personnel:
No special measures are necessary.

Environmental precautions:
Keep away from drains, surface and ground water.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:

Advice on how to contain a spill:
Covering of drains.
Take up mechanically.

Advice on how to clean up a spill:
Take up mechanically.

Other information relating to spills and releases:
Place in appropriate containers for disposal.
Ventilate affected area.

Preventive Measures of Ammonium ethanoate:
The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting.
The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon Ammonium ethanoate, but also on factors including the form of Ammonium ethanoate, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.

In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Identifiers of Ammonium ethanoate:
CAS Number: 631-61-8
ChEBI: CHEBI:62947
ChemSpider: 11925
ECHA InfoCard: 100.010.149
EC Number: 211-162-9
PubChem CID: 517165
RTECS number: AF3675000
UNII: RRE756S6Q2
UN number: 3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID5023873
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
Key: USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2H4O2.H3N/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);1H3
Key: USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYAY
SMILES: O=C([O-])C.[N+H4]

Synonyms: Ammonium ethanoate
Linear Formula: CH3CO2NH4
CAS Number: 631-61-8
Molecular Weight: 77.08
EC Number: 211-162-9

CAS number: 631-61-8
EC number: 211-162-9
Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: C₂H₇NO₂
Chemical formula: CH₃COONH₄
Molar Mass: 77.08 g/mol
HS Code: 2915 29 00

Properties of Ammonium ethanoate:
Chemical formula: C2H7NO2
Molar mass: 77.083 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid crystals, deliquescent
Odor: Slightly acetic acid like
Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
1.073 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point: 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)
Solubility in water: 102 g/100 mL (0 °C)
148 g/100 mL (4 °C)
143 g/100 mL (20 °C)
533 g/100 mL (80 °C)
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol, SO2, acetone, liquid ammonia
Solubility in methanol: 7.89 g/100 mL (15 °C)
131.24 g/100 g (94.2 °C)
Solubility in dimethylformamide: 0.1 g/100 g
Acidity (pKa): 9.9
Basicity (pKb): 33
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -41.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 21

Density: 1.17 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 114 °C
pH value: 6.7 - 7.3 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25 °C)
Vapor pressure: Bulk density: 410 kg/m3
Solubility: 1480 g/l

Color: Colorless
Density: 1.170 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Form: Solid
Grade: Reagent Grade
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids
Melting Point/Range: 113 °C
Purity Percentage: 99.99
Purity Details: ≥99.99%
Solubility in Water: 1.480 g/l (20 °C)
pH-Value: 6.7-7.3 (20 °C)
Storage Temperature: Ambient

Molecular Weight: 77.08 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 77.047678466 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 77.047678466 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 41.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Complexity: 25.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Ammonium ethanoate:
Assay (acidimetric): ≥ 98.0 %
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
pH-value (5 %; water, 25 °C): 6.7 - 7.3
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.0005 %
Nitrate (NO₃): ≤ 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.001 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.0002 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.001 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.0002 %
Substances reducing potassium permanganate (as formic acid): ≤ 0.005 %
Residue on ignition (as sulfate): ≤ 0.01 %
Water: ≤ 2.0 %

Appearance of Ammonium ethanoate: complying
Identity (IR): complying
Assay: Min. 97.0 %
pH (5 %, 25 °C): 6.7 - 7.3
Sulfated ash: Max. 0.01 %
Water insoluble matter: Max. 0.005 %
Metal trace analysis (ICP): Max. 100 ppm
Iron (Fe): Max. 5 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): Max. 5 ppm
Chloride (Cl): Max. 5 ppm
Nitrate (NO3): Max. 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO4): Max. 0.001 %

Structure of Ammonium ethanoate:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic

Thermochemistry of Ammonium ethanoate:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −615 kJ/mol[2]

Related Products of Ammonium ethanoate:
Diphenyltin Dichloride
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphite
1,​1'-​Diisooctyl Ester 2,​2'-​[(Dioctylstannylene)​bis(thio)​]​bis-acetic Acid (Technical Grade)
Diphenylsilane-D2
4-ethynyl-α,α-diphenyl-Benzenemethanol

Names of Ammonium ethanoate:

Regulatory process names:
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate

IUPAC names:
acetic acid ammonium salt
Acetic acid, ammonium salt
Acetic Acid, Ammonium Salt, Ammonium ethanoate
Acetic acid; azane
acetic acid; azane
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium ethanoate
azanium acetate
azanium;acetate

Trade names:
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium Acetate

Other identifiers:
1066-32-6
631-61-8
8013-61-4
856326-79-9
858824-31-4
92206-38-7

Synonyms of Ammonium ethanoate:
AMMONIUM ACETATE
631-61-8
Acetic acid, ammonium salt
Azanium Acetate
acetic acid ammonium salt
ammoniumacetate
azanium;acetate
ammonium ethanoate
AcONH4
Ammonium acetate-D3
CH3COONH4
CH3CO2NH4
UNII-RRE756S6Q2
HSDB 556
RRE756S6Q2
NH4OAc
AMMONIUM ACETICUM
EINECS 211-162-9
AI3-26540
INS No. 264
DTXSID5023873
CHEBI:62947
EC 211-162-9
ammonia acetate
MFCD00013066
E264
E 264
E-264
AMMONIUM ACETATE (II)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [II]
AMMONIUM ACETATE (MART.)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [MART.]
amoniumacetate
ammonium-acetate
acetic acid amine
ammonium acetate-
ammonia acetate salt
Ammonium Acetate ACS
AAT (CHRIS Code)
AMMONIUM ACETATE [MI]
Ammonium acetate solution, 5M
C2H4O2.H3N
DTXCID203873
AMMONIUM ACETATE [HSDB]
AMMONIUM ACETATE [INCI]
AMMONIUM ACETICUM [HPUS]
AMMONIUM ACETATE [WHO-DD]
USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Acetic acid ammonium salt (1:1)
Ammonium acetate, biochemical grade
C2-H4-O2.H3-N
Acetic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
NA9079
AKOS015904610
FT-0622306
EN300-31599
211-162-9 [EINECS]
631-61-8 [RN]
Acétate d'ammonium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acetic acid, ammonium salt [ACD/Index Name]
Ammonium acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
ammonium ethanoate
Ammoniumacetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
MFCD00013066 [MDL number]
NH4OAc [Formula]
211-162-9MFCD00013066
acetic acid amine
acetic acid ammoniate
AcONH4
ammonia acetate
Ammonium acetatemissing
ammoniumacetate
azanium acetate
azanium and acetate
azanium ethanoate
buffers
E 264
E264
E-264
INS No. 264
OmniPur Ammonium Acetate - CAS 631-61-8 - Calbiochem
OmniPur(R) Ammonium Acetate
AMMONIUM HEPTAMOLYBDATE
AMMONIUM LACTATE, N° CAS : 515-98-0, E328, Nom INCI : AMMONIUM LACTATE, Nom chimique : Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-214-8; Compatible Bio, Ses fonctions (INCI): Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques, Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau Kératolytique : Décolle et élimine les cellules mortes de la couche cornée de l'apiderme. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Amlactin; Ammonium lactate; Kerasal AL; Lac-Hydrin; Laclotion; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monoammonium salt. Ammonium lactate; Molecular FormulaC3H9NO3; Average mass107.108 Da; 208-214-8 [EINECS]; 2-Hydroxypropanoate d'ammonium [French] ; 515-98-0 [RN], Ammonium 2-hydroxypropanoate ; Ammonium lactate [USAN] ; Ammonium-2-hydroxypropanoat [German] ; E328; MFCD00036411; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt ; [515-98-0]; 2501-35-1 [RN]; 2-HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID AMINE; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid monoammonium salt; 2-Hydroxypropanoicacidmonoammoniumsalt; Amlactin; ammonia lactate; Ammonium (±)-lactate; Ammonium (±)-lactate; Lactic acid ammonium salt; Ammonium L-lactate; Ammonium L-lactate solution; ammoniumlactate; azanium;2-hydroxypropanoate; BMS-186091; DL-LACTIC ACID, AMMONIUM SALT; LacHydrin; Lac-Hydrin [] laclotion; lactato de amônio [Portuguese]; Lactic acid ammonium salt; Pharmakon; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monoammonium salt
ammonıum lauryl ether sulfate
Ammonium Diethylene glycol Lauryl Ether Sulfate; Ammonium Laureth Sulfate; Alpha-sulfo-omega-(Dodecyloxy)-Poly(Oxy- 1,2- ethanediyl) Ammonium Salt; POE(1);AMMONIUMLAURETHSULPHATE;AMMONIUM LAURETH SULFATE;AMMONIUM LAURETH-9 SULFATE;AMMONIUM LAURETH-7 SULFATE;AMMONIUM LAURETH-5 SULFATE;AMMONIUM LAURETH-12 SULFATE;AMMONIUMLAURYLETHERSULPHATE;ammonia lauryl ether sulfate;Sodiumlaurylmonoethersulfate CAS NO:32612-48-9
AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE
Nom INCI : AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE, Nom chimique : Ammonium dodecyl sulphate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 218-793-9, Nom UICPA: Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, Synonymes : Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, ammonium salt, Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, Ammonium n-dodecyl sulfate, Lauryl ammonium sulfate, No CAS 2235-54-3. Le laurylsulfate d'ammonium ou ALS est un tensioactif anionique. Il est donc très utilisé dans les gels douches et shampoings. Il semblerait qu'il soit un peu moins irritant que son faux frère le SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate). Il est autorisé en bio. Le laurylsulfate d'ammonium ou sulfate de lauryle ammonium (SLA), en anglais ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), est une dénomination générique désignant une famille de molécules (les alkylsulfates ou sulfates alkylés], de formule semi-développée CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4, appartenant à 3 classes d'organosulfates structurellement proches d'autres agents de surface anioniques. Ammonium dodecyl sulfate (« dodécyl » signifie que la molécule comporte une chaîne de 12 atomes de carbone, qui constitue son squelette) ; en français, dodécylsulfate d'ammonium ; Additif alimentaire E487. Cependant, il ne faut pas les confondre avec : le laurylsulfate de sodium ou SLS, à base d'hydroxyde de sodium, qui est beaucoup plus irritant que le SLA ; les laureth sulfates ou lauryl éther sulfates, dont le laureth sulfate de sodium ou LES et le laureth sulfate d'ammonium (une famille de molécules proches) ; le sulfate d'ammonium (engrais). Ammonium dodecyl sulphate; Ammonium laurylsulphate; ammonium dodecyl sulfate; Ammonium lauryl sulfate; Azanium dodecyl sulfate; azanium;dodecyl sulfateFonctions et usages: À des doses variées, les SLA ont de très nombreux usages, par exemple : comme dénaturant (par son goût, il évite que les enfants avalent le shampoing ou dentifrice) ; comme tensioactif utilisé pour le dégraissage et le traitement de métaux ; comme agent de préparation - en analyse médicale ou vétérinaire - de certains échantillons de sang pour y dénombrer les globules rouges, avant séparation par électrophorèse ; comme agent surfactant et dispersant - en chimie analytique, en alternative au dodécylsulfate de sodium - pour, par exemple, estimer le poids moléculaire des protéines, la préparation d'un échantillon pour mesurer sa teneur en fibres alimentaires, pour caractériser des composés d'ammonium quaternaire ; comme agent facilitant la galvanoplastie (dépôt de nickel et zinc) ; comme émulsifiant utilisé pour faciliter certaines réactions de polymérisation ; comme agent mouillant ou dispersant dans certaines préparations médicales ; comme détergent-dégraissant dans de nombreux produits industriels ; comme agent modifiant la viscosité ou microviscosité de certaines solutions ; comme agent facilitant la miscibilité de fluorocarbones (ignifugeant) dans des hydrocarbures en phase liquide ; comme inhibiteur de corrosion dans l'électronique (microélectronique et semi-conducteurs), comme alternative moins nuisible pour l'environnement que le benzotriazole ; Comme agent antistatique pour des tissus hydrophobes ; comme additif alimentaire (E487) en tant que tensioactif et agent dispersant, favorisant par exemple le fouettage de certains aliments (œuf reconstitué à partir d'œuf en poudre) ; comme agent moussant, mouillant, agent dispersant et détergent dans de nombreux produits de soins corporels, dont gels-douche, shampooings, crèmes hydratantes, crèmes à raser, dentifrices etc. y compris dans certaines gammes dites "bio" On le trouve principalement dans les formules de bases lavantes et d'agent moussant détergent pour le corps et les cheveux, et secondairement comme émulsifiant et solubilisant dans certaines crèmes de douche et shampooings dits "hydratants" (contenant une phase grasse limitant la perte d'eau par la peau) ; comme émulsifiant, surfactant (agent mouillant) et adjuvant de certains pesticides (insecticides...) comme émulsifiant et pénétrant (dans les vernis et dissolvants à peinture) ; comme agent anti-mousse en propergols solides ;
AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an anionic surfactant.
Ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) is the common name for ammonium dodecyl sulfate (CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4).
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a yellow viscous liquid.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an ammonium salt of lauryl sulfate.


CAS Number: 2235-54-3
EC Number: 218-793-9
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)11OSO3NH4
Chemical formula: C12H29NO4S


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an organic compound that belongs to the family of alkyl sulfates.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a clear, colorless or pale yellow liquid that is commonly used as a foaming agent and surfactant in many personal care and cleaning products.


Although Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is similar to sodium lauryl sulfate, it has a different molecular structure.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate doesn’t penetrate the skin as easily, so it is considered less irritating.
You may want to know more and understand these chemicals so that you can decide which one is best for your hair.


The primary goal of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is to clean your hair.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate’s a sulfate that allows your shampoo to lather.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate attracts both water and oil, meaning it’s able to lift dirt, oils, and more from your hair and allowing it to be easily rinsed away.


When you use shampoo that is formulated with this ingredient, you will finish your shower with your hair feeling soft and clean.
Ammonium lauryl sulfate is a surfactant, which means that it disrupts the surface tension of substances.
In this case, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate releases dirt, pollution, product buildup, oils, dead skin cells, and more from your hair to leave it clean.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also an inexpensive ingredient for manufacturers to use, which means that you pay less for shampoo.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate has been found safe for people to use, unless you have an allergy or skin sensitivity.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is anionic surfactant that offers rich and fine foam as well as biodegradability.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate improves the combability and smoothness of the hair.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate's mild cleansing performance imparts smoothness to skin.
When Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is combined with ALES, the effect will be enhanced.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is not applicable in alkaline system.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a 100% natural alternative to SLES.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate has excellent detergent and foaming properties, while remaining totally biodegradable.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a fairly aggressive agent but normally well tolerated when mitigated with other softening co-surfactant.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate generates a rich and creamy foam.
This is a 28% aqueous solution.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is derived from lauryl alcohol, which is obtained from coconut oil or palm kernel oil, and sulfuric acid.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a strong surfactant, which means that it is able to penetrate and break down the surface tension of oils and other substances, allowing them to be more easily washed away.


Despite its potential for irritation, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is generally considered to be safe for use in personal care products when used according to recommended guidelines and in appropriate concentrations.
The chemical formula for Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is C12H29NO4S, which represents the molecular formula of the compound.


Instead, hand sanitizers typically contain alcohol or other antimicrobial agents that kill bacteria and viruses without the need for a foaming agent.
When used in appropriate concentrations and according to recommended guidelines, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is generally considered to be safe for use in personal care products.


The molecule consists of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar sulfate end group, the combination of which make the material a surfactant.
These two components allow the compound to dissolve among both polar and non-polar molecules.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is classified as an alkyl sulfate and is an anionic surfactant found primarily in shampoos and body-wash as a foaming agent.


Lauryl sulfates are very high-foam surfactants that disrupt the surface tension of water in part by forming micelles around the highly polar water molecules at the surface-air interface.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate derived from fatty alcohol.


Ammonium lauryl sulfate appears as light yellow liquid.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate may float or sink and mix with water.
While related, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is not the same as ammonium laureth sulphate (ALES) which works in a similar manner but has additional ‘ether’ groups in the fatty end of the molecule.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, also known as ALS is a commonly used fat based molecule.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is usually made from coconut or palm kernel oil.
The fat molecules in the oil are broken down and then reacted to produce something called a ‘surfactant’ – a compound that is often used in detergents, emulsifiers (stabiliser), foaming agent and dispersant.


This makes Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate possible to design particle size including acrylic, styrene-acrylic or VaE dispersions.
Also, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an indirect food additive based on lists published by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is the common name for ammonium dodecyl sulfate (CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4).


The anion consists of a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar sulfate end group.
The combination of nonpolar and polar groups confers surfactant properties to the anion: Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate facilitates dissolution of both polar and non-polar materials.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is classified as a sulfate ester.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is primarily used in shampoos and body-wash as a foaming agent.
Lauryl sulfates are very high-foam surfactants that disrupt the surface tension of water in part by forming micelles at the surface-air interface.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is the common name for ammonium dodecyl sulfate (CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4).
The dodecyl signifies the presence of a 12-member carbon chain in the molecular backbone which allows the molecule to bond with non-polar portions of molecules while the highly polar sulfate head allows the molecule to bond with polar molecules such as water.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a common surfactant found in many cosmetics and personal care products.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is typically produced by reacting lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide gas to form lauryl sulfate, which is then neutralized with ammonium hydroxide to create Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate.


This process results in a versatile surfactant widely used in cosmetics for its excellent cleansing and foaming properties.
Lauryl sulfates are very high-foam surfactants that disrupt the surface tension of water by forming micelles around the polar water molecules.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a pretty common cleansing agent that can be derived from coconut or palm kernel oil.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate's liked for its great foaming abilities and can help to create a creamy and luxurious lather in bath products.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is chemically closely related to known-for-its -harshness SLS, but the Ammonium part makes it milder.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate yields high foam and excellent viscosity response, with good detergency and mildness.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate exhibits a good synergism with Betaines and offers many formulating possibilities.
Buffering in the pH range of 4 to 7 is recommended.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is classified as an alkyl sulfate and is an anionic surfactant found primarily in shampoos and body-wash as a foaming agent.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used Shampoos, bubble baths, shower gels, feminine washes and no rinse products.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also biodegradable and does not accumulate in the environment, making it a more sustainable choice for cleaning and personal care applications.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is commonly used in shampoos, body washes, and other personal care products to create a lathering effect and to help remove dirt, oil, and other impurities from the skin and hair.
Typical use level of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is 1-20%.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can add to water phase of formulas.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used for external use only.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used High grade shampoo, bubble bath, baby shampoo, hand washing, and other foaming washing products.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used as a foaming agent in toothpaste, foaming and washing ingredients in shampoos, shampoos, foam baths, and household detergents and industrial cleaning products such as carpets and fine fabrics.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also used in cosmetics, textiles, metal processing, In printing and dyeing industries.


The combination of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate and ammonium laureth sulfate products can produce excellent synergistic effects, such as dense and rich foam, extremely mild feeling, and excellent thickening performance.
Properties of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate: Gel-like paste, slight characteristic odor


Performance of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate: soluble in water, with wetting, decontamination, foaming, dispersibility, low degreasing power and emulsifying properties, low irritation, no damage, and easy biodegradation.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can be used in a variety of detergent and personal care formulations.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can be used in systems that require an excellent viscosity response and are sensitive to the presence of hydrotrope.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an excellent choice for gel products.


In addition, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate will generate generous foam and is compatible with Alkanolamides and amphoterics.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a surfactant with emulsifying capabilities. given its detergent properties, at mild acidic pH levels it can be used as an anionic surfactant cleanser.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is considered one of the most irritating surfactants, causing dryness and skin redness.
Today, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is either combined with anti-irritant ingredients to reduce sensitivity or replaced with a less irritating but similar surfactant, such as ammonium laureth sulfate.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is often used in place of irritating detergents such as SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate).
But Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can also irritate the skin and mucous membranes, so it is most often used in combination with other substances that counterbalance their effects.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is often found in hygiene products like cleansers, shampoos and soaps and is popular due to it wide variety of uses and its relatively cheap cost.
In both shampoos and toothpaste, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can be responsible for the foaming and lather produced during use as it forms a thin film that traps air into bubbles.


Sodium lauryl sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate are widely used surfactant in shampoos, bath products, hair colorings, facial makeup, deodorants, perfumes, and shaving preparations; however, they can also be found in other product formulations.
Because Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is much less irritating compared to a popular surfactant, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), it is a good substitute for this ingredient, for example in dishwashing detergents and other household detergents.


As a washing component, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also included in detergents for industrial applications such as motor vehicle cleaning and maintenance.
In the construction industry, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used in weight-reducing agents and air-entraining/plasticizing additives for gypsum boards.
In the chemical industry, especially in emulsion polymerization processes, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate provides excellent stabilization of the polymer dispersion at lower pH ranges.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is considered safe for cosmetic use when used in appropriate concentrations.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an ideal surfactant for use in acidic shampoos and other personal care formulations such as hand soaps and bath products.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can also be used in many detergent applications.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate has an excellent viscosity response when formulated correctly with alkanolamides and amphoterics, and it generates large quantities of foam.
Since it is a high foaming product, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can be used in rug and upholstery shampoos.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate will give off an ammonia odor when the pH is alkaline.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate plays a crucial role in these formulations by reducing the surface tension between different substances, allowing them to mix effectively.


The chemical formula of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is C12HNO4S, and it is derived from lauryl alcohol, making it plant-derived in some cases.
This versatile ingredient helps create luxurious lather, enhancing the cleansing and foaming properties of shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers, providing a pleasant and refreshing experience.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate finds extensive use in various cosmetic products, particularly in shampoos and hair care items.
Its exceptional surfactant properties allow it to effectively remove dirt, excess oil, and impurities from the hair and scalp, leaving a clean and refreshed feeling.


Moreover, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate creates a rich lather, enhancing the overall shampooing experience.
This ingredient's versatility extends beyond hair care, as it can also be found in certain skin care products, where it aids in creating cleansing and foaming properties.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulphate is often used as a primary (main) surfactant in high foaming, cost effective bubble baths, cleansers and shampoos.
Being highly effective Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also used in household cleaning solutions where grease and dirt removal is paramount.
Formulating tips: Like most surfactants this is heat tolerant.


This can be blended with non-ionic or amphoteric surfactants for improved performance and mildness on the skin and hair.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a milder alternative to Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and can be thickened with salt.
Ammonium lauryl sulfate or ALS is an anionic surfactant.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is therefore widely used in shower gels and shampoos.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate seems to be a little less irritating than its fake brother SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate).
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is authorized in organic.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate can be derived from coconut and is used primarily as a detergent cleansing agent.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is considered to be gentle and effective.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is an anionic surfactant.


This means Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate lowers the surface tension of water, making the water spread more easily.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is added to products as a foaming agent and as a detergent.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate must be used in a low-pH shampoo or shower gel since high-pH systems smell of ammonia.


Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is typically used at 20-35%.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is designed for low-pH shampoos, bath products, and cleansers requiring dense, rich foam, low color, and low odor.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is used high foaming agent for shampoos and defoaming agent, for synthetic rubbers, and for emulsifier of emulsion polymerization.


-Cosmetic Uses of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate:
*cleansing agents
*foaming agents
*surfactants



WHAT DOES AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Cleansing
*Foaming
*Surfactant



APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate has a chemical structure as it is classified as a member of a large group of compounds called surfactants.
Surfactant particles surround the dirt, allowing its particles to separate from the cleaned surface and then rinsed with water.
In addition, the good foaming properties of this compound increase the cleansing effect and the feeling of freshness after application (Ammonium Lauryl
Sulphate deeply cleanses and degreases the skin and hair surface ).
The cleaning properties of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate are directly related to its ability to produce large amounts of stable foam.
Its ability to produce dense and stable foam allows to obtain fine and evenly dispersed air bubbles .

Foam is a system in which air (or other gas) is dispersed in a liquid. Pure liquids do not have foaming properties, but foam formation is observed after the addition of surfactants in such systems.
The foaming capacity of Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is highly dependent on its concentration, the pH of the solution, and the hardness of the water.
More importantly, the good cleansing and foaming properties of this compound are maintained even in the presence of excessive sebum.



FUNCTIONS OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
*Cleaning agent:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate helps keep a surface clean
*Foaming agent:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate captures small bubbles of air or other gases in a small volume of liquid by changing the surface tension of the liquid
*Surfactant:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the even distribution of the product during use



WHY IS AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE USED IN COSMETIC AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS?
Sodium lauryl sulfate and ammonium lauryl sulfate are surfactant that help with the mixing of oil and water.
As such, they can clean the skin and hair by helping water to mix with oil and dirt so that they can be rinsed away or suspend poorly soluble ingredients in water.

Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is another surfactant found in most cosmetic products.
Due to its very good cleansing and foaming properties, as well as a milder effect on the skin and hair (compared to SLS), Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is often chosen for the manufacture of shampoos, shower gels, shaving foams and many other products.



PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is another compound from a large group of surfactants that plays an important role primarily in the cosmetic industry.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (this is the INCI name of the substance) is an anionic compound belonging to the group of alkyl sulfates.
The chemical name of this surfactant is ammonium lauryl sulfate.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate's CAS number is 90583-11-2 .
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is sensitive to hard water.



HOW DOES AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE WORK?
The key part of this molecule is the ‘lauryl sulphate’ section.
The lauryl sulphate part has one fatty end and one charged end which lets it work as an adapter between oil and water which would otherwise repel each other and refuse to mix.
In the same way that washing up liquid can help water wash grease off a frying pan, detergents in cleansers and soaps can remove make up and oily debris on the face by grabbing it with their fatty end and then getting pulled away by water grabbing their charged end.



WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE AND AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
The main difference between sodium lauryl sulfate and ammonium lauryl sulfate is that sodium lauryl sulfate is less soluble in water, while ammonium lauryl sulfate is more soluble in water.
Sodium lauryl sulfate and ammonium lauryl sulfate are two types of surfactants.

Surfactants are organic compounds that have the ability to lower the surface tension between two different compounds.
They are amphiphilic molecules with a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.
The hydrophobic part repels water, while the hydrophilic part attracts water.
The hydrophobic part can either be a fluorocarbon, siloxane, or hydrocarbon, whereas the hydrophilic head is electrically charged positively, negatively, or neutrally.

According to the type of charge in the hydrophobic head, there are four types of surfactants: anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants.
Both sodium lauryl sulfate and ammonium lauryl sulfate fall under the category of anionic surfactants.



HOW TO USE AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Mix our ammonium lauryl ether sulphate with water in the recommended concentration and stir until a homogeneous mixture is created.
dd other surfactants and enhancing ingredients like essential oils, depending on your product and need, and mix properly.
Add this mixture to the warm base of the product and stir until the desired thickness and texture are obtained.



BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is extremely effective while being delicate and pleasant to the skin.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a fantastic cleanser and foam booster that will improve the efficacy and texture of your DIY product.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate will give your formulation a rich and creamy texture, as well as thick and fluffy bubbles.

Because Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is natural and organic, it is ideal for people with pH-sensitive skin.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is a fantastic substitute for sulphate products, allowing your formulation to be sulphate-free.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is also effective with hard water.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate may be added to solid or cream goods without boiling the solution.



HOW AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE WORKS:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate works by removing the dirt and impurities mixed with oils in your skin and hair.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate works by allowing the mixing of these oils with water, which can now be easily rinsed away, hence cleansing the desired area.



CONCENTRATION AND SOLUBILITY OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is recommended that it should be used at a concentration of 30% for best results.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is soluble in water and alcohols but insoluble in volatile oils.



WHAT IS AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE IN SHAMPOO?
Ammonium lauryl sulfate is a surfactant (aka a cleansing agent) in shampoo.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate helps your shampoo foam and lather, and it lifts dirt and oils from your hair so the water can rinse it all away.



HOW IS AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE USED IN HAND SOAP OR SANITIZER?
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is commonly used in hand soaps as a foaming agent and surfactant.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate helps to create a rich lather that effectively removes dirt, oil, and other impurities from the skin.



ACTION IN SOLUTION OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, like any other surfactant, makes a good base for cleansers because of the way it disrupts the hydrogen bonding in water.
Hydrogen bonding is the primary contributor to the high surface tension of water.
In solution, the lauryl sulfate anions and the ammonium cations separate.

The former align themselves into what is known as a micelle, in which the ions form a sphere, with the polar heads (the sulfate) on the surface of the sphere and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails pointing inwards towards the center.
The water molecules around the micelle arrange themselves around the polar heads, but this disrupts their hydrogen bonding with the water surrounding them.
The overall effect of having these micelles in an aqueous (water) environment is that the water becomes more able to penetrate things like cloth fibers or hair, and also becomes more readily available to solvate anything coming off the aforementioned substance.



INDICATIONS OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Its versatility and performance make Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate the main primary surfactant for most eco-friendly detergents, especially in natural cosmetics.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate should be mitigated by gentler, softening co-surfactants.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate delivers a high performance even in small doses.
Protect from low temperatures (must be conserved at temperatures of more than 10 degrees), Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate doesn’t perform well in hard water and should not be used in pH formulations higher than 7.5.



AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE vs. SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE
Ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate are both sulfates that allow shampoo to foam and lather.
They both lift dirt and oils from your hair and scalp so that you feel clean after you finish using them.
Ammonium lauryl sulfate is different because it’s a more complex molecule that’s larger and has a heavier molecular mass.
This makes it more difficult for the Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate molecules to penetrate the outer layers of skin.
As a result, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate causes less irritation than sodium lauryl sulfate.



BENEFITS OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE IN SHAMPOO:
The main benefit of using a shampoo with ammonium lauryl sulfate is that it allows you to lather the shampoo to lift dirt and oils from your hair.
The sebum that is made naturally by your scalp binds with pollutants, dirt, dead skin cells, product residue, and more, and this ingredient is what allows the shampoo to lift these items out of your hair and leave your hair clean.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is milder than sodium lauryl sulfate, and it is a larger molecule.
This means that Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate has trouble entering your skin.
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate is less irritating than other sulfates, but you still finish your shower feeling clean.



ACTION IN SOLUTION OF AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Above the critical micelle concentration, the anions organize into a micelle, in which they form a sphere with the polar, hydrophilic heads of the sulfate portion on the outside (surface) of the sphere and the nonpolar, hydrophobic tails pointing inwards towards the center.
The water molecules around the micelle in turn arrange themselves around the polar heads, which disrupts their ability to hydrogen bond with other nearby water molecules.

The overall effect of these micelles is a reduction in surface tension of the solution, which affords a greater ability to penetrate or "wet out" various surfaces, including porous structures like cloth, fibers, and hair.
Accordingly, this structured solution allows the solution to more readily dissolve soils, greases, etc. in and on such substrates.
Lauryl sulfates however exhibit poor soil suspending capacity.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 110 °C
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 6,8
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available

Water solubility at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,02 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical formula: C12H29NO4S
Molar mass: 283.43 g/mol
Appearance: yellowish viscous liquid
Density: 1.02 g/cm3
Boiling point: 418 °C (784 °F; 691 K)

Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 417.00 to 418.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.000000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 404.00 °F. TCC ( 206.60 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 5.395 (est)
Soluble in: water, 163.7 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Molecular Weight:283.43
Exact Mass: 283.181732
EC Number: 218-793-9
UNII: Q7AO2R1M0B
DSSTox ID: DTXSID2027462
Color/Form: Clear liquid
HScode: 2923900090

Appearance: clear, viscous liquid,
color: colorless to light yellow,
molar mass: approx. 294 g/mol,
density: approx. 1.0 g/ml,
PSA: 75.8
XLogP3: 5.13140
Appearance: Ammonium lauryl sulfate appears as light yellow liquid.
May float or sink and mix with water.
Density: 0.994720 g/cm3 @ Temp: 35 °C
Boiling Point: 417.9ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 110 °C
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.37
Storage Conditions: Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder.
Air and Water Reactions: Water soluble.

Molecular Weight:283.43
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:4
Rotatable Bond Count:11
Exact Mass:283.18172958
Monoisotopic Mass:283.18172958
Topological Polar Surface Area:75.8
Heavy Atom Count:18
Complexity:230
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:2
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes
CAS Number: 2235-54-3
Chemical formula: C12H29NO4S
Molar mass: 283.43 g/mol
Appearance: yellowish viscous liquid
Density: 1.02 g/cm3
Boiling point: 418 °C (784 °F; 691 K)



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: 15 - 25 °C



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMMONIUM LAURYL SULFATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Monododecyl ester ammonium salt
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate
Ammonium lauryl sulfate
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate
Dodecyl sulfate ammonium salt
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate
monododecyl ester, ammonium salt
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate
Ammonium dodecyl sulphate
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, Monododecyl ester, Ammonium salt
Sulfuric acid,monododecyl ester,ammonium salt (1:1)
Sulfuric acid,monododecyl ester,ammonium salt
Ammonium dodecyl sulfate
Ammonium lauryl sulfate
Dodecyl ammonium sulfate
Lauryl sulfate ammonium salt
Presulin
Sinopon
Neopon Lam
Lauryl ammonium sulfate
Maprofix NH
Akyposal ALS 33
Montopol LA 20
Ammonium n-dodecyl sulfate
Conco Sulfate A
Richonol AM
Siprol L 22
Texapon A 400
Texapon Special
Sterling AM
Sipon LA 30
Sipon L 22
Emersol 6430
Avirol 200
Emal AD
Emal A
Texapon ALS
Emal AD 25
Standapol A
Cycloryl MA
Stepanol AM
Maprofix MH
Standapol ALS
Emal AD 25R
Stepanol AM-V
Cedepon LA 30LV
Rhodapon L 22
Polystep B 7
Empicol AL 30
Serdet DFN 30
Texapon A
Rhodapon L 22C
K 12A
Empicol AL 70A2
Texapon ALS-IS
Latemul AD 25
Sulfochem ALS
Texapon ALS Benz
Sulfochem ALS-K
Texapon ALS 70
Stepanol ALS 2
Starfroth HG 3
K 12A25
Texapon ALSIS T
Stepanol AM 30KE
Steponol AM 30-KE
AD 25
Sulfetal LA-B-E
142-32-5
244066-72-6
1370724-70-1

AMMONIUM NITRATE
CAS number: 6484-52-2
Molecular Formula: NH4NO3 or H4N2O3
Molecular Weight: 80.044
Density: 1.72 at 68 °F, 1.7 g/cm³

Ammonium nitrate is commonly used as a fertiliser and to produce explosives for mining industry.
Ammonium nitrate is an odourless material, which is usually granulated (if a fertiliser), and white in appearance.
Because of ammonium nitrate’s high volume of nitrogen, it is great for nitrate fertilizer.
Ammonium nitrate is the ammonium salt of nitric acid.
Ammonium nitrate has a role as a fertilizer, an explosive and an oxidising agent.
Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic molecular entity, an ammonium salt and an inorganic nitrate salt.

Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound widely used in farming as fertilizer.
Ammonium nitrate is normally spread as small pellets and dissolves quickly in moisture, releasing nitrogen into the soil.
Ammonium nitrate is typically sold in pellets, also known as prills, and is a commonly used fertiliser in the agricultural industry and explosive in the mining industry.
Ammonium nitrate is produced by neutralising nitric acid with ammonia, and was first discovered by a German chemist in 1659.
Ammonium nitrate itself is not an explosive but requires a combustible material to be present for it to explode.

Advantages:
-Best source of quick-release nitrogen
-Balanced nitrogen nutrition provided by nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen
-Effective for a wide range of crops
-Increases the protein and oil content in farmed

Ammonium nitrate is commercially available both as a colorless crystalline solid and processed into prills for specific applications.
Soluble in water.
Does not readily burn but will do so if contaminated with combustible material.
Ammonium nitrate is used to make fertilizers and explosives, and as a nutrient in producing antibiotics and yeast.

Ammonium nitrate based fertilizers appears as a grayish white solid in the form of prills.
Soluble in water.
Ammonium nitrate produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
Ammonium nitrate liquid is the white crystals dissolved in water.
Though the material itself is noncombustible Ammonium nitrate will accelerate the burning of combustible materials.
Ammonium nitrate is used to make fertilizers and explosives.

Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4NO3.
Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline solid consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate.
Ammonium nitrate is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates.
Ammonium nitrate is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.
Global production was estimated at 21.6 million tonnes in 2017.
Ammonium nitrates other major use is as a component of explosive mixtures used in mining, quarrying, and civil construction.
Ammonium nitrate is the major constituent of ANFO, a popular industrial explosive which accounts for 80% of explosives used in North America; similar formulations have been used in improvised explosive devices.

Ammonium nitrate is found as the natural mineral gwihabaite (formerly known as nitrammite) – the ammonium analogue of saltpetre (mineralogial name: niter) – in the driest regions of the Atacama Desert in Chile, often as a crust on the ground or in conjunction with other nitrate, iodate, and halide minerals.
Ammonium nitrate was mined there until the Haber–Bosch process made it possible to synthesize nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, thus rendering nitrate mining obsolete.
Ammonium nitrate, (NH4NO3), a salt of ammonia and nitric acid, used widely in fertilizers and explosives.
The commercial grade contains about 33.5 percent nitrogen, all of which is in forms utilizable by plants; Ammonium nitrate is the most common nitrogenous component of artificial fertilizers.
Ammonium nitrate also is employed to modify the detonation rate of other explosives, such as nitroglycerin in the so-called ammonia dynamites, or as an oxidizing agent in the ammonals, which are mixtures of ammonium nitrate and powdered aluminum.

Ammonium nitrate is a colourless crystalline substance (melting point 169.6 °C [337.3 °F]).
Ammonium nitrate is highly soluble in water; heating of the water solution decomposes the salt to nitrous oxide (laughing gas).
Ammonium nitrate is the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation (NH4NO3, sometimes written as N2H4O3) that is a white crystal solid and is highly soluble in water.
Ammonium nitrate is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer and is also used as a component of explosive mixtures in mining, quarrying, and civil construction.
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is produced by neutralizing nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia (NH3).
All ammonium nitrate plants produce an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution through the reaction of ammonia and nitric acid in a neutralizer.

The process involves several unit process operations including solution formation and concentration, solids formation, finishing, screening and coating, and product bagging and/or bulk shipping.
In some cases, solutions may be blended for marketing as liquid fertilizers.
The number of operating steps employed depends on the specification of the product.
For example, plants producing ammonium nitrate solutions alone use only the solution formation, solution blending and bulk shipping operations.
Plants producing a solid ammonium nitrate product may employ all of the operations.
Approximately 15%–20% (v/v) of the ammonium nitrate prepared in this manner is used for explosives and the balance for fertilizer.

Additives such as magnesium nitrate or magnesium oxide may be introduced into the melt prior to solidification to raise the crystalline transition temperature, act as a desiccant (removing water) or lower the temperature of solidification.
Products are sometimes coated with clays or diatomaceous earth to prevent agglomeration during storage and shipment, although additives may eliminate the need for coatings.
The final solid products are screened and sized, and off-size particles are dissolved and recycled through the process.

Ammonium nitrate is marketed in several forms, depending upon its use.
For example, liquid ammonium nitrate may be sold as a fertilizer, generally in combination with urea or the liquid ammonium nitrate may be concentrated to form an ammonium nitrate melt for use in solids formation processes.
Solid ammonium nitrate may be produced in the form of prills, grains, granules, or crystals.
Ammonium nitrate prills can be produced in either high- or low-density form, depending on the concentration of the melt.
High-density prills, granules, and crystals are used as fertilizer, while ammonium nitrate grains are used solely in explosives, and low-density prills that are small aggregates or globules of the material—most often a dry sphere—formed from a melted liquid.
The term prill is also used in manufacturing to refer to a product that has been pelletized.

The manufacture of ammonium nitrate produces particulate matter, ammonia, and nitric acid emissions.
Emissions from ammonia and nitric acid occur primarily when they form solutions (neutralizers and concentrators), and when they are used in granulators.
Particulate matter is the largest source and is emitted throughout the process during the formation of solids.
Prill towers and granulators are the largest sources of particulates.
Microprills can form and clog orifices, increasing fine dust loading and emissions.

Emissions occur from screening operations by the banging of ammonium nitrate solids against each other and the screens.
Most of these screening operations are enclosed or have partial covers to reduce emissions.
The coating of products may also create some particulate emissions during mixing in the rotary drums.
This dust is usually captured and recycled to coating storage. Another source of dust is bagging and bulk loading, mostly during final filling when dust-laden air is displaced from bags.
Plants producing nitric acid and ammonium nitrate produce wastewaters containing these compounds and ammonia.
Wastewater containing ammonia and nitric acid must be neutralized to produce ammonium nitrate.

ammonium nitrate solution is prepared by reacting preheated ammonia with nitric acid in a neutralizer.
The heat of reaction is utilized for evaporation and 80–83% ammonium nitrate solution is obtained.
This concentrated solution is further concentrated to obtain 92–94% solution in a vacuum concentrator.
Concentrated ammonium nitrate solution is then sprayed into the granulator along with a regulated quantity of limestone powder and the recycle fines from the screens.
The hot granules are dried in a rotary drier by hot air, screened and cooled in coolers to obtain the product.

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is produced by neutralizing nitric acid (HNO3) with ammonia (NH3).
In 1991, there were 58 U. S. ammonium nitrate plants located in 22 states producing about 8.2 million megagrams (Mg) (9 million tons) of ammonium nitrate.
Approximately 15 to 20 percent of this amount was used for explosives and the balance for fertilizer.
Ammonium nitrate is marketed in several forms, depending upon its use.
Liquid ammonium nitrate may be sold as a fertilizer, generally in combination with urea.

Liquid ammonium nitrate may be concentrated to form an ammonium nitrate "melt" for use in solids formation processes.
Solid ammonium nitrate may be produced in the form of prills, grains, granules, or crystals.
Prills can be produced in either high or low density form, depending on the concentration of the melt.
High density prills, granules, and crystals are used as fertilizer, grains are used solely in explosives, and low density prills can be used as either.

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is derived from the reaction between ammonia and nitric acid.
Ammonium nitrate contains 33.5–34% nitrogen, of which half is in the nitrate form, which is easily assimilated by plants, and half is in the ammonia form.
Ammonium nitrate is used principally as a nitrogen source in fertilizers and is the main component of most nonmilitary industrial explosives and blasting agents.
Fertilizer-grade AN has a slightly higher density than explosive-grade AN.
Solid AN (prills or granules) has been the predominant form produced; however, liquid AN has gained popularity, particularly in developed economies, primarily as a component in urea-AN (UAN) solutions.

Ammonium nitrate is produced starting with a simple reaction of anhydrous ammonia and nitric acid.
For solid form AN, the resulting liquid is concentrated and processed into prills, granules or crystals.
Concentrated AN solutions can also be used to produce urea-ammonium nitrate solutions (UAN) used in liquid fertilizer systems.
Ammonium Nitrate (AN) is the primary ingredient in many explosives and fertilizers.
Ammonium nitrate fertilizers are very efficient and produce less greenhouse gas emissions than other fertilizers.
Half of the nitrogen in ammonium nitrate fertilizer is quick release nitrogen which is immediately available to the plants.
The other half is slow release nitrogen to form an effective balance in plant nutrition.

Pure ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a white, water-soluble, crystalline substance with a melting point of 170°C.
The substance is classified as an oxidising agent.
Ammonium nitrate is one of the base ingredients used in the manufacture of commercial explosives.

Ammonium nitrate is not only a principal component of airborne aerosol, but it is chiefly an important and widely used product in the chemical industry.
The commercially important applications are twofold: as a fertilizer component and as an explosive ingredient.
Among inorganic fertilizers, AN is the most universally used because of its unique combination of nitrogen bound as both nitrate and ammonium ions that are the only two forms in which plants can efficiently absorb nitrogen from the soil.
According to scientific literature pure ammonium nitrate is considered as a relatively stable chemical, since it can be preserved unaltered at ordinary temperature and pressure.
Indeed even if Ammonium nitrate melts at quite low temperature (170 °C), significant thermally induced decomposition requires temperature of more than 200 °C.

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is produced by the neutralization of nitric acid by ammonia.
Ammonium nitrate is used in agriculture as a high-efficiency, concentrated nitrogen fertilizer for the top-dressing of winter crops, perennial grasses and pastures, for sugar cane cultivation, and also used in industry for the manufacture of explosive substances and mixtures.
Production form – prills.
Product is treated by anti-caking additives.
When exposed to large amounts of heat, ammonium nitrate can become molten and detonate on impact.

Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula NH4 NO3, and it's made by combining ammonia with nitric acid.
Ammonium nitrate is most commonly used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes — since it is highly soluble — but it is also used as an industrial explosive.

Ammonium nitrate is an odourless material, which is usually granulated (if a fertiliser) and white in appearance.
Crystalline ammonium nitrate is not usually found outside a laboratory.

Ammonium nitrate is the nitric acid ammonium salt; it is a chemical compound containing the chemical formula NH4NO3.
At room temperature, Ammonium nitrate is a colorless rhombic or monoclinical crystal.
Ammonium nitrate can be degraded at 210°C to water and nitrous oxide.
They are prone to decomposition into nitrogen, oxygen, and water after intense heating at 300°C above.
Predominantly used as a high-nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.
In 2017 global production was estimated at 21.6 million tonnes.

Ammonium nitrate plays a role as a fertilizer, an explosive agent, and an oxidizer.
Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic molecular form, salt with ammonium, and salt with inorganic nitrate.
The other main use of Ammonium nitrate is as an explosive component of mixtures used in mining, quarrying, and civil construction.

Ammonium nitrate’s soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol.
It dissolution in water can absorb plenty of warmth and reduce the temperature.
Ammonium nitrate’s one in all the foremost nitrogen fertilizer varieties within the world today.

Ammonium nitrate is present as the natural mineral gwihabaite, the saltpetre ammonium analog in the driest regions of the Chilean Atacama Desert, sometimes as a crust on the ground or in combination with other minerals of nitrate, iodate, and halides.
Ammonium nitrate is commercially available both as a colorless crystalline solid and for particular applications is transformed into prills.
Ammonium nitrate was mined there within the past, but virtually 100% of the chemical now used is synthetic.
Nitrate has no residue within the soil, and maybe all absorbed by crops; being a physiological neutral fertilizer.

The ammonium nitrate is used in protection bombs, matches, and pyrotechnics as a pesticide, as a freezing mixture.
Ammonium nitrate is suitable for a wide variety of soils and crops but is best suited for dry and dry crops especially suited for cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, and vegetables.
The industrial production of ammonium nitrate entails the acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid

Ammonium nitrate is a crystal salt consisting of ammonia and nitric acid.
Ammonium nitrate is odorless and is either colorless or white.
Ammonium nitrate is typically used a fertilizer by providing nitrogen to plants.

Applications:

Fertilizer
Ammonium nitrate's advantage over urea is that it is more stable and does not rapidly lose nitrogen to the atmosphere.

Explosives
Ammonium nitrate is not, on its own, an explosive, but it readily forms explosive mixtures with varying properties when combined with explosives such as TNT or with fuels like aluminum powder or fuel oil.
Examples of explosives containing ammonium nitrate include:
-Astrolite (ammonium nitrate and hydrazine rocket fuel)
-Amatol (ammonium nitrate and TNT)
-Ammonal (ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder)
-Amatex (ammonium nitrate, TNT and RDX)
-ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil)
-DBX (ammonium nitrate, RDX, TNT and aluminum powder)
-Tovex (ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate)
-Minol (explosive) (ammonium nitrate, TNT and aluminum powder)
-Goma-2 (ammonium nitrate, nitroglycol, Nitrocellulose, Dibutyl phthalate and fuel)

Boiling Point: Decomposes at 200-260 °C
Melting Point: 337.8 °F, 169.7 °C
Density: 1.72 at 68 °F, 1.7 g/cm³
Vapor Pressure: 2.3 kPa at 20 °C in water solution; 1.5 kPa at 20 °C in saturated NH4NOs solution
pH: 0.1 M solution in water: 5.43

Ammonium nitrate is used commonly in fertilizers; in pyrotechniques, herbicides, and insecticides; and in the manufacture of nitrous oxide.
Ammonium nitrate is used as an absorbent for nitrogen oxides, an ingredient of freezing mixtures, an oxidizer in rocket propellants, and a nutrient for yeast and antibiotics.
Ammonium nitrate is also used in explosives (especially as an oil mixture) for blasting rocks and in mining. Nitrates and nitrites are used to cure meats and to develop the characteristic flavor and pink color, to prevent rancidity, and to prevent growth of Clostridium botulinum spores in or on meats.

Large-scale production of ammonium nitrate began in the 1940s when it was used for munitions during wartime.
After the end of World War II, ammonium nitrate became available as a commercial fertilizer.
The production of ammonium nitrate is relatively simple: Ammonia gas is reacted with nitric acid to form a concentrated solution and considerable heat.

Prilled fertilizer forms when a drop of concentrated ammonium nitrate solution (95 percent to 99 percent) falls from a tower and solidifies.
Low-density prills are more porous than high-density prills and are preferred for industrial use, while high-density prills are used as fertilizer.
Manufacturers produce granular ammonium nitrate by repeatedly spraying the concentrated solution onto small granules in a rotating drum.

Since ammonium nitrate is hygroscopic and therefore readily attracts moisture from air, it’s commonly stored in air-conditioned warehouses or in sealed bags.
Manufacturers typically coat the solid fertilizer with an anti-caking compound to prevent sticking and clumping.

Small quantities of carbonate minerals are sometimes added prior to solidifying, which eliminates ammonium nitrate’s explosive properties.
These additives lower the N concentration and are sparingly soluble, making the modified product less suitable for application through an irrigation system (fertigation).

Ammonium nitrate is a popular fertilizer since it provides half of the N in the nitrate form and half in the ammonium form.
The nitrate form moves readily with soil water to the roots, where it’s immediately available for plant uptake.
The ammonium fraction is taken up by roots or gradually converted to nitrate by soil microorganisms.
Many vegetable growers prefer an immediately available nitrate source of plant nutrition and use ammonium nitrate.
Animal farmers like it for pasture and hay fertilization since Ammonium nitrate’s less susceptible to volatilization losses than urea-based fertilizers when left on the soil surface.

Ammonium nitrate is commonly mixed with other fertilizers, but these mixtures can’t be stored for long periods because of a tendency to absorb moisture from the air.
The very high solubility of ammonium nitrate makes it well suited for making solutions for fertigation or foliar sprays.

Ammonium Nitrate is a key component in the production of nitrous oxide (also known as Dinitrogen moNOxide, N₂O or laughing gas) for healthcare use.
Nitrous oxide is used in the health sector around the world as:

-Analgesic in surgery and dentistry
-Anesthetics in surgery and dentistry
-Used as a propellant for drugs packaged in aerosols

Low density Ammonium Nitrate explosive is used extensively in the mining industry and is intentionally made very porous to allow for the rapid uptake of liquid fuel oil.
The prill is coated with a trace amount of a waxy anti-caking material to enhance flowability and handling characteristics.

Fertilizing effect: ammonium nitrate provides plants with required amount of nitrogen, which is especially important during the period of intensive growth.
Fertilization not only ensures effective growth and ripening, faster root development, rapid nutrient absorption, but also prevents leave yellowing.
Nitrogen stimulates and regulates many vital plant growth processes.
Plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate consume less water, contain more proteins and sugar, have longer vegetation period.
Ammonium Nitrate is used as an ingredient for manufacture of explosives, anaesthetic gases, fertilizers, cold packs, etc.

Ammonium nitrate is commercially available both as a colorless crystalline solid and processed into prills for specific applications.
Ammonium nitrate is Soluble in water.
Does not readily burn but will do so if contaminated with combustible material.
Accelerates the burning of combustible material.
Used to make fertilizers and explosives, and as a nutrient in producing antibiotics and yeast.

Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion, Suspension, or Gel is ammonium nitrate suspended in a liquid.
The material itself does not readily burn but will readily do so if contaminated by combustible material.
Ammonium nitrate will accelerate the burning of combustible material.
Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer, as a freezing mixture, in safety explosives, matches, and pyrotechnics.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: White to gray to brown, odorless beads, pellets, or flakes.
MELTING POINT: 336°F (169°C) decomposes at 410 F (210°C) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.72 SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble

Nitrogen comes in many forms.
This major plant nutrient can be taken in by plants through the roots or from the stoma in the leaves and stems.
Additional sources of nitrogen are often added to soil and plants in areas without sufficient natural sources of nitrogen.
One of the first solid nitrogen sources produced in a large scale capacity is ammonium nitrate.
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is the most common use of the compound, but it also has a very volatile nature, which makes it useful in certain industries.
Ammonium nitrate is an odorless, nearly colorless crystal salt.

Using ammonium nitrate in gardens and large-scale agricultural fields enhances plant growth and provides a ready supply of nitrogen from which plants can draw.
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is a simple compound to make.
Ammonium nitrate is created when ammonia gas reacts with nitric acid.
The chemical reaction produces a concentrated form of ammonium nitrate, which produces prodigious amounts of heat.
As a fertilizer, the compound is applied as granules and fused with ammonium sulfate to minimize the volatile nature of the compound.
Anti-caking agents are also added to the fertilizer.

In addition to its usefulness as a fertilizer, ammonium nitrate is also employed in certain industrial and construction settings.
The chemical compound is explosive and useful in mining, demolition activities, and quarry work.
Food preservation is another area that is using ammonium nitrate.
The compound makes an excellent cold pack when one bag of water and one bag of the compound are united.
Temperatures can drop to 2 or 3 degrees Celsius very rapidly.

SYNONYMS:
AMMONIUM NITRATE
6484-52-2
Ammonium nitricum
Ammonium saltpeter
Nitrate of ammonia
Nitric acid ammonium salt
Nitrato amonico
Nitrate d'ammonium
Nitric acid, ammonium salt
Ammonium(I) nitrate (1:1)
Nitric acid ammonium salt (1:1)
UNII-T8YA51M7Y6
T8YA51M7Y6
CHEBI:63038
Nitram
NCGC00091921-01
Herco prills
German saltpeter
Merco Prills
Varioform I
DSSTox_CID_9668
DSSTox_RID_78802
DSSTox_GSID_29668
Caswell No. 045
Ammonium nitrate, 98%, ACS reagent
Nitrato amonico [Spanish]
Ammonium nitrate, 99+%, for analysis
Nitrate d'ammonium [French]
CAS-6484-52-2
HSDB 475
Ammonium nitrate, 99.999%, (trace metal basis)
Ammonium nitrate solution
Ammonium hydrogendinitrate
EINECS 229-347-8
UN0222
UN1942
UN2426
Ammonium nitrate, solution
EPA Pesticide
Chemical Code 076101azanium;nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate ACS grade
EC 229-347-8
Ammonium nitrate(V) - IV
Ammonium nitrate(V) - III
Ammonium nitrate - phase IV
Ammonium nitrate, Puratronic?
Ammonium nitrate, urea solution (containing ammonia)
Ammonium nitrate, urea solution (not containing ammonia)
CHEMBL1500032
DTXSID2029668
Ammonium nitrate solution (greater than 45% and less than 93%)
Tox21_111177
Tox21_202271
Tox21_303522
(N H4) (N O3)
AKOS025295591
Ammonium nitrate 54% in water by weight
NCGC00091921-02
NCGC00257475-01
NCGC00259820-01
FT-0622337
X5993
Q182329
Ammonium nitrate, liquid (hot concentrated solution)
Ammonium nitrate, liquid (hot concentrated solution) [UN2426] [Oxidizer]
Ammonium nitrate, with >0.2% combustible substances, including any organic substance calculated as carbon, to the exclusion of any other added substance
Ammonium nitrate, with >0.2% combustible substances, including any organic substance calculated as carbon, to the exclusion of any other added substance [UN0222] [Explosive 1.1D]
Ammonium nitrate, with not >0.2% of combustible substances, including any organic substance calculated as carbon, to the exclusion of any other added substance
Ammonium nitrate, with not >0.2% of combustible substances, including any organic substance calculated as carbon, to the exclusion of any other added substance [UN1942] [Oxidizer]
AMMONIUM PERSULFATE
Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent. The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process. Preparation of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density. The method was first described by Hugh Marshall. Uses of Ammonium persulfate As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, Ammonium persulfate finds many commercial applications. Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals: [O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•− The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot. Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution. This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results. The oxidation equation is thus: S2O2−8 (aq) + e− → 2 SO2−4 (aq). Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach. Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry. For example, in the Minisci reaction. Usages of Ammonium persulfate In cosmetics Industry both Ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate are used extensively as boosters for hair bleaches and for oxidization of hair dyes. They are also used as key components for bleaching formulations. Polymerization persulfates are very widely udes as initiators for emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers and emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene SBR, ABS Metal treatment of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate is used for treatment of metal surfaces, to etch copper on printed circuit boards, manufacturing of semiconductors and activation of copper and aluminium surfaces. Textiles & paper in textile industry persulfates can be used for denim desizing and bleach activatiors. They can also be used for cold bleaching. In paper industry persulfates can be used for re-pulping and de-inking. Water treatment and disinfectants Ammonium persulfate is extensively used in waste water treatment anf oxidative degradation of harmful substances. Persulfate also used for production of disinfectants. Other applications persulfates are used in photographic industry, bleaching baths for colour stock, modification of starch and chemical synthesis. Safety of Ammonium persulfate Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing. It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues. Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. Ammonium persulfate forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism. The bases, most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile). The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size. Ammonium persulfate has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry. Application of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels. Catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization. Ammonium persulfate USES 1. Ammonium persulfate is used in the printed circuit boards. 2. Ammonium persulfate is used in the olefin polymerization as an initiator. 3. Ammonium persulfate is used for photography. 4. Ammonium persulfate is used as an additive for preserving the food. 5. Ammonium persulfate is used as an oxidising agent. 6. Ammonium persulfate is used to wash the infected yeast. 7. Ammonium persulfate is used for removing the pyrogallol stains. 8. Ammonium persulfate is used as a depolarizer in batteries. 9. Ammonium persulfate is used as a common ingredient in the hair bleaches. Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground. These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production. ... Chemical Name: Ammonium persulfate; Chemical Purpose: Allows a delayed break down of the gel; Product Function: Breaker. A mixutre of ammonium persulfate and sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to crushing (in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over it. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are used as oxidants in many industrial processes and are the main constituents of standard hair bleaching products. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that aerosols of Ammonium persulfate induce alterations in airway responsiveness. The present study examined whether exposure for 4 hr to a hair bleach composition (containing Ammonium persulfate, potassium persulphate and H2O2) or H2O2 could induce airway hyperresponsiveness and/or an obstructive ventilation pattern in a rabbit model. Exposure to the aerosols altered neither baseline airway resistance, dynamic elastance, slope of inspiratory pressure generation nor arterial blood pressure and blood gas measurements. Similarly to Ammonium persulfate, hair bleach aerosols containing > or =10.9 mg /per/ cu m persulphate (ammonium and potassium salt) in air and > or =1.36 mg /per/cu m H2O2 in air caused airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine after 4 hr of exposure. Aerosolized H2O2 (> or =37 mg /per/ cu m in air) did not influence airway responsiveness to acetylcholine. The results demonstrate that hair bleaching products containing persulphates dissolved in H2O2 cause airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine in rabbits. A cross sectional study was performed in 32 of 33 employees of a persulphate producing chemical plant. Eighteen of 23 workmen from the same plant with no exposure to persulphates were taken as controls. Also, information was collected from medical records of the seven subjects who had left the persulphate production for medical reasons since 1971. Data were recalled by a questionnaire, skin prick tests were performed with five environmental allergens, and Ammonium persulfate (80 mg/mL). Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the same environmental allergens as in the skin test, and total IgE were measured. Lung function and bronchial responsiveness to histamine were assessed by standard procedures. Workplace concentrations of Ammonium persulfate were estimated by area and personal monitoring. The amount of persulphate was analyzed as sulphur by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Work related rhinitis was reported by one subject with exposure to persulphates, conjunctivitis and bronchitis were reportedly related to work by two controls. There were no cutaneous reactions to persulphates in either group. Four non-atopic subjects exposed to persulphates, and two controls, one atopic and one non-atopic, were considered to be hyperresponsive to histamine. Three subjects exposed to persulphates with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (provocation dose of histamine causing a 15% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD15 FEV1) < or = 1 mg) did not show variability in peak expiratory flow of > or = 20%, the rest refused peak flow measurements. None of the variables showed significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). Six of the ex- workers left because of work related contact dermatitis. Mean values for workplace concentrations of Ammonium persulfate within the bagging plant were below 1 mg/cu m, and the maximal concentrations were 1.4 mg/cu m and 3.6 mg/cu m, respectively. Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Persulfate are inorganic salts used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners at concentrations up to 60%, in bleaches and lighteners at up to 22% and 16%, respectively, and in off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands at up to 25%. They are used in professional product bleaches and lighteners at similar concentrations. Much of the available safety test data are for Ammonium Persulfate, but these data are considered applicable to the other salts as well. Acute dermal, oral, and inhalation toxicity studies are available, but only the latter are remarkable, with gross lesions observed in the lungs, liver, stomach, and spleen. Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In short-term and subchronic feeding studies the results were mixed; some studies found no evidence of toxicity and others found local damage to the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract, but no other systemic effects. Short-term inhalation toxicity was observed when rats were exposed to aerosolized Ammonium persulfate at concentrations of 4 mg/cu m and greater. Ammonium Persulfate (as a moistened powder) was not an irritant to intact rabbit skin, but was sensitizing (in a saline solution) to the guinea pig. It was slightly irritating to rabbit eyes. According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of ammonium persulfate is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated. We are offering Ammonium Persulfate (Cat. No. A3678) as a possible alternative. Please read the alternative product documentation carefully and contact technical service if you need additional information. Thermo Scientific Pierce Ammonium Persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is used with TEMED to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis. Ammonium persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Part No. 17919) to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis. Details of Ammonium persulfate: • Name: Ammonium persulfate (APS) • Formula: (NH4)2S2O8 • CAS number: 7727-54-0 • Molecular weight: 228.2 • Purity: ≥98.0% • Insolubles: ≤0.005% Ammonium persulfate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production Outline Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization. Ammonium persulfate is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated. People should pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion. Chemical properties of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate is colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, the solubility is 58.2g/100ml water at 0℃. Uses of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent. Ammonium persulfate can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer. Ammonium persulfate can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. Ammonium persulfate can be used for flour modifier (Limited ≤0.3g/kg, the Japanese standard, 1999); Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungicide (limit 0.1%, FAO/WHO, 1984). The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong. Production methods of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized. Electrolytic process Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode. Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8 Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑ (NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4 Description of Ammonium persulfate Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. Chemical Properties Ammonium persulfate is a colorless or white crystalline solid. Chemical Properties of Ammonium persulfate Off-white crystalline powder Uses of Ammonium persulfate Used for detection and determination of manganese and iron. Uses As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese. Uses of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent for food starch that is used up to 0.075% and with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%. General Description A white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative. Air & Water Reactions of Ammonium persulfate Soluble in water. Reactivity Profile of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently. Hazard of Ammonium persulfate Fire risk in contact with reducers. Health Hazard Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with dust irritates eyes and causes skin rash. Contact allergens of Ammonium persulfate Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents, and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, (mainly) nonimmunologic contact urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. People reacting to ammonium persulfate also react to other persulfates such as potassium persulfate. Safety Profile of Ammonium persulfate Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents. Releases oxygen when heated. Mxtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75℃, or contact with CO2 or water. Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts. Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx. Potential Exposure of Ammonium persulfate Ammonium persulfate is used as a bleaching agent, in photographic chemicals, and to make dyes. It is also used as an ingredient of polymerization catalysts. Shipping of Ammonium persulfate UN1444 Ammonium persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer Purification Methods of Ammonium persulfate Recrystallise it at room temperature from EtOH/water. Ammonium persulfate gradually loses NH3 on exposure to air. Its solubility is 0.5g/mL at 20o, and 2g/mL at 100o. Incompatibilities of Ammonium persulfate Decomposes in water and moist air, forming oxygen gas. A strong oxidizer; reacts with reducing agents; organic and combustible materials. Incompatible with heat, sodium peroxide (produces a friction-, heat-, and water-sensitive explosive); aluminum powder. Waste Disposal of Ammonium persulfate May be treated with large volumes of water, neutralized and flushed to sewer. This applies to small quantities only. Ammonium persulfate Preparation Products And Raw materials These rubbers are produced by radical emulsion polymerization using ammonium persulfate as initiator. This rubber has a density of 1.85 g/cm3 and has a service temperature exceeding 250°C. Vulcanization is done with diamines in combination with basic metal oxides (MgO). The vulcanization is very slow and takes about 24 h at a temperature of 200°C. Fluororubbers allow the highest use temperatures. These products have a very good oil resistance, excellent oxygen, ozone, and weather resistance, and good chemical and solvent resistance. The drawbacks are poor alkali resistance, high price, and relatively poor mechanical properties and cold flexibility.
AMMONIUM POLYACRYLATE
Ammonium Polyacrylate

CAS Number: 9003-03-6
Boiling Point: 141°C
Molecular Formula: C3H4O2+NH4



APPLICATIONS


Ammonium Polyacrylate is a polymer anionic dispersant intended for paint products.
Furthermore, Ammonium Polyacrylate is supplied in the form of 40% aqueous solution of ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid.
Ammonium Polyacrylate is a clear or lightly murky yellow liquid.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is an Ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid.


Uses and applications of Ammonium Polyacrylate:

Pigment dispersant for paintscoatings, ceramics, paper
Thickener and stabilizer for synthetic latexes
Stabilizer for emulsion polymerization
Wetting agent for cementpigment manufacturing
Viscous stabilizer
In coatings adhesives
Dipped, cast, and molded goods
Cements for rug backing
Spraying, spreading, brushing, and extruding compds
Surfactant in cosmetics

Ammonium Polyacrylate is the ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid of medium molecular weight.
Moreover, Ammonium Polyacrylate is used as a dispersant, anti-scalent and suspending agent in a wide variety of industrial processes and applications.


Ammonium Polyacrylate is used in several industries:

Mining and mineral handling (china clay, metal ores)
Inorganic pigment dispersions
Paper making
Textile processing
Paint manufacture
Boiler water treatment


The application of Ammonium Polyacrylate significantly decreases the viscosity of aqueous suspensions of titanium white and mineral fillers.
Therefore, Ammonium Polyacrylate allows large amounts of pigment and/or fillers to be efficiently introduced into the water system.

Even low concentrations of Ammonium Polyacrylate provide paint products with very good stability.
Ammonium Polyacrylate has a positive impact on the compatibility of pigments in colour products.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is also used as a basic dispersing agent in waterborne decorative paints.
Thanks to Ammonium Polyacrylate's low content volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”), the product may be used to create paint formulations.
The recommended level of use of Ammonium Polyacrylate in waterborne paints is 0.1 – 0.6% (w/w).


Advantages of Ammonium polyacrylate:

Very good dispersing properties, especially in case of titanium white and mineral fillers,
Basic dispersant for waterborne paints,
Recommended for paints with low VOC,
Compatible with widely used acrylic dispersions, styrene and acrylic dispersions, as well as with Homo- & copolymers of vinyl acetate,
Compatible with rheology modifiers,
Efficient even at low concentrations,
Non-classified according to CLP,
Positive impact on compatibility with pigments,
Positive impact on water resistance of the coating.


Some applications of Ammonium Polyacrylate:

Decorative paints for interior and exterior
Titanium white concentrates
Plasterwork

Ammonium Polyacrylate is prepared in aqueous solution under specially controlled reactıon conditions to produce efficient flocculants.

Besides, Ammonium acrylate is polymerized (and become Ammonium Polyacrylate) at a monomer concentration within the range from about 10 weight percent of the polymerization system up to the monomersaturation level, in the presence of at least 0.1 weight percent of ammonium hydroxide.
The upper limit on the amount of hydroxide employed will range downwardly from about 15 weight percent to approxımately 5 weıght percent for monomerconcentrations from 10 to 40 weight percent respectıvely.

Further improvement in polymer propertıes is achıeved by the incorporation of at least about 1 weight percent, based on the weight of polymerizatıon system, of analkali metal salt.
One of the potential factors that may limit the ruminant animal's ability to digest fiber is the reduced retention and subsequent passage of cellulolytic microorganisms from the rumen.
Bacterial passage may be decreased by an inert support.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is a hygroscopic organic polymer that is non-toxic to animals and environmentally degradable.
A digestibility trial was conducted with six Holstein steers cannulated at ruminal, duodenal and ileal sites to determine if an ammonium polyacrylate gel (GEL: 20 gammonium polyacrylate hydrated in 2 l tap water containing 20 g glucose animal-1 day-1) would increase total tract nutrient digestion.

Intake and digestion of Ammonium Polyacrylate were not affected (p > 0.10) by GEL but NDF digestibility was decreased (p < 0.06) when GEL was consumed.
Although GEL appeared to be present in the rumen samples, higher concentrations may be needed to elicit a detectable in vivo response.

Ammonium Polyacrylate undergoes the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid.
When reacted with an alcohol, Ammonium Polyacrylate forms the corresponding ester.
The esters and salts of Ammonium Polyacrylate are collectively known as acrylates (or propenoates).

The most common alkyl esters of Ammonium Polyacrylate are methyl, butyl, ethyl, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
Ammonium Polyacrylate and its esters readily combine with themselves (to form polyacrylic acid) or other monomers (e.g. acrylamides, acrylonitrile, vinylcompounds, styrene, and butadiene) by reacting at their double bond, forming homopolymers or copolymers, which are used in the manufacture of various plastics, coatings, adhesives, elastomers, as well as floor polishes and paints.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is used in many industries like the diaper industry, the water treatment industry or the textiles industry.
On a worldwide scale the consumption rate of acrylic acid is projected to reach more than an estimated 8,000 kilotons, by 2020.
This increase is expected to occur as a result of using Ammonium Polyacrylate in new applications, including personal care products, detergents and products thatare used for adult incontinence.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is the standard dispersant for matt emulsion paints and can also be used in certain semi-gloss and gloss formulations.

Benefits OF Ammonium Polyacrylate:

Ideal dispersing agent for a wide range of water borne coatings.
Can be used as supplied.
Improved storage stability of both the pigment dispersion and the formulated paint.
Little or no adverse reaction to high temperatures or pH changes.
Ammonium Polyacrylate is a low viscosity product used to disperse inorganic pigments and fillers in water-borne systems.
Ideal dispersing agent for water borne high gloss coatings because it is compatible with polypropylene glycol and other glycols used to promote wet edge time and film coalescence.
Effective at high temperatures above 100°C over a pH range of 5 – 12.
Offers much better stability and improved shelf life for water borne paints and coatings.
Very high pigment loading can be achieved when thoroughly mixed with water before adding pigments and fillers to the system using high shear mixers.


Ammonium Polyacrylate is especially suited for use in silk and gloss emulsion paints where its compatibility with glycols maintains the gloss of the system.
In addition, Ammonium Polyacrylate is used to disperse fillers and pigments in many products such as tile adhesives, grouts, fillers and water based adhesives and glues.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is primarily recommended for use in the electronic and specialty ceramic fields where a low soda content is required.
Additionally, Ammonium Polyacrylate is a good scale inhibitor and dispersant.

Ammonium Polyacrylate can be used in combination with other water treatment agents for oilfield water injection and boiler water treatment without scaling under high PH value and high concentration multiple.
More to that, Ammonium Polyacrylate is the ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid.

Ammonium Polyacrylate, which is a colorless to pale yellow, clear liquid, absent of visible impurities, is used as a dispersant and, anti-scalent and suspending agent in a variety of industrial processes and applications including inorganic pigment dispersions and paint manufacture.



DESCRIPTION


Ammonium Polyacrylate has very good dispersing properties, especially in case of titanium white and mineral fillers.
Further to that, Ammonium Polyacrylate is compatible with widely used acrylic dispersions, styrene and acrylic dispersions, as well as with homo- & Ammonium Polyacrylate is also highly compatible with the most popular rheology modifiers.
Ammonium Polyacrylate is better in improving water resistance of paint coats than sodium salt of polyacrylic acid.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is an organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCOOH.
Furthermore, Ammonium Polyacrylate is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, consisting of a vinyl group connected directly to a carboxylic acid terminus.

Ammonium Polyacrylate has a characteristic acrid or tart smell.
Moreover, Ammonium Polyacrylate is miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually.
Ammonium Polyacrylate is an ammonium salt of Polyacrylic Acid.

Ammonium Polyacrylate is a solution of an ammonium salt of an acrylic polymer in water.
Besides, Ammonium Polyacrylate is a low viscosity dispersing agent for water-borne coating systems.
Ammonium Polyacrylate is especially suited for the dispersion of inorganic pigments.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: Colourless to pale yellow, clear liquid free from impurities
Density: 1.063g/cm3
Solids Content: 38.5%
pH: 6.5
Total Active Solids: 40%
Brookfield Viscosity: 80 – 300 cps
Percent Ash (typical): 0.01%
Density at 25°C: 1.25 Mg/m3
Weight Per Gallon: 9.8 lb.
pH at 25°C: 7.0 to 8.0
Viscosity at 25°C: 50 kPa·s (50 cps)
Solubility: Very soluble in water systems.
Stability: Stable in the presence of acids andalkalies over a wide pH range.
Storage: Product should be stored above 10°C(50°F).
Density: 1.063
Boiling Point: 55° F (NTP, 1992)
Flash Point: 130° F (NTP, 1992)
Melting Point: 12.5 deg C
Vapour: 4 mm Hg ( 20 °C)



FIRST AID


Ammonium Polyacrylate causes severe irritation and burns.
In addition, Ammonium Polyacrylate may be harmful if swallowed.

Avoid breathing vapor or dust.
Use with adequate ventilation.

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothes.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Keep container closed.

General advice:

First Aid responders should pay attention to self-protection and use the recommended protective clothing (chemical resistant gloves, splash protection).
If potential for exposure exists refer to safety sheet for specific personal protective equipment.


Inhalation:

Move person to fresh air; if effects occur, consult a physician.


Skin contact:

Remove material from skin immediately by washing with soap and plenty of water.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes while washing.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Wash clothing before reuse.
Discard items which cannot be decontaminated, including leather articles
such as shoes, belts and watchbands.


Eye contact:

Flush eyes thoroughly with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses after the initial 1-2 minutes and continue flushing for several additional minutes.
If effects occur, consult a physician, preferably an ophthalmologist.


Ingestion:

If swallowed, seek medical attention.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.


Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

Aside from the information found under Description of first aid measures (above), any additional important symptoms and effects are described in Safety sheet.


Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
Notes to physician:

No specific antidote.
Treatment of exposure should be directed at the control of symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Packaging & Labelling:

Standard packaging is in 210 litre UN-standard plastic drums at 240kg nett or 1000 litre Intermediate Bulk Containers at 1100kg nett.
Each item of packaging is labelled with product name, batch number, date of manufacture, nett weight and relevant Health and Safety information.
Can also be supplied in bulk road tankers.


Hazard Classification:

Not classified as hazardous for transport or supply
Approved for use in paper products for foodstuffs (FDA Ch. 176.17-18/BGA Ch.36).


Shelf Life:

When stored sealed & unopened in the original packaging protected from direct sun light at 5-25°C the shelf life is over 6 months.
If customer’s storage conditions do not match all these parameters then they should carry out their own tests to determine the shelf life under their specific storage conditions.


Precautions for safe handling:

Avoid contact with eyes.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Containers, even those that have been emptied, can contain vapors.

Do not cut, drill, grind, weld, or perform similar operations on or near empty containers.
Spills of these organic materials on hot fibrous insulations may lead to lowering of the autoignition temperatures possibly resulting in spontaneous combustion.
Keep away from heat, sparks and flame.


Technical measures:

Highly flammable.
Avoid contact with high temperature objects, spark, and strong oxidizing agents.
Use withlocal exhaust ventilation.

Precautions:

Do not rough handling containers, such as upsetting, falling, giving a shock, and dragging Prevent leakage, overflow, andscattering.
Not to generate steam and dust in vain.
Seal the container after use.

After handling, wash hands andface, andthen gargle
Deny unnecessary entry of non-emergency personnel to the handling area

Safety handling precautions:

Take necessary action to avoid static electricity discharge (which might cause ignition of organic vapors).
Use personal protective equipment as required.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing.



SYNONYMS


Poly(Acrylate Ammonium)
Poly(Acrylic Acid)
Ammonium Salt
Poly(Ammonium Acrylate)
Acrylic Acid
Ammonium Salt Polymer
Ammonium Polyacrylate
2-Propenoic Acid
Homopolymer
Ammonium Salt
2-PROPENOIC ACID
HOMOPOLYMER
AMMONIUM SALT
2PROPENOIC ACID
HOMOPOLYMER
AMMONIUM SALT
ACRYLIC ACID POLYMER AMMONIUM SALT
AMMONIUM POLYACRYLATE
AMMONIUM SALT 2-PROPENOIC ACID
HOMOPOLYMER
AMMONIUM SALT POLY(ACRYLIC ACID)
HOMOPOLYMER AMMONIUM SALT 2-PROPENOIC ACID
POLY(ACRYLIC ACID)
AMMONIUM SALT
Ammonium acrylate
10604-69-0
2-Propenoic acid, ammonium salt
2-Propenoic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
ACRYLATE, AMMONIUM
amine acrylate
Acrylate,ammonium
EINECS 234-229-4
Ammonium 2-propenoate
azane;prop-2-enoic acid
acrylic acid, ammonia salt
acrylic acid, ammonium salt
MFCD00080376
FT-0688073
2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, ammonium salt
Acrylic acid, polymers, ammonium salt
Latekoll AS
Acrylic acid polymer ammonium salt
Ammonium polyacrylate
Sokrat CHDF 3001
Ammonium polyacrylic acid
Poly(acrylic acid) ammonium salt
Aron A 30
Glascol HA 4
Poly(acrylic acid) ammonia salt
WS 851
Mowilith LP 530
Polyteric L 6
SER-AD FX 504
Size CB
Hiviswako 103
Nopcosperse 644A
Marpozol RA 40A
Rheogic 305H
Kayadisperse C 24N
Medamon 30B
Jaypol A 140
Sokrat 32A
A 30SL
Kayadisperse C 34
Aron A 30SL
Polystabil AMV
Dispex A 40
Dolapix CE
Rheogic 306L
DP 6195
Additol XW 330
EL Polymer NWS 16
Coatex P 90
Jurymer AC 10H ammonium salt
Celuna D 305
Mirox HP
T 17
T 17 (acrylic polymer)
Shallol AH 103P
D 305
D 134
Ceramo D 134
JN 281
NWS 16
Darvan 812A
Jurymer AC 10S ammonium salt
Lefasol V 2
Darvan 821A
DP 518
Prox BO3
W 53FL
M 20C
Poiz 2100
Glascol C 95
Dolapix PC 33
D 511
D 511 (acrylic polymer)
Indunal A
Mowiplus XW 330
XW 330
Duramax D 3021
D 3021
B 03 (dispersant)
B 03
Decal 2041
Dolapix CA
Ecodis 80
Orotan 112D
112D
Reotan LAM
Jurymer AC 10L ammonium salt
Pigment Disperser A
Coatex Ecodis P 90
Ecodis P 90
Pigmentverteiler A
Lopon 885
SA 203
SN 5027
TRM 2400
Rikabond SA 203
PR 03
LP 530
Dammonium 3008
DP 270 (dispersant)
DP 270
YRM 2435
Dispex AA 4040
SD 00
Dispex AA 4030
DA 40 (dispersant)
DA 40
2500D
Prox B 03
Collacral 6256
BYK 152
Acrylic acid homopolymer ammonium salt
E 80
AA 4040
P 90
A 30
EK 1
O-Disperse 3507
BASF 4040
AST 02TL
FX 504
DP 6195;2-Propenoic acid,polymers,homopolymer,ammonium salt
EL Polymer NWS 16;Sokrat 32A;Polyteric L 6
Poly(acrylic acid), ammonium salt;Aron A 30
Aron A 30SL
Kayadisperse C 34;WS 851
Rheogic 306L;
Glascol HA 4
Hiviswako 103
2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, ammonium salt
SER-AD FX 504
Marpozol RA 40A
Rheogic 305H
Kayadisperse C 24N
Polystabil AMV
Coatex P 90
Dolapix CE
Sokrat CHDF 3001
Nopcosperse 644A
Dispex A 40
Mowilith LP 530
Medamon 30B
Jaypol A 140
polyacrylic acid ammonium salt
AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
Ammonium polyphosphate is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
As a chemical, Ammonium polyphosphate is non-toxic, environmentally friendly and halogen-free.
Ammonium polyphosphate is most commonly used as a flame retardant, selection of the specific grade of ammonium polyphosphate can be determined by the solubility, Phosphorus content, chain length and polymerization degree.

CAS: 68333-79-9
MF: H12N3O4P
MW: 149.086741
EINECS: 269-789-9

The chain length (n) of Ammonium polyphosphate can be linear or branched.
Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of ammonium polyphosphate: Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).
APP phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
The second family of Ammonium polyphosphate is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Ammonium polyphosphate, has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.

Ammonium polyphosphates are liquid fertilizers with compositions up to 11-37-0, manufactured by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia with superphosphoric acid.
Superphosphoric acid is made by the concentration of regular wet-process acid up to P2O5 concentrations of 78%.
Granular polyphosphates suitable for bulk blending are made by reacting ammonia with regular wet process acid of 52% P2O5 content and using the heat of reaction to drive off water to produce a phosphate melt of 10-43-0, with about 40% of the phosphorus in the polyphosphate form.

​Ammonium Polyphosphate is an environment-friendly, non-toxic, halogen-free flame retardant, chemically Ammonium Polyphosphate is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
The chain length (n) of this polymeric compound can be linear or branched.
Depending on the polymerization degree there are two main types of Ammonium Polyphosphates (APPs):
APP Phase I – these are short, linear chain APP’s.
The Ammonium polyphosphate behaves as a flame retardant in an intumescent coating with the presence of other chemicals.

Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
Ammonium polyphosphate's chemical formula is H(NH4PO3)nOH showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

The properties of ammonium polyphosphate depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.
Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.

Ammonium polyphosphate can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia. However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in ammonium polyphosphate at pH between 5 and 7.
Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.
However, depending on the degree of polymerization, ammonium polyphosphate can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Ammonium polyphosphate is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where Ammonium polyphosphate is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with Ammonium polyphosphate-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.
Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium polyphosphate is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems). Ammonium polyphosphate is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.

Ammonium polyphosphates used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
They start to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.
The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.
The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst.
In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.
In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.
Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of APP are described in a series of publications.

Ammonium polyphosphate Chemical Properties
Density: 1.74[at 20℃]
Vapor pressure: 0.076Pa at 20℃
Storage temp.: −20°C
Solubility: Aqueous Acid (Slightly)
Form: Solid
Color: White to Off-White
LogP: -2.148 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 68333-79-9
EPA Substance Registry System: Ammonium polyphosphates (68333-79-9)

Uses
Ammonium polyphosphate is a specialty chemical that finds many different uses in key industries.
Ammonium Polyphosphate, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
Ammonium polyphosphate is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen containing flame retardants, Ammonium polyphosphate can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.

Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications.
The most common ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers have a N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) composition of 10-34-0 or 11-37-0.
Polyphosphate fertilizers offer the advantage of a high nutrient content in a clear, crystal-free fluid that remains stable within a wide temperature range and stores well for long periods.
A variety of other nutrients mix well with polyphosphate fertilizers, making them excellent carriers of micronutrients typically needed by plants.

Ammonium polyphosphate is a crystalline compound that contains phosphorus pentoxide and diammonium.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used for wastewater treatment, as an additive to plastics, and in the production of paper.
Ammonium polyphosphate can be synthesized from sodium citrate and crystalline cellulose.
The synthesis process involves heating the mixture at temperatures between 300°C and 400°C.
This process will produce a solid product with the desired reactants in the correct stoichiometric ratio.

Ammonium polyphosphate has been found to have synergistic effects when combined with other chemicals, such as enzymes or water-soluble phosphates.
Studies have shown that ammonium polyphosphate improves the ability of enzymes to break down organic matter in biological systems; this may be due to its high water permeability properties.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used as a compound cyclizing agent and an acylating agent in organic synthesis.
Ammonium polyphosphate is also used as a substitute for orthophosphoric acid and an analytical reagent.

Preparation Method
Synthesis method: phosphoric acid and phosphorus pentoxide are heated for polymerization reaction, and hydrogen peroxide is added to remove iron ions in the solution.
After purification, cooling and filtration are carried out to prepare a multi-phosphoric acid product.

Synonyms
10361-65-6
Phosphoric acid, ammonium salt (1:3)
68333-79-9
Ammonium phosphate, tribasic
Triammonium orthophosphate
triazanium;phosphate
Phosphoric acid, triammonium salt
UNII-2ZJF06M0I9
2ZJF06M0I9
EINECS 233-793-9
EINECS 270-200-2
68412-62-4
(NH4)3PO4
triazanium phosphate
APP (fireproofing agent)
Ammonium phosphate tribasic
DTXSID8052778
EXO 462
H3N.1/3H3O4P
ZRIUUUJAJJNDSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
EINECS 269-789-9
H3-N.1/3H3-O4-P
Ammonium orthophosphate, superphosphate
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE ((NH4)3PO4)
LS-192343
FT-0698825
EC 269-789-9
Ammonium Phosphate GFAA Matrix Modifier: 10% NH4H2PO4 in 2% HNO3
Pre-Mixed GFAA Matrix Modifier 3: 10 mg/mL NH4H2PO4 & 600 microg/mL Mg(NO3)2 in 2% HNO3
AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP)
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has extensive possibilities in fire prevention.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.


CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
E number: E452(v) (thickeners, ...)
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Classification: Classified by degree of polymerization



SYNONYMS:
Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231, Phosphoric acid, ammonium salt (1:3), Triammonium orthophosphate, triazanium;phosphate, Ammonium phosphate, tribasic



Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is one kind of non halogen flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has extensive possibilities in fire prevention.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a stable and non-volatile compound.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) comes under the category of halogen free flame retardants and works as a smoke suppressant too.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is very cost effective when compared to other halogen free systems.
Lower loading into polymers ensures good retention of mechanical and electrical properties and excellent flow.


Allowing plastics to exhibit excellent processability, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used as an efficient flame retardant in the furniture industry and for interior fabrics for the automotive industry.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)'s chemical formula is H(NH4PO3)nOH showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.


The properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.
Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.
However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) at pH between 5 and 7.


Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.
However, depending on the degree of polymerization, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), Cas No 68333-79-9, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
For the chemical point of view, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.


Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).
- Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.


- The second family of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.
When Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is exposed to fire or heat, it decomposes to polymeric phosphate acid and ammonia.
The polyphosphoric acid reacts with hydroxyl groups to form a nonstable phosphate ester.


Following dehydration of the phosphate ester, a carbon foam is built up on the surface and acts as an insulation layer.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used in plastics such as PP, PVC, PE, polyester, rubber, and expandable fireproof coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a highly efficient, nontoxic inorganic flame retardant.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has a low water solubility, and a high phosphorus and nitrogen content.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has reduced solubility in water.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has reduced viscosity in water.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) improved dispersibility and compatibility with polymers and resins.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) increased fluidity of powder.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) improved thermal expansion efficiency during inflaming retarding process and insulation performance.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Because it contains phosphorus and nitrogen in its molecule, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has a good synergistic effect and has a good flame retardant effect.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be divided into three types classified by the degree of polymerization: low poly, medium poly and high poly.
The higher the degree of polymerization, the lower the water solubility.
The degree of polymerization of oligomeric Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is less than 20, which is water-soluble.


The polymerization degree of high-polymer Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is greater than 50, which can be used as a flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be divided into crystalline form and amorphous form classified by its structure.
Crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a long-chain water-insoluble polyphosphate.


There are five variants of crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) from I to V.
Among them, crystal phase II Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) (APP II) has a significant advantage in the field of polymer materials due to its good water insolubility, high decomposition temperature, and good compatibility with polymer materials.


Crystalline Phase I Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) (APP I) is characterized by a variable linear chain length.
In Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) I, n (the number of phosphate units) is usually below 100.
Compared to Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) II, APP I has a lower decomposition temperature (about 150°C) and higher water solubility.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), halogen free flame retardant.
Typical applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP): Intumescent paints, Fire-retardant coating, Flame retardant textile coating, Steel structure fire-retardant, Flame retardant plastics and rubbers.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a type of flame retardant and intumescent agent.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used to improve the fire resistance of various materials, particularly in industries like plastics, textiles, and construction.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a long-chain polymeric compound made up of ammonium and phosphate groups.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is typically a white, non-toxic, and non-halogenated powder.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can also refer to a type of fertilizer.


In this context, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a compound containing both ammonium (NH4+) and polyphosphate (PO3-) ions.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is commonly used as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for plant nutrition.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers are water-soluble and provide plants with these essential nutrients, which are vital for their growth and development.


The ammonium component in Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) provides a source of nitrogen, while the polyphosphate component supplies phosphorus.
The combination of these nutrients can be particularly beneficial for various crops and plants, promoting healthy root development, flowering, and fruit production.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers are available in different formulations, including liquid and granular forms, to suit the specific needs of different crops and soil types.
They are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields and ensure adequate nutrient supply for plants.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a simple fertilizer containing nitrogen and a high level of phosphorous.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a liquid compound fertilizer containing ammonium polyphosphate.
Polyphosphates are formed from multiple phosphate molecules linked in a polymer chain.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) application in liquid form significantly reduces phosphorus fixation in the soil and therefore increases phosphorus uptake.
This occurs due to the gradual hydrolysis of polyphosphates to orthophosphates in the soil as well as the blocking of the active site of calcium carbonate by polyphosphate.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used in top-grade fire-retardant coating, fiberglass and engineering plastic, such as PE, PP, PU, polyester and nylon.
With 15-20% Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) in the adhesive and sealing agent, the good firing resistance is shown.
For PU, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a very suitable preventing form buring dope without halogen.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is also applicated in hot solidifying resin of epoxy resin or unsaturated resin, etc.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used in coating, paint, rubber, and polyurethane.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used Plastic , Fiber, Rubber, Paper, Wood , Various polymer, Resin, Elastomer , Adhesive , Coating or paint, and Electronic related products.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is part of intumescent systems.


Compounding with Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.
Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) starts to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.


The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.
The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst.


In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.
In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.


Use as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) are described in a series of publications
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene.


Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats, epoxies and polyurethane castings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is widely used in water soluble fire-retardant coating


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be applied by spray, dip, or pressure treatment
Aqueous solution of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) used in the fire-retardant treatment for wood (i.e. corrugated board, kraft paper), paper, textile, and fibers.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used solvent based and Water based intumescent coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used flame retardant for polyurethanes, Flame retardant for unsaturated polyesters, Flame retardant for epoxies, and Flame retardant for acrylics.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used fiber materials (paper, wood, fireproof textiles).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used all kinds of polymers (sunproof, waterproof, or fireproof outdoor materials).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used fire-refractory building board, coiled material.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used epoxy resin and unsaturated resin.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used cable and rubber, Plastic material of electron device, and Textiles.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used for all applications that our standard APP-201 is suitable for.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used in plastics (PP, PVC, PE, etc.), polyester, rubber, PU foam, and expandable fireproof coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has lower viscosity and lower solubility (compared to the standard grade APP-201) in water, which could make it suitable for water-fast intumescent systems in polymers (such as PU, PBT, etc.) and paints.


Considering factors such as price and cost, oligomeric water-soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is mainly used for flame retardancy of cellulose materials such as paper and wood.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) has high thermal stability and can be formulated into solution or dry powder fire extinguishing agent, and can also be used in intumescent fire retardant coatings, intumescent flame retardant systems, etc.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used as a flame retardant for polymer materials such as polyolefin, PVC, polyurethane, phenolic resin, and coatings.
In addition to being a flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a novel multifunctional adhesive.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can reduce the flammability of the sulfur cathode as shown in the figure below.


During the combustion process, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) decomposes to release ammonia/water vapor, and crosslinks to form an insulating polymer layer, which effectively protects the sulfur electrode.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is most commonly used as a flameproof coating for multistory buildings, ships, trains, and cable applications.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used in Flame retardants,
Fertilizers, Food Additives, Polymer Additives, Coatings, Adhesives, and Pharmaceuticals.
The least expensive form of liquid phosphorous, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is used as an ingredient in liquid blends or as alone as a high P input.


-Application of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) as a Fire Retardant:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)-II is a halogen free fire retardant used in a variety of plastics.
At temperatures above 300 °C Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)-II decomposes to polyphosphoric acid which dehydrates polyols, carbohydrates and other ROH and RNH containing substances.
Subsequently, the generated char is expanded by water and ammonia to form a foamed up solid heat protective barrier.


-Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) in Agriculture:
APP-II finds application not only as a fertiliser for soil but also as a source of phosphorus.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)'s composition, rich in polyphosphates, provides a unique advantage in agricultural settings.

The gradual breakdown of polyphosphate chains ensures an immediate as well as a sustained release of phosphorus, offering plants a readily digestible form of this essential nutrient.

This gradual release mechanism aligns with the plants’ uptake capacity, ensuring optimal utilisation while minimising the risk of nutrient leaching or wastage.
As a result, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)-II stands as a versatile solution for promoting robust plant growth and enhancing soil fertility over time.



ADVANTAGES OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
*Enables broad time frame for application
*Requires no moisture for dissolving due to its liquid form
*Ensures prolonged phosphorus nutrition
*Provides great efficiencyof a phosphate fertilizer
*Provides efficient use in lowdoses
*Suitable for foliar and root application



BENEFITS OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
water soluble and formaldehyde free



ADVANTAGES OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
(1)High degree of polymerization up to 1300, excellent performance of fire protection in intumescent systems, has more wide range of application than low polymerization APP.
(2)Initial decomposition temperature 280 degree Celsius, action time earlier than other common Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)
(3)Low water solubility, high polymerizaiton and intial decompostion temperature make Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) good compatibility.



BENEFITS OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) offers several benefits depending on its application:

*Flame Retardancy:
In flame retardant applications, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is highly effective at reducing the flammability of materials.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) releases ammonia when exposed to high temperatures, which dilutes flammable gases and hinders combustion.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) also creates a protective char layer that acts as a barrier to further combustion.
This is crucial for improving fire safety in various industries, including construction, textiles, and electronics.


*Smoke Suppression:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) not only reduces the likelihood of a material catching fire but also helps minimize smoke production during a fire.
This can be critical in enhancing safety by improving visibility during an emergency and reducing the inhalation of toxic smoke.


*Nutrient Supply:
In the context of fertilizers, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) provides essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to plants.
This can lead to increased crop yields, healthier plant growth, improved flowering, and enhanced fruit production.


*Water Solubility:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers are water-soluble, making it easier to apply and deliver nutrients to plants efficiently.


*Versatility:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be used in various forms, such as liquids or granules, depending on the specific needs of different crops and soils.
Its versatility allows Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) to be used in a wide range of agricultural applications.


*Non-Halogenated:
As a flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is often preferred over halogenated flame retardants, which can release toxic byproducts when burned.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) does not contain halogens, making it a more environmentally friendly option.


*Low Toxicity:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is generally considered to have low toxicity, which is advantageous when used in applications where human or environmental exposure is a concern.


*Stability:
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is stable under normal storage conditions, which ensures that it remains effective and safe for handling until it is used.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Density: 1.9 g/cm3; bulk density = 0.7 g/cm3
Whiteness: 92.0 Min
pH (10% slurry - 25°C): 5.5-7.5
Acid Value (KOH mg/1g): 1.0 Max
Solubility in water (25°C, g/100ml H2O): 0.50 Max
Nitrogen (w/w%): 14.0-15.0
Phosphorus (P, w/w%): 31.0-32.0
Thermal decomposition onset (°C): 285 Min
Form: Liquid
Colour: Colourless or white Liquid

CAS No.: 68333-79-9
HS Code: 28353900
Appearance: Solid Extra Fine Powder
Composition: Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)
Bulk density (25°C, kg/L): 0.7
Density (25°C, kg/L): 1.9
Phosphorus content (% w/w): 68
Nitrogen content (% w/w): 14.0-15.0
pH (10% suspension): 5.5-7.0
Decomposed temp. on heat (°C): ≥280
Mean polymerization Ñ: ≤1500
Mean particle diameter (µm): ≤10.0
Molecular Formula: (NH4PO3)n
Density: 1.74 g/cm³
Solubility: Appearance: White powder



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1)
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a kind of high quality, high efficiency and non-toxic nitrogen and phosphorus non halogen flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a good fireproof additive for all kinds of intumescent fire retardant coatings and flame retardant products.


CAS Number: 68333-79-9
MDL Number:MFCD00241367
E number: E452(v) (thickeners, ...)
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2



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Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) water soluble and formaldehyde free.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), Cas No 68333-79-9, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
From the chemical point of view, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.


Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1): Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).
- Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.


- The second family of Ammonium polyphosphate is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Ammonium polyphosphate, has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a specialty chemical that finds many different uses in key industries.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also called ammonium polyphosphate.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a kind of high quality, high efficiency and non-toxic nitrogen and phosphorus non halogen flame retardant.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a good fireproof additive for all kinds of intumescent fire retardant coatings and flame retardant products.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Because Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) contains phosphorus and nitrogen in its molecule, it has a good synergistic effect and has a good flame retardant effect.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is classified by degree of polymerization
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be divided into three types classified by the degree of polymerization: low poly, medium poly and high poly.
The higher the degree of polymerization, the lower the water solubility.


The degree of polymerization of oligomeric Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is less than 20, which is water-soluble.
The polymerization degree of high-polymer Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is greater than 50, which can be used as a flame retardant.
In life, few people should have heard of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) this thing, it is abbreviated as the APP.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a inorganic salt made up of polyphosphate and ammonia.
The chain length of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is both variable and branched, and can be greater than 1000.
Short-chain and linear chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) are more sensitive and have lower thermal stability than long-chain Apps, which show very low water solubility.


Optical Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a stable, non-volatile compound.
When in contact with the water Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), it is slowly hydrolyzed into ammonium phosphate.
Higher temperatures and prolonged water exposure can accelerate hydrolysis.


The long chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) begins to decompose into polyphosphate and ammonia at temperatures above 300°c.
The short-chain Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) will begin to decompose at temperatures above the temp.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a colorless transparent viscous liquid.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has deliquescence.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be miscible with water and hydrolyzed to orthophosphoric acid without crystallization.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a halogen-free flame retardant polymerized with ammonium phosphate.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is divided into two grades, APP101 with good moisture resistance and APP102 with excellent weather resistance.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an environment-friendly, non-toxic, halogen-free flame retardant, chemically Ammonium Polyphosphate is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) – these are short, linear chain APP’s.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) behaves as a flame retardant in an intumescent coating with the presence of other chemicals.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a high phosphorous and nitrogen content, a high polymerization degree, low water solubility, good thermal stability, and low toxicity.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a lower phosphorous and higher nitrogen content than KYLIN APP1, high water solubility and good compatibility with other flame retardants and auxiliary chemicals.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)'s chemical formula is H(NH4PO3)nOH showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.
In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.


The properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.
Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.
However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) at pH between 5 and 7.


Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.
However, depending on the degree of polymerization, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is liquid fertilizers with compositions up to 11-37-0, manufactured by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia with superphosphoric acid.
Superphosphoric acid is made by the concentration of regular wet-process acid up to P2O5 concentrations of 78%.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an organic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
As a chemical, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is non-toxic, environmentally friendly and halogen-free.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is most commonly used as a flame retardant, selection of the specific grade of ammonium polyphosphate can be determined by the solubility, Phosphorus content, chain length and polymerization degree.


The chain length (n) of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be linear or branched.
Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of ammonium polyphosphate: Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
The second family of Ammonium polyphosphate is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.
APP phase II, Ammonium polyphosphate, has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is widely used in water soluble fire-retardant coating
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be applied by spray, dip, or pressure treatment
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used aqueous solution used in the fire-retardant treatment for wood (i.e. corrugated board, kraft paper), paper, textile, and fibers.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be used in expanding fireproof material, such as polyurethane, UF resin and epoxy resin.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also can be used in the retardant of fiber, wood and plastic.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is main ingredient of expanding retardant thermoplastic because of its high molecular weight and good heat stability.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)is used for electronic unit made from PP shall be achieved with loading this product.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen containing flame retardants, it can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.


Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications.
The most common Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) fertilizers have a N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) composition of 10-34-0 or 11-37-0.
Polyphosphate fertilizers offer the advantage of a high nutrient content in a clear, crystal-free fluid that remains stable within a wide temperature range and stores well for long periods.


A variety of other nutrients mix well with polyphosphate fertilizers, making them excellent carriers of micronutrients typically needed by plants.
Considering factors such as price and cost, oligomeric water-soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is mainly used for flame retardancy of cellulose materials such as paper and wood.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has high thermal stability and can be formulated into solution or dry powder fire extinguishing agent, and can also be used in intumescent fire retardant coatings, intumescent flame retardant systems, etc.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be used as a flame retardant for polymer materials such as polyolefin, PVC, polyurethane, phenolic resin, and coatings.


In addition to being a flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a novel multifunctional adhesive.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has an excellent flame-retardant effect in cellulose-containing materials such as paper and wood products. With chipboard products, the DIN EN 13501-1 classification can be achieved by adding 15 – 20 % Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1).


Because of its high heat stability, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an essential component in intumescent formulations for thermoplastics, particularly polypropylene, for which the classification UL 94-V0 is specified for applications in the electrical sector.
Casting resins based on epoxy resins or unsaturated polyester resins achieve the classification UL 94-V0 with Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1).


On account of its low water solubility, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is particularly suitable as an ”acid donor” for intumescent coatings.
Other essential components of intumescent systems include a binder, a carbon donor (e.g. pentaerythritol) and a blowing agent (e.g. melamine).
On exposure to flame, intumescent coatings form a carbonaceous foam which effectively shields the underlying material from temperature increases.


Steel structures coated with intumescent paints can meet the requirements of fire resistance classes specified in EN, DIN, BS, ASTM and others.
The application of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) based intumescent coatings on wood or plastics enables these materials to qualify for Building Material Class B (DIN EN 13501-1).


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) imparts a good flame-retardant effect to adhesives and sealants when it is incorporated into the base formulation at the rate of 10 – 20 %.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can also be used as flame retardants for many applications, such as paints and coatings, as well as a variety of polymers: the most important is polyolefin, especially polypropylene, where the application is part of the expansion system.


With the description of application-based flame retardant composites in polypropylene, further applications include the application of thermosetting, unsaturated polyester and gel coatings, epoxy resins and polyurethane castings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also suitable for flame-retardant polyurethane foams.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used to prepare a number of high-efficiency expanding flameproof coatings used in the construction industry, ships, trains, cables etc.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also suitable for the flameproof treatment of wood, plywood, fiberboard, paper, fibers…


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be used for foaming fireproof materials, such as polyurethane, UF resin, epoxy resin, fibers, wood and plastics etc. It is also used as a flame retardant for fibers, wood and plastics etc.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is the main composition of intumescent flame retardant (IFR).


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen-containing flame retardants, it can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.
Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a lower phosphorous and higher nitrogen content than KYLIN APP1, very high water solubility (over 150 grams in 100ml of water at 25°C) and good compatibility with other flame retardants.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers, and woods.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a highly efficient, nontoxic inorganic flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a low water solubility, and a high phosphorus and nitrogen content.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is most commonly used as a flameproof coating for multistory buildings, ships, trains, and cable applications.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is an ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant mainly used in Plastic(PP, PE, PA, PVC, PBT), PU, Rubber, Paint, coating, laminates and reinforced materials.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a non-halogen flame retardant which acts by an intumescence mechanism.


When Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is exposed to fire or heat, it decomposes to polymeric phosphate acid and ammonia.
The polyphosphoric acid reacts with hydroxyl groups to form a nonstable phosphate ester.
Following dehydration of the phosphate ester, a carbon foam is built up on the surface and acts as an insulation layer.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used in plastics such as PP, PVC, PE, polyester, rubber, and expandable fireproof coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a specialty chemical that finds many different uses in key industries.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used to prepare 20% Phosphorous/Nitrogen containing flame retardants, it can be used solely or in conjunction with other materials in the flameproof treatment for textiles, papers, fibers and woods.


Special treatment can be used to prepare 50% high concentration flameproof formulations required for special applications.
The most common Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) fertilizers have a N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) composition of 10-34-0 or 11-37-0.
Polyphosphate fertilizers offer the advantage of a high nutrient content in a clear, crystal-free fluid that remains stable within a wide temperature range and stores well for long periods.


A variety of other nutrients mix well with polyphosphate fertilizers, making them excellent carriers of micronutrients typically needed by plants.
Granular polyphosphates suitable for bulk blending are made by reacting ammonia with regular wet process acid of 52% P2O5 content and using the heat of reaction to drive off water to produce a phosphate melt of 10-43-0, with about 40% of the phosphorus in the polyphosphate form.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a stable and non-volatile compound.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) comes under the category of halogen free flame retardants and works as a smoke suppressant too.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)is very cost effective when compared to other halogen free systems.


Lower loading into polymers ensures good retention of mechanical and electrical properties and excellent flow.
Allowing plastics to exhibit excellent processability, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used as an efficient flame retardant in the furniture industry and for interior fabrics for the automotive industry.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.


Compounding with Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.
Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) starts to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.


The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.
The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst.


In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.
In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) are described in a series of publications.
Inorganic additive flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is used in the manufacture of flame retardant coatings, flame retardant plastics and flame retardant rubber products, etc.


Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is mainly used in intumescent fire retardant coatings and thermosetting resins (such as polyurethane rigid foam, UP resin, epoxy resin, etc.), and can also be used for flame retardant of fiber, wood and rubber products.
Since the Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a high molecular weight (n>1000) and high stability, it can also be used as a main active ingredient of intumescent flame retardant thermoplastics, especially in PP up to UL 94-Vo for the manufacture of electronic parts.



POLYURETHANE FOAMS OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is a suitable non-halogenated flame retardant for polyurethane foams.
If handling of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) as a solid is not possible we recommend the dosage of the flame retardant by preparing an Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)/polyol-suspension.

Because of the low acid number of Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), it is also possible to incorporate this flame retardant in an Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1)/isocyanate suspension.
To prevent the solids from settling, the Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) suspensions should be stirred or circulated by pump.
The stirrers commonly found in service tanks are adequate for this purpose.



FLAME RETARDANT MECHANISM OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
When phosphorus flame retardant (PFR) burns, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) generates phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acid, etc., which are covered on the surface of the resin to promote the carbonization of the plastic surface to form a carbon film.
The polymetaphosphoric acid is covered in a viscous liquid state on the surface of the plastic.

The solid or liquid membrane prevents the escape of free radicals and keeps out oxygen.
In addition, PFRs are also a free radical scavenger. Using mass spectrometry technology, it was found that any phosphorus-containing compounds have PO· formed when the polymer is burned.
It can combine with the hydrogen atoms in the flame area to suppress the flame.



CHARACTERISTICS OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
1. Powder solid, stable property, convenient for transportation, storage and use;
2. pH value is neutral, safe and stable during production and use, good compatibleness, not to react with other flame retardant and auxiliary;
3. High P-N content, appropriate proportion, excellent synergistic effect and reasonable price.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Physical and Chemical Properties
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be divided into three types based on its degree of polymerization: low polymer, medium polymer, and high polymer.
The higher the degree of polymerization, the smaller the water solubility.
According to its structure, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) can be divided into crystalline and amorphous types.
Crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is water insoluble and long-chain polyphosphate. There are five variants from I to V type.



FEATURES OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) flame retardant differs from most other commercial products in the following ways:‐ greatly reduced solubility in water.‐ lower viscosity in aqueous suspensions.‐ lower viscosity in PU polyol suspensions.‐ very low acid number.



CHARACTERISTICS OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has strong moisture resistance, alkaline pH value and low water solubility after surface treatment.



CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) can be divided into crystalline form and amorphous form classified by its structure.
Crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is a long-chain water-insoluble polyphosphate.
There are five variants of crystalline APP from I to V.

Among them, crystal phase II APP (APP II) has a significant advantage in the field of polymer materials due to its good water insolubility, high decomposition temperature, and good compatibility with polymer materials.
Crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) is characterized by a variable linear chain length.

Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1), n (the number of phosphate units) is usually below 100.
Compared to APP II, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP-1) has a lower decomposition temperature (about 150°C) and higher water solubility.



PREPARATION METHOD OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
*synthesis method:
phosphoric acid and phosphorus pentoxide are heated for polymerization reaction, and hydrogen peroxide is added to remove iron ions in the solution.
After purification, cooling and filtration are carried out to prepare a multi-phosphoric acid product.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Density: 1,9 g/cm3; bulk density = 0,7 g/cm3
CBNumber:CB2855556
Molecular Formula:H12N3O4P
Molecular Weight:149.086741
MDL Number:MFCD00241367
MOL File:68333-79-9.mol
Density: 1.74[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.076Pa at 20℃
storage temp.: −20°C
solubility: Aqueous Acid (Slightly)
form: Solid
color: White to Off-White
LogP: -2.148 (est)

CAS DataBase Reference: 68333-79-9
EPA Substance Registry System: Ammonium polyphosphates (68333-79-9)
Appearance: White free-flowing powder
Whiteness: 92.0 Min
pH (10% slurry -25°C): 5.5-7.5
Acid Value, KOH mg/1g: 1.0 Max
Solubility in water (25°C), g/100ml H2O: 0.50 Max
Nitrogen, w/w%: 14.0-15.0
Phosphorus (P), w/w%: 31.0-32.0
Thermal decomposition onset, °C 285 Min
Average Particle Size, D50, µm: About 15
Appearance: White free-flowing powder
Whiteness: 92.0 Min
pH (10% slurry -25°C): 5.5-7.5

Acid Value, KOH mg/1g: 1.0 Max
Solubility in water (25°C), g/100ml H2O: 0.50 Max
Nitrogen, w/w%: 14.0-15.0
Phosphorus (P), w/w%: 31.0-32.0
Thermal decomposition onset, °C: 285 Min
Average Particle Size, D50, µm: About 15
Cas No. :68333-79-9
Quantity: 5000Metric Tons
Specs:Flame retardant
Price:3.2 USD Kilograms
Payment Method: TT OR LC
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP-1 )
Molecular Formula: (NH4PO3)n
Appearance : White powder
Cas No.68333-79-9
Specifications:
P (%): 31-32
N (%): 14 min

Degree of polymerization: 1500 min
Density (g/cm3): 1.9(g/cm3)
Decomposition temperature: 275℃ max
Solubility in water (25℃g/100mlH2O): 0.2 g max
Viscosity (25°C in 10%suspension): 100 mpa.s max
PH: 5.5~7.5
Average particle size: 15um max
CAS: 68333-79-9
EINECS: 269-789-9
Molecular Formula: H12N3O4P
Molar Mass: 149.086741
Density: 1.74[at 20℃]
Vapor Presure: 0.076Pa at 20℃
Appearance: White powder
Storage Condition: −20°C



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Face shield and safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sensitive to carbon dioxide Handle and store under inert gas.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP-1):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available





AMMONIUM STEARATE
AMMONIUM SULFITE, N° CAS : 10196-04-0, Nom INCI : AMMONIUM SULFITE, Nom chimique : Ammonium sulphite, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-484-9, Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur.Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent bouclant ou lissant (coiffant) : Modifie la structure chimique des cheveux, pour les coiffer dans le style requis. Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques. Agent réducteur : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'hydrogène ou en éliminant l'oxygène
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate; Carbonic Acid, Monoammonium Salt; Monoammonium Carbonate; Acid Ammonium Carbonate CAS NO: 1066-33-7
AMMONİUM BROMİDE
Hydrobromic Acid Monoammoniate;azanium;bromide; ammonium bromatum; ammoniumbromide cas no: 12124-97-9
AMMONİUM HYDROGENCARBONATE
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE; Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate; Carbonic Acid, Monoammonium Salt; Monoammonium Carbonate; Acid Ammonium Carbonate cas no: 1066-33-7
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate ( ALS )
No CAS: 2235-54-3, Ammonium lauryl sulfate, Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, - Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, ammonium salt, - Ammonium dodecyl sulfate, -Ammonium n-dodecyl sulfate, - Lauryl ammonium sulfate Le laurylsulfate d'ammonium ou sulfate de lauryle ammonium (SLA), en anglais ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), est une dénomination générique désignant une famille de molécules (les alkylsulfates ou sulfates alkylés], de formule semi-développée CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4, appartenant à 3 classes d'organosulfates structurellement proches d'autres agents de surface anioniques. Le laurylsulfate d'ammonium ou sulfate de lauryle ammonium (SLA), en anglais ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), est une dénomination générique désignant une famille de molécules (les alkylsulfates ou sulfates alkylés], de formule semi-développée CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3NH4, appartenant à 3 classes d'organosulfates structurellement proches d'autres agents de surface anioniques. (Remarque : on parle d'alkylsulfates à chaîne courte quand leur squelette porte 12 à 14 atomes de carbone et à chaîne longue quand ils en ont plus). Ces molécules peuvent se lier chimiquement avec des parties non-polaires d'autres molécules tandis que leur tête (ion sulfate, très polaire) se lie avec des molécules polaires (dont les molécules d'eau). Le SLA est classé comme un sulfate alkylé anionique ; c'est un puissant surfactant5. À partir d'une certaine température (dite température de Krafft ou point de Krafft), les forces de Van der Waals lui font adopter la forme de micelles autour des molécules polaires en suspension dans l'eau. Les SLA sont étiquetés "Irritant Xi" (R38: Irritant pour la peau, R41: Risque de lésions oculaires graves). Les produits qui en contiennent des quantités significatives (gel douche ou un shampooing) doivent être bien rincés après avoir été appliqués sur la peau. Les SLA étant biodégradables à 95 %, on leur adjoint souvent d'autres molécules biocides
Ammonium Lignosulfonate
Peroxydisulfuric Acid Diammonium Salt; Ammonium Peroxodisulfate; Ammonium Peroxydisulfate; diammonium peroxodisulfate CAS NO:7727-54-0
Ammonium Polyphosphate
YC 81; DC 100A; stearates; Ligafluid; Stokal STA; Stanfax 320; Nopco DC 100A; Nopcote DC 100A; Kanebinol YC 81; Ligafluid AS 35; AMMONIUM STEARATE; stearated’ammonium; Ammoniumstearat, rein; Stearic ammonium salt; ammoniumoctadecanoate; ammoniumstearate,pure; stearicacid,ammoniumsalt; Octadecanoicacid,ammoniumsalt; Octadecanoic acid,aMMoniuM salt (1:1) CAS NO:1002-89-7
Ammonium propionate
Ammonium propionate; Propanoic acid, ammonium salt (1:1); Calcium Propionate, Magnesium Propionate, Potassium Propionate; Sodium Propionate CAS NO :17496-08-1
Ammonium Sulfate
AMODIMETHICONE,aminofunctional polysiloxan, N° CAS : 71750-80-6,Dimethylsiloxane, polymer, (((3-((2-aminoethyl)amino)propyl)-dimethoxysilyl)oxy)-terminated; Classification : Silicone, L'amodimethicone est un silicone dérivé du dimethicone, utilisé principalement dans les shampooings et soins capillaires pour ses propriétés électrostatiques. Il rend les cheveux doux, faciles à coiffer et brillants. L'avantage de ce silicone par rapport au dimethicone est que, bien qu'il soit difficile à enlever avec un shampooing, il évite que d'autres polymères du même type ne puissent se "re-déposer" sur lui-même, ainsi l'accumulation décriée avec le dimethicone, qui rend le cheveux lourd, n'existe plus ici. Tout comme le dimethicone, la molécule ne pose pas de problème particulier sur la santé humaine (directement en tout cas). Toutefois, elle est peu biodégradable et son impact sur la planète tant du point de vue de sa fabrication que de son rejet dans la nature n'est pas négligeable.Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Ammonium Thiocyanate; Thiocyanic acid ammonium salt; Amthio; Ammonium isothiocyanate; Ammonium sulfocanide; Ammonium sulphocyanide; Ammonium rhodanide; Ammonium sulphocyanate; Ammonium rhodonide; Amthio; Ammonium sulfocyanate; Rhodanine ammonium salt; cas no: 1762-95-4
AMODIMETHICONE

Amodimethicone is a clear to pale yellow liquid.
Amodimethicone is a modified silicone polymer.
Amodimethicone is a water-soluble silicone that can provide conditioning and detangling benefits to hair.

CAS Number: 71750-80-6



APPLICATIONS


Amodimethicone is commonly used in hair care products as a conditioning agent.
Amodimethicone can help reduce hair breakage and improve overall hair health.
Amodimethicone can also make hair easier to comb and style.

Amodimethicone can provide a smoothing effect to hair, reducing frizz and flyaways.
Amodimethicone is often used in leave-in conditioners and detangling sprays.

Amodimethicone can be added to shampoos and conditioners to enhance their conditioning properties.
Amodimethicone can also be used in hair serums and styling products.

Amodimethicone can help protect hair from damage caused by heat styling tools.
Amodimethicone is a popular ingredient in hair treatments and masks.
Amodimethicone can help improve the overall texture and appearance of hair.

Amodimethicone can be used in skin care products as a moisturizer.
Amodimethicone can help improve the texture and feel of skin.

Amodimethicone can also be used in sunscreens to improve their water resistance.
Amodimethicone can help prevent the sunscreen from washing off in water.
Amodimethicone can be used in makeup products as a skin-conditioning agent.

Amodimethicone can help improve the overall appearance and texture of the skin.
Amodimethicone can be added to lotions and creams to enhance their moisturizing properties.

Amodimethicone can help prevent dryness and improve skin hydration.
Amodimethicone can be used in bath and shower products as a conditioning agent.
Amodimethicone can help improve the feel and texture of the skin after bathing.

Amodimethicone can be added to deodorants to improve their texture and feel.
Amodimethicone can help prevent skin irritation caused by deodorants.

Amodimethicone can be used in fragrances to improve their texture and longevity.
Amodimethicone can help the fragrance last longer on the skin.
Amodimethicone is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a wide range of personal care products.


Amodimethicone is widely used in the personal care industry for hair and skin care applications due to its unique properties.

Some of its applications are:

Hair conditioners:
Amodimethicone is often used in hair conditioners to help detangle hair and improve its manageability.

Hair serums:
Amodimethicone is used as an ingredient in hair serums to add shine and protect hair from damage caused by heat styling tools.
Shampoos: Amodimethicone is used in shampoos to help control frizz and improve the texture of hair.

Hair sprays:
Amodimethicone can be used in hair sprays to help hold hair in place and protect it from humidity.

Leave-in hair treatments:
Amodimethicone is used in leave-in hair treatments to improve the overall appearance and health of hair.

Skincare:
Amodimethicone is also used in skincare products like moisturizers, lotions, and creams to improve skin texture and provide a silky feel.

Sunscreens:
Amodimethicone is used in sunscreens to provide a silky feel and make it easier to spread the product.

Anti-aging products:
Amodimethicone can be used in anti-aging products to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Lipsticks:
Amodimethicone is used in lipsticks to provide a smooth and silky feel.

Deodorants:
Amodimethicone can be used in deodorants to provide a smooth feel and help control sweat.

Fragrances:
Amodimethicone is used in fragrances to help the scent last longer and provide a smooth feel.

Body washes:
Amodimethicone can be used in body washes to provide a smooth feel and improve the texture of the skin.

Bath oils:
Amodimethicone can be used in bath oils to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

After-sun products:
Amodimethicone can be used in after-sun products to soothe the skin and improve skin texture.

Foot creams:
Amodimethicone is used in foot creams to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Hand creams:
Amodimethicone can be used in hand creams to provide a smooth feel and improve skin texture.

Body lotions:
Amodimethicone is used in body lotions to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Massage oils:
Amodimethicone can be used in massage oils to provide a silky feel and improve skin texture.

Bath and shower gels:
Amodimethicone is used in bath and shower gels to provide a smooth feel and improve skin texture.

Makeup:
Amodimethicone can be used in makeup products to provide a smooth and silky feel.

Eyeliners:
Amodimethicone is used in eyeliners to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.

Mascara:
Amodimethicone can be used in mascara to improve the application and provide a smooth feel.

Blush:
Amodimethicone is used in blush to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.

Foundations:
Amodimethicone can be used in foundations to provide a silky feel and improve the application of the product.

Concealers:
Amodimethicone is used in concealers to provide a smooth feel and improve the application of the product.


Amodimethicone has several other applications, including:

As a conditioning agent in hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, to improve the appearance and manageability of hair.
As a detangling agent in hair care products, to reduce hair breakage and improve combability.
As an emulsifier in skin care products, to help mix oil and water-based ingredients and improve the consistency of the product.
As an anti-static agent in hair care products, to reduce static electricity and frizz.
As a shine enhancer in hair care products, to improve the appearance and brightness of hair.
As a smoothing agent in hair care products, to reduce frizz and flyaways and improve the texture of hair.
As a film-forming agent in hair care products, to create a protective barrier on hair and reduce damage from heat styling tools.
As a surfactant in cleaning products, such as shampoos and body washes, to help remove dirt and oils from the skin and hair.
As a lubricant in personal care products, to reduce friction and improve the texture of the product.
As a moisturizer in skin care products, to help hydrate and soften the skin.
As a thickening agent in personal care products, to increase the viscosity of the product and improve its texture.
As a conditioning agent in textile manufacturing, to improve the softness and durability of fabrics.
As a release agent in the manufacture of rubber products, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a wetting agent in agricultural products, to help pesticides and herbicides spread evenly over plants and improve their effectiveness.
As a lubricant in industrial machinery, to reduce friction and wear on moving parts.
As a foam stabilizer in personal care products, to improve the stability and longevity of foam.
As a viscosity controller in industrial coatings, to improve the flow and texture of the product.
As a mold release agent in plastic manufacturing, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a slip agent in plastic films, to improve their smoothness and reduce friction.
As a lubricant in the manufacturing of metal parts, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of machining operations.
As a release agent in the production of polyurethane foam, to prevent sticking and improve the ease of release from molds.
As a lubricant in the manufacturing of rubber parts, to reduce friction and improve the efficiency of molding and extrusion processes.
As a processing aid in the manufacture of thermoplastics, to improve the flow and processability of the material.
As a coating in the printing industry, to improve the adhesion and durability of ink on paper and other substrates.
As an additive in the production of adhesives and sealants, to improve their bonding properties and reduce their viscosity.


Amodimethicone is used in hair care products to improve manageability and reduce frizz.
Amodimethicone is often included in shampoos, conditioners, and styling products to provide a smooth, silky texture.
Amodimethicone can help protect hair from heat damage caused by blow drying or flat ironing.

Amodimethicone can also provide UV protection to prevent color fading and damage from the sun's rays.
In skin care products, Amodimethicone can improve the texture and spreadability of creams and lotions.

Amodimethicone can also help prevent moisture loss and improve skin hydration.
Amodimethicone is commonly used in leave-in hair treatments to provide long-lasting conditioning and detangling.

Amodimethicone can help protect hair from environmental damage and keep it looking healthy and shiny.
Amodimethicone is used in antiperspirants to provide a smooth, silky feel and reduce irritation.

Amodimethicone can also help prevent white residue from forming on clothing.
In wound dressings, Amodimethicone can provide a moist environment for healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
Amodimethicone is used in textile coatings to improve water repellency and durability.

Amodimethicone can also enhance the softness and texture of fabrics.
Amodimethicone can be used as a release agent in the manufacture of rubber and plastic products.

Amodimethicone can help prevent sticking and improve the surface finish of molded parts.
In personal lubricants, Amodimethicone can improve glide and reduce irritation.

Amodimethicone is also used in condoms to improve their durability and prevent breakage.
Amodimethicone is used in the production of adhesives and sealants to improve bonding and reduce viscosity.
Amodimethicone can also improve resistance to temperature and environmental conditions.

In automotive products, Amodimethicone is used to improve the water repellency of windshields and windows.
Amodimethicone can also improve the performance of wiper blades and prevent streaking.

Amodimethicone is used in the production of silicone-based defoamers to prevent foam formation in industrial processes.
Amodimethicone can also improve the efficiency of inkjet printing by reducing droplet size and improving drying time.

Amodimethicone is used in the production of silicone emulsions and dispersions for use in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications.
Amodimethicone is also used in the production of silicone rubber products, including gaskets, seals, and hoses.



DESCRIPTION


Amodimethicone is a clear to pale yellow liquid.
Amodimethicone is a modified silicone polymer.
Amodimethicone is a water-soluble silicone that can provide conditioning and detangling benefits to hair.

Amodimethicone is commonly used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks.
Amodimethicone is often used in combination with other conditioning agents such as cationic surfactants and fatty alcohols to improve hair feel and manageability.

Amodimethicone is also known for its ability to reduce hair breakage and improve hair strength.
Amodimethicone can help to protect hair from heat damage caused by styling tools like flat irons and hair dryers.

Amodimethicone is non-ionic and does not build up on hair, making it a popular choice for leave-in conditioners and styling products.
Amodimethicone is compatible with a wide range of surfactants and polymers, making it versatile in formulation.

Amodimethicone has a low surface tension, which can aid in the spreading and wetting of hair care products.
Amodimethicone can provide long-lasting conditioning benefits to the hair, even after multiple washes.

Amodimethicone is resistant to water and can help to prevent frizz in humid conditions.
Amodimethicone can also provide color protection to dyed hair, helping to maintain vibrancy and shine.
Amodimethicone can be used in both professional and consumer hair care products.

Amodimethicone is typically used at low concentrations in formulations, ranging from 0.1% to 5%.
Amodimethicone can be used in a variety of hair types, including straight, wavy, curly, and coily hair.

Amodimethicone is easy to incorporate into formulations due to its water solubility.
Amodimethicone has a low viscosity, making it easy to handle and mix with other ingredients.

Amodimethicone has a low molecular weight, allowing it to penetrate the hair shaft and provide deep conditioning benefits.
Amodimethicone can be used in hair care products for both men and women.
Amodimethicone can help to improve the feel and texture of damaged and over-processed hair.

Amodimethicone can be used in combination with other silicone derivatives such as dimethiconol and cyclomethicone.
Amodimethicone is stable over a wide pH range, making it compatible with acidic and alkaline hair care formulations.

Amodimethicone can be used in hair care products for all ages, from children to seniors.
Amodimethicone is a safe and effective ingredient commonly used in hair care products worldwide.


Amodimethicone is a silicone-based polymer used primarily in hair care products.
Amodimethicone is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid that is soluble in water and alcohol.



PROPERTIES


Chemical formula: C24H43NO2Si
Molecular weight: 401.68 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, viscous liquid
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
Melting point: < -50°C
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Flash point: > 150°C
Density: 0.96 g/mL at 25°C
Refractive index: 1.443-1.450 at 20°C
Viscosity: 100-100,000 cSt
pH: 5-7
Surface tension: 20.3 dyn/cm
Dielectric constant: 2.6
Dielectric strength: 21.3 kV/mm
Heat of vaporization: 326.6 J/g
Heat of combustion: -5336 kJ/mol
Heat of formation: -187.5 kJ/mol
Heat capacity: 0.912 J/g·K
Thermal conductivity: 0.16 W/m·K
Flammability: Combustible
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Reactivity: Reacts with strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous decomposition products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the person to an area with fresh air immediately.
If the person is having difficulty breathing, give oxygen if it is available.
Seek medical attention if the person is experiencing any symptoms or if they have inhaled a large amount of the substance.


Skin contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear immediately and discard.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Rinse the area with clean water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or symptoms persist.


Eye contact:

Immediately flush the affected eye with clean water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids apart to ensure that water gets into the eye itself.
Seek medical attention immediately, even if there are no immediate symptoms.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse out the mouth with water.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Seek medical attention immediately.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Amodimethicone should be handled in a well-ventilated area, with proper personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat.
It is important to avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing, as it may cause irritation or allergic reactions.

In case of skin contact, wash thoroughly with soap and water. In case of eye contact, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention if necessary.
Amodimethicone should be handled carefully to avoid any spills or leaks, as it is flammable and may cause fire or explosion in certain conditions.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Amodimethicone.


Storage:

Amodimethicone should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of heat and ignition.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and evaporation.

Amodimethicone should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, acids, and bases.
Avoid exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation, as it may degrade the material and reduce its effectiveness.
Store Amodimethicone in its original container, with proper labeling and identification of the contents.



SYNONYMS


Aminoethylamino-Dimethicone
Bis-Amino
PEG/PPG-41/3
Aminoethyl PG-Propyl Dimethicone
Amino-functional silicone
Dimethylstearamine copolyol
Polyquaternium-11
Amino silicone oil
Stearoxy dimethicone
Polyquaternium-44
Cetyl dimethicone
Bis-aminopropyl dimethicone
Aminopropyl dimethicone
Polyquaternium-7
Amodimethicone (and) Trideceth-12
Polyquaternium-6
Bis-aminopropyl dimethicone/dimethicone copolymer
Behenoxy dimethicone
Bis-hydroxy/methoxy amodimethicone
Cetyl dimethicone copolyol
Lauryl dimethicone copolyol
PEG-12 dimethicone
Stearyl dimethicone
Trideceth-12
Trimethylsiloxysilicate
Bis-hydroxyethyl amodimethicone
Cyclomethicone
Glycol distearate
PEG-8 dimethicone
Bis-Amodimethicone
Dimethicone Amodimethicone
PEG-12 Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Trimethylsiloxyamodimethicone
Cetyl Dimethicone Copolyol Amodimethicone
Behenoxy Dimethicone Amodimethicone
PEG-8 Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Dimethiconol Amodimethicone
Hydroxypropyltrimonium Amodimethicone
Cetyl Amodimethicone
Stearoxy Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Stearyl Dimethicone Amodimethicone
Polyquaternium-10-11 Amodimethicone
Glyceryl Amodimethicone
Trideceth-5 Amodimethicone
Trideceth-12 Amodimethicone
Trideceth-10 Amodimethicone
Cetrimonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Cetrimonium Methosulfate Amodimethicone
Stearalkonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride Amodimethicone
Lauryl Amodimethicone
PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Amodimethicone
Propylene Glycol Dibenzoate Amodimethicone
Silicone Quaternium-17 Amodimethicone


AMONYL 380 BA
DESCRIPTION:
AMONYL 380 BA is an amphoteric surfactant, compatible with hard water, with high concentrated electrolytes and at the all range of pH.
AMONYL 380 BA is Good cleansing agent.
AMONYL 380 BA is Good foaming agent.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMONYL 380 BA:
Data: Limits
Appearance: Limpid liquid
Solid content (%): 28 - 32%
pH 5%: 5,5 - 7,0
Colour (Klett): NaCl: 4,5 - 6%



AMONYL 380 BA has the following properties:
AMONYL 380 BA is Good cleansing agent
AMONYL 380 BA is Good foaming agent

Generally, AMONYL 380 BA is not as good as alkyl and alkyl ether sulfates; nevertheless, better at alkaline pH, unaffected by hard water and resistant to high electrolyte concentration.
AMONYL 380 BA is Thickening surfactant
AMONYL 380 BA thickens anionic surface active agents, particularly alkyl and alkyl ether sulfate, with salts.

COMPATIBILITY:
AMONYL 380 BA is compatible with all classes of surfactants except with anionics at low pH.
AMONYL 380 BA shows excellent chemical stability against oxidising agents.
AMONYL 380 BA is resistant to hydrolysis and stable at very low and high pH.

APPLICATIONS OF AMONYL 380 BA:
Main applications of AMONYL 380 BA are in:
Hand dishwashing liquids : excellent foam stability and increases the viscosity when combined with anionics.
AMONYL 380 BA is Car cleaners.
AMONYL 380 BA is Domestic bleach.

AMONYL 380 BA is an alkyl amido betaine.
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Shampoos
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Shower gels
AMONYL 380 BA is used in Foaming baths

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMONYL 380 BA:
AMONYL 380 BA is Betaine
AMONYL 380 BA Provides a fine foam that is stable over time

AMONYL 380 BA Stabilizes & boosts the foam of anionic surfactants
AMONYL 380 BA is Sulfate free
AMONYL 380 BA is Preservative free

AMONYL 380 BA acts as a foaming agent.
AMONYL 380 BA is an amphoteric alkyl amido betaine.
AMONYL 380 BA is free of preservatives and sulfates.

AMONYL 380 BA stabilizes and boosts foam of anionic surfactants.
AMONYL 380 BA is used in shampoos, shower gels and foaming bath applications.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT AMONYL 380 BA:

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



AMP 90
bétaïnes, dérivés d’acides aminés et d’imidazole) : ils vont être soit cationique, soit anionique selon le pH du milieu dans lequel ils se trouvent. Ils sont plutôt bien tolérés par la peau, et ne piquent pas les yeux. Exemples : Cocamidopropyl Betaïn, mousse de Babassu (Babassuamidopropyl betaïne)
AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with relatively low viscosity.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with faint amine odor.


CAS Number: 124-68-5
EC Number: 204-709-8
MDL Number: MFCD00008051
INCI/Chemical Name:
2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
Linear Formula: (CH3)2C(NH2)CH2OH / C4H11NO



SYNONYMS:
Aminomethyl propanol (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol), Amp 95, 2-Amino-2 Methyl-1 Propanol, Uniten AMP 95, Amp Buffer 95%, AMP, AMP 95, β-Aminoisobutyl alcohol, 2-Amino-2 Methyl-1 Propanol, Uniten AMP 95, Amp Buffer 95%, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 1-Hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-amine, 2,2-Dimethylethanolamine, 2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, 2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-Aminoisobutanol, 2-Hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethylamine, 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Methyl-2-amino-1-propanol, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol, AMP (thinner), AMP Regular, AMP buffer, AMP-ULTRA PC 2000, AMP-Ultra PC, AMP-Ultra PC 1000, CE 64, Corrguard 75, Dolapix A 88, Hydroxy-tert-butylamine, Isobutanol-2-amine, KV 5088, NSC 441, Pamabron, β-Aminoisobutanol, AMP, AMP 95, β-Aminoisobutyl alcohol, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-Amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol, 1-Propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-, Aminomethylpropanol, 2-aminodimethylethanol, β-aminoisobutanol, 2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, isobutanol-2-amine, isobutanolamine, β-Aminoisobutanol, Aminomethylpropanol, AMP Regular, Hydroxy-tert-butylamine, Isobutanol-2-amine, 1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, 2-Aminoisobutanol, 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol, 2-Methyl-2-aminopropanol-1, 2-Aminodimethylethanol, 2,2-Dimethyl-ethanolamine, Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, Amino-2,2-dimethylethanol, Aminoisobutanol, Hydroxymethyl-2-propylamine, 2-Amino-1-hydroxy-2-methylpropane, AMP 75, Corrguard 75, KV 5088, NSC 441



AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional additive and synthetic building block.
The versatility, compatibility and preferred environmental profile of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is valued across a wide range of applications and markets.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer provides high-efficiency pH control, enhances dispersion of pigments and latex, controls corrosion, and provides compatibility and stability to water-based formulations.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has exceptional thermal and UV stability and is highly resistant to yellowing.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with faint amine odor.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is premier primary amino alcohol, designed for use in all water-dilutable metalworking fluids, especially where a colorless product is required.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used worldwide, providing superior performance among commonly available amine products.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
In a formulation, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can be used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments.


At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer will contribute significant benefits to the overall performance of the coating.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol containing 5% added water.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer acts as a corrosion inhibitor.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a colorless liquid with relatively low viscosity.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer contributes to pH stability, low odor and anticorrosive properties.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer promotes acceptance of colorants.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a very efficient amine for neutralizing the carboxylic acid moieties in acid-functional resins to make them suitable for use in water-borne coatings and other aqueous applications.
In latex emulsion paints, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a very efficient co-dispersant for pigments.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is the premier, flagship product from ANGUS for paint and coatings.
As a primary multifunctional amine, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer offers more functionality, more exibility, and more value than other amines.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional neutralizer containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and 5% added water.


Key attributes of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer include neutralization, dispersancy, pH buffering, non-yellowing, stability, formulation optimization, alkaline pH development and corrosion control, offering inumerous benefits throughout the life cycle of a latex paint compared to regular pH neutralizers, such as ammonia, MEA, NaOH.


In addition, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is the only US EPA VOC-exempt amine .
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is recommended for a wide range of applications, such as Architectural and Industrial Coatings, Emulsion Polymerization, Inks, Adhesives and Solvent-borne alkyds.


This colorless, mobile liquid, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer, with a relatively low viscosity remains liquid at temperatures above -2°C to permit easy handling.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multi-functional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments, contribute significant benefits to overall performance of the coating.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as neutralizer and a co-dispersant.
In a formulation, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can be used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments.
At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer will contribute significant benefits to the overall performance of the coating.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer also has the advantages of cobalt – free precipitation and low foam.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used to synthesize surfactant; Curing accelerator; Acidic gas absorbent.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used in many cosmetic formulations as a neutralization agent with a low viscosity half that of TEA.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer contributes to moisture resistance, frizz resistance, easy rinsing, and product stability.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used Appliance Paint, Building Coating, Car Paint, Furniture Paint, Paper Coating, Plastic Coating, Rubber Coating, Industrial Paint.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used water-based adhesive, water-based glazing oil, water-based ink, interior and exterior latex paint, leather coating, other water-based systems.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer derivatives formed with carboxylic acids are used for gas chromatographic analysis.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used synthesis of surfactants.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used curing accelerator.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used acidic gas absorbent.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used the additive of coating, emulsioni paint, have pigment dispersing concurrently, pH adjustment and antirust effect
Recommended dosage of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer: add 0.05~0.5% to the total amount of paint (finished form), the specific dosage should be subject to the experiment.


It is recommended to add before grinding; After adding, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is recommended to add slowly in the last stage of painting mixing at low speed.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is a multifunctional additive for all types of latex emulsion paints.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used as a powerful co-dispersant to prevent re-agglomeration of pigments and contribute significant benefits to overall performance of the coating.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer aids in dispersion and improvement in color tone.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used for neutralizing, synergy to dispersing agent (reduce up to 25%), reduce wetting agent up to 25%, and reduce glycol up to 10%.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is especially recommended for aerosol products.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used Architectural Coatings, Industrial and Automotive Coatings, Epoxies, Polyurethanes and Other Reactive Chemistries, Adhesives and Sealants, and Building and Construction.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used pigment Slurries, Dispersions and Colorants, Resins and Emulsion Polymerization, Inks and Overprint Varnish, Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Household and Industrial Cleaning, Water Treatment, Chemical Manufacturing and Synthesis, and Oil and Gas.


AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used in Various kinds of latex paint, Water-based industrial paint, Synthetic emulsion, and Water-based adhesives.
Trusted by formulators worldwide for its neutralizing and multifunctional capabilities, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer works well as a co-dispersant and provides outstanding film properties in finished formulations.


Key benefits of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer include improved pH stability, excellent scrub-resistance, optimal color acceptance, improved gloss and outstanding hiding power.
Additionally, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer can help with the reduction of VOC levels by lowering freeze-thaw and open-time agents and dispersants.


-In The field of metal processing, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is mainly used as biological stability and pH stabilizer.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely used in the concentrate and post-treatment of metal processing fluid in Europe and the United States and is the main raw material for the development of biological stability formula.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is used to increase and stabilize pH value, save and prolong the life of metal working fluid in field adding.



FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is an organic amine compound with high efficiency, low odor, non-yellowing, full volatility and other characteristics.
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has a low odor and can be used as an organic amine neutralizer to replace ammonia in the coating formula, reducing the bad smell caused by ammonia volatilization.

At the same time, AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has fast volatilization and will not remain in the paint film for a long time, so it can be used in high-gloss coatings and has excellent water resistance.

AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer has a strong wetting force, can improve the dispersion stability of the filler, and has a high gloss display force, adding AMP-95 coating formula can reduce the amount of wetting agent, or even without adding wetting agent.



BENEFITS AND PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
The benefits and performance improvements made possible by AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer in different stages of paint manufacture are:
-AMP-95 in the grind:
*Reduces dispersant demand when used in conjunction with conventional dispersants
*Optimizes pigment dispersion
*Reduces foam (through dispersant reduction)
*Provides effective pH control
*Lowers raw material costs


-Improves thickener performance:
Eliminates need for ammonia, resulting in a lower odor paint
Improves color acceptance of shading pastes


-AMP-95 and Coating Performance:
*Improves scrub, water and block resistance through formula optimization
*Reduces in-can corrosion
*Effective in low odor systems

*When formulating a latex paint, it is important to consider all the effects of dispersants and surfactants on the paints on its final performance.
As the information in this technical data sheet shows, AMP-95 can be used to reduce the levels of many commonly used paint additives, thereby lowering raw material costs while improving paint performance.



BENEFITS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP-95 use benefits include, but are not limited to, the following:
■ Efficient Amine for Resin Neutralization – High base strength – Relatively low molecular weight
■ Multiple Food Contact Approvals
■ Acts as a Co-Dispersant for Particulate Systems
■ Corrosion Inhibitor for Steam-Condensate Lines
■ Key Component of Low Cobalt-Leaching Metalworking Fluids
■ Acts as a Formaldehyde Scavenger
■ Useful Raw Material for Synthesis Applications
■ Component of Powerful Anionic Emulsifier System



FUNCTIONS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is widely recognized as a multifunctional additive for all types of latex paints.



BENEFITS OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
*Primary amine with fully substituted α-carbon; no abstractable hydrogen Secondary amine and nitrosamine levels below 0.5% and 50ppm respectively
*Promotes high humidity curl retention (HHCR) in hair sprays and styling products
*Excellent in-can corrosion inhibition in aerosol formulations
*Reduces emulsion particle size
*Improves emulsion appearance and stability Compatible with
*Carbomer and other synthetic acrylic rheology modifiers
*Aids pigment dispersion
*Excellent alcohol tolerance



FEATURES OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer reduces dispersant demand and optimizes pigment dispersion
*Reactive pigment stabilization
*Reduce corrosion
*pH stabilization
*Improve thickener performance
*Cost reduction
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer eliminates need for ammonia, resulting in a lower odor paint
*AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer improves color acceptance of shading pastes



METHOD OF USE OF AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
1. Dosage of AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer is 0.1~1.0% of the total weight of the formula.

2. Add AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer 1/3~1/2 of the total amount at the pulping stage, and add the rest at the paint mixing stage.

3. Add AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer into the water with dispersant at the stage of pulping, and then add pigment filler in turn under rapid stirring after full dissolution.
Add pigment filler in turn under rapid stirring

4. At the stage of paint mixing, first dilute AMP 95 Multifunctional Neutralizer with 2~5 times water, and then add it slowly under stirring.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
Form:Liquid
Color: Colorless
pKa @ 25°C: 9.7
Boiling point of active material (°C): 165
Molecular weight: 89.1
Flash point (Tag closed cup °C): 81
Solubility in water: Miscible
Neutral equivalent: 93-97
Vapor pressure at 20°C: 10.7 Pa
pH: 11.3
Specific Gravity: 0.942
Viscosity at 25°C: 147 mPa

Molecular Weight: 89.14
Appearance Form: Semi-solid melting to a liquid
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 11,0 - 12,0 at 8,9 g/l at 25 °C
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 24 - 28 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 165 °C - lit.
Flash point: 68 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Vapour pressure: < 1 hPa at 25 °C
Vapour density: 3,08 - (Air = 1.0)
Relative density: 0,934 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Water solubility: 8,9 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: -0,63
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:

Relative vapour density: 3,08 - (Air = 1.0)
Form: Liquid
Color: Colorless
pKa: @ 25°C9.7
Boiling point of active material: (°C)165
Flash point (Tag closed cup °C): 81
Solubility in water: Miscible
Appearance colorless transparent liquid moisture: ≤ 0.5%.
The mass fraction of AMP-95 is: ≥ 95.0.



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Description of first aid measures:
--General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information: No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use face shield and safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 30 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMP 95 MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUTRALIZER:
-Reactivity: No data available
-Chemical stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: No data available
-Conditions to avoid: No data available
-Other decomposition products - No data available


AMPS
Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; AA-AMPSA; Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; Sulfonated Polyacrylic Acid Copolymer; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid-acrylic acid copolymer; 2-Propenoic acid polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid; Sulfonated Polyacrylic Acid Copolymer; ACRYLIC ACID /ACRYLAMIDOMETHYL PROPANE SULFONIC ACID COPOLYMER; AcrylicAcid-AMPSCopolymer(AA/AMPS); Acrylic Acid-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Copolymer; AA/AMPS; Acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propyl sulfonic acid copolymer; 2-Propenoic acid,polymer with 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid; prop-2-enoic acid - 2-(acryloylamino)butane-2-sulfonic acid (1:1) CAS NO:40623-75-4
AMPS SODIUM SALT
AMPS Sodium Salt is a pale yellow or colorless transparent liquid.
AMPS Sodium Salt is an abbreviation for Sodium Salt 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid.


CAS Number: 5165-97-9
EC Number: 225-948-4
MDL number: MFCD00156481
Linear Formula: H2C=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3Na
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S


AMPS Sodium Salt is added in the emulsion and acrylic acid, styrene or vinyl acetate reaction, the introduction of reactive emulsifier to prevent the migration of emulsifier.
The low viscosity and remarkable stability of the emulsion can be obtained with only 2-3% of AMPS sodium salt.


At the same time no need add ethylene glycol and other additive, AMPS Sodium Salt can improve the adhesion of paint film, thermal stability and antistatic ability, improve the water resistance of latex paint and scrubbing resistance.
The acrylamide group in AMPS Sodium Salt will accelerate the polymerization reaction.


Two pendant methyl groups and sodium methanesulfonate are combined behind the amino group.
AMPS Sodium Salt can prevent its hydrolysis and thermal degradation.
Sulfonated group can result the monomer show higher hydrophilicity and ionic characteristics at any pH value.


AMPS Sodium Salt is a pale yellow or colorless transparent liquid.
AMPS Sodium Salt or NA ATBS don’t easily get vaporized at its low temperature point to form an ignitable mixture in air, so the flash point property is not applicable to it.


AMPS Sodium Salt’s convenient storage, packaging, and logistics provide the necessary ease and flexibility in formulations to produce high-performance polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is delivered in three different grades which include 2403, 2405, and 2407 which are derived from their expected performance characteristics and the polymerization molecular weight.


AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive monomer which can add anionic character to polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt exhibits good hydrolytic and thermal stability.
AMPS Sodium Salt features polyvalent cation tolerance.


AMPS Sodium Salt permits easy formulation of mining flocculants which is stable in complex and harsh conditions.
AMPS Sodium Salt provides flexibility in formulation to make stable emulsion polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is convenient in handling.


AMPS Sodium Salt reduces grit/coagulum formation in latex polymer.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a reactive, hydrophilic, sulfonic acid acrylic monomer used to alter the chemical properties of wide variety of anionic polymers.
In the 1970s, the earliest patents using this monomer were filed for acrylic fiber manufacturing.


Today, there are over several thousands patents and publications involving use of AMPS Sodium Salt in many areas including water treatment, oil field, construction chemicals, hydrogels for medical applications, personal care products, emulsion coatings, adhesives, and rheology modifiers.
The molecular weight of AMPS Sodium Salt is 229.23.


The density of AMPS Sodium Salt is 1.2055 g/ ml at 25 degree celsius .
AMPS Sodium Salt is a 50 wt % solution in water that enables easy handling of the product.
AMPS Sodium Salt is prepared by reacting 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid or ATBS with caustic soda solution.


AMPS Sodium Salt is an abbreviation for Sodium Salt 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid.
AMPS Sodium Salt’s unique numerical identifier assigned by the chemical abstracts service CAS is 5165-97-9.
Some of AMPS Sodium Salt's synonymous are Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium, and Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is used emulsions for paint and paper coatings.
Polymers containing AMPS Sodium Salt improve scrub resistance, dispersant performance and reduce grit formation.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used raw material for water treatment.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used in the cooling tower and boilers, to inhibit Calcium, Magnesium and Silica scale formation.
AMPS Sodium Salt is also used to precipitate solids in industrial and mining effluents.
Adhesives uses of AMPS Sodium Salt: AMPS Sodium Salt improve strength in pressure sensitive formulations and also make wood glue to improve adhesive strength, and thermal and mechanical properties with superior rheology.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used textile auxiliaries.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used as textile sizing agents, thickeners, dispersants and non-woven emulsion binders.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used detergents and cleaners.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used to improve characteristics of hydrophilicity, dispersibility, and lubricity and also enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergents and cleaners.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used Acrylic fibre.


AMPS Sodium Salt has been widely used in water treatment, mining, flocculants, oilfield chemicals, household items, medical supplies, cosmetics, detergents and cleaning agents, fabric glue and finishing agents, paper coating agent, polymer emulsions, paints and adhesives, paints, leather tanning and dyeing polymers, non-woven adhesives, super absorbent agent, thickener, leak-proof and sealing agent.


AMPS Sodium Salt is also used as the third monomer of synthetic fibers.
AMPS Sodium Salt is mainly used in emulsions, water-based adhesives and sealants.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used as a dopant and a protonating agent for conducting polymers.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used in a variety of electronic applications.
AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in industries, industry daily chemicals and polymer synthesis.
Such as Water treatment agents, Mining, Flocculants, Oil field chemicals, Daily necessities, Medical supplies, Cosmetics, Detergents and cleaning agents,

Fabric glues and Finishing agents, Polymer emulsions, Coatings and Adhesives, Paints, Leather tanning and Printing and dyeing Polymers, Non-woven adhesives, Super absorbents, Thickeners and Sealants, etc.
AMPS Sodium Salt has a wide range of uses in water treatment and can also be used as the third monomer of synthetic fibers.


AMPS Sodium Salt is normally a 50% liquid solution which is convenient to handle, thereby, making it easy to get desired flexibility in formulations to create high performance polymers.
This products is generally used by polymer manufacturers where AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a comonomer along with other acrylic monomers like acrylamide, acrylic acid to make polymers.


Numerous polymers of AMPS Sodium Salt can be made depending on the other co-monomer, concentrations, degree of polymerization and so on.
The most common industrial applications of AMPS Sodium Salt are in adhesives to improve pressure-sensitive formulation strength, in water treatment to inhibit calcium, magnesium, and silica scale formation, in personal care products for making diapers, in the textile industry as textile sizing agent and a non-woven emulsion binder, in oil fields as a friction reducer, in acrylic fiber to provide dye receptivity and in the construction site to inhibit fluid loss.


A hydrophilic compound such as sodium amps or AMPS Sodium Salt can also be used as a dopant.
For conducting polymers, AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a protonating agent.
In order to conduct the water purification process, polyelectrolyte copolymer gels are utilized; for the formation of polyelectrolyte copolymer gels, AMPS Sodium Salt is used.


AMPS Sodium Salt can also have potential application in the field of bioengineering and biomedical products.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used in polymerization where low molecular weight polymers (less than two million) are desired.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional polymerized monomer, and also a kind of polymerizable surfactant.


AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in emulsions, waterborne adhesives and sealants.
AMPS Sodium Salt is a highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional polymerized monomer, and also a kind of polymerizable surfactant.
AMPS Sodium Salt is widely used in emulsions, waterborne adhesives and sealants.


AMPS Sodium Salt is used emulsion, waterborne adhesive and sealant emulsion, waterborne adhesive and sealant.
AMPS Sodium Salt acts as a commoner when combined with other acrylic monomers like acrylic acid to manufacture polymers.
AMPS Sodium Salt improves scrub resistance and dispersant performance of paper coatings and paint emulsions.


AMPS Sodium Salt gives dye receptability for acrylic fibre.
AMPS Sodium Salt is used construction chemicals.


-Hydrogels and super absorbents uses of AMPS Sodium Salt:
Being super absorbents, AMPS Sodium Salt is used in diapers, lotions and other personal care products, due to high water absorbing capacity, electrical conductivity, slipperiness and lubricity.
AMPS Sodium Salt is also used as water retention agent.



PRODUCTION OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is made by the Ritter reaction of acrylonitrile and isobutylene in the presence of sulfuric acid and water.
The recent patent literature describes batch and continuous processes that produce AMPS Sodium Salt in high purity (to 99.7%) and improved yield (up to 89%, based on isobutene) with the addition of liquid isobutene to an acrylonitrile / sulfuric acid / phosphoric acid mixture at 40°C.



PROPERTIES OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
*Hydrolytic and thermal stability:
The geminal dimethyl group and the sulfomethyl group combine to sterically hinder the amide functionality and provide both hydrolytic and thermal stabilities to AMPS Sodium Salt-containing polymers.

*Polarity and hydrophilicity:
The sulfonate group gives the monomer a high degree of hydrophilicity and anionic character at wide range of pH.
In addition, AMPS Sodium Salt is absorbing water readily and also imparts enhanced water absorption and transport characteristics to polymers.

*Solubility:
AMPS Sodium Salt is very soluble in water and dimethylformamide (DMF) and also shows limited solubility in most polar organic solvents



FUNCTION OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
People draw conclusions after detailed research on the gel, particles, surface charge density, latex stability and other aspects produced when AMPS Sodium Salt synthesizes emulsion:
Because the polymer has the characteristics of polymer electrolyte, AMPS Sodium Salt adsorbs on the surface of the latex particles and strokes the ionization layer, thereby increasing the stability of the latex.

AMPS Sodium Salt not only can replace carboxylic acid monomers but also can reduce the usage of other surfactants.
AMPS Sodium Salt has good water resistance and thermal stability; Products made from these emulsions have a smooth, flexible and comfortable touch, and the scrubbing resistance of the coatings made is also significantly improved.



PROPERTIES OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
AMPS Sodium Salt is a polymerizable surfactant with highly reactive, highly hydrophilic functional monomer.
AMPS Sodium Salt has a polymer electrolyte properties, adsorbed on the latex particles formed on the surface of the ionosphere, thus increasing the stability of latex.

By using AMPS Sodium Salt, it not only can replace the carboxylic acid monomer (e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc.), but also reduce other use of surfactants to make acrylic, vinyl acetate-acrylate and styrene-acrylic emulsion system of resistance divalent cations significantly increased mechanical stability, AMPS Sodium Salt has good hydrolysis resistance and thermal stability; emulsion made from it are smooth and flexible, comfortable warmth, it has good tolerance for the scrub of coating too.



ADDED OF AMPS SODIUM SALT:
Add AMPS Sodium Salt to the emulsion to react with acrylic acid, styrene, or vinyl acetate to introduce a reactive emulsifier to prevent the migration of the emulsifier.

With only 2-3% AMPS Sodium Salt, the emulsion has low viscosity and remarkable stability.
At the same time, there is no need to add additives such as ethylene glycol, and it can improve the adhesion, thermal stability and antistatic properties of the paint film, and improve the water resistance and scrub resistance of the latex paint.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
CAS No: 5165-97-9
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Molecular Weight: 229.23
Appearance:Colorless liquid
Purity:50%
Appearance: Coloeless liquid
Chroma: 60
Assay: 50.81
Refractive Index: 1.418
Denisty: 1.203
Viscosity: 12.7
Ph: 9.58
Fe: 0.81
Physical state: liquid

Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 9
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,2055 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Classification: Others
Cas NO.: 5165-97-9
Name: 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Boiling Point: °Cat760mmHg

Refractive index:1.4220
Flash Point: °C
Purity: 99.0%min
usage: Plant Extracts
Brand Name: Crovell
EINECS: 225-948-4
CAS No.: 5165-97-9
Grade: Industrial Grade
Appearance: Coloeless liquid
Chroma: 60
Assay: 50.81
Refractive Index: 1.418
Denisty: 1.203
Viscosity: 12.7

Ph: 9.58
Fe: 0.81
SMILES: CC(C)(CS(=O)(=O)[O-])NC(=O)C=C.[Na+]
StdInChI: InChI=1S/C7H13NO4S.Na/c1-4-6(9)8-7(2,3)5-13(10,11)12;/h4H,1,5H2,2-3H3,(H,8,9)(H,10,11,12);/q;+1/p-1
StdInChIKey: FWFUWXVFYKCSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Molecular Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Molecular Weight: 229.23
EINECS: 225-948-4
MDL Number: MFCD00156481
CAS No.: 5165-97-9
Density: 1.2055
PSA: 94.68000

LogP: 1.08410
Solubility: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Formula: C7H12NNaO4S
Boiling Point: 110℃ at 101.325kPa
Molecular Weight: 229.232
Flash Point: N/A
Transport Information: N/A
Appearance: N/A
Safety: 26-36/37/39
Risk Codes: 36/37/38



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 12:
Non Combustible Liquids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate
2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt
Sodium 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)amino]propanesulphonate
2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt 50% solution
Acrylamido-tert-butylsulfonic acid sodium salt
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt
225-948-4 [EINECS]
5165-97-9 [RN]
MFCD00156481 [MDL number]
Natrium-2-(acryloylamino)-2-methyl-1-propansulfonat
Sodium 2-(acryloylamino)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Sodium 2-(acryloylamino)-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonate
SODIUM ACRYLOYLDIMETHYLTAURATE
[5165-97-9]
112666-19-0 [RN]
113996-54-6 [RN]
115137-50-3 [RN]
129701-88-8 [RN]
15214-89-8 [RN]
152634-06-5 [RN]
171063-24-4 [RN]
192388-82-2 [RN]
1-Propanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-, sodium salt
1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID, 2-METHYL-2-((1-OXO-2-PROPENYL)AMINO)-, MONOSODIUM SALT
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt solution
2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONICACIDSODIUMSALT
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonate sodium salt
2-Methyl-2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino)-1-propanesulfonic acid, sodiumsalt
2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium
76701-57-0 [RN]
86848-82-0 [RN]
95243-13-3 [RN]
EINECS 225-948-4
Natrium-2-(acryloylamino)-2-methylpropan-1-sulfonat
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONIC ACID), SODIUM SALT
sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
SODIUM 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONATE
sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane-1-sulfonate
Sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonate
sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
SODIUM 2-ACRYLAMINO-2-METHYLPROPANE SULFONATE
Sodium 2-methyl-2-((1-oxoallyl)amino)propanesulphonate
sodium 2-methyl-2-(1-oxoprop-2-enylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
SODIUM 2-METHYL-2-(PROP-2-ENAMIDO)PROPANE-1-SULFONATE
sodium 2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
sodium 2-methyl-2-[(1-oxoallyl)amino]propanesulphonate
sodium;2-methyl-2-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonate
1-Propanesulfonicacid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-, sodium salt (7CI,8CI)
1-Propanesulfonic acid,2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-, monosodium salt (9CI)
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt
2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium salt
AMPS 2403
AMPS 2405
ATBS-NA
Acryloyldimethyltaurine sodium salt
LZ 2405
Lubrizol 2401
Lubrizol2403
Lubrizol 2405
Lubrizol 2405A
Sodium2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate
Sodium2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonate
Sodium N-acryloyldimethyltaurate
Sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate




AMYLASE
Amylase is an enzyme found in the pancreas and parotid glands (salivary glands).
An amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪs/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars.
Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.


CAS Number: 9000-90-2
EC Number: 232-565-6



SYNONYMS:
β-Amylase, Food Grade Beta-amylase, Amy test, serum amylase, urine amylase



Amylase is an enzyme that is essential for the digestive system, belonging to the group of hydrolytic enzymes.
Alpha-amylase (α-amylase) is the major form of the enzyme amylase, found in humans and other mammals, which hydrolyzes the alpha bonds of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, creating simple substrates as simple as glucose and maltose.


Alpha-amylase is also present in plant seeds that use starch as a store of energy, in bacteria, and in the secretions of some fungi.
In humans, the enzyme amylase is present in saliva (also known as ptyalin) and in digestive system secretions.
Amylase is one of the enzymes that has many applications in industries such as industry, medicine and many other economic fields, especially for the food industry.


Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic.
Amylase plays an important role in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
By breaking down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars that are more easily assimilated by the body, Amylase facilitates digestion and is useful in cases of dyspepsia.


The enzyme responsible for starch degradation is called Amylase, and is found in saliva, among other places.
Whatever your diet, the carbohydrates in food provide fuel for your body in the form of glucose.
However, finding free glucose is relatively rare in our typical diets, and it is the work of enzymes like amylase to break down complex carbohydrates or starch, into smaller, simpler sugars such as glucose.


Amylase is concentrated enzyme complex.
Amylase accelerates the process of starch degradation into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase allows the starches to acquire different textures, sweetens the product without adding sweeteners and increases the fermentative power of the mixture.


Amylase is an enzyme that degrades starch.
Amylase is also called saccharase and ptyalin.
Amylase was the first enzyme identified and isolated by Anselme Payen in 1833, who named it diastase.


Amylase is enzyme complex that degrades starch into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase solubilizes and liquefies starches, sweetens and increases the fermentative power of the mixture.
Amylase only acts on starch: it will only work on products containing starch.


Amylase, any member of a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis (splitting of a compound by addition of a water molecule) of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules such as maltose (a molecule composed of two glucose molecules).
Three categories of amylases, denoted alpha, beta, and gamma, differ in the way they attack the bonds of the starch molecules.


Alpha-amylase is widespread among living organisms.
In the digestive systems of humans and many other mammals, an alpha-amylase called ptyalin is produced by the salivary glands, whereas pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine.


The optimum pH of alpha-amylase is 6.7–7.0.
Ptyalin is mixed with food in the mouth, where it acts upon starches.
Although the food remains in the mouth for only a short time, the action of ptyalin continues for up to several hours in the stomach—until the food is mixed with the stomach secretions, the high acidity of which inactivates ptyalin.


Ptyalin’s digestive action depends upon how much acid is in the stomach, how rapidly the stomach contents empty, and how thoroughly the food has mixed with the acid.
Under optimal conditions as much as 30 to 40 percent of ingested starches can be broken down to maltose by ptyalin during digestion in the stomach.


Amylase is an enzyme, a type of protein that helps your body break down carbohydrates.
The pancreas and salivary glands in your mouth make amylase.
There’s normally a small amount of amylase in your blood and urine.


Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates.
Amylase is made primarily in the pancreas and the glands that make saliva, and can be found at low levels in other parts of the body.
When the pancreas is diseased or inflamed, it releases increased amounts of amylase into the blood.


A test can be done to measure the level of this enzyme in your blood.
Amylase may also be measured with a urine amylase test.
An amylase (/ˈæmɪleɪs/) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars.


Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.
Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar.


The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy.
Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase.


Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters.
All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Amylase is an enzyme that occurs naturally in the saliva of some mammals and humans that aids in the process of digestion.


Amylase accelerates the breakdown or hydrolysis of starch into simple sugars.
The pancreas and the salivary glands mainly synthesise amylase to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are converted into glucose and used as energy.


Amylase was one of the first enzymes to be discovered in the 1800s. It was initially named diastaste but later renamed amylase in the late 20th century.
Amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme present in large amounts in the pancreas, within acinar cells, and salivary glands.
Amylase is present in smaller amounts in other tissues.


Amylase cleaves alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in glucose polymers such as starch and glycogen.
Amylase requires co-factors chloride and calcium ions.
It is cleared by the kidney and hence, there is a small amount of amylase activity within urine.


Amylase is normally measured in the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain.
Total levels are usually reported, although it is possible to distinguish P and S amylase from the pancreas and salivary glands respectively.
Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, produced by your pancreas and salivary glands.


The pancreas is an organ located behind your stomach.
It creates various enzymes that help break down food in your intestines.
An amylase blood test can determine whether you have a disease of the pancreas by measuring the amount of amylase in your body.


Amylase is a digestive enzyme that helps the body break down carbohydrates.
Both the salivary glands and the pancreas produce amylase.
Several different medical conditions can affect amylase levels in the blood.


Amylase (AM-uh-lace) is an enzyme made by the salivary glands and the pancreas.
Amylase helps the body digest carbohydrates.
Amylase is an enzyme made mainly by the pancreas.


Amylase is released from the pancreas into the digestive tract to help digest starch in our food.
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands.
Amylase is responsible for digesting the starch and glycogen found in food.


Generally, the amylase blood test is used to help diagnose pancreatic diseases, like acute pancreatitis, and is normally ordered together with the lipase test.
The doctor can also order a urine amylase test, which helps to assess kidney functioning.


This test is often ordered when treating kidney failure to assess the effectiveness of treatment.
Amylase test result should be assessed by the ordering doctor together with the patient's presenting symptoms, as well as other test results.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AMYLASE:
Enzyme amylase is very widely used in many fields:
In the brewing industry (participating in starch saccharification):
Amylase is used in the saccharification of starch into maltose, glucose , used as a necessary substrate for beer fermentation;


Amylase is used in the production of soy sauce, malt, molasses, glucose.
Amylase hydrolyze starch can be applied in the production of rice wine, as feed for livestock to supplement nutrients.
Amylase is applied in bread production, making the cake spongy, more delicious.


In the textile industry, the enzyme amylase is used to remove the starch from the fabric, remove the starch on the surface of the fabric, making the fabric soft, easy to bleach, easy to catch color in the dyeing process.
Amylase is applied in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.


Amylase is used in applications in MSG processing industry.
If there are no signs or symptoms of parotid inflammation (mumps, etc.), a high level of amylase in the blood generally indicates an inflammatory impairment of the pancreas (due to alcoholism, gallstones, or more rarely following a trauma, viral infection, extremely high calcium or triglyceride levels, a tumour, a drug, etc.).


In the case of acute pancreatitis, amylase levels typically rise to as much as 4 to 6 times the normal upper reference limit.
This occurs within 4 to 8 hours of onset and returns to normal within a few days when the condition is treated successfully.
In chronic pancreatitis, amylase levels tend to return to normal gradually, even if the disease has not disappeared, due to the destruction of the pancreas.


It is preferable to measure levels of the lipase enzyme to diagnose and monitor chronic pancreatitis.
In rare cases, high blood levels of amylase can be caused by the presence of macroamylase, a form of amylase that is too big to be eliminated by the kidneys.


This condition is harmless and can be confirmed by measuring amylase clearance.
Other uses of Amylase: An inhibitor of alpha-amylase, called phaseolamin, has been tested as a potential diet aid.
When used as a food additive, amylase has E number E1100, and may be derived from pig pancreas or mold fungi.


Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.
Factory workers who work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma.
Five to nine percent of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase.


Tests for amylase in blood or urine are mainly used to diagnose problems with your pancreas, including pancreatitis, which is an inflammation of the pancreas.
Amylase is also used to monitor chronic (long-term) pancreatitis.


Increases and decreases in amylase levels show up in blood before urine, so an amylase urine test may be done with or after an amylase blood test.
One or both types of amylase test may also be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for other disorders that may affect amylase levels, such as salivary gland disorders and certain digestive conditions.


The enzyme ɑ-amylase finds a great deal of use in brewing liquor and beer that is made from starch.
Amylase is achieved through a process of fermentation, where the yeast consumes sugar and yields alcohol.
In breadmaking, yeasts, which already secrete amylase, break down the starch in the flour into carbon dioxide and ethanol, giving rise to the bread and also adding flavour.


In molecular biology, amylase can be used as a method of selection for antibiotic gene resistance.
Amylase is used in biochemical research and clinically as a digestive enzyme for loss of appetite, indigestion, gastric catarrh, etc.
As differentiation requires electrophoresis, this is not commonly warranted in the emergency situation where rapid, automated chromogenic assays are used.
Amylase assay on pleural or peritoneal fluid may be used to diagnose a pancreatic fistula.


-Molecular biology uses of Amylase:
In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance.
As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through iodine staining.


-Medical uses of Amylase:
Amylase also has medical applications in the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT).
Amylase is one of the components in Sollpura (liprotamase) to help in the breakdown of saccharides into simple sugars.


-Hyperamylasemia uses of Amylase:
Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis.
A higher than normal concentration may reflect any of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas (which may be measured concurrently with the more specific lipase), perforated peptic ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, strangulation, ileus, mesenteric ischemia, macroamylasemia and mumps.
Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid.


-Fermentation uses of Amylase:
α- and β-amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor made from sugars derived from starch.
In fermentation, yeast ingests sugars and excretes ethanol.
In beer and some liquors, the sugars present at the beginning of fermentation have been produced by "mashing" grains or other starch sources (such as potatoes).

In traditional beer brewing, malted barley is mixed with hot water to create a "mash", which is held at a given temperature to allow the amylases in the malted grain to convert the barley's starch into sugars.
Different temperatures optimize the activity of alpha or beta amylase, resulting in different mixtures of fermentable and unfermentable sugars.
In selecting mash temperature and grain-to-water ratio, a brewer can change the alcohol content, mouthfeel, aroma, and flavor of the finished beer.

In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix Amylase with saliva.
This practice continues to be practiced in the home production of some traditional drinks, such as chhaang in the Himalayas, chicha in the Andes, and kasiri in Brazil and Suriname.


-Flour additive uses of Amylase:
Amylase is used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars.
Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of ethanol and carbon dioxide.
This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise.

While Amylase is found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread.
This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sourdough. Modern breadmaking techniques have included Amylase (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver, thereby making the process faster and more practical for commercial use.



CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLASE:
*α-Amylase
The α-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1 ) (CAS 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are calcium metalloenzymes.
By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain saccharides, ultimately yielding either maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin.

Because it can act anywhere on the substrate, α-amylase tends to be faster-acting than β-amylase.
In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.
In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases.
The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria (Bacillus).

*β-Amylase
Another form of amylase, β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2 ) (alternative names: 1,4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants.

Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time.
During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit.

They belong to glycoside hydrolase family 14.
Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun.

Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches.
Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract.
The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0.

*γ-Amylase
Main article: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase
γ-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.3 ) (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α-D-glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose.

The γ-amylase has the most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3.
They belong to a variety of different GH families, such as glycoside hydrolase family 15 in fungi, glycoside hydrolase family 31 of human MGAM, and glycoside hydrolase family 97 of bacterial forms.



CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is used for a multitude of applications such as the production of syrups of different oligosaccharides (maltose and glucose).
The use of Amylase in flour also facilitates the action of yeast.

The addition of Amylase reduces fermentation times and improves bread making processes.
Another application of Amylase is the acceleration of fruit ripening.
During fruit ripening, they synthesize Amylase, which degrade fruit starch into sugar, making them sweeter.



BENEFITS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is an enzyme whose role is to break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simple sugars such as glucose or maltose, which are easily assimilated by the body.



FUNCTIONS OF AMYLASE:
Amylase performs the following functions in bakery products:
*Provide fermentable and reducing sugars.
*Accelerate yeast fermentation and boost gassing for optimum dough expansion during proofing and baking
*Intensify flavors and crust color by enhancing Maillard browning and caramelization reactions.
*Reduce dough/batter viscosity during starch gelatinization in the oven.
*Extend oven rise/spring and improve product volume.
*Act as crumb softeners by inhibiting staling.
*Modify dough handling properties by reducing stickiness.



ORIGIN OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is widely distributed in nature.
Amylase is present in both plants and animals.
Cereal and grains and their flours naturally contain different types of amylase.
In cereals, Amylase is found in the endosperm, bran and germ.



COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is generally produced by commercial fermentation.
Bacterial sources such as Bacillus subtilis or B stearothermophilus are used or, fungal sources, such as Aspergillus oryzae or A. niger.



FAMILY OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down starch into dextrins and sugars.
Amylase’s made up of a family of starch-degrading enzymes that include:
*Alpha-amylase
*Beta-amylase
*Amyloglucosidase or glucoamylase
*Pullulanase
*Maltogenic amylase
Amylase can work at the same time in perfect synergy.
Amylase is key ingredients that extend the shelf-life of bread, working as fermentation improvers.



THE ROLE OF AMYLASE IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF YOUNG CHILDREN:
Enzyme amylase acts as a catalyst, making the digestion and absorption of starch in the small intestine easier.
Young children are often subject to digestive problems because their digestive systems are not fully developed.
The secretion of digestive enzymes is limited, not enough for food to be fully digested.

This is the cause of digestive disorders, with typical symptoms such as indigestion, flatulence, bloating, vomiting, regurgitation of food, leading to anorexia.
In addition, when organic compounds such as glucide, protid, and lipid are not completely absorbed, it will lead to diarrhea and diarrhea in children.

Therefore, it is very necessary to supplement digestive enzymes, including amylase enzymes, for young children, especially children with anorexia and digestive disorders.

When children are supplemented with digestive enzyme amylase, food will be quickly broken down into nutrients and absorbed by the intestines, helping to empty the digestive tract, giving children a sense of appetite, hunger, and no more Discomfort due to flatulence, bloating, indigestion.
Some children often vomit due to decreased enzyme secretion, the use of amylase enzyme also gives good results.



PHYSIOLOGY OF AMYLASE:
Amylase is a calcium dependent enzyme which hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates at alpha 1,4-linkages to form maltose and glucose.
Amylase is filtered by renal tubules and resorbed (inactivated) by tubular epithelium.
Active enzyme does not appear in urine.

Small amounts of amylase are taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver. In healthy dogs, 14% of amylase is bound to globulins.
Because of this polymerization, canine amylase has variable (high) molecular weights and is not normally filtered by the kidney.
In dogs with renal disease, this polymerized (macroamylase) amylase is found in higher concentration (from 5-62% of total amylase activity) and contributes to the hyperamylasemia seen in these disorders.

The half-life of amylase (as determined from sequential decreases in sick horses over time) appears to be around 4 ± 0.7 hours in horses, which is shorter than that of lipase (approximately 11 hours).
There are four different isoenzymes of amylase in the dog: isoenzyme 3 is found in the pancreas (>50%), whereas isoenzyme 4 is found in all tissues.



NORMAL AMYLASE LEVELS
Amylase levels are considered to be normal in the following groups:
Patients under 60 years of age: between 30 and 118 U/L

Patients over 60 years of age: up to 151 U/L
Normal amylase levels may vary depending on the lab and the technique used to collect the blood.
Results should therefore be interpreted by a health care professional.

Test results
Amylase test results can help diagnose conditions associated with pancreatic and salivary gland malfunctioning.
It is most commonly used to diagnose acute pancreatitis, as amylase values in the blood increase greatly in the first 6-12 hours of pancreatic inflammation.


*High amylase
Amylase may be high with the following conditions:
*Mumps
*Acute and chronic pancreatitis
*Biliary tract diseases such as cholecystitis
*Peptic ulcer
*Pancreatic cancer
*Obstruction of the pancreatic ducts
*Viral hepatitis
*Ectopic pregnancy
*Renal insufficiency
*Burns
Use of some medications, such as oral contraceptives, valproic acid, metronidazole and corticosteroids
In most cases of pancreatitis, blood amylase levels will be 3 times higher than the reference value.

Amylase levels usually increase within 6 to 12 hours and return to normal within 4 days.
Despite this, in some cases of pancreatitis, amylase levels may be normal or just mildly elevated, which is why it is also important to check lipase levels of a pancreatic condition is suspected.


*Low amylase
Low amylase levels are more common in hospitalized patients, especially in those receiving glucose.
In these cases, patients should have their amylase levels re-tested after two hours to determine if the results are reliable.
These should be confirmed through other laboratory tests.



HOW IS AMYLASE USED?
The blood test for amylase is used to help diagnose acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
The swift rise of amylase at the beginning of a pancreatitis attack, and its fall after about 2 days, helps to pinpoint this diagnosis.



WHEN IS AMYLASE REQUESTED?
An amylase test may be ordered if you show symptoms of a pancreatic disorder, such as severe abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, or nausea.



WHY ARE AMYLASE TESTS DONE?
This test measures the amount of amylase in the blood.
Doctors may order an amylase if a child has signs of a problem with the pancreas, such as belly pain, nausea, or vomiting.
They also might do one if a child takes medicine that makes problems with the pancreas more likely.



CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AMYLASE:
The blood serum amylase level is tested for various diagnostic purposes.
A higher concentration of amylase (hyperamylasemia) can be indicative of acute pancreatitis, strangulation, peptic ulcer, ileus or mumps.



CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLASE:
There are three types of amylases known: alpha, beta and gamma.
All three are found in different organisms and catalyse different sites of the starch molecule.

ɑ-Amylase
ɑ-amylases are found in humans, animals, plants, as well as in microbes.
They are calcium metalloenzymes that cleave random α-1,4 glycosidic bonds to yield either maltose and maltotriose from amylose chains or glucose, maltose and dextrin from amylopectin chains.

In humans, amylase secreted from the pancreas and salivary gland is ɑ-amylases.
Because they can break random bonds in the starch chain, they tend to work more quickly than the 𝛃-amylases.
Their optimum pH is 6.7 – 7.0.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 13.

𝛃-Amylase
The 𝛃-amylases are found in microbes and plants.
They hydrolyse the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond in the starch molecule and yield two maltose molecules at a time.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 14.

At the time of ripening of fruits, the starch is hydrolysed into maltose which gives a sweet taste to the fruits.
Their optimum pH is 4.0 – 5.0. 𝛃-amylases are found in seeds in an inactive form prior to germination.

𝛄-Amylase
𝛄-amylases are found in plants and animals.
They cleave the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond and the α-1,6 glycosidic bond in the starch molecule to yield glucose molecules.
Their optimum pH is 3.
They are a member of the glycosidic hydrolase family 15.



WHY DO I NEED AN AMYLASE TEST?
Your health care provider may order an amylase blood and/or urine test if you have symptoms of a pancreatic disorder.
Symptoms may begin suddenly or slowly and include:

*Pain in your upper abdomen (belly) that may spread to your back or get worse after eating
*Loss of appetite
*Nausea and vomiting
*Fever
*Fast heartbeat
*Jaundice
*Greasy, foul-smelling stool (poop)

Your provider may also order an amylase test to monitor an existing condition that affects the pancreas, including:
*Chronic pancreatitis
*Pancreatic cancer
*Eating disorders
*Cystic fibrosis
*Alcohol use disorder
*Recovery from having gallstones removed after a gallbladder attack



WHAT IS AN AMYLASE TEST?
An amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine (pee).
Amylase is an enzyme, or special protein, that helps you digest carbohydrates.
Most of the amylase in your body is made by your pancreas and salivary glands.

A small amount of amylase in your blood and urine is normal.
But having too much or too little may be a sign of a disorder of the pancreas or salivary glands, or another medical condition.



HISTORY OF AMYLASE:
In 1831, Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) described the hydrolysis of starch by saliva, due to the presence of an enzyme in saliva, "ptyalin", an amylase.
it was named after the Ancient Greek name for saliva: πτύαλον - ptyalon.

The modern history of enzymes began in 1833, when French chemists Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz isolated an amylase complex from germinating barley and named it "diastase".
It is from this term that all subsequent enzyme names tend to end in the suffix -ase.
In 1862, Russian biochemist Aleksandr Yakovlevich Danilevsky (1838–1923) separated pancreatic amylase from trypsin.



EVOLUTION OF AMYLASE:
Salivary amylase
Saccharides are a food source rich in energy.
Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars.

Many mammals have seen great expansions in the copy number of the amylase gene.
These duplications allow for the pancreatic amylase AMY2 to re-target to the salivary glands, allowing animals to detect starch by taste and to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.

Following the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, human diet began to shift more to plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering.
Starch has become a staple of the human diet.
Despite the obvious benefits, early humans did not possess salivary amylase, a trend that is also seen in evolutionary relatives of the human, such as chimpanzees and bonobos, who possess either one or no copies of the gene responsible for producing salivary amylase.

Like in other mammals, the pancreatic alpha-amylase AMY2 was duplicated multiple times.
One event allowed it to evolve salivary specificity, leading to the production of amylase in the saliva (named in humans as AMY1).
The 1p21.1 region of human chromosome 1 contains many copies of these genes, variously named AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C, AMY2A, AMY2B, and so on.

However, not all humans possess the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene.
Populations known to rely more on saccharides have a higher number of AMY1 copies than human populations that, by comparison, consume little starch.
The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only two to three copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.

The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations has been selected for by natural selection and considered the favorable phenotype for those individuals.
Therefore, it is most likely that the benefit of an individual possessing more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring.

This fact is especially apparent when comparing geographically close populations with different eating habits that possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene.
Such is the case for some Asian populations that have been shown to possess few AMY1 copies relative to some agricultural populations in Asia.
This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene as opposed to the possibility that the gene has spread through genetic drift.

Variations of amylase copy number in dogs mirrors that of human populations, suggesting they acquired the extra copies as they followed humans around.
Unlike humans whose amylase levels depend on starch content in diet, wild animals eating a broad range of foods tend to have more copies of amylase.
This may have to do with mainly detection of starch as opposed to digestion



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMYLASE:
Physical state: powder, (lyophilized)
Color: Beige
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: 0.004Pa at 25℃
Density: 1.37 [at 20℃]
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Storage: 2-8°C
Appearance: powder
Color: Beige
Vapor pressure: 0.004Pa at 25℃



FIRST AID MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMYLASE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMYLASE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AMYLASE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
*Storage stability:
Recommended storage temperature: -20 °C
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13:
Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMYLASE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available


ANANAS AROMASI
pineapple flavor; artificial pineapple cloud flavor; natural & artificial pineapple cloud flavor; artificial pineapple flavor; fresh pineapple flavor; pineapple flavor for confectionery; natural & artificial pineapple flavor for juice base; pineapple flavor for pharmaceuticals; pineapple flavor organic; pineapple flavor organic-compliant; pineapple fruit powder
Ananas Ekstraktı
Ananas Sativus Fruit Extract; ananas ananas fruit; ananas bracteatus var. hondurensis fruit;ananas comosus fruit; ananas domestica fruit; ananas parguazensis fruit; ananas sativa fruit; bromelia ananas fruit; bromelia comosa fruit; pineapple (ananas sativus); plant material derived from the fruit of the pineapple, ananas comosus, bromeliaceae CAS NO:68917-26-0
Anason Ekstrakt
Pimpinella Anisum Fruit Extract ; anise fruit extract; extract of the fruit of the anise, pimpinella anisum l., umbelliferae cas no:84775-42-8
ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is an effective herbal remedy for a number of skin problems.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, a traditional herbal ingredient, offers deep hydration and moisture retention, ideal for dry and dehydrated skin.


Chem/IUPAC Name: Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is the extract of the roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Liliaceae
INCI name: ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT



SYNONYMS:
extract of the roots of anemarrhena asphodeloides, liliaceae



Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root extract is a natural raw material extracted from the roots of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides
which helps to strengthen skin elasticity, supply nutrients, and moisturize.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is more commonly known as Zhi Mu root.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is rich in sarsasapogenin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is an effective herbal remedy for a number of skin problems.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, a traditional herbal ingredient, offers deep hydration and moisture retention, ideal for dry and dehydrated skin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-aging benefits, reduces fine lines and wrinkles, and improves skin firmness.
With anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract calms irritated skin and protects against environmental stress.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is recommended for dry, mature or sensitive skin.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is important to test new products and follow a holistic skincare routine.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is a potent botanical remedy derived from the roots of the Anemarrhena asphodeloides plant, a perennial herb native to East Asia.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries, valued for its purported therapeutic properties.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, also known as the "zhi mu" plant, holds significant importance in TCM as a yin-tonifying herb, believed to nourish and balance bodily fluids.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is classified as a "yin-tonifying" herb, meaning it is believed to nourish and replenish the body's yin (cool, moistening) energies.
This property makes Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract particularly valuable in addressing conditions associated with excessive heat, dryness, or depletion of bodily fluids.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Cosmetic Uses of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract: skin conditioning
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract can be used to treat eczema, psoriasis, acne, and other inflammatory skin conditions.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it an ideal remedy for skin conditions and is safe for all skin types.


In traditional Chinese medicine, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is used for a number of health benefits.
The Chinese name for anemarrhena asphodeloides, Zhi mu, literally means "to stop sweat."
The root extract, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, is used as a diuretic to treat edema, water retention, and urinary tract infections.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is also used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne.
Several recent reviews have reported that anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract can enlarge or make certain areas of the body, including the breasts and buttocks, larger.


Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is said to work by helping the body produce more fat cells in these areas.
This can lead to an increase in the size and fullness of the breasts and buttocks.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is also said to stimulate the production of collagen and elastin.


Both are important for maintaining skin elasticity and tone.
However, these claims are not supported by scientific research.
The TA-III found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract may protect against photoaging, and daily application of TA-III for 12 weeks has been found to significantly reduce the signs of aging on the face by limiting wrinkle formation.


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is commonly used in East Asian medicine.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract boosts skin elasticity, strengthens, soothes, improves skin tone, plumping-effect


Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root extract is made from natural ingredients, so it can be used with confidence, and only raw materials that have been rigorously and meticulously verified for 17 years of Francoise are used.
Additionally, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been traditionally employed to promote kidney health and regulate water metabolism.


-Traditional Uses of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract in Herbal Medicine:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been revered in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years, with its roots being a staple ingredient in many herbal formulations.
Historically, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has been used to treat a range of ailments, including fevers, inflammation, respiratory conditions, and diabetes.



FUNCTIONS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
*Skin conditioning:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract maintains skin in good condition
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is present in 0.04% of cosmetics.



POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Based on scientific research and traditional knowledge, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been associated with several potential health benefits:

Antioxidant Properties:
The presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins in the extract has been linked to Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract's antioxidant activity, which may help protect cells from oxidative stress and associated damage.

Anti-inflammatory Effects:
Studies have suggested that compounds found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract may possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially making it useful in managing inflammatory conditions.

Antimicrobial Activity:
Certain phytochemicals in Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, indicating its potential for applications in treating infectious diseases.

Antidiabetic Properties:
Traditional use and modern research have explored the potential of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract in managing diabetes and its associated complications.
Some studies have suggested that Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Skin Health:
Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been explored for its potential applications in skincare, such as promoting wound healing and addressing skin disorders like atopic dermatitis.

Respiratory Benefits:
Traditional Chinese medicine has utilized Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract to alleviate respiratory conditions, and modern research is investigating its potential efficacy in managing asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments.



MODERN APPLICATIONS AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
With the growing interest in natural and botanical ingredients, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has found its way into various commercial products across different industries.
In the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is being explored for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the development of natural remedies for diabetes, inflammatory conditions, and skincare products.

The cosmetic industry has also embraced Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract, incorporating it into skincare formulations, such as serums, creams, and lotions, due to its antioxidant and anti-aging properties.

Additionally, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract has been utilized in the production of herbal teas and dietary supplements, catering to consumers seeking natural remedies for various health concerns.
The increasing demand for natural and plant-based products has driven the popularity of Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract-based products, as consumers seek alternatives to synthetic compounds.

Conclusion
Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract is a powerful botanical remedy steeped in the rich history and cultural traditions of traditional Chinese medicine. With its diverse phytochemical composition and potential health benefits, this ancient remedy has garnered significant interest in modern healthcare and wellness practices.

From its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to its potential applications in managing diabetes, skin disorders, and respiratory ailments, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract holds promising therapeutic potential. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and establish its efficacy in various therapeutic applications.

As we continue to explore the vast wealth of knowledge and wisdom found in traditional herbal medicine, Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract serves as a testament to the enduring value of nature's botanical treasures. By embracing and studying these ancient remedies, we may unlock new frontiers in modern healthcare and contribute to the development of safe, effective, and sustainable therapies.



EFFICACY OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
- The extract exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties
- helping to prevent premature aging
- alleviate redness and sensitivity

Safety:
- gentle and non-irritating
- derived from a natural plant source

Description:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is a beneficial ingredient used in cosmetics that offers multiple advantages for your skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is derived from the root of the Anemarrhena Asphodeloides plant, known for its medicinal properties.

One of the main benefits of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is its ability to soothe and calm the skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce redness, irritation, and sensitivity, making it suitable for those with sensitive or reactive skin.

Additionally, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract has hydrating properties that help replenish moisture and improve the skin's barrier function.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract also aids in promoting a more balanced complexion by regulating sebum production.
By incorporating products with Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract into your skincare routine, you can enjoy the benefits of soothing relief, improved hydration, and a calmer, healthier-looking complexion.



BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is a perennial herbaceous plant indigenous to regions of East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is characterized by its long, slender leaves and small, white flowers that bloom during the summer months.
The plant's roots, which are the primary source of the medicinal extract, are thick and fleshy, with a cylindrical shape and light brown exterior.

Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract thrives in well-drained soils and prefers a warm, temperate climate.
Cultivation of v involves careful management of soil conditions and temperature, as well as proper harvesting techniques to ensure the quality and potency of the roots.



PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is rich in various phytochemicals, including saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.
These bioactive compounds are believed to contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties and potential health benefits.

Saponins, such as timosaponins and anemarsaponins, are among the most abundant phytochemicals found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract.
These compounds have been studied for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

Flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, are also present in the extract and are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Additionally, phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid have been identified, contributing to the extract's antioxidant and potential chemopreventive effects.

Numerous research studies have investigated the bioactive constituents and pharmacological effects of Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract, shedding light on its potential therapeutic applications.

As a skin care professional, I am always eager to explore and share knowledge about lesser-known, yet effective ingredients, such as Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract.
This traditional herbal ingredient, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract, has quietly become a valuable part of modern skin care, and here's why:


*Hydration and Moisture Retention:
One of the foremost properties of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is its ability to deeply hydrate the skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract contains natural saponins known for their moisturizing properties, making it an excellent ingredient for dry and dehydrated skin.


*Anti-Aging Benefits:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract also contributes to anti-aging by helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
This is achieved in part through its hydrating effect, which helps to plump the skin and make Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract firmer and smoother.


*Soothing Inflammation:
Due to its natural anti-inflammatory properties, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is effective in calming irritated and inflamed skin.
This makes Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract ideal for use in products intended for sensitive or problematic skin.


*Improves Skin Elasticity:
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is also known to help improve skin elasticity.
This is important not only to fight signs of ageing but also to maintain a healthy and robust skin structure.


*Antioxidant Properties:
With its natural antioxidants, Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract protects the skin from damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors, which is essential for maintaining a healthy skin barrier.

As a skin care professional, I recommend products containing Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract especially for those with dry, mature or sensitive skin.
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is important to remember that even natural ingredients can have different effects on different skin types, so it is always a good idea to test a new product on a small area of ​​the skin before full use.
As always, a holistic approach to skincare, which includes both internal and external factors, is key to achieving optimal skin health.



WHAT DOES ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
Chem/IUPAC Name: Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Root Extract is the extract of the roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Liliaceae
INCI name: ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract belongs to the following substance groups
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract contains chemicals that might kill cancer cells and fungus, reduce anxiety, and settle the stomach.


Chem/IUPAC Name: Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is an extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica, Umbelliferae



SYNONYMS:
American Angelica, Angélica, Angelica acutiloba, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea, Angelica curtisi, Angelica Dahurica, Angelica officinalis, Angelica sylvestris, Angelicae Dahuricae, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Angelicae Fructus, Angelicae Herba, Angelicae Radix, Angelica sylvestris, Angelicae, Angélique, Angélique Archangélique, Angélique Cultivée, Angélique de Bohème, Angélique des Jardins, Angélique Médicinale, Angélique Officinale, Angélique Sauvage, Angélique Vraie, Archangelica officinalis, Archangélique, Bai Zhi, Dang Gui (Angelica root), Du Huo, Garden Angelica, European Angelica, Herbe aux Anges, Herbe du Saint-Esprit, Japanese Angelica, Racine du Saint Esprit, Radix Angelicae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Root of the Holy Ghost, Wild Angelica, Wild Parsnip, Angelica dahurica root, Dahurian Angelica Root (Angelica Dahurica), Dahurian Angelica Root, Angelica dahurica root, Angelica Dahurica Root Dry Extract, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, Angelica Dahurica Root Powder, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Angelica Dahurica), Bai Zhi, Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica), Dahurian Angelica Root, Dahurian Angelica Root (Angelica Dahurica), Ezo Senkyu Root, Fragrant Angelica Root, O-sisi-udo Root, Udo-modaki Root, Yoroi-gusa Root, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT [JAN], ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT [WHO-DD], ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT DRY EXTRACT, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT, ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT POWDER, ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX, ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX (ANGELICA DAHURICA), ANGELICAE DAHURICAE RADIX (ANGELICA DAHURICA) [CHP], BAI ZHI, BAIZHI (ANGELICA DAHURICA), DA-9805 COMPONENT ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT, DAHURIAN ANGELICA ROOT, DAHURIAN ANGELICA ROOT (ANGELICA DAHURICA), EZO SENKYU ROOT, FRAGRANT ANGELICA ROOT, O-SISI-UDO ROOT, UDO-MODAKI ROOT, YOROI-GUSA ROOT, Dahurian Angelica, Fragrant Angelica



Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a species of plant that is part of the Angelica family and is commonly used for medicinal purposes in the Far East.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is known for its diuretic properties and is believed to possess antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, bitter aromatic, carminative, and local anti-inflammatory properties.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract contains chemicals that might kill cancer cells and fungus, reduce anxiety, and settle the stomach.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract belongs to the following substance groups.
Cosmetics Ingredients are subject to regulation.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is extracted from the dried roots of the Umbelliferae plant Angelica dahuricae.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract mainly contains coumarins and volatile oil components, and has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, anti-tumor, and liver protection.


One of the main active ingredients of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is coumarins.
Coumarin compounds can be widely used as anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs.
They also promote lipolysis and inhibit fat synthesis. In addition, they also have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can relieve pain, relieve cough and asthma, and scavenge free radicals.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is also known as bai zhi, is extracted from the root of the plant and a herbal ingredient with significant effect to inhibit melanin and whitening freckles.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is an extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, commonly known as Dahurian angelica, is a widely grown species of angelica native to Siberia, Russia Far East, Mongolia, Northeastern China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract tends to grow near river banks, along streams and among rocky shrubs.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is widely used for its medicinal properties and is known to contain furanocoumarins and angelicotoxin.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is also commonly known as Chinese angelica, the garden angelica, root of the Holy Ghost, and wild angelica, as well as by its Chinese name, bai zhi (白芷).


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a perennial plant that grows to about 1–2 meters tall.
The plant usually has a brown cylindrical root that grows approximately 2–5 cm thick.
The stem is purplish-green in color, ribbed, and it usually ranges from 2–8 cm thick in diameter.


First year plants remain in a basal clump about 30 inches high, fuller in rich soil, with complex divided leaves 10-20 inches long, and reddish-purple coloring at the base.
In the second or third year plant, the plant sends up a sturdy, hollow one-inch diameter stalk to 8 feet.


The plant produces greenish-white flowers on umbels up to 12 inches in diameter that bloom in the summer, usually from July to August or September.
The seeds of the plant follow, turning from greenish-white to medium brown and papery as they ripen from August to October.
The flowers of the plant are hermaphroditic (containing both male and female reproductive organs) and are pollinated via insects.


The plant also undergoes self pollination.
The roots and leaves of the plant are strongly aromatic.
The roots have a scent resembling that of wild carrots (Daucus carota), and a pungent, bitter taste.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is not an approved drug.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is a genus of plants and herbs that’s often used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asian countries.


The roots of many species of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract are used to make herbal medicines.
However, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract typically refers to the species Angelica archangelica (A. archangelica).
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also refer to Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis).


The roots and other parts of both of these plants have a long history of use in traditional and herbal medicine, although Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been more thoroughly researched.
Plants in the Angelica genus grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall and have globe-like clusters of green or yellow flowers that blossom into small yellow fruits.


They also tend to have a strong, unique smell due to the aromatic compounds they contain.
The scent is often described as musky, earthy, or herbaceous.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is known by a variety of names, including dong quai and female ginseng.


On the other hand, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is commonly known as wild celery or Norwegian angelica.
This type grows mainly in European countries, where Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s used in certain culinary applications or as an herbal medicine.
Although the name Angelica Dahurica Root Extract implies that just the root is used, most A. archangelica supplements and herbal medicine products contain the root, seeds, fruits, and/or flowers of the plant. A. sinensis products are typically only made with the root of the plant.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
People use Angelica Dahurica Root Extract for indigestion, quitting smoking, excessive urination at night, decline in memory and thinking skills, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the pharmaceutical industry


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the cosmetics industry
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can be used in the food industry
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used ingredients for skincare


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used regulating cosmetics
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract helps to improve micro-circulation, promotes skin metabolism and delay skin ageing.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has also been used in making natural skincare products such as handmade soaps, scrubs, creams, lotions, etc.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used primarily for the treatment of headaches relieving the nasal obstruction, detoxification of the blood, and as a pain reliever.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been used as an anti-inflammatory, laxative, sedative, and anti-fungal cream for skin, as well as treating swollen gums and toothaches.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used in traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes, including hormonal balance, digestive support, and liver detoxification.
On the other hand, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is traditionally used in European countries for digestive problems, circulation issues, and anxiety.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s native to China and other countries in East Asia, where it’s used primarily in traditional medicine to treat female hormonal issues.
This type grows mainly in European countries, where Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s used in certain culinary applications or as an herbal medicine.


A. sinensis and Angelica Dahurica Root Extract are related, but typically only the root of the A. sinensis plant is used in herbal medicine, while the entire A. archangelica plant is used.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, particularly A. archangelica, has some culinary uses.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s sometimes used in the production of gin and other spirits, and the leaves can be candied to use as a garnish or decoration.
However, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s primarily used as an herbal remedy.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has a long history of use as a traditional medicine in Europe and Russia, where it grows wild.


Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily for women’s health purposes.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract is used for women’s health issues in traditional Chinese medicine, whereas A. archangelica is utilized in certain parts of Europe as an herbal remedy and for making spirits.


-Other uses of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract:
The stalks of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract have also been commonly used as a food ingredient.
The stems have been made into decorative items.

The seeds are often used as a seasoning condiment in food as well as a source of flavoring in liqueur.
Another popular usage for this herb is its ingredient in cosmetic products.


-Medicinal uses of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract:
The medicinal properties of the Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has been dated back to Ancient China as early as 400 BC.
Zhang Cong Zhen (1156–1228), a famous physician in the military, believed that diseases were caused by external evil factors, or pathogens, that entered the human body.

He listed Bai Zhi as an herb that purge the body of any negative influences such as heat, clamminess, dryness, and cold on the skin.
Today, the roots are used for other numerous treatments of illnesses such as headaches, relieving nasal obstruction, detoxification of the blood, as a pain reliever, an anti-inflammatory, a laxative, sedative, anti-fungal cream for skin, as well as treating swollen gums and toothaches.



FUNCTION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
1. Effect on the central nervous system.
A small dose of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can excite the respiratory center, vasomotor center and vagus nerve of the oblongata, thereby enhancing breathing, raising blood pressure and slowing the pulse.

2. Hemostatic effect.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has a significant effect on shortening or reducing the bleeding time, bleeding volume, coagulation time and prothrombin time of animals.

3. Effect on the uterus.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has anti-estrogenic activity

4. Antibacterial effect.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract decoction has a certain inhibitory effect on some bacteria.

5. Anti-cancer effect.
The water extract of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can promote the production of interferon in the body and has anti-tumor effects.

6. Hepatoprotective effect.
Parsley B isolated from Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has the effect of inhibiting concanavalin A-induced hepatitis.

7. Effect on skin.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract has an inhibitory effect on tyrosine, so it can be used for skin whitening.



WHAT DOES ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Skin conditioning



BENEFITS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also offer some benefits, but little research has been done on this herb.

*Anticancer properties
In test-tube studies, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract — like A. sinensis — shows some promising anticancer and anti-tumor effects.
These effects are thought to come from angelicin and imperatorin, two powerful phytochemicals found in Angelica Dahurica Root Extract.


*Antimicrobial effects
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may also kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
In test-tube studies, Angelica Dahurica Root Extract essential oil can kill disease-causing bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Angelica Dahurica Root Extract extract and some isolated compounds from it, including imperatorin, also exhibit antiviral activity against the herpes simplex (cold sore) virus and coxsackievirus, which causes digestive illness.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract also shows promise as a potential food-safe preservative to inhibit mold growth, as it can kill mold that grows on walnuts.


*Anti-anxiety effects
Finally, there’s some compelling evidence from animal studies that Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may help reduce anxiety.

Summary
A. sinensis offers potential benefits for wound healing, menopause, and arthritis. Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may provide anti-anxiety and antimicrobial benefits.
Both types can kill certain cancer cells in test-tube studies, but more research in humans is needed.



DOWNSIDES OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, particularly A. sinensis, has known side effects and may cause some drug interactions.
While Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may likewise have some potential side effects, it has not been studied as much as A. sinensis.

There have been suspected cases of high dose Angelica Dahurica Root Extract supplements causing heart problems. A. sinensis may also increase your blood pressure.

Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may likewise interact with blood thinners like warfarin, possibly causing dangerous and potentially fatal bleeding in certain instances.
If you’re taking a blood thinner, you should not use Angelica Dahurica Root Extract without first clearing it with your healthcare provider.

Additionally, members of the Angelica genus contain furanocoumarins, which are the same compounds in grapefruit that may interact with many drugs, including certain cholesterol and anti-seizure medications.
Talk to your healthcare provider before supplementing with any type of Angelica if you’re taking prescription medications that carry a grapefruit warning.

Furthermore, know that photodermatitis, which is an abnormal skin response to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and contact dermatitis are also a concern when handling the angelica plant.

Finally, due to a lack of evidence regarding their safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women, you should avoid taking Angelica Dahurica Root Extract and A. sinensis if you’re pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Summary
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may increase your blood pressure, cause heart problems, and interact with blood thinners.
Additionally, plants in the Angelica genus may interact with drugs that carry a grapefruit warning.



TYPE OF PREPARATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Extract (solvent extract)



FUNCTIONS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract maintains the skin in good condition



PROPAGATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
In an ideal climate, most species of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract, including the dahurican root, can thrive in moist and shady environments, at the same time where sun is accessible when necessary.

It is best to plant fresh seeds of this plant once available.
Once the seeds have ripened, its color brown and texture papery, they are immediately sown in a cold frame in deep, moist, fertile soil.

Though the plants can grow under semi-shade or full-shaded conditions, the seeds require light for it to germinate.
In addition, since this is a perennial plant, seeds are not required for its growth. A. dahurica can grow back naturally on its own, year after year.
The Dahurican roots are primarily produced in China's Sichuan province, in the Suining district.



CULTIVATION OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
The Dahurican roots are harvested twice a year during the summer and autumn seasons.
Its cylindrical roots must be harvested before the plant's stalk emerges.
The leaves are removed, the side roots are trimmed, and the roots are thinly sliced, longitudinally.

Afterwards, the sliced roots are dried under the sun.
In Suining, 70% of its usage are for general purposes whereas 100% of its usage are for medicinal purposes.
The roots are also harvested and cultivated in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.



BENEFITS OF ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Overall, there’s very little scientific evidence regarding the benefits of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract — neither A. sinensis nor A. archangelica.

A. sinensis benefits
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract’s thought that most of the potential benefits of A. sinensis come from ligustilide, a powerful compound that comprises approximately 1% of the plant and provides much of its strong fragrance.

*Wound healing
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may promote wound healing by encouraging angiogenesis, or the creation of new blood vessels.
There’s also some early evidence that Angelica Dahurica Root Extract can specifically promote the healing of diabetic foot wounds.
These can be more severe and slower to heal than other wounds due to the blood vessel and tissue damage that high blood sugar levels cause.

*Relief of menopausal hot flashes
One of the most common uses of A. sinensis, especially in traditional Chinese medicine, is the management of menopausal symptoms and other female hormonal issues.

Complementary therapies are also growing in popularity, as more people seek out natural options for menopause symptoms like hot flashes or night sweats.
Some evidence suggests that decreasing levels of serotonin in the body can contribute to menopausal hot flashes, and Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may help maintain or increase circulating levels of serotonin — thereby reducing the severity and frequency of hot flashes.

Still, there’s very little high quality evidence to support the use of Angelica Dahurica Root Extract for menopause symptoms, nor any long-term evidence of its safety in menopausal women.

*Arthritis relief
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may provide protection against both osteoarthritis, or joint “wear and tear,” as well as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory, autoimmune condition of the joints.

Supplementing with Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may decrease inflammation, prevent further joint damage, and promote cartilage repair in osteoarthritis.
Angelica Dahurica Root Extract may decrease the inflammatory response, reducing pain and improving some of its other symptoms.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
Pharmacodynamics: Not Available
Mechanism of action: Not Available
Absorption: Not Available
Volume of distribution: Not Available
Protein binding: Not Available
Metabolism: Not Available
Route of elimination: Not Available
Half-life: Not Available
Clearance: Not Available



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANGELICA DAHURICA ROOT EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


ANILINE
Aniline (from Portuguese anil 'indigo shrub', and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.
Aniline is a type of organic base which is used in the making of several dyes, explosives, plastics, drugs, and rubber, and photographic chemicals.
Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis.

CAS Number: 62-53-3
EC Number: 200-539-3
Chemical Formula: C6H7N
Molar Mass: 93.129 g·mol−1

Aniline is used in rubber accelerators and anti-oxidants, dyes and intermediates, photographic chemicals, as isocyanates for urethane foams, in pharmaceuticals, explosives, petroleum refining; and in production of diphenylamine, phenolics, herbicides and fungicides.
Aniline is also used in the manufacture of polyurethanes, rubber processing chemicals, pesticides, fibres, dyes and pigments, photographic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

Aniline is an aromatic primary amine that may be used as a reactant in the synthesis of organic intermediates such as 3-chloro-N-phenyl-pyridin-2-amine, (Z)-methyl 3-(phenylamino)but-2-enoate, 2-iodo-N-phenylbenzamide, 2,4-dichloroquinoline and N-(2-propynyl)aniline.

Aniline (from Portuguese anil 'indigo shrub', and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.
Consisting of a phenyl group (−C6H5) attached to an amino group (−NH2), aniline is the simplest aromatic amine.

Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis.
Aniline main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals.

Like most volatile amines, Aniline has the odor of rotten fish.
Aniline ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds.
Aniline is toxic to humans.

Relative to benzene, Aniline is electron-rich.
Aniline thus participates more rapidly in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Likewise, Aniline is also prone to oxidation: while freshly purified aniline is an almost colorless oil, exposure to air results in gradual darkening to yellow or red, due to the formation of strongly colored, oxidized impurities.
Aniline can be diazotized to give a diazonium salt, which can then undergo various nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Like other amines, aniline is both a base (pKaH = 4.6) and a nucleophile, although less so than structurally similar aliphatic amines.
Because an early source of the benzene from which they are derived was coal tar, aniline dyes are also called coal tar dyes.

Aniline is a type of organic base which is used in the making of several dyes, explosives, plastics, drugs, and rubber, and photographic chemicals.
Anilines are the organic compounds that lie in the class of groups coming in the organic chemistry that is referred to as aminobenzene or phenylamine.

These compounds are known to be toxic and to be one of the classes of the aromatic amines.
They are used in a variety of industrial applications and possess all the characteristics of that of an aromatic compound.

The aniline compounds are known to have the formula C6H5NH2 in which the amino group is attached to the phenyl group. 
Aniline occurs in the form of a yellowish and slightly brownish oily liquid which has a fishy and a musty odour.

Aniline smells like a rotten fish.
Aniline is a chemical substance that is a flammable liquid and has a very unpleasant odour.

Aniline of aniline is soluble in water which is colourless to light brown.
Aniline chemical formula is C6H5NH2 or C6H7N.

Since Aniline consists of 6 carbon atoms, 7 hydrogen atoms, and 1 nitrogen atom in Aniline chemical formula, Aniline is an organic compound.
Today, we will learn about what is anilines, the phenylamine structure, Aniline physical properties and uses.

Aniline, an organic base used to make dyes, drugs, explosives, plastics, and photographic and rubber chemicals.

Aniline was first obtained in 1826 by the destructive distillation of indigo.
Aniline name is taken from the specific name of the indigo-yielding plant Indigofera anil (Indigofera suffruticosa); Aniline chemical formula is C6H5NH2.

Aniline is prepared commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene or by the action of ammonia on chlorobenzene.
The reduction of nitrobenzene can also be carried out with iron borings in aqueous acid.

A primary aromatic amine, aniline is a weak base and forms salts with mineral acids.
In acidic solution, nitrous acid converts aniline into a diazonium salt that is an intermediate in the preparation of a great number of dyes and other organic compounds of commercial interest.

When aniline is heated with organic acids, Aniline gives amides, called anilides, such as acetanilide from aniline and acetic acid.
Monomethylaniline and dimethylaniline can be prepared from aniline and methyl alcohol.

Catalytic reduction of aniline yields cyclohexylamine.
Various oxidizing agents convert aniline to quinone, azobenzene, nitrosobenzene, p-aminophenol, and the phenazine dye aniline black.

Pure aniline is a highly poisonous, oily, colourless substance with a pleasant odour.

Aniline is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Aniline is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Anilines are an organic compound.
Aniline has a formula C6H5NH2 since Aniline has 6 carbon atoms, 1 nitrogen atom and 7 hydrogen atoms.

Anilines has a phenyl group attached to an amino group.
Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine.

Anilines are an industrially significant commodity chemical.
Like other volatile amines, Aniline has the odour of rotten fish.

Aniline ignites easily.
Aniline burns with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds.

Chemically, aniline is an electron-rich benzene derivative.
As a consequence, aniline reacts rapidly in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Aniline is also prone to oxidation.
Freshly purified aniline is a bit colourless oil, on exposure to air results in gradual darkening of the sample (to yellow or red) due to the formation of strongly coloured, oxidized impurities.

Aniline is diazotized to give a diazonium salt.
This salt then undergoes various nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Aniline appears as a yellowish to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy odor.
Aniline is produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Aniline is used to manufacture other chemicals, especially dyes, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals and others.
Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor.
Aniline does not readily evaporate at room temperature.

Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents.
Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosives.

Aniline is an organic chemical compound, specifically a primary aromatic amine.
Aniline consists of a benzene ring attached to an amino group.

Aniline is oily and, although colorless, Aniline can be slowly oxidized and resinified in air to form impurities which can give Aniline a red-brown tint.
Aniline boiling point is 184 degree centigrade and Aniline melting point is -6 degree centegrade.

Aniline is a liquid at room temperature.
Like most volatile amines, Aniline possesses a somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish, and also has a burning aromatic taste; Aniline is a highly acrid poison.

Aniline ignites readily, burning with a large smoky flame.
Aniline reacts with strong acids to form salts containing the anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C6H5-NH3+), and reacts with acyl halides (such as acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl) to form amides.

The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3-CO-NH-C6H5 is acetanilide, for which the modern name is N-phenyl ethanamide.
Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly reactive in electrophilic substitution reactions.
For example, sulfonation of aniline produces sulfanilic acid, which can be converted to sulfanilamide.

Sulfanilamide is one of the sulfa drugs which were widely used as antibacterial in the early 20th century.
Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben.

In 1834, Friedrich Runge isolated from coal tar a substance which produced a beautiful blue color on treatment with chloride of lime; this he named kyanol or cyanol.
In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash Aniline yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit, dark-blue.

Uses of Aniline:
Aniline is predominantly used for the preparation of methylenedianiline and related compounds by condensation with formaldehyde.
The diamines are condensed with phosgene to give methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, a precursor to urethane polymers.

Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%).
As additives to rubber, aniline derivatives such as phenylenediamines and diphenylamine, are antioxidants.

Illustrative of the drugs prepared from aniline is paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol).
The principal use of aniline in the dye industry is as a precursor to indigo, the blue of blue jeans.

Aniline is predominantly used as a chemical intermediate for the dye, agricultural, polymer, and rubber industries.
Aniline is also used as a solvent, and has been used as an antiknock compound for gasolines.

Aniline is used in the synthesis of dyes, rubber additives, drugs, photographic chemicals, isocyanates, and pesticides.

Aniline is used in mmanufacture dyes, medicinals, resins, varnishes, perfumes, shoe blacks; vulcanizing rubber; as solvent.
Aniline is stable, although small outlet, aniline is mainly used for preparation of analgesics, antipyretics, antiallergics, and vitamins.

Uses at industrial sites:
Aniline is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Aniline has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Aniline is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Aniline can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture and manufacturing of Aniline.

Industry Uses:
Brightener
Dye
Heat transferring agent
Intermediate
Intermediates
Lubricating agent
Other (specify)
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses:
Dye
Intermediate
Other (specify)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Shakeout, Cleaning, and Finishing
Leather Tanning and Processing

Activities with risk of exposure:
Smoking cigarettes

Structure of Aniline:

Aryl-N distances:
In aniline, the C−N bond length is 1.41 Å, compared to 1.47 Å for cyclohexylamine, indicating partial π-bonding between N and C.
The C(aryl)-NH2 distance in anilines is highly sensitive to substituent effects.
This distance is 1.34 Å in 2,4,6-trinitroaniline vs 1.44 Å in 3-methylaniline.

Pyramidalization:
The amine in anilines is a slightly pyramidalized molecule, with hybridization of the nitrogen somewhere between sp3 and sp2.
The nitrogen is described as having high p character.
The amino group in aniline is flatter (i.e., Aniline is a "shallower pyramid") than that in an aliphatic amine, owing to conjugation of the lone pair with the aryl substituent.

The observed geometry reflects a compromise between two competing factors: stabilization of the N lone pair in an orbital with significant s character favors pyramidalization (orbitals with s character are lower in energy), while delocalization of the N lone pair into the aryl ring favors planarity (a lone pair in a pure p orbital gives the best overlap with the orbitals of the benzene ring π system).

Consistent with these factors, substituted anilines with electron donating groups are more pyramidalized, while those with electron withdrawing groups are more planar.
In the parent aniline, the lone pair is approximately 12% s character, corresponding to sp7.3 hybridization. (For comparison, alkylamines generally have lone pairs in orbitals that are close to sp3.)

The pyramidalization angle between the C–N bond and the bisector of the H–N–H angle is 142.5°.
For comparison, in more strongly pyramidal methylamine, this value is ~125°, while that of formamide has an angle of 180°.

Production of Aniline:
Industrial aniline production involves two steps.
First, benzene is nitrated with a concentrated mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 50 to 60 °C to yield nitrobenzene.
The nitrobenzene is then hydrogenated (typically at 200–300 °C) in the presence of metal catalysts.

The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline was first performed by Nikolay Zinin in 1842, using inorganic sulfide as a reductant (Zinin reaction).
The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline was also performed as part of reductions by Antoine Béchamp in 1854, using iron as the reductant (Bechamp reduction).

Aniline can alternatively be prepared from ammonia and phenol derived from the cumene process.

In commerce, three brands of aniline are distinguished: aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines; and aniline oil for safranine, which contains aniline and ortho-toluidine and is obtained from the distillate (échappés) of the fuchsine fusion.

Related aniline derivatives:
Many analogues of aniline are known where the phenyl group is further substituted.
These include toluidines, xylidines, chloroanilines, aminobenzoic acids, nitroanilines, and many others.

They often are prepared by nitration of the substituted aromatic compounds followed by reduction.
For example, this approach is used to convert toluene into toluidines and chlorobenzene into 4-chloroaniline.
Alternatively, using Buchwald-Hartwig coupling or Ullmann reaction approaches, aryl halides can be aminated with aqueous or gaseous ammonia.

Manufacturing Methods of Aniline:
Nitrobenzene is hydrogenated to aniline, usually in more than 99% yield, using fixed-bed or fluidized-bed vapor-phase processes.
The most effective catalysts for the gas-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene seem to be copper or palladium on activated carbon or an oxidic support, in combination with other metals (Pb, V, P, Cr) as modifiers or promoters in order to achieve high activity and selectivity.

The industrial aniline processes of ICI and DuPont involve hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in the liquid phase.
Liquid-phase hydrogenation processes are operated at 90-200 °C and 100-600 kPa.

The liquid phase reaction may be carried out in slurry or in fluidized-bed reactors.
Conversion of nitrobenzene is normally complete after a single reactor pass with yields of 98 to 99%.

In the commercial phenol route developed, phenol is aminated in the vapor phase using ammonia in the presence of a silica-alumina catalyst.
The reaction is mildly exothermic (H = - 8.4 kJ/mol) and reversible, so high conversion is obtained only by the use of excess ammonia (mole ratio of 20:1) and a low reaction temperature, which also reduces the dissociation of ammonia.

By product impurities include diphenylamine, triphenylamine and carbazole.
Their formation is also inhibited by the use of excess ammonia.

Yields based on phenol and ammonia are >/= 96% and 80%, respectively.
In the process phenol and fresh and recycle ammonia are vaporized separately (to prevent yield losses) and combined in the fixed bed amination reactor (a) containing the silica-alumina catalyst. After the reaction at 370 °C and 1.7 MPa, the gas is cooled, partly condensed and the excess ammonia is recovered in a separation column, compressed and recycled.

The condensation product is passed through a drying column to remove water and then through a finishing column to separate aniline from residual phenol and impurities in vacuum (less than 80 kPa).
The phenol, containing some aniline (azeotropic mixture) is recycled.

Manufactured from nitrobenzene or chlorobenzene.

Derivation:
By (1) catalytic vapor-phase reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen;
(2) reduction of nitrobenzene with iron filings using hydrochloric acid as catalyst;
(3) catalytic reaction of chlorobenzene and aqueous ammonia;
(4) ammonolysis of phenol (Japan).

General Manufacturing Information of Aniline:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Cyclic Crude and Intermediate Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

Reactions of Aniline:
The chemistry of aniline is rich because Aniline has been cheaply available for many years.
Below are some classes of Aniline reactions.

Oxidation:
The oxidation of aniline has been heavily investigated, and can result in reactions localized at nitrogen or more commonly results in the formation of new C-N bonds.
In alkaline solution, azobenzene results, whereas arsenic acid produces the violet-coloring matter violaniline.

Chromic acid converts Aniline into quinone, whereas chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black.
Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil.

Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes Aniline to nitrobenzene; in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia, and oxalic acid; in acid solution to aniline black.
Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine.

Oxidation with persulfate affords a variety of polyanilines.
These polymers exhibit rich redox and acid-base properties.

Electrophilic reactions at ortho- and para- positions:
Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions.
Aniline high reactivity reflects that Aniline is an enamine, which enhances the electron-donating ability of the ring.
For example, reaction of aniline with sulfuric acid at 180 °C produces sulfanilic acid, H2NC6H4SO3H.

If bromine water is added to aniline, the bromine water is decolourised and a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline is formed.

To generate the mono-substituted product, a protection with acetyl chloride is required:
The reaction to form 4-bromoaniline is to protect the amine with acetyl chloride, then hydrolyse back to reform aniline.
The largest scale industrial reaction of aniline involves Aniline alkylation with formaldehyde.

An idealized equation is shown:
2C6H5NH2+CH2O⟶CH2(C6H4NH2)2+H2O

The resulting diamine is the precursor to 4,4'-MDI and related diisocyanates.

Reactions at nitrogen:

Basicity:
Aniline is a weak base.
Aromatic amines such as aniline are, in general, much weaker bases than aliphatic amines.
Aniline reacts with strong acids to form the anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C6H5−NH+3).

Traditionally, the weak basicity of aniline is attributed to a combination of inductive effect from the more electronegative sp2 carbon and resonance effects, as the lone pair on the nitrogen is partially delocalized into the pi system of the benzene ring.

Missing in such an analysis is consideration of solvation.
Aniline is, for example, more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution.

Acylation:
Aniline reacts with acyl chlorides such as acetyl chloride to give amides.
The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3−CO−NH−C6H5 is acetanilide.
At high temperatures aniline and carboxylic acids react to give the anilides.

N-Alkylation:

N-Methylation of aniline with methanol at elevated temperatures over acid catalysts gives N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline:
C6H5NH2+2CH3OH⟶C6H5N(CH3)2+2H2O

N-Methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline are colorless liquids with boiling points of 193–195 °C and 192 °C, respectively.
These derivatives are of importance in the color industry.

Carbon disulfide derivatives:
Boiled with carbon disulfide, Aniline gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenylthiourea) (CS(NHC6H5)2), which may be decomposed into phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5CNS), and triphenyl guanidine (C6H5N=C(NHC6H5)2).

Diazotization:
Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts.
Through these intermediates, the amine group can be converted to a hydroxyl (−OH), nitrile (−CN), or halide group (−X, where X is a halogen) via Sandmeyer reactions.

This diazonium salt can also be reacted with NaNO2 and phenol to produce a dye known as benzeneazophenol, in a process called coupling.
The reaction of converting primary aromatic amine into diazonium salt is called diazotisation.
In this reaction primary aromatic amine reacts with sodium nitrile and with 2 moles of HCl which is known as Ice cold mixture because the temperature use to be 0.5 °C and Aniline forms benzene diazonium salt as major product and water and sodium chloride.

Other reactions:
Aniline reacts with nitrobenzene to produce phenazine in the Wohl-Aue reaction.
Hydrogenation gives cyclohexylamine.

Being a standard reagent in laboratories, aniline is used for many niche reactions.
Aniline acetate is used in the aniline acetate test for carbohydrates, identifying pentoses by conversion to furfural.
Aniline is used to stain neural RNA blue in the Nissl stain.

Biochem/physiol Actions of Aniline:
The acute toxicity of aniline involves Aniline activation in vivo to 4-hydroxyaniline and the formation of adducts with hemoglobin.
In erythrocytes, this is associated with the release of iron and the accumulation of methemoglobin and the development of hemolytic anemia and inflammation of the spleen.
Tumor formation is often observed in the spleen on prolonged administration.

Physical Properties of Aniline:

The physical properties of Anilines are given below:
Aniline has a boiling of about 184 oC and melting of about -6 o
Aniline is slightly soluble in water and sometimes freely soluble in the chemicals such as alcohol and ether.

Aniline tends to darken when exposed to air and light.
Aniline is said to be weak base and on Aniline reaction with strong acids, Aniline forms anilinium ion -C6H5-NH3+.
Aniline is said to be toxic when Aniline gets inhaled through the air or gets absorbed into the skin as Aniline produces nitrogen oxides which are harmful to the environment.

History of Aniline:
Aniline was first isolated in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben by destructive distillation of indigo.
He called Aniline Crystallin.

In 1834, Friedlieb Runge isolated a substance from coal tar that turned a beautiful blue color when treated with chloride of lime.
He named Aniline kyanol or cyanol.

In 1840, Carl Julius Fritzsche (1808–1871) treated indigo with caustic potash and obtained an oil that he named aniline, after an indigo-yielding plant, anil (Indigofera suffruticosa).
In 1842, Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin reduced nitrobenzene and obtained a base that he named benzidam.
In 1843, August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that these were all the same substance, known thereafter as phenylamine or aniline.

Synthetic dye industry:
In 1856, while trying to synthesise quinine, von Hofmann's student William Henry Perkin discovered mauveine and went into industry producing the first commercial synthetic dye.
Other aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsin, safranin, and induline.

At the time of mauveine's discovery, aniline was expensive. Soon thereafter, applying a method reported in 1854 by Antoine Béchamp, Aniline was prepared "by the ton".
The Béchamp reduction enabled the evolution of a massive dye industry in Germany.

Today, the name of BASF, originally Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory), now the largest chemical supplier, echoes the legacy of the synthetic dye industry, built via aniline dyes and extended via the related azo dyes.
The first azo dye was aniline yellow.

Developments in medicine:
In the late 19th century, derivatives of aniline such as acetanilide and phenacetin emerged as analgesic drugs, with their cardiac-suppressive side effects often countered with caffeine.
During the first decade of the 20th century, while trying to modify synthetic dyes to treat African sleeping sickness, Paul Ehrlich – who had coined the term chemotherapy for his magic bullet approach to medicine – failed and switched to modifying Béchamp's atoxyl, the first organic arsenical drug, and serendipitously obtained a treatment for syphilis – salvarsan – the first successful chemotherapy agent.
Salvarsan's targeted microorganism, not yet recognized as a bacterium, was still thought to be a parasite, and medical bacteriologists, believing that bacteria were not susceptible to the chemotherapeutic approach, overlooked Alexander Fleming's report in 1928 on the effects of penicillin.

In 1932, Bayer sought medical applications of Aniline dyes.
Gerhard Domagk identified as an antibacterial a red azo dye, introduced in 1935 as the first antibacterial drug, prontosil, soon found at Pasteur Institute to be a prodrug degraded in vivo into sulfanilamide – a colorless intermediate for many, highly colorfast azo dyes – already with an expired patent, synthesized in 1908 in Vienna by the researcher Paul Gelmo for his doctoral research.
By the 1940s, over 500 related sulfa drugs were produced.

Medications in high demand during World War II (1939–45), these first miracle drugs, chemotherapy of wide effectiveness, propelled the American pharmaceutics industry.
In 1939, at Oxford University, seeking an alternative to sulfa drugs, Howard Florey developed Fleming's penicillin into the first systemic antibiotic drug, penicillin G. (Gramicidin, developed by René Dubos at Rockefeller Institute in 1939, was the first antibiotic, yet Aniline toxicity restricted Aniline to topical use.)
After World War II, Cornelius P. Rhoads introduced the chemotherapeutic approach to cancer treatment.

Rocket fuel:
Some early American rockets, such as the Aerobee and WAC Corporal, used a mixture of aniline and furfuryl alcohol as a fuel, with nitric acid as an oxidizer.
The combination is hypergolic, igniting on contact between fuel and oxidizer.

Aniline is also dense, and can be stored for extended periods.
Aniline was later replaced by hydrazine.

Human Metabolite Information of Aniline:

Tissue Locations:
Bladder
Epidermis
Prostate
Spleen

Reactivity Profile of Aniline:
Aniline is a heat sensitive base.
Combines with acids to form salts.

Dissolves alkali metals or alkaline earth metals with evolution of hydrogen.
Incompatible with albumin, solutions of iron, zinc and aluminum, and acids.

Couples readily with phenols and aromatic amines.
Easily acylated and alkylated.

Corrosive to copper and copper alloys.
Aniline can react vigorously with oxidizing materials (including perchloric acid, fuming nitric acid, sodium peroxide and ozone).

Reacts violently with BCl3.
Mixtures with toluene diisocyanate may ignite.

Undergoes explosive reactions with benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate, dibenzoyl peroxide, fluorine nitrate, nitrosyl perchlorate, peroxodisulfuric acid and tetranitromethane.
Ignites on contact with sodium peroxide + water.

Forms heat or shock sensitive explosive mixtures with anilinium chloride (detonates at 464 F/7.6 bar), nitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane and peroxomonosulfuric acid.
Reacts with perchloryl fluoride form explosive products.

Handling and Storage of Aniline:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Stop leak if you can do Aniline without risk.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Safe Storage:
Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

First Aid Measures of Aniline:

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Aniline Exposure:
Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to aniline may be severe and include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse.
Victims may experience headache, irritability, disorientation, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, dizziness, and drowsiness.

Delerium, shock, convulsions, and coma may also be observed.
Gastrointestinal effects include dryness of throat, nausea, and vomiting.

Painful urination, oliguria (scanty urination), and hematuria (bloody urine) may occur.
Aniline may irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes) is a common finding.

Note:
Victims at special risk include individuals with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, those with liver and kidney disorders, blood diseases, or a history of alcoholism.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures:
Acute exposure to aniline may require decontamination and life support for the victims.
Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination.

Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary.
Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:
Move victims to fresh air.
Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to aniline.

Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:
Remove victims from exposure.
Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to aniline.

Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.
If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.
Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:
Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma.
If no pulse is detected, provide CPR.

If not breathing, provide artificial respiration.
If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.
Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac.
Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.

Warning:
Ingestion of aniline may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness.
Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma.

The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended:
Children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz).
Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water.

If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered.
Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims.
If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert.
Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims.
Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

RUSH to a health care facility.

Fire Fighting of Aniline:
Fight fire from maximum distance.
Dike fire control water for later disposal and do not scatter material.

If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to control vapors.
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus with a full face piece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode and special protective clothing.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide.
Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Identifiers of Aniline:
CAS Number:
62-53-3
142-04-1 (HCl)

3DMet: B00082
Beilstein Reference: 605631
ChEBI: CHEBI:17296
ChEMBL: ChEMBL538
ChemSpider: 5889
DrugBank: DB06728
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.491
EC Number: 200-539-3
Gmelin Reference: 2796
KEGG: C00292

PubChem CID:
6115
8870 (HCl)

RTECS number: BW6650000

UNII:
SIR7XX2F1K
576R1193YL (HCl)

UN number: 1547
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8020090

InChI:
InChI=1S/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
Key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
Key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYAP

SMILES:
NC1CCCCC1
C1CCC(CC1)N

EC / List no.: 200-539-3
CAS no.: 62-53-3
Mol. formula: C6H7N

CAS number: 62-53-3
EC index number: 612-008-00-7
EC number: 200-539-3
Hill Formula: C₆H₇N
Chemical formula: C₆H₅NH₂
Molar Mass: 93.13 g/mol
HS Code: 2921 41 00

Synonym(s): Aminobenzene, Benzenamine
Linear Formula: C6H5NH2
CAS Number: 62-53-3
Molecular Weight: 93.13
Beilstein: 605631
EC Number: 200-539-3
MDL number: MFCD00007629
eCl@ss: 39030407
PubChem Substance ID: 24854547
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of Aniline:
Chemical formula: C6H7N
Molar mass: 93.129 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.0297 g/mL
Melting point: −6.30 °C (20.66 °F; 266.85 K)
Boiling point: 184.13 °C (363.43 °F; 457.28 K)
Solubility in water: 3.6 g/100 mL at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.6 mmHg (20° C)
Acidity (pKa):
4.63 (conjugate acid; H2O)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −62.95·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.58364
Viscosity: 3.71 cP (3.71 mPa·s at 25 °C)

Boiling point: 184 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.021 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.2 - 11 %(V)
Flash point: 70 °C
Ignition temperature: 540 °C
Melting Point: -6 °C
pH value: 8.8 (36 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.49 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 36 g/l

Grade: ACS reagent
Quality Level: 200
Vapor density: 3.22 (185 °C, vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.7 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Assay: ≥99.5%
Form: liquid
Autoignition temp.: 1139 °F
Expl. lim.: 11 %

Impurities:
Hydrocarbons, passes test
Nitrobenzene, passes test (lim. ~0.001%)
≤0.01% chlorobenzene

Ign. residue: ≤0.005%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.586 (lit.)
bp: 184 °C (lit.)
mp: −6 °C (lit.)
Solubility: water: soluble
Density: 1.022 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: Nc1ccccc1
InChI: 1S/C6H7N/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,7H2
InChI key: PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Weight: 93.13
XLogP3: 0.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 93.057849228
Monoisotopic Mass: 93.057849228
Topological Polar Surface Area: 26 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Aniline:
Assay (GC, area%): ≥ 99.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C): 1.020 - 1.022
Identity (IR): passes test

Appearance: Clear yellow to reddish brown color liquid
Purity (by GC): Min 99.5%
Weight/ mL at 20°C: 1.021-1.023 g
Water (H2O): Max 0.2%
Residue after Ignition: Max 0.005%
Hydrocarbons: Passes test
Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2): Max 0.003%
Copper (Cu): Max 0.00005%
Iron (Fe): Max 0.0001%
Lead (Pb): Max 0.0001%

Thermochemistry of Aniline:
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −3394 kJ/mol

Names of Aniline:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Aniline

Systematic IUPAC name:
Benzenamine

Other names:
Phenylamine
Aminobenzene
Benzamine
Indigo shrub molecule

Synonyms of Aniline:
ANILINE
Benzenamine
62-53-3
Phenylamine
Aminobenzene
Aminophen
Arylamine
Kyanol
Anilin
Cyanol
Benzeneamine
Benzidam
Krystallin
Anyvim
Anilina
C.I. Oxidation Base 1
Huile D'aniline
Rcra waste number U012
C.I. 76000
Aniline reagent
NCI-C03736
UN 1547
CHEBI:17296
MFCD00007629
SIR7XX2F1K
Benzene, amino
Anilin [Czech]
CI Oxidation Base 1
Caswell No. 051C
Huile d'aniline [French]
HSDB 43
Phenyleneamine
Anilinum
D'aniline
RCRA waste no. U012
Anilina [Italian, Polish]
CCRIS 44
Aniline and homologs
Aniline and homologues
EINECS 200-539-3
UNII-SIR7XX2F1K
UN1547
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 251400
benzenaminium
cyanole
CI 76000
BIDD:ER0581
phenyl amine
phenyl-amine
AI3-03053
8-aniline
Benzene, amino-
Fentanyl impurity F
2-bromobenzylchloride
Aniline-[13C]
PhNH2
ANILINUM [HPUS]
ANILINE [HSDB]
ANILINE [IARC]
ANILINE [INCI]
ANILINE [MI]
ANILINE [MART.]
ANILINE [USP-RS]
ANILINE [WHO-DD]
CHEMBL538
Epitope ID:117704
EC 200-539-3
Aniline, analytical standard
Aniline, AR, >=99%
Aniline, LR, >=99%
C6H5NH2
Discontinued, see H924510
ANILINE [USP IMPURITY]
DTXSID8020090
BDBM92572
Trimethoprim specified impurity K
Aniline, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
BENZENE,AMINO (ANILINE)
Aniline [UN1547] [Poison]
AMY11081
STR00216
Aniline, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
Tox21_200345
Aniline 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
STK301792
ZINC17886255
AKOS000268796
Aniline 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
DB06728
Aniline, ASTM, ACS reagent, 99.5%
Aniline, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
CAS-62-53-3
Aniline, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
Aniline, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%
NCGC00091297-01
NCGC00091297-02
NCGC00091297-03
NCGC00257899-01
BP-12047
FENTANYL IMPURITY F [EP IMPURITY]
Aniline, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
DB-013441
MESALAZINE IMPURITY K [EP IMPURITY]
A0463
FT-0622394
FT-0662220
FT-0696319
TRIMETHOPRIM IMPURITY K [EP IMPURITY]
EN300-33390
C00292
A833829
AMINOBENZOIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Q186414
SR-01000944923
J-519591
SR-01000944923-1
Q27121173
F2190-0417
Aniline, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
136260-71-4
1-Aminobenzene
224-015-9 [EINECS]
2348-49-4 [RN]
238-580-4 [EINECS]
4-12-00-00223 [Beilstein]
605631 [Beilstein]
62-53-3 [RN]
Aminobenzene [Wiki]
Anilin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Anilina [Polish]
Aniline [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Aniline [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Benzenamine [ACD/Index Name]
Huile d'aniline [French]
Phenylamidogen
phenylamine
1122-59-4 [RN]
146997-94-6 [RN]
17843-02-6 [RN]
1927175 [Beilstein]
200-539-3MFCD00007629
37342-16-8 [RN]
4-Aminophenyl [ACD/IUPAC Name]
53894-37-4 [RN]
59000-01-0 [RN]
7022-92-6 [RN]
908847-42-7 [RN]
925916-73-0 [RN]
Aminobenzene, Phenylamine, Benzenamine
AMINOPHEN
Anilina
Aniline-d5
ANL
Anyvim
Benzen-d5-amine
Benzene, amino-
Benzidam
Cyanol
Huile D'aniline
Krystallin
kyanol
phenylamino
Phenyleneamine
STR00216
ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE
DESCRIPTION:
Anionic polyacrylamide is the copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid.
No studies on the environmental fate of polyacrylamide are available.
As a high-molecular weight, water-soluble polymer, Anionic polyacrylamide is not expected to biodegrade or bioaccumulate.
Anionic polyacrylamide has a low acute toxicity concern to aquatic organisms.


CAS NO: 9003-05-8


Anionic polyacrylamide is the generic name for a group of very high molecular weight macromolecules produced by the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide and an anionically charged comonomer, mainly the sodium salt of acrylic acid, sodium acrylate.
The combination of molecular weight and ionic charge results in extremely viscous aqueous solutions, one of the main properties of these polymers.
Both the charge density (ionicity), and the molecular weight can be varied.
By varying the acrylamide/anionic monomer ratio, a charge density from 0 to 100% along the polymer chain can be obtained.

The molecular weight is determined by the type and concentration of the reaction initiator and the reaction parameters.
Anionic polyacrylamide has no systemic toxicity to aquatic organisms or micro-organisms.
The polymer is much too large to be absorbed into tissues and cells.

The functional anionic groups do not interfere with the functioning of fish gills or daphnia respirators.
Any adverse effects observed in laboratory tests are always seen at concentrations of over 100 mg/L and are probably due to the resulting viscosity of the test medium.
The preparation of the test solutions at such concentrations requires high-energy stirring for long periods of time, sometimes several hours.
Therfore, it can be concluded that these harmful concentrations will not exist in the natural environment.

The test data given on page 4 of this document was obtained using a highly charged anionic polyacrylamide.
Low charge density polymers demonstrate even lower toxicity to aquatic and micro-organisms.
The results of assays on low anionic polyacrylamides is determined mainly by the viscosity of the test solution.

Anionic polyacrylamide has no potential to bioaccumulate, being completely soluble in water (solubility is only limited by viscosity) and insoluble in octanol.
Additionally, being a flocculent, it adsorbs onto suspended matter and, in this way, is removed from the water phase.

The sensitivity of polyacrylamide to ultra-violet light is well known and has been described in the scientific literature.
Photolysis leads to the degradation of the polymer chain and the formation of much smaller molecules, or oligomers, which are accessible to microbial attack.
A recent study financed by SNF-Floerger, has demonstrated that photolysis followed by aerobic or anaerobic treatment resulted in efficient mineralization of the polymer.

This study provides evidence that acrylamide polymers have the potential to be naturally broken down and biodegraded and do not persist or accumulate in the environment.
Two recently conducted, major environmental risk assessments concluded that anionic polyacrylamide does not represent a danger to the environment.

STOWA, the Netherlands Waste-Water Authority calculated a PEC/NEC ratio much lower than 1 for organic polyelectrolytes in general and concluded that their use in waste-water treatment does not constitute a risk to the natural environment.
Another review of polyelectrolytes by Environment Agency of the United Kingdom concluded that anionic polyacrylmide, like the other organic polyelectrolytes, is not a priority for the setting of environmental quality standards (EQS) and of little environmental concern.




Anionic polyacrylamide polymers can exist in cationic, anionic or non-ionic forms, depending on their ionic charge.
The non-ionic form of polyacrylamide is generated from the basic polymerisation of acrylamide.


Anionic polyacrylamide polymer can then be formed from the hydrolysis of the acrylamide homopolymer either simultaneously during the polymerisation process or as a subsequent step
Anionic polyacrylamide polymer can also be formed from the copolymerisation of acrylamide and acrylic acid

Anionic polyacrylamide is an associative polymer used as the gellant in the fracturing system.
The addition of Anionic polyacrylamide to water creates a slightly viscoelastic base gel.
The viscoelastic properties of Anionic polyacrylamide can be enhanced by the addition of a surfactant activator.

The hydration of Anionic polyacrylamide in fresh water is minimally affected by pH (range 4-10) and water temperature 10°C-30°C (50°F-86°F).
Anionic polyacrylamide is typically added in a range of 2.4-4.8 kg/m3 (20-40 ppt) depending on job parameters.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Anionic polyacrylamide is Cost effective alternative to other gellants.
Anionic polyacrylamide Creates viscous gel that display enhanced elastic properties.
Hydration rate not significantly affected by temperature or pH.

Viscosity can be enhanced with the addition of an activator.
The broken polymer leaves no insoluble residue, results show excellent regain conductivity.
Anionic polyacrylamide has Excellent proppant suspension as a base gel compared to other linear gels.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product






CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE:
Product Name: anionic polyacrylamide
Chemical Formula: C3H5NO
Cas No.:9003-5-8
Appearance: white particles
Solid Content ≥89 %
Molecular Weight: 5-20 million
Chemical name : 2-propenoic acid, sodium salt polymer with 2-propenamide
Other names : Copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, sodium salt
Acrylamide, sodium acrylate copolymer
Molecular weight : . . . . greater than 1,000,000 daltons, usually greater than 5,000,000
Solubility : totally miscible in water, insoluble in n-octanol and other solvents
pH: 6 to 8 in solution at 5g/L
Apparent density : ~ 1.08
Melting point : > 150°C
Log Pow : 0
State solid
Appearance Off-white free flowing powder
Odour odourless
Specific Gravity 1.1
Density 1100kg/m3
(9.2lbs/gal)
Ionic Character anionic
pH 5-7 (2% in water)
Solubility Completely soluble in water













ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE

Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a type of water-soluble polymer formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomers.
Anionic polyacrylamide belongs to the class of polyacrylamides, which are widely used in various industrial and environmental applications.
The term "anionic" indicates that the polymer carries a negative charge on its molecular structure.

CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 618-350-3

Poly(acrylamide) sodium salt, Anionic PAM, APAM, Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid sodium salt), Sodium polyacrylate, Poly(acrylate sodium), Acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer sodium salt, Polyelectrolyte, Water-soluble polymer, Flocculant, Water treatment polymer, Acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer sodium salt, PAM, Sodium poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide), APAM, Poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide copolymer, Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide polymer, Anionic polyacrylic acid, Sodium polyacrylamide, Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium salt copolymer, Sodium acrylamide copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymer, Anionic polyacrylamide flocculant, Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt polymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-co-acrylic acid), Acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer sodium salt, Water purification polymer, Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide sodium salt copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Poly(acrylate-co-acrylic acid sodium salt), Sodium acrylate-acrylamide copolymer, Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium salt polymer, Sodium acrylate-acrylamide polymer, Anionic poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid), Sodium poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt copolymer, Acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide sodium salt), Sodium poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide), Acrylic acid sodium salt-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Sodium poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Anionic poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Poly(acrylic acid sodium acrylamide), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate copolymer, Sodium acrylate-acrylamide sodium acrylate copolymer, Anionic poly(acrylate-acrylamide sodium salt), Acrylic acid sodium acrylate polymer, Sodium poly(acrylate-acrylamide sodium salt), Acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium acrylate sodium salt copolymer



APPLICATIONS


In water treatment plants, anionic polyacrylamide is widely used as a flocculant to improve the settling of suspended particles and enhance water clarity.
Anionic polyacrylamide plays a crucial role in wastewater treatment processes, aiding in the removal of pollutants, organic matter, and other impurities.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, increasing oil extraction efficiency from reservoirs.
Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in agriculture for soil stabilization, preventing erosion, and improving water retention in soil.
Anionic polyacrylamide is a key component in drilling fluids used in oil and gas exploration, contributing to viscosity and fluid stability.
In the papermaking industry, Anionic polyacrylamide is employed to improve drainage and retention during the paper production process.

Used in the textile industry, it acts as a sizing agent, enhancing the strength and quality of fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide is crucial in mineral processing, aiding in solid-liquid separation and tailings management in mining operations.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel electrophoresis gels, enabling the separation of biomolecules in molecular biology laboratories.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in gel-like materials for controlled release applications in agriculture, ensuring optimal nutrient delivery to plants.
In the cosmetics industry, anionic polyacrylamide is used in certain formulations for stability and texture enhancement.

Anionic polyacrylamide serves as a flocculant in metal finishing processes, aiding in the removal of suspended particles and achieving desired surface finishes.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the construction industry by stabilizing excavation and trenching areas.
In the production of drinking water, it is applied to improve water quality by facilitating the removal of impurities.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in certain specialized adhesives and coatings, contributing to their adhesive and protective properties in industrial settings.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in water-based paints and coatings, ensuring stability and uniform application.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in gel-like formulations for water-based drilling fluids, aiding in lubrication and suspension of drilling cuttings during oil and gas exploration.

In gel electrophoresis applications, the polymer enables the separation of DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge.
Anionic polyacrylamide is integral to the production of certain pharmaceuticals, contributing to controlled-release drug delivery systems.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the creation of flocculant pads for water and wastewater treatment, simplifying the removal of suspended particles.

Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the manufacturing of certain adhesives for the paper and packaging industry, ensuring strong and reliable bonds.
In the sugar industry, the polymer aids in the clarification of sugarcane juice during the refining process.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the efficiency of water-based fire-retardant formulations, ensuring uniform application and fire protection.

Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of certain biodegradable water retention materials, useful in agriculture and landscaping.
In the creation of gel-like materials for environmental applications, the polymer assists in soil stabilization, erosion control, and pollutant remediation.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the manufacturing of wastewater treatment polymers, contributing to the efficient removal of pollutants and contaminants.
In the mining industry, the polymer aids in the separation of minerals from ore through the process of flocculation and sedimentation.

Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of sludge dewatering agents, enhancing the dehydration of sludge in sewage treatment plants.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the creation of water-soluble polymers for soil erosion control, preventing soil loss in construction and landscaping.
In the petroleum industry, anionic polyacrylamide is added to drilling muds to improve rheological properties and reduce friction.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of water-based paints, improving pigment dispersion and stability during application.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the development of controlled-release fertilizer formulations, ensuring a gradual and sustained release of nutrients in agriculture.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the treatment of industrial effluents, assisting in the removal of suspended solids and pollutants.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds use in the creation of gel-like materials for environmental remediation, aiding in the stabilization of contaminated sites.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of specialized adhesives for the binding of porous and non-porous surfaces, providing strong and durable bonds.
In the food industry, anionic polyacrylamide is employed in certain food processing applications, such as clarification and thickening.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the development of controlled-release herbicides, ensuring targeted and prolonged weed control in agriculture.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of soil conditioning agents, improving soil structure and fertility.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the formulation of certain water-based hydraulic fluids, providing lubrication and viscosity control.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of gel-like materials for controlled drug release in pharmaceutical formulations, enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
In the creation of gel electrophoresis buffers, anionic polyacrylamide helps in the separation and analysis of biomolecules.
Anionic polyacrylamide is added to certain cosmetic formulations, contributing to the stability and texture of products like creams and lotions.

Anionic polyacrylamide aids in the formulation of water-based drilling muds in geotechnical engineering, providing stability during drilling operations.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of sizing agents for the paper industry, improving paper strength and printability.

Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the formulation of flocculants for the treatment of industrial process water, ensuring efficient solid-liquid separation.
Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release pesticides, enhancing pest control in agriculture.
In the creation of water-based ink formulations, the polymer aids in pigment dispersion and print quality.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release water treatment chemicals, improving treatment efficiency.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release fragrance applications, ensuring a sustained release over time.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release seed coatings, enhancing seed germination and crop yield.


In the textile industry, anionic polyacrylamide is utilized as a dye fixing agent, improving color fastness in fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide finds use in soil erosion control mats, stabilizing slopes and preventing soil displacement in landscaping projects.
In the construction of tunnels and excavations, anionic polyacrylamide is applied to improve the stability of the surrounding soil.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the development of water-based grout formulations, enhancing their viscosity and preventing segregation.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release corrosion inhibitors, protecting metal surfaces in various industries.
In the creation of water-absorbent gel products, the polymer is employed for diapers, agriculture, and other absorbent applications.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release soil amendments, improving nutrient availability to plants.
In the manufacturing of gel-based firefighting products, anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the creation of effective fire retardants.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release pond and lake treatments, addressing issues like algae control.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release oxygen scavengers, preventing corrosion in closed systems.
In the treatment of stormwater runoff, the polymer aids in the removal of sediments and pollutants, improving water quality.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the development of controlled-release lubricant formulations, ensuring prolonged and efficient lubrication in various applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release biocides, addressing microbial growth in water systems.
In the formulation of gel-based horticultural products, the polymer contributes to soil conditioning and water retention.

Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled-release turf management products, promoting healthier and more resilient grass.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the formulation of water-based drilling lubricants, improving lubricity and reducing friction during drilling operations.

Anionic polyacrylamide finds application in the production of controlled-release concrete additives, enhancing the workability and strength of concrete.
In the oil sands industry, anionic polyacrylamide is employed in tailings treatment, aiding in the separation and settling of fine particles.

Anionic polyacrylamide plays a role in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release soil sealants, preventing water leakage in construction projects.
Anionic polyacrylamide is used in the creation of water treatment polymers for swimming pool maintenance, ensuring water clarity and hygiene.
In the formulation of gel-based animal care products, the polymer contributes to wound healing and skin conditioning.

Anionic polyacrylamide is utilized in the development of controlled-release fertilizers for hydroponic systems, providing essential nutrients to plants.
Anionic polyacrylamide is applied in the formulation of gel-like materials for controlled-release concrete retarders, slowing down the setting time.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the production of gel-like materials for controlled-release antiscalants in water treatment, preventing scale formation in pipelines.
In the creation of gel-based pharmaceutical formulations, the polymer is used for controlled-release drug delivery systems, improving patient compliance.



DESCRIPTION


Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a type of water-soluble polymer formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomers.
Anionic polyacrylamide belongs to the class of polyacrylamides, which are widely used in various industrial and environmental applications.
The term "anionic" indicates that the polymer carries a negative charge on its molecular structure.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer with a molecular structure derived from the polymerization of acrylamide monomers, carrying a negative charge on its chain.
Anionic polyacrylamide serves as a versatile flocculant, aiding in the aggregation of suspended particles in water treatment processes.

Anionic polyacrylamide is highly effective in enhancing solid-liquid separation, making it a key component in wastewater treatment.
Anionic polyacrylamide is known for its exceptional water-absorbing capabilities, contributing to its applications in various industries.
Used as a polyelectrolyte, it interacts with charged particles, facilitating processes like sludge dewatering and clarification.
Its anionic nature makes it compatible with positively charged ions, allowing for efficient binding and removal of impurities from aqueous solutions.

Anionic polyacrylamide is commonly employed in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes to improve oil extraction efficiency.
In agriculture, it finds application in soil stabilization, aiding in erosion control and improving soil structure.
Anionic polyacrylamide is recognized for its role in promoting the settling of suspended particles in water, contributing to cleaner and clearer water.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a crucial component in various industrial processes, where effective flocculation and separation are essential for product quality.
Used in the papermaking industry, it improves drainage and retention during the paper production process.

Anionic polyacrylamide contributes to the efficiency of water-based drilling fluids in the oil and gas exploration sector.
In textile manufacturing, it acts as a sizing agent, contributing to the quality and strength of fabrics.
Anionic polyacrylamide plays a vital role in wastewater treatment plants, aiding in the removal of pollutants and contaminants.
Its water-absorbing properties make it valuable in agriculture for water retention in soil, particularly in arid regions.
Applied in mining operations, the polymer assists in solid-liquid separation processes, improving tailings management.

Anionic polyacrylamide's flocculation capabilities extend to various industrial applications, including metal finishing and electroplating.
In the production of gel electrophoresis, anionic polyacrylamide is utilized for the separation of biomolecules.

Anionic polyacrylamide is a key component in certain cosmetics formulations, contributing to the stability and texture of the products.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the creation of gel-like materials for controlled release applications in agriculture and horticulture.
Used in the treatment of drinking water, Anionic polyacrylamide aids in the removal of suspended particles and organic matter.
In the construction industry, the polymer contributes to the stabilization of excavation and trenching areas.

Its anionic charge allows it to bind effectively with certain metal ions, making it useful in heavy metal removal processes.
Anionic polyacrylamide is employed in the production of certain specialized adhesives and coatings for industrial applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide is a vital component in water-based paints and coatings, contributing to their stability and application properties.



PROPERTIES


Melting point: >300 °C
Density 1.189 g/mL at 25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.452
Flash point: >230 °F
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: Water
Form: Granules
Color: White to faintly yellow
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air.
If respiratory irritation or difficulty breathing persists, seek immediate medical attention.
Administer artificial respiration if the person is not breathing.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions occur.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions persist.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately.


General First Aid:

In case of any adverse health effects or uncertainty, seek prompt medical attention.
Provide medical personnel with information on the product, including its composition and safety data sheet.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety glasses, gloves, and suitable clothing.
Use respiratory protection if airborne concentrations exceed recommended exposure limits.

Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to maintain airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where the product is handled or processed.

Avoidance of Contact:
Minimize direct skin and eye contact with the product.
Avoid inhalation of dust or vapors; use appropriate measures such as local exhaust or personal respiratory protection if needed.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling the product.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where the product is used.

Spill and Leak Response:
Clean up spills promptly using appropriate absorbent materials.
Avoid creating dust during cleanup; use wet methods or vacuum with HEPA filters.
Dispose of contaminated materials in accordance with local regulations.

Storage Compatibility:
Store anionic polyacrylamide away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizing agents.
Ensure compatibility with storage containers to prevent contamination or degradation of the product.

Temperature and Humidity:
Store the product in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Follow recommended temperature storage conditions provided by the manufacturer.


Storage:

Container Integrity:
Ensure storage containers are in good condition, with no leaks or damage that could compromise the integrity of the product.
Use containers made of materials compatible with anionic polyacrylamide.

Segregation:
Store anionic polyacrylamide away from incompatible materials to prevent reactions or contamination.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with product information, hazard symbols, and appropriate warnings.
Maintain accurate records of storage locations and quantities.

Fire Prevention:
Keep the product away from open flames, sparks, or potential ignition sources.
Store in a designated area with appropriate fire prevention measures.

Accessibility:
Store the product in areas accessible only to trained and authorized personnel.
Prevent access by unauthorized individuals, especially children.

Security:
Implement security measures to prevent theft or unauthorized access to the stored product.

Emergency Response:
Have appropriate emergency response measures in place, including spill response kits, eyewash stations, and emergency shower facilities.
ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM)
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is an important water-soluble macromolecule polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is copolymerized by acrylamide and acrylic acid.


CAS Number: 9003-05-8
EC Number: 201-173-7
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n



Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), White Granular is a water-soluble high polymer solid powder.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)’s not soluble in most organic solvent, with good flocculating activity.
Anionic Flocculants are also provide in a range of molecular weights, also have different degree of charge(ionicity) & degree of hydrolysis.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.1%(based on solid content).
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is better to use neutral or desalted water.
When making up solution, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, usually the temperature is between 50-60℃.


The most economical dosage of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is based on the trial.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear polymer flocculant.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)is a water- soluble high polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)’s not soluble in most organic solvents, with good flocculating activity, and can reduce the friction resistance between liquid.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a synthetic polymer widely used in wastewater treatment processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is specifically designed to aid in the removal of suspended solids, organic matter, and other pollutants from wastewater, enabling cleaner and safer water discharge.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is an important flocculant and coagulant aid in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s main function is to promote solid-liquid separation by aggregating fine particles into larger flocs, which can then be easily separated from the water.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a synthetic chemical that can be tailored to fit a broad range of applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a solid powder water-soluble polymer with varying molecular weight and charge density.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has obvious effects to accelerate the clarification of solution and promote the effect of filtration.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) appears as a white powder with molecular weight ranging from 6 million to 25 million.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) water solubility, can be dissolved in any proportion in water and insoluble in organic solvents.
The effective PH range of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is 4 to 14.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a highly polymer electrolyte in neutral alkaline media and is sensitive to saline electrolytes and can cross-link with high-priced metal ions to form insoluble colloids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is formed from acrylamide subunits.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be synthesized as a simple linear-chain structure or cross-linked.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear macromolecule flocculant formed by the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes the flocculation of particles by neutralizing the charge of suspended particles, thus destabilizing the particles in water.


The destabilized particles adsorb each other under the bridge action of the active gene of macromolecule polymers.
Finally, larger flocs are formed.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a polyacrylamide with electronegativity, and its functional group is sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and carboxylic acid.


In the process of wastewater treatment, flocculation is regarded as an important purification technology.
Compared with other purification technologies, it has outstanding advantages such as high efficiency, low cost, and simple operation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is moisture absorbent, thus protecting from damp and moist for conservation.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be stored in a dry and ventilate storehouse, and not be exposed to air and sunshine.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has excellent for use in wastewater and effluent treatment applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Ieal for mechanical dewatering gravity settling, as a coagulant aid, water clarification, filtration, and phosphate removal.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used an aid in Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) units.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) reduces need for inorganic salts.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) achieves high solids removal.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is economical to use.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a flocculant in domestic treatment and wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a purifier in paper production.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Sewage treatment, textile industry, petroleum exploration, mineral extraction, paper industry, food industry, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in many industries, and its functions are different, but they can all play a role.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Waste water flocculation and settling.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Sludge dewatering and filtering, Thickener, Construction mud treatment, Oil industry, and River dredging.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Minerals selection and sewage disposal, Sand washing and sludge dewatering
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is the collective name of acrylamide homopolymer or polymer copolymerized with other monomers .


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is one of the most widely used varieties of water-soluble polymers .
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear high-molecular-weight polymer, often used as a flocculant.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is characterized by its anionic (negatively charged) nature, making it particularly effective in applications where the removal of negatively charged particles or the flocculation of suspended solids is required.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is its negative charge, which makes it highly effective in a wide range of applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is highly water-soluble, which means that it can be easily dissolved in water and other aqueous solutions.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) easy to use in various applications, such as in the treatment of wastewater.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is compatible with a wide range of other chemicals and materials.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) a versatile product that can be used in a variety of industrial and environmental applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile polymer that has a wide range of uses in various industries.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Fluorescent penetrant inspection Wastewater, Industrial & Municipal Wastewater, Paper Making Wastewater, Textile & Dyeing Wastewater,
Tannery & Leather Wastewater, Pharmaceutical Wastewater, Friction Reducer, Drilling Fluid, Coal Washing & Mining Wastewater, Wine & Brewery Wastewater, Oily Wastewater, Meat Processing Wastewater, and Drinking Water Treatment.


Anionic polyacrylamide Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) products were produced by adopting the unique process of “Pneumatic drying”, the granularity can be controlled between 80-140 mesh, it has the unique features of slimsy granule, rapid solution, high viscosity, slow degradation, and excellent flocculation effect.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Bamboo sticks incense, mosquito coil, etc. viscosity can be released under the condition of dry mixing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a kneading agent when used with coal ash and Metal ash.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Piling, drilling, washing, and related special fields.


Other applications of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) that request slimy granules and momentary viscosity.
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) series products are water –soluble linear polymers synthesized under high degree polymerization, easily soluble in water , mainly used in water clarification and purification treatment.


Due to its molecular chain contains a certain amount of negative gene, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can through the adsorption of solid particles suspended in water, make the bridge between particles or by charge neutralization particles condensed to form large flocculate, so it can accelerate particle in the slurry settlement also, there is a very significant effect to speed up the solution to clarify, promote the filter and so on .


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for flocculation and sedimentation in wastewater treatment of industrial ,municipal and production enterprises.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for flocculation and sedimentation of various industrial waste waters, such as waste wate from riron and steel plant , waste water from electroplating plant , metallurgical wastewater, coal washing waste water and other sewage treatment, sludge dewatering, etc.


The principle of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) water treatment: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) molecular chain contains a certain number of polar groups, which can adsorb the solid particles suspended in the water and make them adsorb each other under the bridging effect of the polymer active gene, and finally form larger flocs, so that the suspended matter settles or floats, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying water.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble high molecular polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for flocculation, sedimentation, and clarification treatment of various industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from iron and steel plants, wastewater from electroplating plants, metallurgical wastewater, and coal washing wastewater.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used mud dehydration, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification treatment.
Because its molecular chain contains a certain number of polar groups, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can absorb solid particles suspended in water to bridge between particles or through charge neutralization to make particles agglomerate to form large flocs, so it can accelerate particles in suspension.


The sedimentation has a very obvious effect of speeding up the clarification of the solution and promoting filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) as a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, clarifying, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used apply with all the major industrial wastewater treatments, such as urban sewage treatment, petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.


In the paper making industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, and filter aid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, and Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in the treatment of whitening water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.


In the mining, coal mining industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a coal washing waste water clarifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater and oil wastewater treatments, for the removal of turbidity, decolorization, to achieve the emission standards.


Anionic polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Mainly used for all kinds of industrial wastewater flocculation sedimentation, precipitation clarification treatment, such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other sewage treatment, sludge dewatering, etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as flocculating agent in the tap water in the river water treatment plant.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in drinking water treatment
Anionic polyacrylamide is used for industrial wastewater treatment


For suspended particles, higher concentration, particles with positive charge, PH value of water neutral or alkaline sewage, iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other sewage treatment, the effect is better.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used as coagulants for various industrial wastewater treatment.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in various fields.
According to the unique characteristics of production process and advanced equipment, it is mainly used for steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater,sludge dewatering, etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used to clarify and purify drinking water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used municipal sewage, chemical sewage, sand washing and mineral processing, coal washing, paper making, perfume making, printing and dyeing, oil field piling and other fields have unique product advantages.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has fast flocculation and sedimentation speed, low water content of mud, and greatly saves the cost and efficiency of sewage treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is most often used to increase the viscosity of water (creating a thicker solution) or to encourage the flocculation of particles present in water and allow rapid settlement of finely suspended solids.


Raw Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Flocculation & Clarification and Sludge Dewatering
Industrial Waste Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Primary clarification, Secondary & Tertiary treatment, Sludge thickening & dewatering, and Dissolved air floatation.


Sewage Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Primary Treatment and Sludge Thickening & Dewatering.
Petroleum and Gas Field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Drilling fluids, EOR, Fluid loss control, lubrication, shale Stabilization.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a commonly used flocculation precipitant for industrial sewage treatment.
As a common and widely used flocculant, anionic PAM has a wide range of applications in wastewater treatment due to excellent solid-water separation performance.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used to treat industrial wastewater and mining wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used as an additive of the mud materials in oil-field, geological drilling and well boring.
In oil exploitation: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mainly used for drilling mud as well as Enhanced Oil Recovery, etc., which is widely used in drilling, completion, cementing, fracturing, enhanced oil recovery and other mining operations in the oil field.


Flocculant uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): The polarity gene adsorbs the solid particles dispersed in water, bridges between the particles and formats the large aggregates, sedimentation and separates of water, flocculates detritus and clay in drilling fluid.
Dispersant In the drilling mud treatment, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the lubricity and stability of the mud to reduce the water loss, prevent sticking effectively, increase drilling efficiency.


Lubricant: Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be absorbed on the surface of metal or clay particles to form liquid film to change friction on the solid surface into liquid frication, thereby lubricating drill bits and drills, lowering the mud cake frication coefficient, and reducing underground accidents.
Shale Inhibition uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Agent The multi-point adsorption of polymer formats to the criss-cross membrane macromolecules, plays a role of enhancing the stability of borehole.


Construction Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): In the construction sector, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used for soil solidification and foundation pit engineering to improve soil stability.
Other field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Sugar Industry, Breeding industry etc.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a kind of multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent, which is widely used in drilling, cementing, well completion, workover, fracturing, acidification, water injection, water shutoff profile control and tertiary oil recovery, especially in drilling, water shutoff profile control and tertiary oil recovery.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has high viscosity, good thickening, flocculation and rheological regulation, and is used as oil displacement agent and drilling mud regulator in oil exploitation.
In the middle and later period of oil exploitation, polymer flooding and asp flooding technology are mainly promoted in China to improve oil recovery.


By injecting Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), the ratio of oil to water velocity was improved and the content of crude oil in the produced product was increased.
The addition of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) to eor can increase the oil displacement capacity, avoid the breakdown of oil layer and improve the recovery rate of oil bed.


China's petroleum industry is the largest user of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
The technological progress of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes the development of China's petroleum industry.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent,Papermaking wastewater,Mineral processing, Coal washing, Metallurgy,

Chemical industry, Paper making, Textile, Sugar making, Medicine, Environmental protection, Building materials, Agriculture and other industries.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) finds widespread application across various industries due to its unique properties, particularly its negatively charged nature.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is widely used in petroleum exploration, papermaking, water treatment, textile, medicine, agriculture and other industries.
According to statistics, 37% of the global Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) production is used in wastewater treatment , 27% in the petroleum industry, and 18% in the paper industry.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Drinking water treatment, Industrial wastewater treatment; Petroleum production, Mining and coal washing field.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used Papermaking field, Textile printing and dyeing industry.
Other field uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Sugar Industry, Breeding industry etc.


Industrial wastewater treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): The effect is significant especially for wastewater with neutral or alkaline pH value, large suspended particles, high concentration and positive charge, such as wastewater of steel plants, electroplating plants, metallurgical plants and the coal washing plant.


Drinking water treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Use Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) to deal with raw water, which has advantages of small dose, low-cost, no secondary pollution, etc.
Paper making additive uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can used as dispersant of long fiber paper, dry strengthen agent, retention and drainage agent and flocculent for paper making wastewater, etc.


-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is injected into the reservoir to improve the mobility of the oil and reduce the amount of residual oil left in the rock.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can reduce interfacial tension and increase the displacement efficiency of the oil recovery process.


-Fluid Loss Additive uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
The hydrolysis degree is higher, the hydration group on the molecular chain is more, the hydration is better, and it changes from flocculant into fluid loss additive.
Drilling mud should be treated to keep cake’s permeability as low as possible in order to maintain a stable borehole and to minimize filtrate invasion, and damage to the pay zone.


-Blocking Agent:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can generate cross linking under the effect of Al3+, Fe 3+, Ca2+ and other ions, a part of high molecular compound is changed from linear shape into body shapes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is not water-soluble, and can be adsorbed on the borehole to block ground layer gaps and to prevent the leakage of drilling fluid.


-Oil and Gas Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the oil and gas industry to improve the efficiency of drilling and production operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a drilling fluid additive to increase viscosity, reduce fluid loss, and control formation damage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is also used as a friction reducer in pipeline transportation, improving the flow of crude oil and natural gas.


-Mining Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the mining industry as a flocculant to separate solid particles from liquid in the process of mineral extraction.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in the processing of various minerals, such as copper, gold, and coal.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively separate fine particles from water and increase the recovery of valuable minerals.


-Paper and Pulp Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the paper and pulp industry to improve the efficiency of paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a retention aid and drainage aid to improve the quality of paper and reduce production costs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can increase the retention of fibers and filler materials, resulting in improved paper properties.


-Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in agriculture to improve soil quality and increase crop yield.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a soil conditioner and stabilizer to reduce erosion and improve soil structure.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also improve water retention in soil and increase the uptake of nutrients by plants.


-Textile Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the textile industry to improve the efficiency of the dyeing process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a sizing agent, dyeing auxiliary, and finishing agent to enhance the quality of textile products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the penetration and leveling of dyes, resulting in more vibrant and uniform colors.


-Cosmetics Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the cosmetics industry as a thickener and stabilizer in lotions, creams, and gels.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and stability of cosmetic products and enhance their performance.


-Food Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is commonly used in the production of yogurt, ice cream, and other dairy products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and mouthfeel of food products and prevent separation and settling.


-Personal Care Products:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, as a thickener and stabilizer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the viscosity and stability of personal care products, resulting in better performance and consumer acceptance.


-Construction Industry uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the construction industry as a binder and stabilizer in the production of concrete and mortar.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the strength, durability, and workability of the construction materials.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in soil stabilization to prevent erosion and improve soil structure.


-Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in water treatment to separate suspended solids and other contaminants from water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in various water treatment processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively remove pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter, and heavy metals from water.


-Water Treatment:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has clarifying and purifying properties, promotes settling, aids in filtration, and enhances thickening.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is extensively utilized in the treatment of drinking water, industrial wastewater, mineral wastewater, and domestic sewage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is primarily used in the purification treatment of wastewater ranging from weakly acidic to alkaline conditions.
In addition, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for sludge dewatering to help reduce sludge volume and facilitate subsequent treatment and disposal during water treatment process.


-Mining and Mineral Processing:
In mining operations, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for solid-liquid separation processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) aids in the settling and dewatering of tailings and slurry, contributing to the efficient handling of mining wastewater.


-Papermaking Additive:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is employed in the paper industry to improve retention and drainage during the papermaking process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) aids in the formation of paper sheets and enhances the paper’s quality and toughness.


-Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Tertiary Oil Production:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery processes.
By increasing the viscosity of injected water, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) improves the displacement of oil from reservoirs, leading to enhanced recovery rates.


-Conservation of Water and Soil in Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is applied in agriculture for soil erosion control and stabilization.
By improving soil structure, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) helps in water retention and prevents runoff, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.



APPLICATION FIELDS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
• Raw Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Flocculation
- Clarification

• Industrial Waste Water Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Primary Clarification
- Secondary & Tertiary Treatment
- Sludge Thickening and dewatering

• Sewage Treatment uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Primary Treatment
- Sludge Thickening and dewatering

• Process Industries of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):
- Paper Making: Retention Agent, Resident Agent
- Sugar Manufacturing: Mud Settling
- Mining & Metallurgy: Water Recovery, Sludge Treatment



CHEMICAL FLOCCULANT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*Industrial wastewater treatment:
For the Sewage Treatment of suspended particles, relatively high concentration, positively charged particles, neutral or alkaline pH value of the water, wastewater from iron and steel plants, wastewater from electroplating plants, metallurgical wastewater, and coal washing wastewater, the effect isthe best.

*Drinking Water Treatment:
The water source of many water plants in China comes from rivers.
The content of silt and minerals is high and it is relatively turbid.
Although Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is filtered through sedimentation, it still cannot meet the requirements.
Flocculants need to be added.
The dosage is 1/of inorganic flocculant.
50, but the effect is several times that of inorganic flocculant.


*Recovery of lost starch and distiller’s grains from starch plants and alcohol plants:
Nowadays, wastewater from many starch plants contains a lot of starch.
Now Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is added to flocculate and precipitate the starch particles.
The precipitate is pressed and filtered by a filter press to become a cake, which can be used as feed.
The alcohol in the alcohol plant can also be dehydrated by Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) and recovered by filter press.



FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Efficient flocculation
2. Low dose requirements
3. High stability
4. Reduce water turbidity
5. Improve water quality



KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*High formation rate can increase dewatering capacity by 10-30 %.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can make the cake moisture content lowers, reduce incineration fuel by 10-20 %.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is improved separability of cake from filter cloth can improve the filter life.
*Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) displays marked effects also on putrefied sludge, enabling stable operation.
*Breakage of floc decreases and the separation efficiency at the decanter is improved.



APPLICATIONS FOR ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM) ARE FOUNDS IN MANY INDUSTRIES INCLUDING:
*Coal,
*Copper,
*Alumina,
*Gold/silver,
*Lead / zinc,
*Nickel,
*Uranium,
*Iron/steel,
*Titanium dioxide,
*Potash,
*Phosphoric acid,
*Sand/gravel.



PACKAGE AND STORAGE OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be packed in inner plastic bags, and further in polypropylene woven bags with each bag containing 25Kg.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be packed in inner plastic bags and further in fiber plate drums with each drum containing 50Kg or 200Kg.
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is hygroscopic, so it is should be sealed and stored in a dry and cool place.



CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is of White or yellow powder, non-toxic, non-corrosive, easily soluble in water, mainly used as a selective flocculant for non-dispersed, low solid phase water-based drilling fluid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can help to reduce water losses, to improve the drilling fluid rheological properties and to reduce the friction resistance as well.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Economical to use - lower dosage levels.
2. Easily soluble in water; dissolves rapidly.
3. Non-corrosive of suggested dosage, economical, and effective at low levels.
4. Can eliminate the use of alum & further ferric salts when used as primary coagulants.
5. Reduction in the sludge of dewatering process system.



PROCESS INDUSTRIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
*Sugar and juice industry: clarification
*Paper Making: retention agent, strengthening agent, resident agent, dispersing agent, and water recovery
*Sugar Manufacturing: Mud settling
*Chlor-alkali: Brine Clarification
*Thermal Power: Clarification of scrubber water
*Mining & Metallurgy: Tailings thickening, water recovery
*Coal: Tailings thickening & water recovery
*Constructions: Soil stabilization, concrete making



FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Clarification and purification;
2. Sedimentation;
3. Filtration effect;
4. Thickening and other functions.



DRINKING WATER TREATMENT OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Although filtered by precipitation, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) still cannot meet the requirements.
Flocculant needs to be added, and the dosage is 1/50 of inorganic flocculant, but the effect is several times that of inorganic flocculant.

It is better to use inorganic flocculant and cationic polyacrylamide for river water with serious organic pollution.
Now add Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM), so that starch particles flocculation precipitation, and then the sediment by the press filter press into cake, can be used as feed, alcohol can also use Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dehydration, pressure filtration recovery.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for mud settlement in river water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as dry strength agent in paper making.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used for papermaking auxiliaries and rate AIDS.



STORAGE AND PRECAUTIONS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Non-toxic, easily soluble in water and easily moisture absorption to caking.
2. Splashes on hand and skin should be washed off with water immediately.
3. Proper storage temperature is 5℃~40℃,should be stored in original packaging in cool and dry place .
4. Premade solution of liquid Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is not suitable for long storage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s flocculating effect would decrease after 24 hours.
5. Low-hardness water with neutral PH range 6-9 is suggested to dissolve Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
Using underground water and recycled water would decrease the flocculating effect.



ADVANTAGES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
1. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has excellent flocculation effect ,quick sedimentation and economical low dosage levels
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has high level of water clarification
3. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has wide PH scope of application (5-14)
4. Marvelous sludge dewatering effects
5. Good compatibility with inorganic coagulant



TEH KEY PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
The key properties of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) make it highly effective for wastewater treatment applications.
*High molecular weight:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has a high molecular weight, which allows it to form large and stable flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) enhances the settling velocity and improves the efficiency of solid-liquid separation processes.

*Anionic nature:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) carries negative charges along its polymer chain, enabling it to interact with positively charged particles in the wastewater.
This charge interaction neutralizes the surface charges of the particles, leading to their aggregation and subsequent precipitation.

*Excellent water solubility:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) exhibits exceptional water solubility, ensuring easy and uniform distribution throughout the wastewater. This facilitates Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s interaction with the suspended solids, organic matter, and other contaminants present in the water.

*pH stability:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) maintains its functionality over a wide range of pH values typically encountered in wastewater treatment systems.
This enables Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)'s application in various treatment processes without compromising its performance.



APPLICATION OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM) IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS:
*Dissolution:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is typically supplied in a powdered or granular form.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is dissolved in water to form a concentrated solution, which is then added to the wastewater.

*Mixing:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is mixed vigorously with the wastewater to ensure uniform distribution and maximize contact between the polymer and the contaminants.

*Flocculation:
As Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) interacts with the suspended solids and other pollutants, it forms larger flocs through charge neutralization and bridging mechanisms.
These flocs entrap the contaminants, forming a settleable mass.

*Sedimentation or flotation:
The formed flocs settle under gravity or are separated by flotation processes, depending on the specific wastewater treatment system.
The settled flocs can be easily removed as sludge or subjected to further treatment if necessary.

*Filtration or additional treatment:
In some cases, the treated water may undergo additional filtration or treatment steps to remove any remaining fine particles or residual contaminants.
The use of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) in wastewater treatment offers several benefits, including improved suspended solids removal, enhanced clarification, reduced sludge volume, and increased overall treatment efficiency.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile and cost-effective solution for various industries and municipalities seeking to meet stringent environmental standards and discharge clean water.

In conclusion, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) plays a vital role in wastewater treatment by facilitating the separation of suspended solids and pollutants from water.
Its unique properties make Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) an effective flocculant and coagulant aid, ensuring cleaner and safer wastewater discharge.



APPLICATION FIELDS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used to treat industrial wastewater and mining wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used as an additive of the mud materials in oil-field, geological drilling and well boring.



APPLICATION METHOD OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be prepared for the water solution of 0.1% as concentration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is better to use neutral and desalted water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, and the dissolving can be accelerated by warming the water.
The most economical dosage of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be determined based on a preliminary test.
The pH value of the water to be treated should be adjusted before the treatment.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Molecular Formula: CONH2[CH2-CH]n
CAS NO.: 9003-05-8
Appearance: Granule
Colour: White or off-white
Solid Content: ≥90%
Molecular Weight(Million): Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
Degree Of Hydrolysis(%): Very Low/Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
PH(1% water solution): 7.0-10.0
Dissolved Time(Hour): ≤1.5
Ionic Charge: Anionic
Molecular Weight: 15-17million
Hydrolysis Degree: 20-30%
Solid Content: >89%
Bulk Density: About 0.6-0.8
Recommended Working Concentration: 0.1%
Shelf Life: 2 years



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM)
DESCRIPTION:

Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is its negative charge, which makes it highly effective in a wide range of applications.
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is highly water-soluble, which means that it can be easily dissolved in water and other aqueous solutions.
This makes Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) easy to use in various applications, such as in the treatment of wastewater.


CAS NO.: 903-05-8
EINECS NO.: 231-673-0


Anionic polyacrylamide(APAM) is compatible with a wide range of other chemicals and materials.
This makes it a versatile product that can be used in a variety of industrial and environmental applications.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a high polymerization, high molecular and water soluble polymer; it can be used in the petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.



Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a water-soluble linear polymer synthesized with a high degree of polymerization.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is easily soluble in water and almost insoluble in general organic solvents such as benzene, ethylene glycol, lipids, ketones, etc.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is usually used as a flocculant in the water treatment process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is composed of long-chain repeating units of acrylamide.



USAGE OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):
Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is a versatile polymer that has a wide range of uses in various industries.
Here are some more detailed uses of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM):

Water Treatment:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in water treatment to separate suspended solids and other contaminants from water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in various water treatment processes, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively remove pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter, and heavy metals from water.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR):
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is injected into the reservoir to improve the mobility of the oil and reduce the amount of residual oil left in the rock.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can reduce interfacial tension and increase the displacement efficiency of the oil recovery process.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the oil and gas industry to improve the efficiency of drilling and production operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a drilling fluid additive to increase viscosity, reduce fluid loss, and control formation damage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is also used as a friction reducer in pipeline transportation, improving the flow of crude oil and natural gas.

Mining Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the mining industry as a flocculant to separate solid particles from liquid in the process of mineral extraction.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in the processing of various minerals, such as copper, gold, and coal.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can effectively separate fine particles from water and increase the recovery of valuable minerals.

Paper and Pulp Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the paper and pulp industry to improve the efficiency of paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a retention aid and drainage aid to improve the quality of paper and reduce production costs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can increase the retention of fibers and filler materials, resulting in improved paper properties.

Agriculture:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in agriculture to improve soil quality and increase crop yield.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a soil conditioner and stabilizer to reduce erosion and improve soil structure.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also improve water retention in soil and increase the uptake of nutrients by plants.

Textile Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the textile industry to improve the efficiency of the dyeing process.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as a sizing agent, dyeing auxiliary, and finishing agent to enhance the quality of textile products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the penetration and leveling of dyes, resulting in more vibrant and uniform colors.

Cosmetics Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the cosmetics industry as a thickener and stabilizer in lotions, creams, and gels.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and stability of cosmetic products and enhance their performance.

Food Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the food industry as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is commonly used in the production of yogurt, ice cream, and other dairy products.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the texture and mouthfeel of food products and prevent separation and settling.

Personal Care Products:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in personal care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, as a thickener and stabilizer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the viscosity and stability of personal care products, resulting in better performance and consumer acceptance.

Construction Industry:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in the construction industry as a binder and stabilizer in the production of concrete and mortar.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve the strength, durability, and workability of the construction materials.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can also be used in soil stabilization to prevent erosion and improve soil structure.

Industrial wastewater treatment:
The effect is significant especially for wastewater with neutral or alkaline pH value, large suspended particles, high concentration and positive charge, such as wastewater of steel plants, electroplating plants, metallurgical plants and the coal washing plant.

Drinking water treatment.:
Use this product to deal with raw water, which has advantages of small dose, low-cost, no secondary pollution, etc.

Paper making additive:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can used as dispersant of long fiber paper, dry strengthen agent, retention and drainage agent and flocculent for paper making wastewater, etc.


APPLICATIONS OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Oil displacement agent for the tertiary oil recovery
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as The boring mud material of well drilling industrial waste water treatment agent
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Drinking water treatment agent
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Auxiliary agent of paper making industry


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) as a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, clarifying, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.
Apply with all the major industrial wastewater treatments, such as urban sewage treatment, petroleum, mineral separation, coal washing, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper-making, textile, sugar making, medicine, environment protection, building material and agriculture.

In the paper making industry, APAM can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, and filter aid.

They can be greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, and they can also be used in the treatment of whitening water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.


In the mining, coal mining industry, Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as a coal washing waste water clarifier.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used in dyeing wastewater, leather wastewater and oil wastewater treatments, for the removal of turbidity, decolorization, to achieve the emission standards.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be used as flocculating agent in the tap water in the river water treatment plant.




Application Method:
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be diluted to the concentration of 0.1%(based on solid content). It is better to use neutral or desalted water.
When making up solution, the product should be scattered evenly in the stirring water, usually the temperature is between 50-60℃.
The most economical dosage is based on the trial.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in Multifunctional oilfield chemical treatment agent,Papermaking wastewater,Mineral processing, Coal washing, Metallurgy, Chemical industry, Paper making, Textile, Sugar making, Medicine, Environmental protection, Building materials, Agriculture and other industries.


FEATURES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):

1. Efficient flocculation
2. Low dose requirements
3. High stability
4. Reduce water turbidity
5. Improve water quality


Packaging And Storage:
1. The Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) solid is packed in polypropylene woven bags, lined with plastic bags, each bag is 25kg; The colloidal body shall be packed in plastic drums, lined with plastic bags, each of which is 50kg or 200kg.
2. Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is hygroscopic and should be stored in a cool and dry place with a temperature lower than 35 ° C.

3. The Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) solid shall not be scattered on the ground to prevent the ground from becoming slippery after moisture absorption.
4. The storage period of our products is one year.


Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Fluorescent penetrant inspection Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Industrial & Municipal Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Paper Making Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Textile & Dyeing Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Tannery & Leather Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Friction Reducer

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Drilling Fluid
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Coal Washing & Mining Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Wine & Brewery Wastewater

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Oily Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used as Meat Processing Wastewater
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is used in treatment of Drinking Water



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM)
Appearance, White powder particles
Molecular weight, 5-20 million
Solid content (%), ≥90
Degree of hydrolysis (%), 10-50
Water-insoluble substance (%), ≤2
Residual monomer (%), ≤0.05
Particle size (%,20mesh), ≥90
Water dissolving time (mins), ≤60
Model No.: APAM
Brand: JINHE
Place Of Origin: Henan
CAS No.: 9003-05-8
Classification: Chemical Auxiliary Agent
Type: Anion,Nonionic,Cation
Other Names: PAM,PHPA
Usage: Paper Chemicals, Textile Auxiliary Agents, Water Treatmen
Dissolution Velocity: 60 Minutes Max
Appearance: White Granule Or Powder
Solid Content: 90%min
Degree Of Hydrolysis: 20%~30%
Molecular Formula, CONH2[CH2-CH]n
CAS NO., 9003-05-8
Appearance, Granule
Colour, White or off-white
Solid Content, ≥90%
Molecular Weight(Million), Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
Degree Of Hydrolysis(%), Very Low/Low/Medium/Medium High/High/Ultra High
PH(1% water solution), 7.0-10.0
Dissolved Time(Hour), ≤1.5
Product Name:, Anionic Polyacrylamide For Sludge Dewatering, Application:, Thickening Agent, Flocculant, Absorbent
Molecular Weight:, High(14-16million), CAS No.:, 9003-05-8
Another Names:, Polymer Flocculant, Polyelectrolyte, APAM, Standard:, GB 17514-2008
Sample:, Free Test, Port:, Shanghai Port, China
Solid Content:, 89% Min, Appearance:, White Powder
Appearance:, Off-White Granular Powder
Ionic Charge:, Anionic
Particle Size:, 20-100 mesh
Molecular Weight:, 5-22million
Anionic Degree:, 5%-50%
Solid Content:, 89% Min
Bulk Density:, About 0.8
Specific Gravity at 25°C:, 1.01-1.1
Recommended Working Concentration:, 0.1-0.5%
PH Value:, 4-9
Storage Temperature (°C):, 0 - 35



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE (APAM):



First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.



ANIONIC POLYELECTROLYTE
Water-soluble polymers are found in a very broad range of industrial applications.
An important class of these is acrylamide-based polymers which bear negative charges along the polymer chain and are called Anionic polyelectrolytes.

Anionic polyelectrolytes are widely used as flocculants, rheology control agents, and adhesives.

Anionic polyelectrolytes are employed especially in oil field operations as viscosity control agents for enhanced oil recovery and to a lesser degree in engineering fluids used for lubrication, for effluent reclaiming, and for opening oil passage channels in oil-bearing rock.
Paper manufacture, mining, and water treatment processes also benefit from the use of acrylamide-based polymers to flocculate solids in aqueous dispersions.

Polyacrylamides (Polyacrylamides) used for construction site erosion and sediment control (ESC) applications are a group of high molecular weight, water soluble molecules formed by polymerization of the monomer acrylamide.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is produced when acrylamide is polymerized with an anionic comonomer.

Water soluble Polyacrylamides have been used for decades to facilitate solid liquid separations in wastewater and drinking water treatment, the pulp and paper industry, aquaculture, and many other industrial processes.
Although polymer-based water clarification is a technique that is well established in industrial applications, treatment of construction runoff is a newer and less established use of this technology.

Today there are several Anionic polyelectrolyte-based products marketed for use in construction site sediment management.
These products can be applied for erosion control, clarification of sediment laden runoff, and de-mucking of wet sediment during pond cleanouts.
They are designed to be used in conjunction with other best management practices, as part of a multi-barrier approach, to minimize soil loss and improve settling of suspended sediments.

Applications of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
As a flocculating agent, mainly used in industrial solid-liquid separation process, including settlement, to clarify, concentrate and sludge dewatering processes.

Applications for all the major sectors are: Urban Sewage Treatment, Paper, Food Processing, Petrochemical, Metallurgical Processing, Dyeing and the Sugar and all kinds of industrial wastewater treatment.

In the paper industry, Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used as dry strength agents, retention agent, filter aid.
Anionic polyelectrolyte can be greatly improved as paper quality, enhance the physical strength of paper and reduce the loss of fiber, can also be used in the treatment of white water at the same time, in the deinking process can play a significant flocculation.

Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used in coal washing as waste water clarifier in the mining industry.

Oil field profile controlling and water- plugging agent, matched with CMC and a certain amount of chemical adhesive added.
Anionic polyelectrolyte can be used as oil field profile controlling and water-plugging agent.

Anionic polyelectrolyte can also be used mud additive for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) process to improve production of oil gas drilling chemical.
In oil field, Anionic polyelectrolyte is a kind of mud additive.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is used to increase the viscosity of water and improve the effectiveness of the water flooding process.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is a kind of polyacrylamide (PAM) and shows electronegative which contains functional groups of sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid or carboxylic acid.
Due to more charge, the molecular chain of polymer can be more stretching in the water which will increase the capacity of adsorption and bridge for suspended particles removal.

The mainly interaction between APAM and suspended particles is static electricity, hydrogen bonding or covalent bond.
Anionic polyelectrolyte with high molecular weight and good solubility property can be an important kind of flocculants.

And Anionic polyelectrolyte has been widely used in water treatment because of good flocculation performance.
Generally, molecular weight of polysaccharide polymer is determined by intrinsic viscosity.

Accordingly, how to improve the intrinsic viscosity and solubility property of APAM is the most critical point in the polymerization.
Based on comprehensive literature survey to the preparation technology and application progress of Anionic polyelectrolyte, Anionic polyelectrolyte can be found that a detailed analysis and review of past academic research progress could be valuable with the rapid development of synthesis technology.
Homopolymerization posthydrolysis process, homopolymerization cohydrolysis process, copolymerization approach, inverse emulsion polymerization, precipitation polymerization and radiation polymerization are the main six kinds of synthesis technologies of APAM.

Treatment of service water.
Clarification and filtration of river water and industrial water.
Condensation and dehydration of sludge from industrial water treatment.

Other Applications of Anionic polyelectrolyte:

In Chemical:
Sedimentation and condensation of magnesium hydroxide in manufacturing process of magnesium clinker (Mgo).
Clarification of phosphoric acid solution.
Treatment of sewage from red oxide manufacture.

In Mining:
Sedimentation of slimes of copper, zinc, sulfides ores.
Filtration of slimes and coal powder.
Treatment of sewage from mining process.
Treatment of coal washing.

In Oil:
Enhanced oil recovery.

In Creamic:
Condensation, sedimentation of slurry in wet type cement manufacture.

In Waste water treatment:

Pulp and paper:
Recovery and clarification of white water, steel and metal
Treatment of sewage containing blast furnace dust.

Treatment of sewage from metal plating.
Treatment of sewage from acid cleaning of metals.

In Textile:
Treatment of sewage from wool washing.
Treatment of sewage from dyeing.

Usage Areas of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
In chemical wastewater treatment plants, Anionic polyelectrolyte is applied by making a solution with water depending on the type of waste.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is a type of polymer used in dewatering sludge arising from biological treatment processes.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is used in drinking water and wastewater treatment, Paper Industry, Petroleum Industry, Mining, Agriculture, Textile, Cosmetics industry.

Anionic polyelectrolyte is specially designed for improvising filtration and purification processes in sugar processing.
This organic based copolymer coagulant is effective in complex systems that coagulate solids and immediately form flocs.
Anionic polyelectrolyte is processed more carefully to make Anionic polyelectrolyte compatible with any pH range.

Anionic polyelectrolyte Powder is a medium anionic charged powder polyelectrolyte to be used as a thickener in the direct filtration process to precipitate inorganic suspended solids, waste water.

Anionic flocculants:
Anionic polyelectrolytes are used, among other things, for water clarification and process water recycling.
Anionic polyelectrolytes are easier to polymerize to very high molecular weights.

Anionic polyelectrolyte presents high polymer electrolyte characteristics in neutral and alkaline mediums.
With good flocculation, Anionic polyelectrolyte can reduce the frictional resistance between the liquid and be widely used in mining industries and water treatment etc.

Other Uses of Anionic polyelectrolyte:

Some of the main areas of a construction site that can benefit from stabilization with Anionic polyelectrolyte include:
Soil stockpiles,
Low traffic sloped areas,
Stripped areas left inactive for extended periods of time,
Cut-off swales/ditches,
Any other stripped areas of the site where dust control is needed.

The following guidelines should be applied for any use of Anionic polyelectrolyte as an erosion control on construction sites.

Granular Anionic polyelectrolyte applied to a soil surface for erosion control should be applied at least 15 metres away from any watercourse, wetland, well, etc. or other natural water feature.
Anionic polyelectrolyte should never be applied directly to natural features (e.g. woodlots, wetlands, streams).

When not used in combination with other ground covers, Anionic polyelectrolyte should only be applied to protect against erosion in areas receiving nonconcentrated sheet flows.

Prior to Polyacrylamide application, rills and/or gullies should be filled in and/or the surface should be prepped according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

Application of Anionic polyelectrolyte with seed (through hydroseeding or a similar method), or some sort of cover, is preferable to the use of the polymer alone on bare soil.
The roots will help to anchor the soil in place and the Polyacrylamide helps to stabilize soil early on before the seed has germinated.

Accepted application methods include (i) broadcast of granular Polyacrylamide, by hand or with a seed/fertilizer spreader, (ii) application of Polyacrylamide solution with a construction site watering vehicle, and (iii) addition to hydroseeding mixture, followed by normal hydroseed application.

Manufacturing of Anionic polyelectrolyte:
Anionic polyelectrolyte is made by the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide and Anionic polyelectrolyte derivatives via bulk, solution, precipitation, suspension, emulsion, and copolymerization techniques.
Among these, solution polymerization is a preferred technique because of difficulty with temperature and agitation control in bulk polymerization and the cost of surfactants and solvents for suspension, emulsion, and precipitation polymerization.

The anionic polymers may interact with particles in aqueous dispersions in several ways that result in the stability or instability of the dispersions.
The particles in solid-liquid phases can be destabilized through three main mechanisms which promote flocculation and cause destabilization.

These mechanisms are polymer bridging, charge neutralization, and polymer adsorption.
The particles in solid-liquid phases can be stabilized by the anionic polymers through both electrostatic and steric repulsive forces.
ANTEP FISTIĞI AROMASI
pistachio flavor; green-almond flavor
ANTI-CAKING AGENTS
Anti-caking agents are anhydrous compounds that are added in small amounts to dry foods to prevent the particles from caking together and to ensure the product remains dry and free-flowing.
Anti-caking agents function by absorption of excess moisture or by coating particles to make them more water repellant.
Without anti-caking agents, dry soup, cake, and biscuit mixes would be clumped and chunky, cappuccino and hot chocolate vending machines would not function properly, and premixes for manufacturing would be more difficult to use.

CAS Number: 1327-39-5
Molecular Formula: Al2Ca2O15Si5
Molecular Weight: 514.537576
EINECS Number: 215-476-7

Synonyms: Aluminum calcium silicate, 1327-39-5, MOLECULAR SIEVES, Silicic acid, aluminum calcium salt, SILICATE CEMENT, Calcium silicoaluminate, Calcium aluminum silicate, dialuminum;dicalcium;dioxido(oxo)silane, CCRIS 3933, UNII-3L00JH8411, Aluminosilicic acid, calcium salt, EINECS 215-476-7, 3L00JH8411, IQDXNHZDRQHKEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Anti-caking agents are often found in milk and cream powders, flour-based mixes, baking powder, table salt, cocoa, and mixed coffee beverages, to name a few.
In manufacturing, the addition of anti-caking agents helps prevent bridging during the packaging process, which can reduce production rates.
The bridging of powders occurs when particles interlock or bond together to build a bridge or arch above the outlet of a container like a silo, hopper, or mixer vessel.

Anti-caking agents are substances added to powdered or granulated materials to prevent the formation of lumps and improve the flowability of the product.
These agents are commonly used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and various industrial applications where powdered or granular materials need to maintain a free-flowing consistency.
Anti-caking agents is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption.

Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material.
Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals.
Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity.

Anti-caking agents polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.
Anti-caking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent.
Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a commonly used anti-caking agent, added to e.g. table salt, absorbs both water and oil.

Anti-caking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, and detergents.
Some studies suggest that anticaking agents may have a negative effect on the nutritional content of food; one such study indicated that most anti-caking agents result in the additional degradation of vitamin C added to food.
Anti-caking agents in salt is denoted in the ingredients, for example, as "anti-caking agent (554)", which is sodium aluminosilicate.

Anti-caking agents is present in many commercial table salts as well as dried milk, egg mixes, sugar products, flours and spices.
In Europe, sodium ferrocyanide (535) and potassium ferrocyanide (536) are more common anticaking agents in table salt.
"Natural" anticaking agents used in more expensive table salt include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

Diatomaceous earth, mostly consisting of silicon dioxide (SiO2), may also be used as an anticaking agent in animal foods, typically mixed at 2% rate of a product dry weight.
The most widely used anticaking agents include the stearates of calcium and magnesium, silica and various silicates, talc, as well as flour and starch.
Ferrocyanides are used for table salt.

The following anticaking agents are listed in order by their number in the Codex Alimentarius by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN.
Anti-caking agents work by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles to prevent them from sticking together.
This ensures that the product remains loose and easily pourable.

By reducing clumping, these agents enhance the flow properties of powdered or granular substances, making them easier to handle during manufacturing, packaging, and consumption.
A common mineral-based anti-caking agent that absorbs moisture and prevents particles from sticking together.
Anti-caking agents is widely used in food products and pharmaceuticals.

Another mineral-based agent that provides a non-stick surface to particles, improving flowability in powdered substances.
A fatty acid salt that acts as both an anti-caking agent and a lubricant in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Anti-caking agents is used as a natural anti-caking agent and bulking agent in food and pharmaceutical applications.

An inorganic compound that helps maintain the texture and flow of powdered materials.
Anti-caking agents are commonly added to salt, spices, baking mixes, powdered drinks, and grated cheese to prevent clumping and ensure uniform distribution.
Anti-caking agents is used in the production of tablets, capsules, and powders to improve the flowability of active ingredients during manufacturing and enhance their dissolution in the body.

Included in powdered makeup products such as foundation, blush, and eyeshadow to maintain their texture and prevent clumping.
Anti-caking agents is used in agricultural products, detergents, fertilizers, and construction materials to maintain the flowability and usability of powdered or granular substances.
Anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceutical products are regulated by health authorities to ensure they meet safety standards and do not pose health risks.

Anti-caking agents's important to use anti-caking agents within recommended levels to avoid altering the taste, texture, or performance of the final product.
Some individuals may have sensitivities or allergies to specific anti-caking agents, so manufacturers often label products to inform consumers of their presence.
By definition, anti-caking agents are anhydrous compounds that are added in small amounts to dry foods to prevent the particles caking together and ensure the product remains dry and free-flowing.

Without anti-caking agents, dry soup, cake and biscuit mixes would be clumped and chunky, cappuccino and hot chocolate vending machines would not function properly, and premixes for manufacturing would not be as easy to use.
These agents are often found in milk and cream powders, flour-based mixes, baking powder, table salt, cocoa, and mixed coffee beverages, to name a few.
In manufacturing, the addition of anti-caking agents helps prevent bridging during the packaging process, which can reduce production rates.

Anti-caking agentss are food additives that keep powders or granulated materials such as milk powder, powdered sugar, tea and coffee powders used in vending machines, table salt etc. flowing freely.
Anti-caking agents, in fact, prevent the formation of lumps making these products manageable for packaging, transport, and for use by end consumer.
There are many powdered or granulated foods that absorb water which prevents them from flowing smoothly out of the packaging. Anticaking agents are additives that are added to these foods so that the powder or granules do not become clumpy or stick together.

Some of the anticaking agents are natural such as bentonite while others are manufactured from natural sources like silicon dioxide and several silicates.
Anti-caking agents is used as an anticaking agent, added in table salt as it absorbs both water and oil.
Anti-caking agents make it easier to pack, transport, store and consume these foods as they prevent lumps.

Melting point: 1500℃ [CRC10]
Density: 3.048
form: rod
Water Solubility: 86.8g/100mL (25°C), 115g/100mL (65°C) H2O; insoluble alcohol [HAW93] [CRC10]
Sensitive: Hygroscopic

Anti-caking agents means that foodstuffs in the form of powder, fine particles and hygroscopic nature form hard agglomerates or particles in moist environments.
In the food sector, anti-caking agents are organic or inorganic compounds that reduce the tendency of food particles to attract one another, provide the habit of fine-grained and powdered foodstuffs and prevent their tendency to agglomerate.
The International Food Codex Commission defines anti-caking agents as substances that prevent food particles from sticking together.

They are insoluble in water and have high water absorption capacity.
Anti-caking agents covers the food particles with a thin layer and increases the distance between them and prevents them from sticking to each other by preventing electrostatic attraction.
The anti-caking agents commonly used in foodstuffs are finely ground powdered particles and are incorporated into large masses of materials to impart fluidity to these masses and prevent their tendency to agglomerate.

Silicates, phosphates, carbonates, elemental salts of fatty acids and similar substances are used in the food industry to prevent agglomeration.
Anti-caking agents are generally chemical substances and are effective when used in concentrations up to 2 percent.
These substances are widely used in salts, spice powders, cake blends, instant soups, admixtures, granulated sugar and cereal products.

Anti-caking agents is important that anti-caking agents are not harmful to human health, their effects on physical and chemical properties in the area they are used, their nutritional values, the expected reaction in fluidity and caking properties.
In the determination of anti-caking agents, evaluations such as density, dustiness, water interest, moisture retention properties and turbidity are important.
These materials are also used to improve the processing properties of grain products.

The relevant legal regulations include anti-caking agents that are allowed to be used in food products.
In authorized laboratories, anti-caking agent determination studies are carried out within the scope of chemical food analyzes.
In these studies, standards and test methods published by domestic and foreign organizations are followed.

Anti-caking agents are ingredients added in small amounts to foods, cosmetics, and more to prevent products from clumping and binding together.
There are many different anti-caking ingredients with GRAS status on the market.
Manufactures choose the anti-caking agent to use based on product and consumer expectation.

For example, consumers expect salt to flow freely from salt shakers.
Anti-caking agents allow salt to free-flow without clumping.
There are many foods and products that readily absorb water or oils.

The absorption of this water or oil can cause products to clump together and in some cases, become unusable.
This is especially true for cake mixes, flour, sugar, table salt, and many other granular food products as they are crystalline structures.
When these crystalline structures absorb water or oils, they can create a liquid bridge that forms into a crystal bridge.

This crystal bridge binds the food product together making it difficult to use.
This is a low-tech way of adding additional clumping protection to foods because the rice absorbs excess moisture and protects the foods from the above clumping process.
Manufacturers add anti-caking agents in small amounts to products they want to keep free-flowing.

These anti-caking agents coat individual particles thus separating the particles from each other, so a crystal bridge does not form and cause clumping.
The use of silicon dioxide (SiO2) is of critical health concern across different applications.
Anti-caking agents is set to transform your final products by replacing silicon dioxide and simultaneously enhancing flowability and providing strong anti-caking properties.

Anti-caking agents consumer health with safe and sustainable products.
Anti-caking agents is a natural anti-caking agent great for keeping your seasoning blends in free flowing condition.
Anti-caking agents is all natural and is used at 2% per weight of seasoning.

Anti-caking agents are a great alternative to Silicon Dioxide and can help your product achieve a clean label.
Anti-caking agents are defined as substances added to finely powdered or crystalline food powders to prevent caking, lumping or aggregation by improving their flow ability.
Anti caking agents are themselves very fine powders and are listed as nutrients and are considered food ingredients.

Some anti caking agents are starch, magnesium carbonate, and silica.
The food processing and handling industry is heavily reliant on anti-caking agents to safeguard manufacturing efficiency and preserve the value of powdered ingredients and products.
Driven by innovation and evolving customer preferences, this is an industry showing healthy expansion with the food handling and processing equipment market predicted to exhibit a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% up to 2026.

Many powdery and granular food products have a tendency to absorb water and clump together.
Whether Anti-caking agents’s table salt, icing sugar, non-dairy creamer, instant soup or even grated parmesan cheese, if the ingredients don’t flow freely then they are difficult to use.
Salt cellars wouldn’t dispense salt, drink vending machines would block up, and the parmesan wouldn’t spread evenly across the plate.

Anti-caking agents are used to prevent this problem.
Many are natural products such as talc and bentonite, Anti-caking agents are used to prevent powdery and granular food products from absorbing water and clumping togetherand others are manufactured from natural sources, such as silicon dioxide and several silicates.
They don’t modify the food itself – they just make it less ‘sticky’, often by soaking up water.

Anti-caking agents is a naturally occurring porous volcanic clay, which is used as an anticaking agent.
Anti-caking agents is also used to remove proteins from white wine, which would otherwise make it go cloudy.
Anti-caking agents is made from chalk, limestone or diatomaceous earth, and is commonly used as an anticaking agent in dry products.

Anti-caking agents is common in nature – it is the main component of sand.
Anti-caking agents is used to improve the flow of dry products, and also to absorb water.
Anti-caking agents is a synthetic mixture of sodium, aluminium and silicon oxides which is used as an anticaking agent.

Anti-caking agents is a natural mineral, which is made from hydrated magnesium silicate.
Anti-caking agents can be used in many different food products to prevent clumping.
Anti-caking agents is used primarily in powdered food products and pharmaceuticals to prevent caking and improve flowability.

Also known as baking soda, Anti-caking agents serves as an anti-caking agent in baking powders and dry mixes.
Natural mineral used in powdered cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its anti-caking and absorbent properties.

Anti-caking agents used in food processing and industrial applications to prevent sticking and improve flow.
Approved as an anti-caking agent in table salt to prevent moisture absorption and clumping.
Anti-caking agents like sodium ferrocyanide or silicon dioxide are added to prevent moisture absorption and maintain free-flowing grains.

Prevent clumping in powdered spices and seasoning blends, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of use.
Anti-caking agents used in powdered beverage mixes to maintain consistency and prevent lump formation.
Anti-caking agents ensure the smooth flow of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during tablet and capsule manufacturing.

Anti-caking agents is used in pharmaceutical powders to facilitate accurate dosing and dissolution properties.
Anti-caking agents are added to powdered cosmetics such as foundation, blush, and eyeshadow to prevent clumping and ensure smooth application.
Ensure even distribution and application of fertilizers by preventing clumping in granular or powdered formulations.

Anti-caking agents is used in cement and mortar formulations to improve flowability and ease of handling.
Anti-caking agents used in food products are regulated by health authorities such as the FDA in the United States and EFSA in the European Union.
They must meet safety standards and be approved for specific applications.

Manufacturers are required to list anti-caking agents on product labels to inform consumers and ensure transparency regarding their use.
Regulatory agencies establish maximum usage levels for anti-caking agents to prevent overuse and potential health risks.
Some anti-caking agents may contain allergens or sensitizing ingredients.

Manufacturers must disclose potential allergens on labels to alert consumers with allergies or sensitivities.
While most anti-caking agents are considered safe when used as directed, inhalation of fine particles or prolonged exposure may pose respiratory risks in industrial settings.

Many anti-caking agents are biodegradable and do not persist in the environment.
However, their disposal and use should adhere to environmental regulations to minimize impact.

Uses:
Anti-caking agents is used in vanilla powder.
Anti-caking agents is also used in salt up to 2%.
Prevents moisture absorption and ensures that salt remains free-flowing in salt shakers and salt packets.

Maintains the texture and consistency of powdered spices, herbs, and seasoning blends, allowing for even distribution and accurate measurement.
Anti-caking agents is used in baking powders to prevent the clumping of baking soda and cream of tartar, ensuring consistent leavening in baked goods.
Improves the flowability of powdered beverages like hot cocoa mixes, powdered juices, and drink mixes, facilitating easy mixing with water or other liquids.

Facilitates the manufacturing of tablets and capsules by preventing the sticking of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to machinery and ensuring uniform dosing.
Enhances the flowability of powdered medications and nutritional supplements, aiding in accurate measurement and dosing.
Prevents clumping in products like face powders, blushes, eyeshadows, and setting powders, ensuring smooth application and a consistent finish.

Anti-caking agents ensures the even distribution and application of fertilizers by preventing granular or powdered formulations from clumping during storage and handling.
Anti-caking agents is used in cement, mortar, and plaster formulations to improve the flowability of powdered materials, making them easier to mix and apply.
Helps maintain the flowability of powdered detergents, dishwasher detergents, and cleaning agents, improving their dispensing and dissolution in water.

Prevents clumping in powdered feed supplements and additives, ensuring consistent nutrition for livestock and pets.
Anti-caking agents is used in grated and shredded cheese to prevent clumping and maintain texture, ensuring easy sprinkling and melting.
Included in instant soup mixes, instant noodles, and powdered sauces to improve flowability and dissolve quickly in hot water.

Sometimes added to flour and dough mixes to prevent caking during storage and handling, ensuring consistent baking results.
Prevents lumps in powdered sugar, allowing for smooth mixing into icings, frostings, and dessert recipes.
Anti-caking agents ensures cocoa powder and instant coffee granules remain free-flowing for easy measuring and mixing.

Anti-caking agents is used in agricultural seed coatings to prevent clumping and ensure even distribution of seed treatment chemicals.
Added to powdered feed supplements and minerals for livestock to improve flowability and prevent feed from clumping in storage and dispensing systems.
Helps maintain the flowability of fire extinguisher powders, ensuring effective dispersion when needed.

Included in powdered pool chemicals to prevent caking and ensure accurate dosing for water treatment.
Prevents clumping in road salt used for de-icing roads and walkways during winter months, ensuring effective distribution and melting of ice.
Anti-caking agents is used in talcum powders, dry shampoos, and body powders to prevent clumping and improve application.

Included in excipients used in oral and topical medications to ensure consistent dosing and dispersion of active ingredients.
Research is exploring the use of natural anti-caking agents in functional foods and dietary supplements to improve product stability and consumer acceptance.
Focus on developing eco-friendly anti-caking agents derived from renewable sources or natural minerals to reduce environmental impact.

Anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceutical products are subject to strict regulatory oversight to ensure they are safe for human consumption.
Manufacturers are required to list anti-caking agents on product labels, allowing consumers to make informed choices and avoid potential allergens or sensitivities.

Safety Profile:
Fine particles of anti-caking agents, especially those in powdered form, can potentially cause respiratory irritation or respiratory tract sensitization if inhaled in significant quantities.
This is more relevant in industrial settings where dust levels may be higher.
Direct contact with some anti-caking agents, particularly in concentrated or undiluted forms, may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Contact with anti-caking agents can cause irritation to the eyes.
Anti-caking agents's important to flush eyes with water immediately if contact occurs and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
While many anti-caking agents are considered safe for consumption in small quantities in food and pharmaceutical products, ingestion of large amounts or concentrated forms could potentially lead to gastrointestinal irritation or discomfort.

Some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to specific anti-caking agents or their components.
Anti-caking agents's essential to read product labels and be aware of potential allergens to avoid adverse reactions.
Certain anti-caking agents, if released into the environment in large quantities or improperly disposed of, may have adverse effects on ecosystems.

However, many anti-caking agents used in food and pharmaceuticals are biodegradable and have minimal environmental impact when used as directed.
When handling anti-caking agents in powdered or concentrated forms, wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where anti-caking agents are handled to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure to dust or aerosols.
Follow recommended handling and storage practices provided by manufacturers to minimize the risk of exposure and ensure product integrity.



ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE
Antimony (III) oxide is a white crystalline powder.
Antimony (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.


CAS Number: 1309-64-4
EC Number: 215-175-0
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
Molecular Formula: Sb2O3



Antimony(III) oxide, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Flowers of Antimony, Diantimony trioxide, Senarmontite, 1327-33-9, antimony(3+);oxygen(2-),
Antimony oxide (Sb2O3) oxygen(-2) anion, NCI-C55152, 12412-52-1, P217481X5E, Antimonious oxide, Valentinite, Exitelite, Timonox, Twinkling star, Antimony White, Thermoguard B, Thermoguard L, Thermoguard S, White star, Fireshield H, Stibiox MS, Dechlorane A-O, Amspec-KR, Patox C, Patox H, Patox L, Patox M, Patox S, Atox B, Atox F, Atox R, Atox S, FireShield LS-FR, Timonox White Star, Antimony sesquioxide, Microfine A 05, Octoguard FR 10, Flameguard VF 59, Chemetron fire shield, Antimony(3+) oxide, Flame Cut 610, Flame Cut 610R, Antimony Bloom 100A, Antimony Bloom 500A, Nyacol A 1510LP, Fireshield FSPO 405,
LS-FR, Nyacol A 1530, AP 50 (metal oxide), EINECS 215-474-6, AT 3 (fireproofing agent), AT 3B, MIC 3, Weisspiessglanz, CCRIS 4495, HSDB 436, LSB 80, HM 203P, AP 50, A 1588LP, ATO, EINECS 215-175-0, AN 800, CI 77052, Nyacol A-1530, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM, C.I. 77052, A 1582, Antimony oxide (SB203), Sb2O3,
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [MI], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [HSDB], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [IARC], UNII-P217481X5E, GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM [HPUS],
AKOS030228225, EC 215-175-0, Q409035, 1317-98-2, Antimony Oxide, Antimony Trioxide, Dioxodistiboxane, Stibine oxide, triphenyl, Dioxodistiboxane, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimony White, Stibine oxide, triphenyl-, hydrate, Diantimony trioxide, Flowers of antimony, Triphenylantimony oxide, Oxo-oxostibanyloxystibane, Di(phenyl)stiborylbenzene, Triphenylstibine oxide, Triphenylantimony oxide, 1.07835, 1.07836, 379255, 202649, A11123, 11579, 36314, 10641,



Antimony (III) oxidev is a highly insoluble thermally stable Antimony source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Antimony(III) Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).


Antimony (III) oxide offered provides working as a inorganic compound and comes with formula of Sb2O3.
Antimony (III) oxide works as an important commercial compound of antimony and dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give meta-antimonite NaSbO2, in concentrated mineral acids to give corresponding salts.


Selective ammoxidation catalysts for such reactions as conversion of toluene to benzonitrile or propylene to acrylonitrile were prepared by a sol-gel method from V2O5, Antimony (III) oxide and high purity hydrogen peroxide.
Antimony (III) oxide is usually available in various concentration.


Antimony (III) oxide is stored in original packing and under conditions mentioned on the safety data sheet.
Antimony (III) oxide is not soluble in water and in nitric acid, not very soluble in diluted H2S04 and HCI but more soluble in these acid concentrates.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.


Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is insoluble in water.


Store Antimony (III) oxide in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
Store Antimony (III) oxide away from strong oxidizing agents.
Keep Antimony (III) oxide container tightly closed.


Antimony (III) oxide is a white solid and is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony(V) Oxide (Sb₂O₅) (Antimony pentoxide) is a yellow powdery solid that is very slightly soluble in water.
Antimony (III) oxide is usually added to other flame retardants to increase the efficiency.


When Antimony (III) oxide is used alone, the flame retardant effect is low.
When used together with phosphate, chlorinated compounds and brominated compounds, Antimony (III) oxide has a good synergistic effect, and the flame retardant effect is significantly improved.


Antimony (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony (III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.


Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony (III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Antimony (III) oxide is an indispensable synergist for halogenated flame retardants and an essential element for photovoltaic clarifiers.
Some of Antimony (III) oxide's features include application as flame retardant synergist, helps to form less flammable chars, used as pacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels; used as synergist in textiles, adhesives, plastics, rubber, fiberglass & paper industry.


Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.


The annual consumption of Antimony (III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively.
The main application of Antimony (III) oxide is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.


Antimony (III) oxide is used as a flame retardant for textile materials and as a source to prepare other antimony compounds.
Antimony (III) oxide is also used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and in the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics, and enamels.


Antimony(V) Oxide (Sb₂O₅) is used as a flame retardant for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, plastics, rubbers, paper, and textiles.
Antimony (III) oxide is a source to prepare other antimony compounds and is employed as a catalyst in certain polymerization and oxidation reactions.
Antimony (III) oxide finds applications in flame retardants, catalysts, batteries, and alloys.


Antimony (III) oxide acts as an opacifying agent in glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony (III) oxide is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of PET plastic (polyethylene terephthalate), and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics, and enamels in addition to being an ingredient for certain specialty pigments.


Antimony (III) oxide can also be used as a chemical catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony (III) oxide is the most widely used additive flame retardant.
Antimony (III) oxide is often used together with other flame retardants and smoke suppressants, and synergistic effects can be generated among the components.


Antimony (III) oxide is the most widely used additive flame retardant.
Antimony (III) oxide is an additive flame retardant widely used in polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, polyester, epoxy resin, polyurethane and other plastics.

-Flame Retardancy uses of Antimony (III) oxide:
A significant amount of Antimony (III) oxide produced annually goes to enhance flame retardancy.
Antimony (III) oxide is added to certain flame retardants, making them efficient in consumer products such as textiles, upholstered furniture, children’s products, and plastics.

In its physical state, Antimony (III) oxide has no flame-retardant properties.
However, when combined with other compounds, Antimony (III) oxide acts as a synergist.
Typically, Antimony (III) oxide combines with halogenated compounds to create chemical compounds with flame retardant properties

The process involves:
Stopping the thermal decomposition reaction under gas
Sealing against oxygen

The carbonaceous char is formed under the solid phase
Antimony (III) oxide, is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony (III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite and is mainly produced via the smelting of stibnite ore, which is oxidised to crude Sb2O3 using furnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 °C.

Antimonious oxide is widely used as a flame retardant for rubber and plastic materials.
In its pure state Antimony (III) oxide is used in pharmaceutical products.
In the chemical industry Antimony (III) oxide is used as an intermediate for the preparation of metallic antimony; in the glass industry it is used to de-colourise glass, in the ceramic industry and in galvanic technology.


-PET production uses of Antimony (III) oxide:
Antimony (III) oxide is also used as a catalyst in producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer commonly used in bottles, films, and synthetic fibers.

Antimony (III) oxide is also among the most popular materials in the beverage and food packaging industry.
Antimony (III) oxide is a suitable material because it is lightweight and impermeable to CO2.
As with other compounds in PET, antimony can be used to migrate water into the bottles.

However, current legislation establishes migration limits for Antimony (III) oxide and other compounds.
The amount of antimony used in the preparation of PET may range from 100-300 mg/kg.
This implies that a one-liter bottle can contain 3-9 milligrams of antimony.

The high amount shows that the set limits can exceed if total migration occurs.
For that reason, further studies have been carried out to determine the leaching or migration of the substance.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
The Antimony (III) oxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.
For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if the compound is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.



PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Antimony (III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony (III) oxide dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate.

Antimony (III) oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.
When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal.

With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced.
When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2·C4H2O6, is formed.



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Global production of Antimony (III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).

As of 2010, Antimony (III) oxide was produced at four sites in the EU.
It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude Antimony (III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal.
Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe.

Several processes for the production of crude Antimony (III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material.
The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors.

Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes.
These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.

Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony (III) oxide:
Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony (III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C.
The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2


Step 2)
The crude Antimony (III) oxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metal:
Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony (III) oxide in furnaces.
The reaction is exothermic.

Antimony (III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters.
The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow.
The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
The structure of Antimony (III) oxide depends on the temperature of the sample.
Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.
Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.

The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb–O distance is 197.7 pm and the O–Sb–O angle of 95.6°.
This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.

Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form of Antimony (III) oxide exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
Chemical Name: Antimony Trioxide
Synonyms: antimony (III) oxide,
Molecular formula: Sb2O3
CAS No.: 1309-64-4
Appearance: white powder
Molecular weight: 291.5
Melting point: 656 °C
Boiling point: 1425 °C
Vapour density: 10 (air = 1)
Specific gravity: 5.2
Density (g cm-3): 5.7
Chemical formula: Sb2O3
Molar mass: 291.518 g/mol
Appearance: white solid

Odor: odorless
Density: 5.2 g/cm3, α-form
5.67 g/cm3 β-form
Melting point: 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K)
Boiling point: 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes)
Solubility in water: 370±37 µg/L between 20.8 °C and 22.9 °C
Solubility: soluble in acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −69.4×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.087, α-form
2.35, β-form
Structure:
Crystal structure: cubic (α) < 570 °C
orthorhombic: (β) > 570 °C
Coordination geometry: pyramidal
Dipole moment: zero

Molecular Weight: 291.52 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 291.79277 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.79237 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 5
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Compound Formula: O3Sb2
Molecular Weight: 291.52
Appearance: white solid
Melting Point: 656 °C
Boiling Point: 1425 °C (sublimes)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 368.016 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.792388 Da
Boiling Point: 1550°C (sublimation)
Melting Point: 656°C
Color: White
Physical Form: Powder
Assay Percent Range: 99.6% min (Metal basis)

Solubility Information: Poor solubility in water.
Slowly dissolves in warm HCl or warm KOH solutions.
Formula Weight: 291.5
Odor: Odorless
Appearance: White powder
Density: 5.67
Chemical Name or Material: Antimony(III) oxide
Linear Formula: Sb2O3
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
EC No.: 215-175-0
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 27652
IUPAC Name: oxo(oxostibanyloxy)stibane
SMILES: O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/3O.2Sb
InchI Key: ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
-If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
-In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
-If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIMONY (III) OXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available


ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
Antimony Trioxide Production and properties of Antimony Trioxide Global production of Antimony trioxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%). As of 2010, Antimony trioxide was produced at four sites in EU27. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude Antimony trioxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. Several processes for the production of crude Antimony trioxide or metallic antimony from virgin material. The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location. Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony trioxide Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony trioxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C. The reaction is the following: 2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2 Step 2) The crude Antimony trioxide is purified by sublimation. Oxidation of antimony metal Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony trioxide in furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony trioxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters. The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow. The reaction can be schematically described by: 4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 Properties of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, it dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate. Antimony trioxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water. With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide. When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal. With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced. When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6 is formed. Structure of Antimony Trioxide The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas. Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide. The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°. This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite. Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite. Uses of Antimony Trioxide The annual consumption of Antimony trioxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively. The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars. Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings. Other applications of Antimony Trioxide: Antimony trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels. Some specialty pigments contain antimony. Antimony trioxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber. Safety of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans. Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m3, as for most antimony compounds. No other human health hazards were identified for Antimony trioxide, and no risks to human health and the environment were identified from the production and use of antimony trioxide in daily life. Properties of Antimony Trioxide Chemical formula Sb2O3 Molar mass 291.518 g/mol Appearance white solid Odor odorless Density 5.2 g/cm3, α-form 5.67 g/cm3 β-form Melting point 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K) Boiling point 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes) Solubility in water 370 ± 37 µg/L between 20.8°C and 22.9°C Solubility soluble in acid Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -69.4·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 2.087, α-form 2.35, β-form Antimony trioxides are used as synergists to increase the activity of halogenated flame retardants by hindering the chain reaction of the flame gas phase through stepwise release of the halogenated radicals. Antimony trioxide (ATO) is commonly used as a co-synergist with halogenated flame retardants to enhance their effectiveness. Recent comprehensive genotoxicity studies and a critical review by the European Commission have indicated that, contrary to the indications of earlier less well authenticated studies, antimony trioxide is not a genotoxic carcinogen. No adverse health effects are expected from antimony trioxide, although there remains some uncertainty on a possible cancer hazard arising from inhalation of particles, where better data on particular exposure is required. However, in most cases, exposure is probably minor compared with exposure to antimony trioxide from other sources in the domestic and urban environment. Brominated organic compounds and antimony trioxide traditionally used in molding compounds as flame retardants are known to have deleterious impacts on the environment. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are also referred to as halogenated flame retardants due to the presence of bromine (Br−), which is considered a halogen. Halogens are nonmetal elements from Group 17 in the new periodic table including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The other substance of concern in conventional flame-retardant systems is antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxides are used as synergists to increase the activity of halogenated flame retardants by hindering the chain reaction of the flame gas phase through stepwise release of the halogenated radicals. What is antimony trioxide? Antimony trioxide is a chemical used in the manufacture of some polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, which is used to make food and beverage containers. These include ovenproof or microwavable plastic trays, as well as some plastic water bottles. Antimony trioxide is also added to some flame retardants to make them more effective in consumer products, including upholstered furniture, textiles, carpeting, plastics, and children’s products. As of January 2020, California has banned the sale and distribution of new upholstered furniture, replacement components of reupholstered furniture, foam in mattresses, and certain children’s products made for residential use if these products contain more than 0.1% of certain flame retardant-related chemicals, including antimony trioxide. How does exposure to antimony trioxide occur? Antimony trioxide can leach into food and beverages from some containers made with antimony trioxide that are exposed to high temperatures (especially above 110 °F). Antimony trioxide can migrate into air and dust from some products made with antimony trioxide. During pregnancy, antimony trioxide can pass from mother to baby. This chapter reviews the physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, toxicological, epidemiological, and exposure data on antimony trioxide. The subcommittee used that information to characterize the health risk from exposure to antimony trioxide. The subcommittee also identified data gaps and recommended research relevant for determining the health risk from exposure to antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony oxide or Sb2O3, is the most widely produced compound of elemental antimony. The nations that produce the most antimony trioxide are China, South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Typical applications for antimony trioxide include flame retardant synergist for use in plastics, rubber, paints, paper, textiles, and electronics; polyethylene terephthalate polymerization catalyst; a clarifying agent for glass; an opacifier for porcelain and enamel; and a white pigment for paint. When used as a flame retardant, antimony trioxide is often used in combination with halogenated compounds. Antimony trioxide is used as a synergist to enhance the activity of the halogenated flame retardant. In the absence of antimony trioxide about twice as much halogenated compound would be needed to reach the same level of flame retardancy. Antimony Trioxide is a white, odorless crystalline (sand-like) powder. It is used as a flame-proofing agent, in pigments and ceramics, to stain iron and copper, and to decolorize glass. What is Antimony Trioxide? Antimony trioxide is an industrial chemical and also occurs naturally in the environment. How is Antimony Trioxide used? In Canada, antimony trioxide is primarily used in combination with other compounds to provide flame retardant properties. Flame retardants used in household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets may contain antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide is also used in the manufacturing of a plastic material known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Antimony trioxide is both manufactured in and imported into Canada. Why did the Government of Canada assess Antimony Trioxide? Prior to the assessment, antimony trioxide was identified as a potential concern for human health based on its classification by international organizations as a substance that was found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and based on a high potential for exposure (not including workplace exposures) to the general population of Canada. Antimony trioxide was also considered to be a priority for assessment of potential risks to the environment; therefore, potential environmental effects were also evaluated in this screening assessment. How are Canadians exposed to it? The general population is expected to be exposed to low levels of antimony trioxide from environmental media (soil, drinking water, ambient air), from food and from contact with household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets that may contain antimony trioxide. How is Antimony Trioxide released to the environment? Antimony trioxide may be released to the environment via landfills and wastewater treatment systems as a result of industrial processes and through the use and disposal of consumer products containing this substance. Combustion of coal, non-ferrous metal production (smelters), antimony mining and abrasion of automobile brake pads are also expected to result in releases of antimony trioxide to the environment. What are the results of the assessment? The Government of Canada has conducted a science-based evaluation of antimony trioxide, called a screening assessment. Screening assessments address potential for harm to the general population (not including workplace exposures) and the environment. The Government of Canada has concluded that antimony trioxide is not harmful to the health of the general population at current levels of exposure. Additionally, although antimony trioxide has the potential to remain in the environment for a long time, it is not expected to accumulate in organisms or cause harm to organisms; therefore, the Government of Canada has also concluded that antimony trioxide is not entering the environment in a quantity or under conditions that constitute a danger to the environment. About Antimony trioxide Antimony trioxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum. Antimony trioxide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers. Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives). Article service life of Antimony Trioxide Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials. Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Antimony trioxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators. Antimony trioxide can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper). Widespread uses by professional workers of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products, lubricants and greases and paper chemicals and dyes. Antimony trioxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, rubber products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement). Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal). Other release to the environment of Antimony trioxide is likely to occur from: indoor use, outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Formulation or re-packing of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: polymers, coating products, laboratory chemicals and semiconductors. Antimony trioxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates). Uses at industrial sites of Antimony Trioxide Antimony trioxide is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals, coating products, semiconductors, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners. Antimony trioxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Antimony trioxide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment. Antimony trioxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment and textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as processing aid. Manufacture of Antimony Trioxide Release to the environment of Antimony trioxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, in the production of articles and formulation of mixtures. Antimony Trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O4. This material, which exists as the mineral cervantite, is white but reversibly yellows upon heating. The material, with empirical formula SbO2, is called antimony tetroxide to signify the presence of two kinds of Sb centers. Antimony trioxide, together antimony tetroxide and antimony pentoxide, are the current three compounds forming between antimony and oxygen with industrial application. Antimony can form a series of oxide with oxygen such as Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Sb6O13, and Sb2O as well as gaseous SbO. However, only the first three compounds have significance in industrial production with other oxides mostly being the transition product of various kinds of antimony production process. Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3, Mr291.50) is a dual-type substance including cubic crystal and monoclinic crystal type. For different crystal form, the density and refractive index also slightly differ. The density and refractive index of cubic crystal is 5.2 and 2.087, respectively while is 5.67 and 2.18 for the monoclinic crystal, respectively. The Sb2O3 commonly derived from hydrolysis of SbCl3 is rhombic crystal can burn to red heat in an inert gas or in vacuum and can generate square crystal upon sublimation. Antimony trioxide is a kind of white powder with the density being 5.67g/cm3. It becomes yellow when being heated and turn back to white upon being cooled. Upon 656 ℃, it can be molten into yellow or gray liquid with becoming white asbestos-like mercerizing substance. Antimony trioxide is slightly soluble in water, ethanol and dilute acid, easily soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, and is also soluble in fuming nitric acid and fuming sulfuric acid; it form antimonite upon be dissolved in alkali. Antimony trioxide has a low toxicity but has irritation effect on nose, eyes, throat and respiratory tract. Skin contact may induce dermatitis. Antimony trioxide mainly has two preparation methods including dry and wet. Dry method is through reducing the crude sulfur trioxide generated from the calcined sulfantimonide ore into metallic antimony in the presence of coke with soda as the melting promoting agent. The wet method is through leaching sulfur antimony ore with hydrochloric acid to generate antimony trichloride and further hydrolysis with caustic soda to obtain it. Antimony trioxide is a widely used flame retardant suitable to being used for polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, epoxy resin, polyurethane and other plastics. However, it has low flame retardant effect when being used alone. Instead it has good synergistic effect when being used in combination with phosphates, chlorine-containing compounds (such as chlorinated paraffins, PCBs, perchloro-glutar-cyclodecane etc.), bromine-containing compounds (such as Hexabromobiphenyl, Hexabromobenzene) with the flame retardant performance being improved significantly. Combining of antimony trioxide with chloride or bromide can result in antimony trichloride or antimony bromide which is reactive and volatile substances which can promote the halogen movement and generation of carbides in its solid form as well as capturing free radicals in its gas form. These reactions can all contribute to flame retardancy. It is always combined with zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide, etc. to be used as brominated synergist flame retardant synergist for being applied to plastic fire prevention system. Antimony trioxide can also be used in the manufacture of antimony potassium tartrate, pigments, porcelain enamels, dyes and other media. It can also be used as a catalyst for polyester poly-condensation. Add the ammonia into the boiling liquid of antimony potassium (one part of antimony potassium tartrate K (SbO) C4H4O6 is dissolved in 10 parts of water); boil for a period of time, filtered, wash to give antimony trioxide. Among them, only trace amounts of silicon, magnesium has been detected from the antimony trioxide generated from the hydrolysis method through spectroscopy qualitative analysis. It is suitable as spectral analysis standard. Add 15 g of analytic purity grade antimony trioxide to the 500 mL beaker, further add 30ml of high purity hydrochloric acid (1 + 1), and dissolve it under stirring. Filter the solution with washed sand glass funnel to remove insoluble impurities. Further dilute it to 400 mL with high purity water when white chlorine oxide antimony is precipitated. Once the solution becomes clear, decant the supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate through decantation for several times. To the washed precipitate, add 200 mL of high-purity ammonia (1 + 25) and boil for 5~10min, when the antimony oxychloride all becomes antimony trioxide. The generated antimony trioxide particle is much smaller than the antimony oxychloride. Pour out the clearing solution and boil again for several times using the same method in dilute ammonia. Check the washed solution with silver nitrate; when the poured liquid no longer contains chlorine ions, all the antimony oxychloride has been completely converted to antimony trioxide. Then use high-purity water decantation for wash the precipitate for several times. Use Buchner funnel for filtration and then wash the precipitate with high purity water until the washed liquid becomes neutral again. The washed precipitate is dried in an oven at 150 ℃ to constant weight; take it out after cooling to get the final product of antimony trioxide. Preparation Antimony trioxide is obtained by roasting stibnite: 2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2Sb2O3 + 6SO2 Temperature and air feed is carefully controlled in the process to suppress any formation of antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4). Antimony trioxide is separated from any arsenic trioxide (As2O3) that may be present as an impurity by volatilization, as the latter is much more volatile than the former. It may be also prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of antimony trichloride and subsequent dehydration of hydrous oxide under controlled heating (rapid or vigorous heating may partially oxidize Sb(III) to Sb(V). Antimony trioxide also may be made by heating the metallic element with oxygen or air. The volatilizing trioxide is condensed and collected. General Description Diantimony trioxide is a white crystalline solid. Diantimony trioxide is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Diantimony trioxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a slightly soluble, white crystalline powder.
Antimony Trioxide is produced by smelting antimony-containing ores or reacting antimony trichloride with water.
Antimony is not abundant in the earth’s crust.


CAS: 1309-64-4
EC Number: 215-175-0
Chemical Formula: Sb₂O₃
Hill Formula: O₃Sb₂


Antimony Trioxide is a white, odorless crystalline (sand-like) powder.
Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony oxide or Sb2O3, is the most widely produced compound of elemental antimony.
The nations that produce the most antimony trioxide are China, South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.


Antimony Trioxide is an inorganic compound of the formula Sb2O3.
This is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony Trioxide exists in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.


Like most polymer oxides, Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions by hydrolysis.
Mixed oxides of arsenic and antimony occur naturally in the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.
Antimony trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3. Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.
Antimony is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Sb and atomic number 51.
Small amounts of antimony are found in the earth's crust.


Antimony Trioxide may also be referred to as diantimony trioxide (DAT), antimony oxide, or in manufacturing as antimony white.
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a slightly soluble, white crystalline powder.
Antimony Trioxide is produced by smelting antimony-containing ores or reacting antimony trichloride with water.


Antimony is not abundant in the earth’s crust.
Antimony Trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony Trioxideis the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.
Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.


Antimony Trioxide is an indispensable synergist for halogenated flame retardants and an essential element for photovoltaic clarifiers.
Antimony(III) Oxide or Antimony Trioxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Antimony source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Antimony(III) Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).


We can also produce dust-free antimony trioxide and catalytic antimony trioxide.
Antimony Trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony trioxide is an inorganic compound.
Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous solutions by hydrolysis.
Antimony Trioxide is a whitish powder and crystalline.


Antimony Trioxide is insoluble in nitric acid.
Antimony Trioxide can be used in the production of PET as a catalyst.
In same glasses Antimony Trioxide is an explanatory aid, in semiconductors it is an additive.


Antimony Trioxide is suitable to be preferred as a component in the manufacture of complex inorganic colored rutile pipments.
Antimony Trioxide is one of the most important commercial compounds.
The raw stat may become volatile again.


In same cases, Antimony Trioxide contains rich mining features.
Antimony Trioxide prevents foaming on the Windows.
Since Antimony Trioxide is flame retardant, added to colors, antimony trioxide looks even more vibrant.


Antimony Trioxide is usually available in various concentration. Special packaging requirements are available upon request.
Antimony Trioxide is stored in original packing and under conditions mentioned on the safety data sheet (SDS).
Antimony Trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite and is mainly produced via the smelting of stibnite ore, which is oxidised to crude Sb2O3 using furnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 °C.
When antimony reacts with air through heating, it forms an inorganic compound known as antimony trioxide.


Antimony trioxide is one of the essential compounds of antimony.
Antimony Trioxide is gray or white and exists in a cubic crystalline form.
Antimony Trioxide is also known as Atox B, Atox E, Antimony white, Flowers of Antimony, Blue star RG, and Antimony (III) oxide.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Typical applications for Antimony Trioxide include flame retardant synergist for use in plastics, rubber, paints, paper, textiles, and electronics; polyethylene terephthalate polymerization catalyst; a clarifying agent for glass; an opacifier for porcelain and enamel; and a white pigment for paint.
When used as a flame retardant, antimony trioxide is often used in combination with halogenated compounds.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a synergist to enhance the activity of the halogenated flame retardant.
In the absence of Antimony Trioxide about twice as much halogenated compound would be needed to reach the same level of flame retardancy.
Antimony Trioxide is used mainly as a fire retardant in plastics, rubbers, textiles, paper, and paints.


Antimony Trioxide can also be used in ceramics, glass, pigments, lubricants, and in the manufacturing of chemical intermediates.
Antimony Trioxideis widely used as a fire retardant in the membranes of plastic industry ,the enclosures of electric devices and household electric appliances such as PVC, PP, PE, PS, ABS, PU, etc.


Antimony Trioxide is used as filling, covering agents and retardants for rubber, ceramics, enamels, fabrics, and fiber products.
Antimony Trioxide is used as pigments and retardants in oil paint and coating material industry.
Antimony Trioxide is used as retardants in synthetic resin and papers; Antimony Trioxide is used as catalytic agent in organic synthesis.


Antimony Trioxide is widely used as a fire retardant in the membranes of plastic industry ,the enclosures of electric devices and household electric appliances such as PVC, PP, PE, PS, ABS, PU, etc.
Antimony Trioxide is used as filling, covering agents and retardants for rubber, ceramics, enamels, fabrics, and fiber products.


Antimony Trioxide is used as pigments and retardants in oil paint and coating material industry.
Antimony Trioxide is used as retardants in synthetic resin and papers.
Antimony Trioxide is used as catalytic agent in organic synthesis.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame-proofing agent, in pigments and
ceramics, to stain iron and copper, and to decolorize glass.
Antimony oxide produces vapor-phase radical scavengers while used as flame retardant.


Antimony halides appear to form an important link in the radical scavenging cycle during flame retardancy.
Antimony trioxide(Sb2O3) and pentoxide(Sb2O5) are used along with halogen flame retardant additives or halogenated polymers due to their synergistic interaction arising from the formation of antimony trihalide.


As of January 2020, California has banned the sale and distribution of new upholstered furniture, replacement components of reupholstered furniture, foam in mattresses, and certain children’s products made for residential use if these products contain more than 0.1% of certain flame retardant-related chemicals, including antimony trioxide.


Antimony trioxide is a chemical added to some flame retardants to make them more effective in consumer products, including upholstered furniture, textiles, carpeting, plastics, and children’s products.
Antimony trioxide is also used to manufacture some polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic, which is used to make some ovenproof or microwavable plastic trays, as well as some plastic water bottles.


The annual consumption of Antimony Trioxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively.
The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimony Trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Some specialty pigments contain antimony.


Antimony Trioxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony Trioxide is widely used as a flame retardant in plastics, rubber, textiles, chemical fibers, pigments, paints, paper, electronics and other industries, and as a defoamer for melting glass to remove bubbles.


Antimony Trioxide is used as a catalyst in polyester fiber.
Antimony Trioxide is used as covering agent and whitening agent in enamel and ceramic products.
Antimony Trioxide is used as a catalyst for polycondensation of ethylene terephthalate


Photovoltaic glass: Antimony Trioxide is used as clarifier in photovoltaic glass
Ceramics: Antimony Trioxide is used as opacifiers or color bodies in ceramics
Typically Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame retardant synergist in plastics, paints, adhesives, sealants, textiles, rubber and electronics.


Antimony Trioxide is also used in glass as a refining agent to decolorize and degasify the glass.
Antimony Trioxide is used flame retardant for textiles, polymers, and coatings.
Antimony Trioxide is used opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.


Antimony Trioxide is used pigment antimony white.
The main application of Antimony Trioxide is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.


Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimonious oxide is widely used as a flame retardant for rubber and plastic materials.
In its pure state Antimony Trioxide is used in pharmaceutical products.


In the chemical industry Antimony Trioxide is used as an intermediate for the preparation of metallic antimony; in the glass industry it is used to de-colourise glass, in the ceramic industry and in galvanic technology
Antimony Trioxide is used as a polyester catalyst.


Antimony Trioxide is mainly used as polyester polycondensation catalyst.
More than 80% of Antimony Trioxide is used as a flame retardant additive for various type of plastics, rubbers, and fibers, with the balance used mainly for polyester polymerization catalysts, variable resistors, decolorizing and fining of optical lenses, and as pigments.


The use of small quantities of Antimony Trioxide for plastics together with halogenated compound is a common and efficient method to obtain flame retardant effectiveness without detracting from the original properties of the plastics.
Antimony Trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant.


-Flame retardant:
Antimony Trioxide is an indispensable synergist for halogen flame retardants, which increases flame retardancy.
As a flame retardant, Antimony Trioxide is widely used in plastics, rubber, adhesives, sealing rings, textiles, chemical fibers, pigments, paints, paper, electronics, etc. industry


-Other applications of Antimony Trioxide:
*To obtain pure antimony.
*Antimony (III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
*Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
*Antimony (III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.



IN WHICH AREAS IS ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE USED?
*PAINT INDUSTRY
*PLASTIC INDUSTRY
*ADHESIVES
*GLASS
*AMPOULE
*CABLE INDUSTRY
*CERAMIC AND ENAMEL
*AUTOMOTIVE
*TEXTILE INDUSTRY



PREPARATION OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
As the primary oxide of antimony, Antimony Trioxide is prepared by burning elemental antimony in air:
4Sb + 3O2 → 2Sb2O3
Alternatively, antimonide minerals can be roasted to give the same products.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
The structure of Antimony Trioxide depends on the temperature of the sample.
Only at very high temperatures does the molecule Sb2O3 exist.
At moderate temperatures, the gas consists of Sb4O6.

These molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus, phosphorus trioxide.
The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb-O distance is 1.977 Å and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.

This materials exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.
Below 606 °C, the more stable form of is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.

Antimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, dissolving in alkaline solution to give antimonites and in acid solution to given a range of polyantimonous acids.
Antimony Trioxide can be readily oxidized to antimony pentoxide or other antimony(V) compounds, but is also easily reduced to antimony, sometimes with production of stibine.



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
In 2012, global Antimony Trioxide production was 130,000 tonnes, up from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share, followed by the US/Mexico, Europe, Japan, South Africa and other countries (2%).
As of 2010, antimony(III) oxide was produced at four locations in the EU27.

Antimony Trioxide is produced by two routes: revolatilization of crude antimony(III) oxide and oxidation of metal antimony.
In Europe, oxidation of antimony metal is the mainstream.
Several processes for producing crude antimony(III) oxide or antimony metal from virgin materials.

Process selection depends on ore composition and other factors.
Typical steps include mining, crushing, and crushing of the ore, sometimes followed by foam flotation and metal separation using pyrometallurgical processes (refining or roasting), sometimes In some cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) the metals are separated by hydrometallurgical processes.
These procedures take place close to the mining site, not in the EU.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Inorganic antimony salts
*Metalloid salts
*Inorganic oxides



SUBSTITUENTS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Metalloid oxide
*Inorganic antimony salt
*Inorganic oxide
*Inorganic salt
*Inorganic metalloid salt



OTHER ANIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Antimony trisulfide
*Antimony triselenide
*Antimony telluride



OTHER CATIONS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Dinitrogen trioxide
*Phosphorus trioxide
*Arsenic trioxide
*Bismuth trioxide



RELATED COMPOUNDS OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
*Diantimony tetraoxide
*Antimony pentoxide



PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Global production of Antimony Trioxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).

As of 2010, Antimony Trioxide was produced at four sites in EU27.
Antimony Trioxide is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal.
Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe.

Several processes for the production of crude Antimony Trioxide or metallic antimony from virgin material.
The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors.

Typical steps include mining, crushing, and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes.
These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.
Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony Trioxide:

Step 1)
Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony Trioxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C.
The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2

Step 2)
The crude Antimony Trioxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metal:
Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony Trioxide in furnaces.
The reaction is exothermic.

Antimony Trioxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters.
The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow.
The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3



PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Antimony Trioxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony Trioxide dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate.
Antimony Trioxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.

When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal.
With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced.
When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6, is formed.



ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE STRUCTURE:
The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.
Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.
The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.

This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.
Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.



STRUCTURE OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
Antimony Trioxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.
For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure of Antimony Trioxide is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if Antimony Trioxide is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.



FLAME RETARDANCY, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
A significant amount of Antimony Trioxide produced annually goes to enhance flame retardancy.
Antimony Trioxide is added to certain flame retardants, making them efficient in consumer products such as textiles, upholstered furniture, children’s products, and plastics.

In its physical state, Antimony Trioxide has no flame-retardant properties.
However, when combined with other compounds, Antimony Trioxide acts as a synergist.
Typically, Antimony Trioxide combines with halogenated compounds to create chemical compounds with flame retardant properties.

The process involves:
Stopping the thermal decomposition reaction under gas
Sealing against oxygen
The carbonaceous char is formed under the solid phase

PET production:
Antimony trioxide is also used as a catalyst in producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer commonly used in bottles, films, and synthetic fibers.
It is also among the most popular materials in the beverage and food packaging industry.

It is a suitable material because it is lightweight and impermeable to CO2.
As with other compounds in PET, antimony can be used to migrate water into the bottles.
However, current legislation establishes migration limits for antimony trioxide and other compounds.

The amount of antimony used in the preparation of PET may range from 100-300 mg/kg.
This implies that a one-liter bottle can contain 3-9 milligrams of antimony.
The high amount shows that the set limits can exceed if total migration occurs.
For that reason, further studies have been carried out to determine the leaching or migration of the substance.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
The inorganic compound, Antimony Trioxide, has a density of 5.7 g cm3 and a vapor density of 10 (air = 1).
The boiling point of Antimony Trioxide is 1425°C, and the melting point of Antimony Trioxideis 1425°C.
Antimony Trioxide is only soluble with hydrolysis, where it forms an aqueous solution.
However, Antimony Trioxide is marginally water soluble.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
CAS number: 1309-64-4
EC index number: 051-005-00-X
EC number: 215-175-0
Hill Formula: O₃Sb₂
Chemical formula: Sb₂O₃
Molar Mass: 291.52 g/mol
HS Code: 2825 80 00
Molar Mass: 291.52 g/mol
Boiling point: 1550 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 655 °C (sublimed)
Vapor pressure: 13.3 hPa (660 °C)
Bulk density: 800 - 1300 kg/m3
Solubility: 2.70 mg/l
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 655 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.550 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,0287 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: ca.5,2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 5,9 at 24 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Chemical formula: Sb2O3
Molar mass: 291.518 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Odor: odorless
Density: 5.2 g/cm3, α-form, 5.67 g/cm3 β-form
Melting point: 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K)
Boiling point: 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes)
Solubility in water: 370 ± 37 µg/L between 20.8°C and 22.9°C
Solubility: soluble in acid
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -69.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.087, α-form, 2.35, β-form
Structure
Crystal structure: cubic (α)orthorhombic (β): >570 °C
Coordination geometry: pyramidal
Dipole moment: zero
Compound Formula: O3Sb2
Molecular Weight: 291.52
Appearance: white solid
Melting Point: 656 °C
Boiling Point: 1425 °C (sublimes)
Density: 5.2 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 368.016 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.792388 Da



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
Antimony(III) oxide
Antimony sesquioxide
Antimonous oxide
Flowers of Antimony
Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Flowers of Antimony


ANTIOXIDANT BHT
Antioxidant BHT is an organic compound that is used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a substituted derivative of phenol.
Antioxidant BHT helps to prevent the formation of free radicals and oxidation.


CAS Number: 128-37-0
EC Number: 204-881-4
E number: E321 (antioxidants, ...)
Chemical formula: C15H24O



2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,6-DI-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, DBPC, BHT, E321, AO-29, Avox BHT, Additin RC 7110, Dibutylated hydroxytoluene, 4-Methyl-2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol, 3,5-(Dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxytoluene, Butylhydroxytoluene, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, Dibunol, BHT, bht, BHT, dbpc, T501, 2,6-DBPC, BHTOX-BHT, ralox bht, BHT (BAGS), bht (bags), Antioxidant 264, 501 antioxidant, antioxidant bht, BHT,GRANULAR,FCC, bht,granular,fcc, Antioxidant T501, anti-oxidant bht, Anitioxidant BHT, dibutylmethylphenol, butylhydroxytoluene, ionol cp-antioxidant, bht,granular,technical, BHT,GRANULAR,TECHNICAL, 2-butyl-3-methylphenol, 3-butyl-4-methylphenol, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylhydroxytoluene bht, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 2,6-Di-tert-buty-p-cresol, butylated hydroxy toluene, di-tert-butyl-para-cresol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-cresol, 2,6-di-tert. butyl-p-cresol, di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene, Rubber Anti aging agent 264, 2,6-ditertiarybutylparacresol, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di(tert-butyl)phenol, 3,5-di-tert-4-butylhydroxytoluene, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, BUTYLATEDHYDROXYTOLUENE,GRANULAR,NF, butylatedhydroxytoluene,granular,nf, bht (di tert.-butyl-4-hydroxytoluol), 2,6,-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol cp, 3,5-di-tert-4butylhydroxytoluene (bht), 2,6-di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphynol-d21, Butylated hydroxytoluene Manufacturer, 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl phenol[128,37,0], 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol(bht), bht 2,6 - di - tert - butyl -4- methyl phenol, butyleret hydroxytoluen(2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol),



Antioxidant BHT is a phenolic antioxidant used in the preservation of a wide variety of products, including shelf-stable baked goods.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant for preventing spoilage of fats and oils in baked goods.
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetically aromatic organic compound derived from the reaction of 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene, catalyzed by sulphuric acid.


Antioxidant BHT was patented in 1947.
Antioxidant BHT sometimes appears alone in a food, but often is used in combination with other chemicals that also have an antioxidant activity, including BHA, PG, TBHQ, citric acid, phosphoric acid, and ascorbic acid.


Antioxidant BHT's effectiveness increases with the addition of synergists.
Antioxidant BHT is an organic compound that is used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a substituted derivative of phenol.


Antioxidant BHT helps to prevent the formation of free radicals and oxidation.
A large review from 2002 concluded that Antioxidant BHT is safe for use on the skin in cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT, a potent synthetic antioxidant sometimes used to help stabilize light- and air-sensitive cosmetic ingredients such as retinol and unsaturated fatty acids.


The amount of Antioxidant BHT uses in cosmetic products is typically 0.0002%-0.5%.
Such low amounts do not pose a risk to skin (indeed, the safety assessment found Antioxidant BHT was non-irritating) nor does it penetrate skin far enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream.


The European Union’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety concluded in December 2021 that “Antioxidant BHT is safe as an ingredient up to a maximum concentration of 0.8% in other leave-on and rinse-off products.”
Antioxidant BHT is a colorless crystal or white crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless.


Antioxidant BHT is soluble in ethanol (25%,25 ° C), acetone (40%), benzene (40%), soybean oil, cottonseed oil, insoluble in water, glycerol, propylene glycol.
Antioxidant BHT is a phenolic antioxidant used in the preservation of a wide variety of products, including shelf-stable baked goods.


Antioxidant BHT is an excellent general phenolic antioxidant, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive, and has good storage stability.
Antioxidant BHT is an excellent general phenolic antioxidant, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive, and has good storage stability.
Antioxidant BHT can inhibit or delay the oxidative degradation of plastics or rubber and prolong the service life.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant shown to be chemopreventive against a variety of carcinogens
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant shown to be chemopreventive against a variety of carcinogens.
As an antioxidant, Antioxidant BHT acts as a free radical scavenger, binding to and neutralizing these highly reactive molecules in the body.


By doing so, Antioxidant BHT helps protect cells from damage and reduces oxidative stress, which can otherwise lead to cell damage.
Antioxidant BHT, is a fat-soluble substance recognized for its powerful antioxidant properties.
Antioxidant BHT is a lab-made chemical that is added to foods as a preservative.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT may damage the protective outer layer of viral cells. This may keep the viruses from multiplying and/or doing more damage.
Antioxidant BHT, also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties.



USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is listed by the NIH Hazardous Substances Data Bank under several categories in catalogues and databases, such as food additive, household product ingredient, industrial additive, personal care product/cosmetic ingredient, pesticide ingredient, plastic/rubber ingredient and medical/veterinary/research.


Antioxidant BHT is used as a preservative ingredient in some foods.
With this usage Antioxidant BHT maintains freshness or prevents spoilage; it may be used to decrease the rate at which the texture, color, or flavor of food changes.


Antioxidant BHT is also used as an antioxidant in products such as metalworking fluids, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber, transformer oils, and embalming fluid.
In the petroleum industry, where Antioxidant BHT is known as the fuel additive AO-29, it is used in hydraulic fluids, turbine and gear oils, and jet fuels.


Antioxidant BHT is also used to prevent peroxide formation in organic ethers and other solvents and laboratory chemicals.
Antioxidant BHT is added to certain monomers as a polymerisation inhibitor to facilitate their safe storage.
Some additive products contain Antioxidant BHT as their primary ingredient, while others contain the chemical merely as a component of their formulation, sometimes alongside butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).


Antioxidant BHT is used in various cosmetic products, including certain formulas containing fats or in aqueous emulsions containing certain active ingredients or plant extracts.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant used in certain products to stabilise and protect the raw materials themselves, and less as an ingredient in and of itself.


Antioxidant BHT can resist high temperatures (unlike some natural antioxidants): it is therefore very useful in certain raw material manufacturing processes.
We only use Antioxidant BHT as an ingredient for its antioxidant properties, helping to protect the products from oxidation and ensure the quality and stability of formulas.


Antioxidant BHT is a human-made chemical used as a preservative in foods and cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT is regularly used to preserve fats, color, texture, and oils in these products.
Antioxidant BHT is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and foods.


When used in food products, Antioxidant BHT delays oxidative rancidity of fats and oils, and prevents loss of activity of oil-soluble vitamins.
Antioxidant BHT may be found in pharmaceutical gels, creams and liquid or gelatin capsules, tablets and other pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The ability of oral Antioxidant BHT to lead to cancer is a controversial topic, but most food industries have replaced it with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).


Add Antioxidant BHT directly to the shortening, as well as to baked goods containing fats, to prevent fat rancidity.
Antioxidant BHT is not thermally stable.
Antioxidant BHT evaporates at a temperature below 100oC, and evaporates/decomposes completely at 250oC.


Antioxidant BHT has the least thermal resistance among synthetic antioxidants like PG (propyl gallate), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and TBHQ (tertiary-butyl hydroquinone).
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in various industries for its ability to inhibit the oxidation of substances, thereby extending their shelf life and maintaining their quality.


Antioxidant BHT finds applications in rubber, food, and several other industries.
Printing Inks uses of Antioxidant BHT: Ink Stabilizer: Antioxidant BHT is used as an antioxidant in printing inks to prevent ink oxidation, which can lead to color changes and poor print quality.


Adhesives and Sealants uses of Antioxidant BHT: Oxidation Inhibitor: Antioxidant BHT can be added to adhesives and sealants to improve their shelf life and resistance to aging, ensuring that they remain effective and durable.
Antioxidant BHT is a stabiliser that can be found in cosmetic products.


Antioxidant BHT acts as an antioxidant that helps maintain the properties and performance of a product as it is exposed to air (to avoid a change in odor, in color, in texture...).
Antioxidant BHT is a versatile and highly effective anti-oxidant used to protect vegetable oils, butters such as (shea and cocoa) and finished products such as creams, balms and lotions from the effects of oxidation.


Antioxidant BHT is normally used at a rate of 0.05 - 0.2% depending on the oil or product to be protected.
Antioxidant BHT is used as rubber, plastic antioxidant, gasoline, transformer oil, turbine oil, animal and vegetable oil, food and other antioxidants
Antioxidant BHT has light, thermal stability, heating can be volatilized with water vapor, the metal ion does not change color.


Antioxidant BHT is 2, 6-ditert-butyl (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol.
The content of C15H240 of Antioxidant BHT shall not be less than 98.5% calculated as anhydrous.
Antioxidant BHT is a non-staining, hindered phenolic antioxidant that protects polymer against heat and oxygen.


Antioxidant BHT exhibits high reactivity with free radicals, due to which it makes an efficient peroxide retarder to remove initial peroxide radicals formed and slows scorch time.
Antioxidant BHT is used in elastomers like block copolymer, SBR, EPDM, NBR, CR, natural- and synthetic rubber.


Antioxidant BHT also finds applications in PP, polyols, ABS, LDPE, HDPE, PS, PVC, polybutylene and hydrocarbon resin.
Antioxidant BHT is suitable in fatty acids, transmission fluids, transformer-, lubricating-, synthetic- and specialty oils.
Recommended dosage level of Antioxidant BHT in peroxide retarder is 0.25-0.50 phr, for the general purpose is 0.5-4 phr and is complies with US FDA.


Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant for use in cosmetics and fragrance products, such as perfume.
Antioxidant BHT dissolves in DPG, alcohol, vegetable oil and the like, but not or hardly in water.
When used in a product that mainly consists of water, you can first dissolve Antioxidant BHT in, for example, DPG and then use this mixture.


The usual dose of Antioxidant BHT is 0.1%, or 1 gram per kilogram.
In perfumes Antioxidant BHT is best to dissolve the BHT in the mixture of fragrances (concentrate), it usually dissolves better in it than in alcohol.
Many fragrances already contain Antioxidant BHT or another antioxidant.


Use Antioxidant BHT in products that are sensitive to oxygen from the air, such as perfumes, fragrances, creams (in the fat phase) and oily cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT can be used in chewing gum, meat products, cereals, snack foods, beer, etc.
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic antioxidant used as a preservative in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.


Antioxidant BHT is also used as a dietary supplement to help protect against oxidative damage.
Antioxidant BHT is a substance used to preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT appears as white crystals or a crystalline powder.


Antioxidant BHT is suitable for polyolefin and olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyamide and other engineering plastics, rubber and elastomer, coatings and adhesives.
Antioxidant BHT is used in all kinds of general plastic, rubber, elastomer and oil products.


Antioxidant BHT is suitable for all kinds of animal, and vegetable oil products and other kinds of grain and oil foods, snack foods, food packaging materials, and food-grade plastic products.
Antioxidant BHT is widely used in all kinds of cosmetics, and all kinds of sporting goods, and replace industrial-grade antioxidants (T501) widely used in industrial and engineering plastic products, PU paste, polyether, high-grade paints and coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.


Antioxidant BHT is also for lubricating oil, secondary processing gasoline, paraffin, mineral oil, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyester, cellulose resin, and foam stabilizers antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT is a non-polluting antioxidant stabilizer for natural rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, neoprene rubber, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, transformer oil, various types of latex products (especially white or light rubber products, latex).


Antioxidant BHT is a non-staining, hindered phenolic antioxidant commonly used in a wide variety of applications including plastics, elastomers, petroleum products, and food.
Antioxidant BHT is available in several physical forms, including crystalline.


Antioxidant BHT is used Rubber antioxidant and antiozonant.
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant and used as preservative in foods, animal feed, animal and vegetable oils, petroleum products, rubber, and plastics.
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and Antioxidant BHT are closely related synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives in lipsticks and moisturizers, among other cosmetics.


They are also widely used as food preservatives.
Antioxidant BHT is probably the most efficient anti-oxidant used in perfumery.
Antioxidant BHT is almost odourless in use but as a pure white to off-white crystalline powder has a very faint musty cresylic phenolic odour.


Antioxidant BHT is used from 0.1% in citrus oils, alipihatic aldehydes, fixed oils and many other oxygen sensitive materials, compounds and finished products it can greatly extend their shelf and odour life and also slow down, but not completely stop, colour changes.
Antioxidant BHT and Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) are among the main antioxidants of the world.


These products have a very wide usage area such as animal oils, vegetable oils, oils with high amount of solids, foods with low oil rate, sweets, essential oils and frying process foods.
Antioxidant BHT and BHA Antioxidants are used to prevent taste, color and smell deterioration of your food flavourers.


People also use Antioxidant BHT as medicine.
Antioxidant BHT is used to treat genital herpes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Some people apply Antioxidant BHT directly to the skin for cold sores.


Antioxidant BHT is widely used to prevent free radical-mediated oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuels, oils) and other materials, and the regulations overseen by the U.S. F.D.A.—which considers Antioxidant BHT to be "generally recognized as safe"—allow small amounts to be added to foods.
Despite this, and the earlier determination by the National Cancer Institute that Antioxidant BHT was noncarcinogenic in an animal model, societal concerns over its broad use have been expressed.


Antioxidant BHT has also been postulated as an antiviral drug, but as of December 2022, use of Antioxidant BHT as a drug is not supported by the scientific literature and it has not been approved by any drug regulatory agency for use as an antiviral.


-Rubber Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Antioxidant in Rubber Products:
Antioxidant BHT is added to rubber compounds to prevent oxidation and degradation of rubber materials.

Rubber products, such as tires, belts, gaskets, and seals, are vulnerable to environmental factors like heat, oxygen, and UV radiation, which can cause them to crack and deteriorate.
Antioxidant BHT helps protect these rubber products from premature aging and deterioration.


-Food Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Food Preservative:
Antioxidant BHT is used as a food additive (E321) to extend the shelf life of various food products.
Antioxidant BHT is commonly added to oils and fats, such as cooking oils, to prevent them from becoming rancid due to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT can also be found in a wide range of processed foods, including snacks, cereals, and baked goods, to prevent spoilage and maintain product freshness.


-Cosmetics and Personal Care Products uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Antioxidant in Beauty Products:
Antioxidant BHT is used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as lotions, lip balms, and creams, to prevent the oxidative degradation of oils and other sensitive ingredients.
This helps maintain the quality and stability of these products over time.


-Pharmaceuticals uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Stabilizer:
Antioxidant BHT is used in some pharmaceutical formulations to stabilize drug compounds that are susceptible to oxidation.
Antioxidant BHT helps maintain the efficacy and stability of certain medications.


-Plastics Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Polymer Stabilizer:
Antioxidant BHT is used as a polymer stabilizer in the plastics industry.
Antioxidant BHT helps prevent the degradation of plastics caused by exposure to heat and UV radiation, which can lead to discoloration and reduced mechanical properties.


-Petroleum Industry uses of Antioxidant BHT:
*Fuel and Lubricant Additive:
Antioxidant BHT is added to fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation and degradation, which can lead to the formation of harmful deposits and a decrease in performance.
Antioxidant BHT is particularly useful in the aviation industry to maintain the quality of aviation fuels.



FEATURES AND USES OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is widely used in industrial and engineering plastic products, PU slurry, polyether, high-grade paints and coatings, anti-corrosion materials; is lubricating oil, secondary processing gasoline, paraffin, mineral oil, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyester, cellulose resin, foam antioxidant stabilizer.

Antioxidant BHT is non-polluting antioxidant stabilizer for natural rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, isoprene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, transformer oil, all kinds of latex products (especially white or light rubber products, latex products).
The mechanism of T501 is slightly less than food-grade Antioxidant BHT, the amount of addition should be higher than BHT.



FUNCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is used in foods that contain oil and fat.
Antioxidant BHT functions as an antioxidant for preventing spoilage of fats and oils in baked goods by binding oxygen molecules.
Oxygen molecules react preferentially with Antioxidant BHT rather than oxidizing the fats or oils. In addition, this action preserves food aroma, color, and flavor.



WHAT PRODUCTS HAVE ANTIOXIDANT BHT IN THEM?
Antioxidant BHT can be found in:
*Lip glosses
*Lotions
*Breakfast cereals
*Foods like preserved meats and chips
*Dehydrated foods
*Baked goods
*Snack foods
*Chewing gum
*Flavored products



NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Phytoplankton, including the green algae Botryococcus braunii, as well as three different cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp.) are capable of producing Antioxidant BHT as a natural product.
The fruit lychee also produces Antioxidant BHT in its pericarp.
Several fungi (for example Aspergillus conicus) living in olives produce Antioxidant BHT.



PRODUCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
*Industrial production
The chemical synthesis of Antioxidant BHT in industry has involved the reaction of p-cresol (4-methylphenol) with isobutylene (2-methylpropene), catalyzed by sulfuric acid:

CH3(C6H4)OH + 2 CH2=C(CH3)2 → ((CH3)3C)2CH3C6H2OH
Alternatively, Antioxidant BHT has been prepared from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol by hydroxymethylation or aminomethylation followed by hydrogenolysis.



WHERE IS ANTIOXIDANT BHT USED?
Antioxidant BHT is a dietary supplement used as an antioxidant to help preserve food and cosmetics.
Antioxidant BHT is also used in some medicines to help prevent the breakdown of certain ingredients.



HOW IS ANTIOXIDANT BHT USED IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY?
Antioxidant BHT is a dietary supplement used in the food industry as an antioxidant to help preserve fats and oils.
Antioxidant BHT is used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in foods such as cereals, snack foods, and vegetable oils.
Antioxidant BHT is also used to help maintain the flavor and color of food products.



REACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
The species behaves as a synthetic analog of vitamin E, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses autoxidation, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen.
Antioxidant BHT stops this autocatalytic reaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides.
Antioxidant BHT effects this function by donating a hydrogen atom:

RO2• + ArOH → ROOH + ArO•
RO2• + ArO• → nonradical products
where R is alkyl or aryl, and where ArOH is Antioxidant BHT or related phenolic antioxidants.
Each Antioxidant BHT consumes two peroxy radicals.



HOW DOES ANTIOXIDANT BHT WORK?
Antioxidant BHT is an antioxidant.
Antioxidant BHT may damage the protective outer layer of viral cells. This may keep the viruses from multiplying and/or doing more damage.



WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT?
According to scientists, Antioxidant BHT may be able to eliminate the lipid ‘shields’ of external aggressions or make them permeable, enabling antibodies to successfully attack them.
Since it is fat-soluble, Antioxidant BHT should be taken with a meal that contains some element of fat (vegetable oil, cheese, butter or margarine) in order to improve absorption and bioavailability.



HOW TO TAKE ANTIOXIDANT BHT?
Take one vegetarian capsule a day with food containing some fat (example: butter, cheese, oil, etc.)



PROPERTIES OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is a grey-white powder, with a slight musky odor.
Antioxidant BHT is more stable than many other used antioxidants such as tocopherol and therefore offers longer protection.
Antioxidant BHT has a fairly long shelf life.



SUSTAINABILITY OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Antioxidant BHT is a synthetic product, it is made from petrochemical raw materials.
Antioxidant BHT is poorly biodegradable in the environment. Because it is an effective antioxidant, Antioxidant BHT ensures that products last longer, even at a low dose.



PREPARATION METHOD OF ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
p-cresol and tert-butyl alcohol are dissolved by heating, and phosphoric acid is used as catalyst to react at a certain temperature.
The reaction product is washed with sodium hydroxide solution to alkaline first, then washed with water to neutral, and finally distilled, recrystallization provides dibutyl hydroxytoluene.
Or isobutylene mixed with cresol and concentrated sulfuric acid, reaction at a certain temperature for a certain time, and the crude product is neutralized, and then the crude product is dissolved in ethanol, adding thiourea, hot filtration, spin drying, obtained by drying.



ANTIOXIDANT BHT AT A GLANCE:
*The abbreviation for butylated hydroxytoluene 
*Potent synthetic antioxidant 
*Helps keep delicate ingredients stable 
*Considered safe as used in cosmetics



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
Chemical formula: C15H24O
Molar mass: 220.356 g/mol
Appearance: White to yellow powder
Odor: Slight, phenolic
Density: 1.048 g/cm3
Melting point: 70 °C (158 °F; 343 K)
Boiling point: 265 °C (509 °F; 538 K)
Solubility in water: 1.1 mg/L (20 °C)
log P: 5.32
Vapor pressure: 0.01 mmHg (20 °C)
MF:C15H24O
EINECS No.:204-881-4
Purity:98.0% MIN
Place of Origin:China
Type:rubber accelerators
Usage:Rubber Auxiliary Agents
CAS Number: 128-37-0

Chemical Formula: C15H24O
Molecular Weight: 220.35
Form: white powder
Density (g/cm3): 1.048
Melting Point: 69-71℃
Boiling Point: 265℃
CAS Number: 128-37-0
Chemical Formula: C15H24O
Molecular Weight: 220.35
Form: white powder
Physical state: powder, crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 69 - 73 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 265 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 127 °C - open cup
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 0,76 g/l at 20 °C - slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 5,1
Vapor pressure 0,00 hPa at 25 °C

Density: 1,03 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
AS: 128-37-0
EINECS: 204-881-4
InChI: InChI=1/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
InChIKey: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Molecular Formula: C15H24O
Molar Mass: 220.35
Density: 1.048
Melting Point: 69-73°C(lit.)
Boling Point: 265°C(lit.)
Flash Point: 127 °C
Water Solubility: insoluble
Solubility: Soluble in toluene, soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene,
ether, isopropanol, methanol, 2-butanone, ethylene glycol ether, petroleum ether and
other organic solutions, insoluble in water and alkali solution.
Vapor Presure: Vapor Density: 7.6 (vs air)
Appearance: Colorless crystalline or white crystalline powder
Color: white
Odor: faint characteristic odor

Exposure Limit ACGIH: TWA 2 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3
Merck: 14,1548
BRN: 1911640
pKa: pKa 14(H2Ot = 25c = 0.002 to 0.01) (Uncertain)
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Stability: Stable, but light-sensitive.
Incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, brass, copper,
copper alloys, steel, bases, oxidizing agents.
Refractive Index: 1.4859
MDL: MFCD00011644
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Density: 1.048
melting point: 69-71°C
boiling point: 265°C
flash point: 127°C
water-soluble: insoluble



FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P2)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIOXIDANT BHT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



APPLE PEEL EXTRACT
Apple Peel extract helps lower blood cholesterol levels
Apple Peel extract also contains polyphenols with antioxidant effects.


Cas Number: 85251-63-4
EC Number: 286-475-7



SYNONYMS:
Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Malus sylvestris ext., Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malus sylvestris ext., Malussylvestris, pyrus malus fruit juice, Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext., PYRUS MALUS (APPLE) FRUIT EXTRACT, Malussylvestrisextract, Apple extract (malus sylvestris), Einecs 286-475-7, Malus sylvestris ext.



Apple Peel Extract is made from Australian Granny Smith Apples.
The growing temperature ranges from -10 to 40 degrees celsius.


This unique climate creates a unique phenolic profile.
Evidence suggest that Apple Peel extract has a wide range of polyphenols having antioxidant activity and its consumption has been linked with improved health benefits.


Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a very effective drug for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) but it leads to cardiotoxicity mediated through alterations in various cardiac ion channels and by increasing the intracellular calcium level and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of methanolic extract of Apple Peel extract (APME) and aqueous extract of Apple Peel extract (APAE) on ATO (5 μM) induced toxicity in the H9c2 cardiac myoblast cell line.


We estimated the cellular status of innate antioxidant enzymes, level of ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, glutathione and intracellular calcium with ATO and Apple Peel extract extracts.
Prior to the cell line based study, we had evaluated the antioxidant potential of Apple Peel extract extract by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power (TRP), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, in addition to quantifying total phenolic and flavonoid content.


Both the extracts showed considerable antioxidant activity in cell-free chemical assays.
In addition, both APME and APAE prevented the alteration in antioxidant status induced by ATO in H9c2 cells.


Significant differential alterations had been observed in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, xanthine oxidase, calcium overload and caspase 3 activity with ATO.
The overall result revealed the protective property of polyphenol-rich Apple Peel extract extract against ATO induced cardiac toxicity via its antioxidant activity.



USES and APPLICATIONS of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Cosmetic Uses of Apple Peel extract: antioxidants, skin conditioning, and skin protecting agents.



MEDICINE USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract helps lower blood cholesterol levels
Apple Peel extract also contains polyphenols with antioxidant effects.

Vitamin C, iron, boron, and so on including rich content.
These ingredients are one of the most important factors to make your bone structure healthy and strong.
Flavonoids and phenolic acids have been shown to be effective in preventing the development of tumors and cancerous cells.

These compounds are found in Apple Peel extract.
Sorbitol in the Apple Peel extract draws water to the colonic colon and prevents constipation
Vitamin A helps to improve eye vision and prevent eye disorders.



COSMETIC USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
*SKIN CARE:
Skin lightening, brightening and soothing potential.
This is because Apple Peel extract has the highest content in collagen and elastic content, which is vital to keep your skin flawless and youthful.

Apple Peel extract cleanses the skin while moisturizing.
Apple Peel extract is an excellent anti-aging mask.
Corrects acne, blemishes and bruises on the skin,


*HAIR CARE:
Apple Peel extract provides vitality and parking.



FOOD USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract is used as aroma donor,
Apple Peel extract is used as a natural colorant.
Apple Peel extract is used as food supplement,



VETERINARY MEDICINE USES OF APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apple Peel extract is prevention of intestinal problems,
Apple Peel extract is used ntioxidant,

Treatment of bone diseases,
Apple Peel extract is used as aroma donor.
Apple Peel extract contain concentrated amounts of phytonutrients – up to 6 times more than the flesh of the fruit


NUTRIENT DENSE!
Rich in fibre, Vitamin C, and made with a gentle low temperature air-drying process to ensure optimal nutritional integrity



WHAT IS APPLE PEEL EXTRACT?
Pyrus malus is the scientific name for the apple.
Apple-derived ingredients (Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Flower Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Juice, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Leaf Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Pectin Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Powder, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Wax, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Root Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Stem Extract) are obtained from the fruit, leaf, stem, root or flower of the plant
Pyrus malus.

In cosmetics and personal care products, the ingredients derived from Pyrus malus are used in the formulation of a wide variety of products including hair conditioners, hand and body lotions, and shampoos.



WHY IS APPLE PEEL EXTRACT USED?
The following functions have been reported for ingredients derived for Pyrus malus.
Antioxidant: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Extract
Binder: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber

Cosmetic astringent: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit
Emulsion stabilizer: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Exfoliant: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Peel Powder

Fragrance ingredient: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water
Skin conditioning agent -emollient: Pyrus Malus (Apple ) Seed Oil
Skin conditioning agent – miscellaneous: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Flower Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Juice, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Oil, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Root Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Seed Extract, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Stem Extract

Viscosity controlling agent: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Viscosity increasing agent – aqueous: Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fiber
Scientific Facts
The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates.



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Apples, the fruit of the plant from which these ingredients are derived, are listed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) among the 20 most commonly consumed fruits.
The FDA includes pectin, including pectin derived from apples, on its list of substances considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as direct food substances.

Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe.
Prior to marketing the finished cosmetic product, the safety of each ingredient must be substantiated in accordance with 21 CFR 740.10.
Safety substantiation of cosmetic ingredients may include tests for ocular and skin irritation as well as allergenicity, phototoxicity, photoallergenicity and mutagenicity, depending on the application or intended use.

There is a considerable body of information about the safety of botanical ingredients and a well established history of use.
These resources are consulted to ensure the safety of these materials as they are used in cosmetics.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
Product Name: Apple Peel Extract / Apple Peel Extract
Botanical Name: Pyrus Malus
Pearl Name: Pyrus Malus Peel Extract
CAS No: 85251-63-4
EINECS: 286-475-7
Part Used: Shell
Harvest Time: Winter
Product Form: Powder
Production Method: Extraction
Resolution: Water / Oil
Botanical Name: Pyrus Malus
CAS: 89957-84-3
INCI: Pyrus Malus Extract
Description: 100% Apple Peel Extract

Production Methodology: Ethanol and Water Extraction
CAS Number: 85251-63-4
Chem/IUPAC Name: Pyrus Malus Fruit Extract is an extract of the fruit of
the Apple, Pyrus malus L., Rosaceae
EINECS/ELINCS No: 286-475-7
CAS Number: 85251-63-4
Molecular Weight: N/A
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: N/A

Melting Point: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Flash Point: N/A
Appearance: /Density: N/A
Refractive Index: N/A
Storage Temp.: N/ASolubility: N/ACAS DataBase Reference: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.
NIST Chemistry Reference: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.(85251-63-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Apple, Malus sylvestris, ext.(85251-63-4)
CAS NO:85251-63-4
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight: 0
EINECS: 286-475-7
Product Categories: N/A
Mol File: 85251-63-4.mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of APPLE PEEL EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


APRICOT SEED EXTRACT
Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.
Apricot Seed Extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


CAS Number: 29883-15-6
Botanical Name: Prunus armeniaca



SYNONYMS:
Apricot Kernel Extract, Prunus Armeniaca Seed Extract, Armeniacae Semen Extract, Prunus armeniaca Kernel Oil, Bitter Apricot Extract, Apricot Kernel Oil, Apricot Seed Oil, Armeniaca Extract,



Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.
Apricot Seed Extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


Apricot Seed Extract is an excellent addition to skin care formulations for exfoliating, cleansing, and moisturizing the skin.
With a plant-based origin, Propanediol is a biodegradable and petrochemical-free solvent that is NPA approved, making Apricot Seed extract an excellent corn sugar-derived alternative to petroleum-based Glycols for hair and skin care formulations.


Apricot Seed extract offers benefits and functionalities that include improved emollience, enhanced viscosity, non-irritating properties, exceptional sensory characteristics, clarity, and anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, among many more.
The characteristic color of this botanical extract, Apricot Seed extract, imbues natural and organic cosmetic formulations with its innate hue.


This means that Apricot Seed extract colors that were formerly possible to obtain only through the use of artificial and often objectionable constituents can now be achieved through plant-based ingredients that impart not only their beneficial, skin health-enhancing properties but also their individual natural colors.


It is strongly recommended that small batch trials be conducted to determine the dosage required to achieve the desired shade imbued by the extract.
The original color of Apricot Seed Extract – Standardized is pale yellow to amber; however, there is a possibility of this color changing, depending on the formulation to which it is added.


Stable when stored Apricot Seed extract in a cool, dry place.
Apricot Seed extract contains a high concentration of fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins and is considered to have emollient properties that can improve skin hydration.


Apricot Seed extract is soluble in water, water-in-oil emulsion, surfactant, and alcohol.
Apricot Seed extract is also a rich source of Vitamin C and A, known to help remove buildup from the surface of the skin and to keep it well-hydrated.


Apricot Seed extract is an excellent addition to skin care formulations for exfoliating, cleansing, and moisturizing the skin.
Some research suggests that apricot kernels may have cancer-fighting properties.
The first use of Apricot Seed extract as a cancer treatment in the United States dates back to the 1920s.



USES and APPLICATIONS of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
Application of Apricot Seed extract: Food, Health Care Products, Daily Necessities, Cosmetics, Functional Drink
Recommended Usage Level of Apricot Seed extract is 1-3% in skincare products.



WHAT ARE APRICOT SEED EXTRACTS GOOD FOR?
5 HEALTH BENEFITS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
Apricot Seed extract is highly nutritious and have several potential health benefits, with some people claiming that they can help fight cancer.

Scientists believe that amygdalin, a chemical found in apricot kernels, could be used to prevent cancer and kill cancer cells by inhibiting cell replication.
While Apricot Seed extract is high in protein, fiber, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients that can help prevent disease, the benefits and risks of apricot kernels are still being debated.



WHAT NUTRIENTS ARE IN APRICOT SEED EXTRACT?
Apricot kernels have been consumed for hundreds of years due to their nutritional and medicinal value.
Apricot Seed extract contains nutrients including:
*Amygdalin (vitamin B17)
*Vitamins A and C
*Vitamin E
*Pangamic acid (vitamin B15)
*Essential fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, omega-6s, and omega-3s)
*Carbohydrates
*Dietary fiber
*Protein
*Calcium
*Iron



5 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
1. May have anticancer properties
Apricot kernels are high in antioxidants that protect cells from free radical damage, and studies have shown that Apricot Seed extract have anti-inflammatory properties.

In addition, one nutrient known for cancer prevention is vitamin B17, which is abundant in Apricot Seed extract.
Some people believe that Apricot Seed extract help kill cancer cells as soon as they form.


2. Promotes heart health
Although amygdalin receives the most attention when it comes to Apricot Seed extract, pangamic acid is another unique compound found in these seeds that have been linked to a lower risk of heart disease.

Pangamic acid has been linked to reducing stress on the cardiovascular system, particularly in the case of ischemic heart disease.
Some studies have also reported that consuming small amounts of Apricot Seed extract on a regular basis can lower blood pressure, thus lowering your risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes.


3. Good for respiratory health
There is significant anecdotal evidence that Apricot Seed extract are linked to better respiratory health because they can cut through mucus and phlegm deposition in the respiratory tract.

The active ingredients in Apricot Seed extract act as an expectorant and make the body less sensitive to allergens, which can reduce the severity of asthma attacks and throat inflammation.


4. Improves digestive health
Apricot kernels are high in healthy fats as well as protein and fiber, a combination that promotes satiety.
In addition, Apricot Seed extract contain 5% fiber per seed, and fiber cleanses the digestive tract by helping remove toxins.

Dietary fiber can increase peristaltic motion in the gut, resulting in more regular bowel movements and a reduction in symptoms such as constipation, bloating, cramping, and diarrhea.
Dietary fiber can also help with nutrient absorption in the gut.


5. Beneficial for skin health
Apricot Seed extract has mild exfoliating properties that can help remove dead skin cells from your skin.
Apricot seed oil is high in essential fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) and vitamins A and E, which can moisturize and nourish dry skin.
It is commonly used in cosmetics, particularly creams, soaps, and skin lotions.

You can also mix powdered Apricot Seed extract with olive oil and apply it to the skin.
The oil absorbs quickly and does not leave an oily residue on the skin.
As a result, it is popular as a massage and sunbathing oil.



WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF APRICOT SEED EXTRACT?
Ground Apricot Seed extract and apricot seed extract are not controversial as supplements.
However, there is debate regarding the safety and effectiveness of using Apricot Seed extract for the treatment of cancer.



HOW MANY APRICOT SEED EXTRACT CAN YOU EAT A DAY?
Experts advise starting with 1 apricot seed per day and gradually increasing to no more than 5 per day.
Apricot kernels are considered harmless in small amounts, and they are included in many stone fruit jam recipes and biscuits because they provide a delightful almond- or marzipan-like flavor.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
CAS Number: 29883-15-6
Product Name: Apricot Seed Extract
Botanical Name: Prunus armeniaca
EINECS Number: [Information not available]
Physical Form: Powder / Liquid
Appearance: Brown powder or liquid
Odor: Characteristic apricot scent
Solubility: Generally soluble in ethanol and water-based solvents
Molecular Weight: Not applicable
Density: Not applicable
Boiling Point: Not applicable
Melting Point: Not applicable
Molecular Formula: Not applicable
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet): Not available
Flash Point: Not applicable



FIRST AID MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of APRICOT SEED EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available


APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE)
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) dissolves in water and decomposes by heat.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) appears as a white crystalline solid.


CAS Number: 7727-54-0
EC Number: 231-786-5
MDL number: MFCD00003390
Molecular Formula: H8N2O8S2 / (NH4)2S2O8 / [NH4]2S2O8



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APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a white crystalline solid.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is generally immediately available in most volumes.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is very soluble in water; the dissolution of the salt in water is endothermic.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a radical initiator.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a colorless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a colorless, inorganic compound with the molecular formula (NH4)2S2O8.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate), a stable salt of peroxodisulfuric acid, is a strong, efficiently dosed oxidising agent and an excellent free radical generator in aqueous media.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is in the form of a colourless, odourless, crystalline powder.


Due to its high purity and low water content, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has good storage stability and enables safe handling.
Like many ammonium salts, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has hygroscopic properties and tends to clump when stored in the open.
However, this can be suppressed by adding small amounts of special silicas.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is characterised by its high solubility in water.
Due to its high oxidation potential, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can decompose under unfavourable conditions.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is not flammable but has a fire-promoting effect.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a white singlecrystal with a density of 1.98.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) acts as a polymerization initiator in polymer chemistry.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) dissolves in water and decomposes by heat.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) appears as a white crystalline solid.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a catalyst in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism.
The bases, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile).
The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size.



USES and APPLICATIONS of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization and also used with TEMED to promote polymerization
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as an oxidizing agent, along with tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) for the polymerization of acrylamide in casting polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) also acts as a bleaching and cleaning agent.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards and for the polymerization of alkenes.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is an oxidizing agent that is used with TEMED to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is very soluble in cold water, a large fall of temperature accompanying solution.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a radical initiator.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as inhibitor for the polymerisation of monomers and as a strong oxidizing agent in many applications.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has the particular advantage of being almost non-hydroscopic, of having a particurlarly good storage stability as a result ot its extremely high purity of being easy and safe to handle.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to initiate free radicals for polymerisation reactions.
For gel electrophoresis preparation, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is combined to tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) to catalyse the polymerisation of acrylamide in polyacrylamide gel.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as a catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards an alternative to ferric chloride solution.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the main component of Nochromix.
On dissolving in sulfuric acid, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to clean laboratory glassware as a metal-free alternative to chromic acid baths.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also a standard ingredient in western blot gels and hair bleach.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is widely used in storage battery industry.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to produce persulfates and refine of Ammonia Sulfate.
Polymerization uses of APS (Ammonium Persulfate): Initiator for the emulsion or solution Polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride etc. and for the emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene etc..


Metal treatment uses of APS (Ammonium Persulfate): Treatment of metal surfaces (e.g. in the manufacture of semiconductors; cleaning and etching of printed circuits), activation of copper and aluminium surfaces.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used in decoloring and bleaching of oil, cleaning and deodorization of deteriorated barm, as ripener of wheat.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as additive of under-well fracturing in petroleum exploitation.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used in developer and fixer of film, widely used in the treatment of waste fluid.
Cosmetics uses of APS (Ammonium Persulfate): Essential component of bleaching formulations.


Textile: Desizing agent and bleach activator - particularly for cold bleaching.
Chemical synthesis uses of APS (Ammonium Persulfate); Water treatment (decontamination); Waste gas treatment, oxidative degradation of harmful substances (e.g. Hg); Disinfectant; Paper (modification of starch, repulping particularly for cold bleaching).


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a polymerization catalyst used with TEMED for polyacrylamide gel formation.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry .
Other applications of APS (Ammonium Persulfate) include its use as a reducer and retarder in photography, the manufacture of aniline dyes, electroplating, the decolorizing and deodorizing of oils.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used polymerization catalyst.
With its strong oxidizing properties, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as an etchant and cleaner in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, as a booster in hair bleaching formulations in cosmetics and as a gel breaker in the oil and gas industry.


As a source of radicals, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is mainly used as a radical initiator in the polymerization of certain alkenes.
Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
In solution, the dianion dissociates into radicals:
[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−


Regarding its mechanism of action, the sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.


Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.
This property was discovered many years ago.


In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute APS (Ammonium Persulfate) solution to etch copper.
Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the APS (Ammonium Persulfate) for an hour.
After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by APS (Ammonium Persulfate) was recorded.


This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.
The oxidation equation is thus:
S2O2−8 (aq) + 2 e− → 2 SO2−4 (aq).


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.
Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry.
For example, in the Minisci reaction and Elbs persulfate oxidation.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used Catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization.


APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.
Use APS (Ammonium Persulfate) as a catalyst for polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide.


This oxidizing agent, APS (Ammonium Persulfate), is frequently used with another catalyst, TEMED, for preparation of polyacrylamide gels for protein and nucleic acid analysis.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels.



PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE OF APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.
The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.

The ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography.
In the ammonium salt, the O-O distance is 1.497 Å.
The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44 Å and one long S-O bond at 1.64 Å.



FEATURES OF APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
The formula for APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is (NH4)2S2O8 and it is a white, odorless single crystal.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) has strong oxidation and corrosion, decomposes easily when heated, moisture absorption is difficult, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, and so on.



PRODUCTION OF APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is obtained by the process of electrolysis with a cold concentrated solution of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a high density.



STORAGE OF APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is not combustible but assists combustion materials due to release of oxygen.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) must be stored dryly in closed containers and protected from direct sunlight, heat and humidity.
Impurities such as dirt, rust or traces of metal and reductants may cause catalytic decomposition.

APS (Ammonium Persulfate) as supplied or in solution needs to be handled with appropriate care.
The eye, skin and clothes must be protected when working with APS (Ammonium Persulfate).
Recommended storage temperature of APS (Ammonium Persulfate): normal temperature.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
Molecular Weight: 228.21 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 227.97220756 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 227.97220756 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 152Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 206
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: (NH4)2S2O8
Molar mass: 228.18 g/mol
Appearance: white to yellowish crystals
Density: 1.98 g/cm3
Melting point: 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: 80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility: Moderately soluble in MeOH
Physical state: powder
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: Decomposes before melting.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Decomposes below the boiling point.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 1,0 - 2 at 228 g/l at 25 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 228 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,980 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 3.
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 7,88 - (Air = 1.0)

Assay as (NH4)2S2O8: ≥ 99.0%
Density [g/ml]: 1,98 (20°C)
Bulk density [kg/m³]: 900 - 1100 (20°C)
Solubility in water: 559 (20°C)
pH-value: ca. 2,3 (250 g/l) (20°C)
Oxidising properties: Yes
Compound Formula: H8N2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 228.20212 g/mol
Appearance: White to yellowish powder or crystals
Melting Point: 120 °C (dec.)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 1.980 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: 80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Exact Mass: 227.972207 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 227.972207 g/mol



FIRST AID MEASURES of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Do not store near combustible materials.
Moisture sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of APS (AMMONIUM PERSULFATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

AQUACAR DB 20
Aquacar db 20, also known as 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), can be synthesized by reacting sodium bromide and cyanoacetamide.
Aquacar db 20 is crystals are monoclinic and belong to the space group P21/n.
Aquacar db 20 or 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide is a quick-kill biocide that easily hydrolyzes under both acidic and alkaline conditions.

CAS Number: 10222-01-2
Molecular Formula: C3H2Br2N2O
Molecular Weight: 241.87
EINECS Number: 233-539-7

2,2-DIBROMO-2-CYANOACETAMIDE, 10222-01-2, Dibromocyanoacetamide, 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, Dbnpa, Acetamide, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyano-, 2-Cyano-2,2-dibromoacetamide, XD-7287l Antimicrobial, 2,2-Dibromo-2-carbamoylacetonitrile, Dibromocyano acetic acid amide, Dibromonitrilopropionamide, XD-1603, 7N51QGL6MJ, DTXSID5032361, NSC-98283, Caswell No. 287AA, C3H2Br2N2O, NSC 98283, Dowicil QK 20, HSDB 6982, XD 7287L, EINECS 233-539-7, UNII-7N51QGL6MJ, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 101801, BRN 1761192, 2,2-dibromo-2-cyano-acetamide, 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropanamide, Acetamide, 2-cyano-2,2-dibromo-, Cyanodibromoacetamide, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropion amide, NCIOpen2_006184, SCHEMBL23129, 3-02-00-01641 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Acetamide,2-dibromo-2-cyano-, 2-Cyano-2,2-dibromo-Acetamide, CHEMBL1878278, DOW ANTIMICROBIAL 7287, DTXCID3012361, UUIVKBHZENILKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N, DIBROMOCYANOACETAMIDE [INCI], NSC98283, Tox21_300089, MFCD00129791, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, 9CI, 2, 2-Dibromo-2-carbamoylacetonitrile, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide, 96%, AKOS015833850, 2,2-bis(bromanyl)-2-cyano-ethanamide, NCGC00164203-01, NCGC00164203-02, NCGC00253921-01, AS-12928, CAS-10222-01-2, CS-0144768, D2902, DIBROMO-3-NITRILOPROPIONAMIDE, 2,2-, FT-0612090, 2,2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilo propionamide (DBNPA), H11778, 2,2-DIBROMO-3-NITRILOPROPIONAMIDE [HSDB], A800546, Q-102771, Q5204411, dbnpa; 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide; 2,2-dibromo-2-carbamoylacetonitrile; 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide; dbnpa

Aquacar db 20 is preferred for its instability in water as it quickly kills and then quickly degrades to form a number of products, depending on the conditions, including ammonia, bromide ions, dibromoacetonitrile, and dibromoacetic acid.
Aquacar db 20 acts similar to the typical halogen biocides.
Aquacar db 20 is used in a wide variety of applications.

Some examples are in papermaking as a preservative in paper coating and slurries.
Aquacar db 20 is also used as slime control on papermachines, and as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing wells and in cooling water.
Aquacar db 20 is a water-soluble compound with a high solubility in water and other organic solvents.

Aquacar db 20 has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.
Aquacar db 20 can be used as an additive in wastewater treatment to reduce the concentration of organic matter by inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
Aquacar db 20 also has been shown to be effective as a biocide for disinfecting medical equipment or surfaces.

Aquacar db 20 is not toxic to animals and humans, although it may cause skin irritation or eye damage.
Aquacar db 20 is a fast-kill biocide which will hydrolyzes very easily under both acidic and alkaline conditions.
Aquacar db 20 is warmly welcomed because of for its instability property in water.

Aquacar db 20 will kill bacterial and then quickly degrades to form a number of chemicals.
Aquacar db 20 works just like the typical halogen biocides.
Aquacar db 20 is utilized in many areas. For example, it found its application in papermaking as a preservative in paper coating and slurries.

Aquacar db 20 is also applied as slime control on papermachines, and as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing wells and in cooling water.
Aquacar db 20 is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H2Br2N2O.
Aquacar db 20 is commonly known as DBNPA, which stands for 2,2-dibromo-2-cyano-N,N-dimethylacetamide.

This enterprise is engaged in the research and development, production and sales of Aquacar db 20.
In order to improve market competition, company build core competitiveness by the excellent Aquacar db 20 quality.
Aquacar db 20 Water Treatment Microbiocide is a formulation containing 20% active ingredient, DBNPA (2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, Cas Reg. No. 10222-01-2).

Aquacar db 20 provides broad-spectrum control of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae.
Aquacar db 20 has proven efficacy at low concentrations against bacteria, fungi, yeast, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the true algae.
Aquacar db 20 water treatment microbiocide is an aqueous formulation containing a 20% w/w concentration of DBNPA (2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide).

Aquacar db 20 is a broad spectrum biocide offering rapid control of bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae.
Aquacar db 20 is a non-oxidizing and highly effective biocide with proven performance in the past 5 decades.
Aquacar db 20 belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary carboxylic acid amides.

Primary carboxylic acid amides are compounds comprising primary carboxylic acid amide functional group, with the general structure RC(=O)NH2.
Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Aquacar db 20.
Aquacar db 20 is a chemical compound used as a broad-spectrum biocide and preservative in various industries.

Aquacar db 20 has applications in water treatment, paper manufacturing, textiles, and personal care products.
Aquacar db 20 exhibits antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and algae.
Safety precautions should be followed when handling this chemical, including the use of gloves and protective eyewear.

Aquacar db 20 should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials.
Aquacar db 20 has low solubility in water and is considered to have low toxicity levels.
However, proper disposal methods should be followed to minimize environmental impact.

Aquacar db 20 is white crystals.
Aquacar db 20 is soluble in acetone, polyethyleneglycol, benzene, ethanol, etc. The 2,2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) solubility is soluble in common organic solvents and slightly soluble in water.
Aquacar db 20 biocide is stable in acidic conditions and decomposed in alkaline conditions or the presence of hydrogen sulfide.

The solid Aquacar db 20 is an efficient germicide for the recycling water system.
Aquacar db 20 can penetrate the cytocyst of microbes quickly and kill them by reacting with some proteins in it, stopping the redox of cells.
Aquacar db 20 solid biocide has a good stripping property, little poison, and no foam in the system.

The organic solutions can be miscible with water.
Aquacar db 20 is a white to off-white crystalline powder.
Melting point 125℃, soluble in ordinary organic solvents (such as Acetone, Benzene, Dimethylformamide, Ethanol,Polyethylene glycol, etc.).

Aquacar db 20 is aqueous solution is stable under acidic condition, and easy to hydrolyze under alkaline condition.
The dissolution rate can be greatly accelerated by increasing pH value, heating, UV light or fluorescence irradiation.
Easy to be reduced agent, such as Hydrogen sulfide de-bromine into non-toxic Cyanoacetate amine, so that the sterilization rate is greatly reduced.

Aquacar db 20 acts as a biocide by releasing bromine in water.
The bromine interferes with the enzymes and proteins in microorganisms, disrupting their cellular functions and leading to their destruction.
This mode of action makes Aquacar db 20 effective against a wide range of microorganisms.

Aquacar db 20 is known for its broad-spectrum activity, making it effective against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae.
This versatility contributes to its use in various industrial and water treatment applications.
Aquacar db 20 is recognized for its fast-acting properties, providing rapid microbial control.

This quick action is particularly advantageous in systems where prompt biocidal activity is crucial.
Aquacar db 20 typically leaves low or no residual in treated water systems, which means that its effects are relatively short-lived.
This can be advantageous in applications where maintaining a low level of residual biocide is desirable.

Aquacar db 20 exhibits stability over a range of temperatures, allowing for effective microbial control in both warm and cold water systems.
Aquacar db 20 is commonly used in industrial water treatment processes, such as cooling water systems in power plants and manufacturing facilities.
Aquacar db 20 is effectiveness in preventing biofouling makes it valuable for maintaining the efficiency of heat exchange equipment.

Aquacar db 20 is utilized in the oil and gas industry for microbial control in various processes, including drilling fluids and enhanced oil recovery operations.
Aquacar db 20 is generally compatible with other water treatment chemicals, allowing for integration into comprehensive water treatment programs.
Users should be aware of regulatory requirements associated with the use of Aquacar db 20 in specific industries and regions.

Compliance with regulations regarding water quality, discharge, and environmental impact is essential.
Aquacar db 20 is available in various formulations, including liquid concentrates and solid forms.
The concentration of Aquacar db 20 in a formulation can vary, and it is essential to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for proper dosing to achieve effective microbial control without overdosing.

Aquacar db 20 is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, some microorganisms may develop resistance over time.
Rotating or combining biocides with different modes of action is a common strategy to minimize the risk of resistance development.
The effectiveness of Aquacar db 20 can be influenced by the pH of the water.

Aquacar db 20 is generally effective in a wide pH range, but the optimal pH conditions for its biocidal activity may depend on the specific formulation.
Like many chemicals, Aquacar db 20 should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Users should take appropriate precautions during handling, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and goggles.

Aquacar db 20 is widely used for microbial control, its environmental impact should be considered.
Efforts should be made to minimize discharges of biocidal residues into natural water systems, and users should adhere to environmental regulations.
Regulatory requirements for Aquacar db 20 can vary by region and industry.

Users should be aware of and comply with relevant regulations, including those related to water quality, occupational health and safety, and environmental protection.
In some cases, Aquacar db 20 may be used in combination with other biocides or antimicrobial agents to enhance efficacy or broaden the spectrum of activity.
The choice of biocide or combination of biocides depends on the specific application and microbial challenges.

Regular monitoring and testing of water systems treated with Aquacar db 20 are essential to ensure that the desired level of microbial control is maintained.
This may involve microbial counts, water quality analysis, and other relevant tests.
Preparing chloroacetic acid, cyanoacetic acid, dialkyl amino acrolein, amino-acetal, and methyl cyanoacetate as starting material.

Cyanoacetamide is first made and then you get the Aquacar db 20 biocide by Cyanoacetamide bromination.
The synthesis method of chloroacetic acid as starting material: chloroacetic acid neutralizes sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloroacetate.
Then sodium chloroacetate reacts with sodium cyanide in a butanol solution to produce sodium of cyanoacetic acid.

After acidizing it with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
The esterification reaction between cyanoacetic acid with methanol or butanol, get the methyl cyanoacetate.
Then make Cyanoacetamide after aminolysis.

The full name of Aquacar db 20 is 2,2-dibromo-3-nitriloproio amide.
Aquacar db 20 is a broad-spectrum and efficient industrial fungicide.
Aquacar db 20 is used to prevent bacteria and algae from growing in papermaking, industrial circulating cooling water, mechanical lubricants, pulp, wood, paint, and plywood.

Aquacar db 20 is currently popular at home and abroad. Organic bromine fungicides.
Aquacar db 20 is a non-oxidative agent, rapidly degrading in alkaline aqueous solutions.
The organic water content as well as light enhance the hydrolysis and debromination of Aquacar db 20 into cyanoacetamide followed by degradation into cyanoacetic acid and malonic acid, that are non-toxic compounds.

This degradation pathway makes the use of DBNPA relatively environmentally friendly.
Aquacar db 20 is compatible with polyamide based membranes and shows high rejection rates for RO membranes.
The antimicrobial effect is due to the fast reaction between DBNPA and sulfur-containing organic molecules in microorganisms such as glutathione or cysteine.

The properties of microbial cell-surface components are irreversibly altered, interrupting transport of compounds across the membrane of the bacterial cell and inhibiting key biological processes of the bacteria.
To assess the anti-biofouling effect, online and off-line applications of the biocide have been studied on industrial scale RO installations with a 20 ppm Aquacar db 20 concentration in the feed water.
Industrial case studies described by indicate a preventive effect of the biocide, but many details were not given.

Only very limited information on the suitability of Aquacar db 20 to control membrane biofouling under well-defined conditions is available.
The objective of this study was to determine, under well-controlled conditions, the effect of biocide Aquacar db 20 dosage on biofouling control in membrane systems.
Preventive and curative biofouling control strategies were investigated in a series of experiments with membrane fouling simulators operated in parallel, fed with feed water supplemented with DBNPA (1 or 20 mg/L) and a biodegradable substrate sodium acetate.

Aquacar db 20 a higher substrate concentration in feed water has shown to result in a faster and larger pressure drop increase and a higher accumulated amount of biomass.
In the studies acetate was dosed as substrate to enhance the biofouling rate.
The pressure drop was monitored and autopsies were performed to quantify the accumulated material.

Aquacar db 20 is understood in the membrane industry that thin film composite polyamide membranes have limited resistance to chlorine based oxidants.
Therefore, operators have relatively few options regarding chemicals which can be safely used to disinfect RO/NF systems and prevent biogrowth/biofouling.
One option is the chemical, Aquacar db 20, which is a fastacting, nonoxidizing biocide which is very effective at low concentrations in controlling the growth of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, fungi and algae.

Aquacar db 20's efficacy may be influenced by the specific chemistry of the water being treated.
Factors such as water hardness, alkalinity, and the presence of other chemicals can impact the biocidal performance.
Conducting water quality analyses can help optimize Aquacar db 20 usage.

Aquacar db 20 itself is known for its low persistence in the environment, the breakdown products resulting from its degradation should be considered.
Understanding the biodegradability of these by-products contributes to assessing the overall environmental impact.
Aquacar db 20 should be aware of potential health hazards associated with exposure.

This includes inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion.
Occupational health and safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), should be implemented.
The design and configuration of water systems can impact the distribution and effectiveness of Aquacar db 20.

Considerations should be given to factors such as flow rates, residence times, and the presence of dead legs or stagnant areas in the system.
Regular microbial monitoring involves assessing the types and levels of microorganisms in the water system.
This information helps in evaluating the need for adjustments to the Aquacar db 20 dosage or considering additional control measures.

In addition to monitoring microbial populations, testing for Aquacar db 20 residuals is important.
This can help confirm that the biocide is present in the water system at the desired concentration and ensure ongoing microbial control.
Aquacar db 20 is generally recognized as a low-corrosive biocide, but its impact on corrosion and scaling should be evaluated in specific water systems.

Corrosion inhibitors may be used in conjunction with Aquacar db 20 to mitigate potential corrosion effects.
Developing spill response plans and having appropriate spill control measures in place is essential when working with any chemical, including Aquacar db 20.
This includes having spill kits, containment measures, and emergency procedures.

Regulatory frameworks related to biocide usage and environmental protection can evolve.
Staying informed about changes in regulations and guidelines ensures compliance with current standards.
Proper transportation and storage practices are crucial for maintaining the integrity of Aquacar db 20.

This includes ensuring containers are tightly sealed, preventing exposure to extreme temperatures, and following guidelines for transportation safety.
Training personnel on the safe handling, storage, and application of Aquacar db 20 is essential for minimizing risks and ensuring that individuals working with the biocide are knowledgeable about its properties and potential hazards.
Collaborating with water treatment experts, consultants, or specialists can provide valuable insights into optimizing Aquacar db 20 usage for specific applications and ensuring the development of effective water treatment programs.

Aquacar db 20 is a fast-acting, non-oxidizing biocide and is very effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.
Aquacar db 20 is completely miscible with water upon dispersion at normal use levels.
Quick kill broad-spectrum microbiocide, fungicide and algaecide.

Microbiocide kill time measured in minutes vs. hours for other types of microbiocide agents.
Effective against Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaire’s Disease causing bacteria).
The rate of this activity is not affected by pH, and antimicrobial control is rapidly achieved.

Because of its extremely rapid kill, proliferating microbes and their biofilm formation are either eliminated or significantly reduced.
Inexpensive to use – as little as 22 g treats 1000 L of water.
Safer for use in galvanized, copper and steel systems than chlorine and bromine.

Can clean up fouled systems where high levels of organics, slime and biomass are present.
Aquacar db 20 or 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide is a quick-kill biocide that easily hydrolyzes under both acidic and alkaline conditions.
Aquacar db 20 is preferred for its instability in water as it quickly kills and then quickly degrades to form a number of products, depending on the conditions, including ammonia, bromide ions, dibromoacetonitrile, and dibromoacetic acid.

Aquacar db 20 acts similar to the typical halogen biocides.
Aquacar db 20 is used in a wide variety of applications.
Some examples are in papermaking as a preservative in paper coating and slurries.

Aquacar db 20 is also used as slime control on papermachines, and as a biocide in hydraulic fracturing wells and in cooling water.
Controls bacteria, fungi and algae in industrial processes and water systems including: paper mills, industrial cooling water systems.

Controls slime-formation in air washer systems.
Aquacar db 20 use biocides safely.
Always read the label and product information before use.

Melting point: 122-125 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 123-126 °C
Density: 2.3846 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.6220 (estimate)
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,2-8°C
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water
solubilit: DMSO (Sparingly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: powder to crystal
pka: 11.72±0.50(Predicted)
color: White to Light yellow to Light orange
Odor: antiseptic odor
Stability: Stable, but may be moisture sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: UUIVKBHZENILKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.820

Aquacar db 20 is a highly effective, environmentally friendly biocide.
Aquacar db 20 provides a quick kill while also quickly degrading in water.
The final end product is carbon dioxide and ammonium bromide

Aquacar db 20 is incompatible with bases, metals, oxidizing agents, acids.
Dangerous gases may accumulate as a result of ignition and fire.
Aquacar db 20 can penetrate microbial cell membrane rapidly and act on certain protein genes, and normal redox of syncytial cells is terminated.

Aquacar db 20, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyano-acetamidecan also selectively brominate or oxidize special enzyme metabolites of microorganisms, leading to cell death
Aquacar db 20, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyano-acetamide has a broad spectrum of performance, and has a good killing effect on bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, biological slime and other pathogenic microorganisms that threaten human health.
Aquacar db 20, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyano-acetamide is characterized by a very fast sterilization speed and high efficiency, with a sterilization rate of more than 98% in 5-10 minutes.

Compared with other three bactericide products, the results show that when the same bactericidal effect is achieved, the dosage of Aquacar db 20, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyano-acetamideis used the smallest, far less than the other three fungicides
After sterilization, Aquacar db 20, 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyano-acetamide can be rapidly degraded into carbon dioxide, ammonia and bromine salts, which will not cause the accumulation of harmful ions in the water body, have no impact on the environment, and make the emission unlimited.
This is a significant feature of organic bromine bactericides different from other non-oxidative bactericides.

Aquacar db 20 is a broad-spectrum non-food biocide.
Aquacar db 20 is highly soluble in water and in some organic solvents such as acetone and ethanol.
There is little information published on its environmental fate.

Aquacar db 20 is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms.
Aquacar db 20 has a moderate human oral toxicity, may be a reproduction/developmental toxin and is a recognised irritant.
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary carboxylic acid amides.

Primary carboxylic acid amides are compounds comprising primary carboxylic acid amide functional group, with the general structure RC(=O)NH2.
Aquacar db 20 is a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency industrial fungicide used to prevent the growth of bacteria and algae in papermaking, industrial circulating cooling water, metalworking lubricants, pulp, wood, paint and plywood.
Aquacar db 20 can quickly penetrate the cell membrane of microorganisms and act on a certain protein group to stop the normal redox of cells and cause cell death.

Aquacar db 20 is branches can also selectively bromine or oxidize specific enzyme metabolites of microorganisms, ultimately leading to microbial death.
Aquacar db 20 has good peeling performance, no foam, and its liquid products and water can be dissolved at any ratio.
Aquacar db 20 has a broad spectrum of bactericidal properties. It has a good killing effect on bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, biological slime and pathogenic microorganisms that threaten human health.

Aquacar db 20 is characterized by extremely fast sterilization and high efficiency.
The sterilization rate can reach over 99% in 5~10 minutes.
Aquacar db 20 was compared to the other three biocides.

The results showed that when the same bactericidal effect was achieved,Aquacar db 20 was used at a dose of the only 7.5ppm, which is much lower than the other three fungicides.
Aquacar db 20 is a new type of highly effective bactericidal algaecide and water treatment agent.
Aquacar db 20 has the advantages of high efficiency and broad spectrum, easy to degrade, no residual residue, no pollution to the environment, etc. At the same time, it also has a multi-effect function such as sterilization and algae killing, descaling and corrosion inhibition, etc. value.

Aquacar db 20 is a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency industrial fungicide used to prevent the growth of bacteria and algae in papermaking, industrial circulating cooling water, metalworking lubricants, pulp, wood, paint and plywood.
Aquacar db 20 can quickly penetrate the cell membrane of microorganisms and act on a certain protein group to stop the normal redox of cells and cause cell death.
Aquacar db 20 is branches can also selectively bromine or oxidize specific enzyme metabolites of microorganisms, ultimately leading to microbial death.

Aquacar db 20 has good peeling performance, no foam, and its liquid products and water can be dissolved at any ratio.
Aquacar db 20 is commonly employed in the paper and pulp industry for the preservation of process waters, as well as to prevent microbial growth in paper and wood products.
Aquacar db 20 is effectiveness in controlling a broad spectrum of microorganisms is particularly valuable in these manufacturing processes.

Aquacar db 20's biocidal performance can be influenced by factors such as temperature, water hardness, and organic content.
Understanding how these factors affect the efficacy of Aquacar db 20 in a specific application is important for optimal performance.
Users should consider the compatibility of Aquacar db 20 with materials commonly used in water systems, such as metals and elastomers.

Compatibility testing can help prevent any undesirable interactions that might lead to corrosion or degradation of materials.
In some systems, there may be the potential for the regeneration of Aquacar db 20, especially if it degrades or reacts with other components.
Monitoring and adjusting dosages based on water quality conditions can help maintain effective microbial control.

Effluent from industrial processes treated with Aquacar db 20 may contain residues of the biocide.
Understanding the downstream effects on receiving waters and ecosystems is important to ensure compliance with environmental regulations.
Prior to introducing Aquacar db 20 into a water system, a thorough risk assessment should be conducted.

This includes evaluating potential impacts on human health, worker safety, and the environment.
Aquacar db 20 should maintain comprehensive records of its application, including dosages, monitoring results, and any adverse effects observed.
Documentation is crucial for regulatory compliance, troubleshooting, and future reference.

Developing an emergency response plan for accidental spills or releases of Aquacar db 20 is essential.
This plan should include procedures for containment, cleanup, and reporting to relevant authorities.
Personnel handling Aquacar db 20 should receive proper education and training on its safe use, potential hazards, and emergency procedures.

This helps minimize the risk of accidents and ensures that users are equipped to handle the substance responsibly.
Disposal of unused or expired Aquacar db 20 should be carried out in accordance with local regulations.
Users should contact waste disposal authorities to determine the appropriate methods for handling and disposing of the substance.

Aquacar db 20's efficacy can be influenced by temperature, and its activity may vary across different temperature ranges.
Aquacar db 20 is important to consider the temperature conditions of the water system when applying DBNPA and adjust dosages accordingly.
Regular monitoring of microbial populations in treated water systems is important. Monitoring helps assess the effectiveness of Aquacar db 20 and allows for adjustments to prevent the development of microbial resistance.

Aquacar db 20 may be used in combination with other water treatment chemicals for synergistic effects.
Synergistic formulations can enhance the overall performance and efficacy, providing a comprehensive solution to microbial control.
Accurate dosage control is critical for optimizing Aquacar db 20's effectiveness and avoiding overdosing or underdosing.

Automated dosing systems can help ensure precise and consistent application.
Aquacar db 20 is an advantageous disinfectant since it also quickly degrades to carbon dioxide, ammonia and bromide ion when in an aqueous environment.
This allows the effluent to be safely discharged even in sensitive water bodies.

Aquacar db 20 is degraded by reactions with water, nucleophiles, and UV light (rate is dependent on pH and temperature). The approximate half-life is 24 hr @ pH 7, 2 hr @ pH 8, 15 min @ pH 9.
The vast majority of microorganisms that come into contact with it are killed within 5 to 10 minutes.
In addition to documenting Aquacar db 20 usage, it is important to keep detailed records of the entire water treatment program.

This includes information on other chemicals used, maintenance activities, and any observed changes in water quality.
Aquacar db 20 is sometimes used in water treatment processes, including those involving reverse osmosis systems.
Compatibility with RO membranes and potential impacts on system performance should be assessed.

Aquacar db 20 is known for leaving low residuals, monitoring residual levels in treated water is still important.
Understanding the persistence of DBNPA residues can guide decisions regarding reapplication and additional treatments.
Aquacar db 20 finds application in the oil and gas industry for microbial control in various processes, including hydraulic fracturing fluids and oilfield water systems.

In recirculating cooling water systems, Aquacar db 20 can help prevent biofouling and microbial contamination.
However, the effectiveness may be influenced by factors such as water chemistry and system design.

Depending on the location and industry, compliance with international standards and regulations related to water quality, biocide usage, and environmental impact is crucial. Users should stay informed about regional requirements.
Ongoing research and development in the field of water treatment may introduce new formulations or technologies.
Staying updated on industry advancements can provide insights into optimizing water treatment strategies.

Uses:
Aquacar db 20 is used in water treatment process.
Aquacar db 20 a chemical additive to control bacterial contamination in ethanol fermentation.
Aquacar db 20 is a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency industrial bactericide, used to prevent the growth and reproduction of bacteria and algae in papermaking, industrial circulating cooling water, metal processing lubricants, pulp, wood, paint and plywood.

Aquacar db 20 can also be used as a slime control agent.
Aquacar db 20 is widely used in pulp and circulating cooling water system in paper mills.
As a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency biocide, it can quickly penetrate the cell membrane of microorganisms and act on a certain protein group to stop the normal redox of cells and cause cell death.

At the same time, its branches can selectively bromide or oxidize the special enzyme metabolites of microorganisms, which will eventually lead to the death of microorganisms.
Aquacar db 20 has good peeling performance, no foam when used, liquid product and water can be dissolved in any ratio, low toxicity.
Mainly used as a non-food biocide within the paper industry and as preservatives for coatings and slurries.

Aquacar db 20 is used in formulating biocides. It is used as preservatives for coatings, slurries and to control microbial fouling in paper mills, oil field and leather process.
Aquacar db 20 is used as pharmaceutical intermediates bactericidal algae killer industrial sewage treatment agent, this product is a broad spectrum of high efficiency biocide.
Aquacar db 20 is a chemical additive to control bacterial contamination in ethanol fermentation.

Aquacar db 20 is employed in wood preservation treatments to prevent the growth of fungi and decay-causing microorganisms in wood products, enhancing their longevity.
In certain formulations of adhesives and sealants, Aquacar db 20 may be used to inhibit the growth of microbes, maintaining the integrity of the product.
Aquacar db 20 is utilized in the textile industry to control microbial contamination in water systems used in textile processing and to prevent the growth of fungi and bacteria on textiles.

In the leather industry, Aquacar db 20 may be used to control microbial growth in water systems and prevent the degradation of hides and skins.
Aquacar db 20 can be incorporated into cleaning and sanitizing formulations to enhance their efficacy by preventing microbial contamination in the cleaning solutions.
In the production of fuel ethanol, Aquacar db 20 may be used to control microbial contamination in fermentation processes and storage systems.

Aquacar db 20 is applied in air washer systems, such as those used in HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, to prevent microbial growth and maintain indoor air quality.
Aquacar db 20 may be used in certain marine antifouling paints to prevent the growth of marine organisms on ship hulls and underwater structures.
In swimming pools and spas, Aquacar db 20 can be used as a biocide to control microbial contamination, ensuring the safety and hygiene of the water.

Aquacar db 20, in specific concentrations and formulations, may find use as a laboratory reagent for certain applications.
Aquacar db 20 is employed to prevent microbial contamination in metalworking fluids, which are used in machining and cutting operations to cool and lubricate metal surfaces.
Aquacar db 20 may be applied in membrane bioreactors to control microbial growth and fouling on membranes used in wastewater treatment.

Aquacar db 20 can be used in reverse osmosis systems to prevent microbial contamination and biofouling, maintaining the efficiency of the membranes.
Aquacar db 20 is effective in preventing biofouling and microbial contamination in recirculating water systems used in various industrial processes.
As the biocides in broad-spectrum, Aquacar db 20 biocide is widely used in industrial circulating water systems, large air-condition, and the large center of sewage treatment to eliminate microorganisms and alga and shuck off clay.

Aquacar db 20 is also used in the process of papermaking to prevent reducing the quality of paper by the generation of microorganisms.
This halogen biocide is suitable for metal cutting of cooling liquor, recovery system of oil, latex, and ply-woods as anti-spy biocides.
Aquacar db 20 has the following advantages: easy to handle; no unusual oxidation hazards; similar performance and safety in paper and oilfield applications; used for slime control in the wet-end of the paper mill and performs exceptionally well against slime-forming bacteria.

Aquacar db 20 has exhibited outstanding efficiency against bio-films and a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts.
Aquacar db 20 series products are used in the short-term preservation of coatings and coating additives such as latex, starch, and mineral slurries.
Aquacar db 20 is a fast-acting/quick-kill biocide that is broad-spectrum and does not contain or release formaldehyde.

Aquacar db 20 is commonly applied in cooling tower water treatment to prevent microbial growth, biofouling, and corrosion.
Aquacar db 20 helps maintain the efficiency of cooling systems by controlling microbiological contamination.
Aquacar db 20 may be used in hydrotesting fluids, which are employed to pressure test pipelines and vessels.

Aquacar db 20 helps prevent microbial contamination in the testing process.
In hydraulic systems, Aquacar db 20 can be used to control microbial growth in hydraulic fluids, ensuring the stability and performance of the fluid over time.
Aquacar db 20 may find application in automotive antifreeze and coolant systems to inhibit microbial growth and prevent contamination in the coolant circulating through the engine.

Aquacar db 20 is sometimes used in fire sprinkler systems to prevent microbial contamination in the water that would be released in case of a fire.
Aquacar db 20 can be applied in oil and gas production pipelines to control microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and inhibit microbial growth that could lead to pipeline degradation.
In geothermal heating and cooling systems, Aquacar db 20 can be utilized to prevent microbial fouling and contamination in the water circulating through the system.

Aquacar db 20 may be used in desalination plants to prevent microbial fouling on membranes and other components in the water treatment process.
Aquacar db 20 is employed in some nuclear power plants to control microbial growth in cooling water systems and prevent biofouling on heat exchange equipment.
Aquacar db 20 is widely used as a disinfectant, bactericide, algicide, slime stripper, and mildew inhibitor in the following aspects.

The circulating cooling water system, oil field water injection system, bactericide, algicide, slime stripper in the paper industry.
Aquacar db 20 may find application in water treatment processes within the food and beverage industry to control microbial contamination in processing water.
In healthcare settings, Aquacar db 20 can be used in water treatment to control microbial growth in hospital water systems, including cooling towers and distribution systems.

Aquacar db 20 may be applied in cooling systems associated with medical equipment to prevent microbial contamination and maintain the equipment's performance.
Aquacar db 20 can be incorporated into various disinfectant and biocide formulations used for diverse applications, including surface disinfection and antimicrobial treatments.
Aquacar db 20 may be used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to prevent microbial growth in air washer systems and cooling coils.

Aquacar db 20 can be applied in various manufacturing processes where water is used as a coolant or processing medium to prevent microbial contamination.
Aquacar db 20 is widely used in industrial circulating water system, large air-condition and the large center of sewage treatment to eliminate microorganism and alga and shuck off clay.
Aquacar db 20 is also used in the process of paper making to prevent reducing quality of paper by generation of microorganism.

Aquacar db 20 is suitable for metal cutting of cooling liquor, recovery system of oil, latex and ply-woods as anti-spy biocides.
Aquacar db 20 has following advantages :Easy to handle .No unusual oxidation hazards.
Similar performance and safety in paper and oilfield applications.

Aquacar db 20 is used for slime control in the wet-end of the paper mill and performs exceptionally well against slime-forming bacteria.
Aquacar db 20 has exhibited outstanding efficacy against in bio-films and against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungus and yeasts.
Aquacar db 20 series products are used in the short-term preservation of coatings and coating additives such as latex, starch and mineral slurries.

Aquacar db 20 is a fast-acting/quick-kill biocide that is broad-spectrum, and does not contain or release formaldehyde.
Aquacar db 20 is a broad spectrum and efficient industrial fungicide, used to prevent bacteria and algae in paper making, industrial circulating cooling water, metal processing lubricating oil, pulp, wood, coating and plywood growth and reproduction, and can be used as mud control agent, widely used in paper mill pulp and circulating cooling water system.
As a broad-spectrum and highly effective biocide, Aquacar db 20 can quickly penetrate the cell membrane of microorganisms and act as a certain protein group to stop the normal REDOX of cells, thus causing cell death.

At the same time, Aquacar db 20 is branches can selectively brominate or oxidize specific enzyme metabolites of microorganisms, resulting in microbial death.
Aquacar db 20 has good peeling performance, no foam when used, liquid products and water can be arbitrarily soluble, low toxicity.
Aquacar db 20 is widely used as a biocide, particularly in water treatment applications.

Aquacar db 20 is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae.
Aquacar db 20 is used in various industrial processes, such as cooling water systems, pulp and paper processing, oilfield operations, and metalworking fluids, to control microbial growth and prevent biofouling.
Aquacar db 20 is known for its chemical stability, allowing for effective microbial control over a range of environmental conditions.

Aquacar db 20 is water-soluble, which makes it suitable for use in water-based formulations.
When used as a water treatment slime stripper, the Aquacar db 20 is added at a concentration of 30~50 mg/L.
Aquacar db 20 is widely used as a biocide in water treatment applications, particularly in cooling water systems.

Aquacar db 20 helps control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae in water, preventing biofouling and maintaining the efficiency of heat exchange equipment.
In the pulp and paper industry, Aquacar db 20 is employed to preserve process waters and prevent microbial contamination in paper and wood products.
Aquacar db 20 finds application in the oil and gas industry, including its use in hydraulic fracturing fluids and oilfield water systems, where controlling microbial growth is essential.

In metalworking processes, Aquacar db 20 is used to control microbial growth in metalworking fluids, ensuring the stability and quality of these fluids during machining operations.
Aquacar db 20 may be used in certain formulations of paints and coatings to prevent microbial contamination and maintain product integrity.
Aquacar db 20 can be applied to irrigation water in agricultural settings to control microbial growth, ensuring that the water used for irrigation is free from harmful microorganisms.

In the plastics and polymer industry, Aquacar db 20 may be used to prevent microbial contamination in process water and cooling systems.
In some formulations of personal care and cosmetic products, Aquacar db 20 may be used as a preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Safety Profile:
Aquacar db 20 a severe skin and eye irritant.
As with any chemical, safety precautions should be taken during handling and use.
The appropriate safety data sheets (SDS) provided by the manufacturer should be consulted for specific information on handling, storage, and emergency measures.
AQUAFLEX SF-40
Aquaflex SF-40 polymer Chemistry: VCap polymers and derivatives INCI: VP/Vinyl Caprolactam/DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer Aquaflex SF-40 polymer, a terpolymer of vinylcaprolactam, vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, is a fixative and styling polymer that can be formulated at all VOC levels. It offers medium hold, has good sprayability and high propellant compatibility. Can be formulated at all VOC levels Good sprayability Excellent high humidity curl retention Low-tack High propellant compatability VP/Vinyl Caprolactam/DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer. Aquaflex® SF-40 polymer by Ashland Specialty Chemical acts as a fixative and styling polymer. It is a terpolymer of vinylcaprolactam, vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide that can be formulated at all VOC levels. It offers medium hold, has good sprayability and high propellant compatibility. Exhibits excellent high-humidity curl retention and low-tack. Aquaflex® SF-40 polymer is suggested for use in aerosol & low- and high-VOC pump hairsprays. AquaflexTM SF-40 polymer Vinylcaprolactam/vinylpyrrolidone/dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide terpolymer AquaflexTM SF-40 Applications • Film-forming polymer in hair styling products. • Inkjet-receptive media. AquaflexTM SF-40 Physical Properties AquaflexTM SF-40 Physical form Clear viscous ethanol solution AquaflexTM SF-40 Molecular weight 37,500 AquaflexTM SF-40 Tg 119 °C AquaflexTM SF-40 Chemistry Transparent, flexible glossy films; pseudo cationic, substantiveto negatively charged surfaces; quaternization yields cationic polymer; decreased tackiness and improved hydrocarbon compatibility due to V-CapTM reactive monomer; water- and ethanol-soluble. AQUAFLEX SF-40 Segment Personal care AQUAFLEX SF-40 INCI name Alcohol, VP/Vinyl Caprolactam/DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer AQUAFLEX SF-40 CAS numbers 180005-72-5, 64-17-5 AQUAFLEX SF-40 Performance claims Hair styling, Water resistant AQUAFLEX SF-40 Function Film formers AQUAFLEX SF-40 Applications Sprays & mists AQUAFLEX SF-40 Chemical group Polymers AQUAFLEX SF-40 Chemical properties Water resistant AQUAFLEX SF-40 Physical properties Viscous AQUAFLEX SF-40 Appearance Liquid AQUAFLEX SF-40 Colors Clear AQUAFLEX SF-40 GHS classification Flammable Liquids AQUAFLEX SF-40 Precautionary statements H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapour, H319: Causes serious eye irritation Suitable terpolymers (A) are those in which the acrylamide monomer is selected is made of dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylamide and dialkylaminoalkylacrylamide, wherein the alkyl groups consist of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Especially dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide is preferred. The manufacture of such Polymers is described in WO 96/19971 and is known under the name Aquaflex® SF 40 (ISP) commercially available (INCI name: PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylate copolymer).Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) Example 2: Hairspray 3.335 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 3.335 g Octylacrylamide / acrylic acid / butylaminoethyl methacrylate / methyl methacrylate / hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymer (Amphomer® LV 71) 0.59 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 0.20g Perfume 0.02 g Baysilon® Oil PD 5 10.00 g water Ad 100 g Ethanol The drug solution was in a ratio of 45:55 with DME as a blowing agent in a Bottled aerosol can. Example 3: Hairspray 3.335 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 3.335 g Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymer (Luviset® CA 66) 0.378 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 0.20g Perfume 0.02 g g Baysilon® Oil PD 5 10.00 g water Ad 100 g Ethanol The drug solution was in a ratio of 45:55 with DME as a blowing agent in a Bottled aerosol can. Example 4: Hairspray 3.335 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 3.335 g t-butyl acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methacrylic acid copolymer (Luvimer® 100P) 0.844 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 0.20g g Perfume 0.02 g Baysilon® Oil PD 5 10.00 g water Ad 100 g Ethanol The drug solution was in a ratio of 45:55 with DME as a blowing agent in a Bottled aerosol can. Example 5: Aerosol foam fixer 2.1 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.6 g Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymer (Luviset® CA 66) 0.07 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 8.9 g Ethanol 0.4 g PEG 25 PABA 0.2 g Laureth-4 0.2 g Panthenol 0.2 g Perfume 0.07 g Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride 4 g propane 4 g butane Ad 100 g water Example 6: Aerosol foam fixer 1.5 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.5 g Alkyl monoester of polymethyl vinyl ether / maleic acid copolymer (Gantrez® ES 425) 0.186 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 8.9 g Ethanol 0.4 g PEG 25 PABA 0.2 g Laureth-4 0.15 g Betaine 0.15 g Perfume 0.07 g Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride 4 g propane 4 g butane Ad 100 g water Example 7: Spray strengthener 1.5 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.45 g Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid / polyethylene oxide copolymer (Aristoflex® A) 27 g Ethanol 0.7 g PEG 25 PABA 0.35 g Panthenol 0.25 g Perfume 0.21 g PEG 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 0.20 g Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride Ad 100 g water Example 8: Pump foam fixer 1.3 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.3 g Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymer (Luviset® CA 66) 0.04 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 8.9 g Ethanol 0.4 g Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 0.15 g Perfume 0.1 g citric acid 0.1 g Betaine Ad 100 g water Example 9: Pump foam fixer 1.5 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.4 g Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butylacrylamide copolymer (Ultrahold® 8) 0.037 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 8.9 g Ethanol 0.4 g Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 0.15 g Perfume 0.1 g citric acid 0.1 g Betaine Ad 100 g water Example 10: Pump foam fixer 1.2 g Aquaflex SF 40 (PVP / Vinyl Caprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer) 0.35 g t-butlyacrylate / ethyl acrylate / methacrylic acid copolymer (Luvimer® 100P) 0.09 g Aminomethyl propanol 95% 8.9 g Ethanol 0.4 g Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine 0.15g Perfume 0.1 g citric acid 0.1 g Betaine Ad 100 g water The production of this sort of polymer is described in WO 96/19971 and it is commercially obtainable under the trademark AQUAFLEX® SF 40 (ISP) (INCI-name: PVP/vinyl caprolactam/DMAPA acrylates copolymer). Aquaflex® SF 40 (PVP/vinyl caprolactam/DMAPA acrylates copolymer) K1: Aquaflex SF 40 +Luviset® CA66 K2: Aquaflex SF 40 +Luvimer® 100 P K3: Aquaflex SF 40 +Amphomer® K4: Aquaflex SF 40 +Gaffix® 713 Aquaflex SF-40 VP/Vinyl Caprolactam/DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer Aquaflex® SF 40: VP/VINYL CAPROLACTAM/DMAPA ACRYLATES COPOLYMER, 40% in ethanol (ISP) Commercially available examples of such amide monomers include the monomers in Styleze W. Styleze CC-10, AquaStyle 300 (PQ69), Aquaflex SF40, ViviPrint 141, Conditioneze NT-20 all commercially available from Ashland Specialty Ingredients (ASI); and Ultrahold Strong, Luviset Clear, Luviquat Supreme (PQ68) all available from BASF. Other examples of this type of polymers can be found in Personal Care Product Consult Database (PCPC).Commercially available examples of such amide monomers include the monomers in Copolymer 845, 937 and 958, Advantage LCA, LCE and S, PVP/VA (W635, 735), Gafquat, Aquaflex SF-40, Styleze W, Aquastyle 300, ViviPrint 141, Conditioneze NT-20, Styleze CC-10 all available from ASI; and Luviquat Supreme, Luviquat UltraCare, Luviquat Hold, Luviquat PQ11, Luviquat HM552, Luviquat Style, Luviquat FC, Luviquat Excellence, Luviset Clear all available from BASF. Other examples of this type of polymers can be found in Personal Care Product Consult Database (PCPC).Commercially available examples of such amine monomers include the monomers in Copolymer 845, 937 and 958, Advantage LCA, LCE and S, Gafquat, Aquaflex SF-40, Styleze W, Aquastyle 300, ViviPrint 141, Aquaflex XL-30, Styleze CC-10 all available from ASI; and Luviquat Supreme from BASF. Other examples of this type of polymers can be found in Personal Care Product Consult Database (PCPC).Preferred copolymers b) include at least about 90% by weight, preferably at least about 95% by weight and in particular at least about 97% by weight of the monomers N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcaprolactam and N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide. Particularly preferred copolymers b) were obtained exclusively from the monomers N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcaprolactam and N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide. Examples of copolymers of this type are available under the trade names Aquaflex SF 40 (INCI name: VP/Vinyl Caprolactam/DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer, Alcohol Denat.; 38-42% by weight active substance in ethanol) from ISP. Aquaflex SF-40 Molecular Formula: C8H8Cl2IO3PS Aquaflex SF-40 Molecular Weight: 413 g/mol Aquaflex SF 40 IUPAC Name (2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenoxy)-dimethoxy-sulfanylidene-λ5-phosphane Aquaflex® SF 40 InChI HelpNew Window InChI=1S/C8H8Cl2IO3PS/c1-12-15(16,13-2)14-8-4-5(9)7(11)3-6(8)10/h3-4H,1-2H3 Aquaflex SF 40 InChI Key LFVLUOAHQIVABZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aquaflex SF 40 Canonical SMILES COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC(=C(C=C1Cl)I)Cl Aquaflex SF 40 Molecular Formula C8H8Cl2IO3PS Aquaflex SF 40 CAS 18181-70-9 Aquaflex SF 40 European Community (EC) Number 242-069-1 Aquaflex SF 40 UNII SME6G1846X Aquaflex SF 40 DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID8040278 Aquaflex SF 40 Wikipedia Iodofenphos Aquaflex SF 40 Computed Properties Aquaflex SF 40 Property Name Property Value Reference Aquaflex SF 40 Molecular Weight 413 g/mol Aquaflex SF 40 XLogP3 5.5 Aquaflex SF 40 Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Aquaflex SF 40 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4 Aquaflex SF 40 Rotatable Bond Count 4 Aquaflex SF 40 Exact Mass 411.83535 g/mol Aquaflex SF 40 Monoisotopic Mass 411.83535 g/mol Aquaflex SF 40 Topological Polar Surface Area 59.8 Ų Aquaflex SF 40 Heavy Atom Count 16 Aquaflex SF 40 Formal Charge 0 Aquaflex SF 40 Complexity 276 Aquaflex SF 40 Isotope Atom Count 0 Aquaflex SF 40 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Aquaflex SF 40 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count Aquaflex SF 40 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Aquaflex SF 40 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count Aquaflex SF 40 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Aquaflex SF 40 Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Aquaflex SF 40 Color/Form COLORLESS CRYSTALS Aquaflex SF 40 Melting Point 72.5 °C Aquaflex SF 40 Solubility 2.42e-07 M Aquaflex SF 40 Density 2.0 gm/cu cm @ 20 °C Aquaflex SF 40 Vapor Pressure 8.25e-07 mmHg Aquaflex SF 40 LogP 5.51 (LogP) Aquaflex SF 40 Stability/Shelf Life JODFENFOS IS RELATIVELY STABLE IN NEUTRAL OR WEAKLY ACIDIC OR ALKALINE MEDIA BUT UNSTABLE IN CONCENTRATED ACIDS & ALKALIES. Aquaflex SF 40 Decomposition WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF /HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, HYDROGEN IODIDE, PHOSPHORUS OXIDES, & SULFUR OXIDES/. /PARATHION/ Aquaflex SF 40 Corrosivity Noncorrosive Aquaflex SF 40 Kovats Retention Index Standard non-polar 2150, 2135.4 Semi-standard non-polar 2140.9, 2150.6 Aquaflex SF 40 GC-MS Aquaflex SF 40 NIST Number 192389 Aquaflex SF 40 Library Main library Aquaflex SF 40 Total Peaks 138 m/z Top Peak 377 m/z 2nd Highest 125 m/z 3rd Highest 379 Aquaflex SF 40 Metabolism/Metabolites OVER 80% OF IODOFENPHOS ADMIN TO RAT WAS ELIMINATED IN 24 HR IN URINE. IN ADDITION TO FIVE UNIDENTIFIED METABOLITES, IODOFENOXON, DESMETHYL IODOFENOXON, MONO- & DI-METHYL PHOSPHORIC ACID, PHOSPHORIC ACID, & DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ACID WERE FOUND IN URINE. Aquaflex SF 40 Biological Half-Life Fish Biotrans. Half-Life (Km) Aquaflex SF 40 Mechanism of Action Cholinesterase inhibitor. Aquaflex SF 40 Use Classification Agrochemicals -> Insecticides Aquaflex SF 40 Formulations/Preparations 'NUVANOL N' WP, WETTABLE POWDER (500 G AI/KG); 'NUVANOL N' 500 FW, SUSPENSION CONCENTRATE (500 G/L); 'NUVANOL N' 20 U, EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (200 G/L); 'NUVANOL N' 5 P READY-TO-USE POWDER (50 G/KG). PRODUCTS SOLD UNDER TRADE MARK 'ALFACRON' ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE. Aquaflex SF 40 General Manufacturing Information The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Iodofenphos (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide. Aquaflex SF 40 Clinical Laboratory Methods A GLC PROCEDURE USING A FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING RESIDUES OF IODOFENPHOS IN TISSUE AND URINE OF CATTLE. Aquaflex SF 40 Hazard Classes and Categories Acute Tox. 3 (92.68%) Aquatic Acute 1 (92.68%) Aquaflex SF 40 Fire Fighting Procedures If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/ Aquaflex SF 40 Disposal Methods SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Aquaflex SF 40 Preventive Measures In some situations where personnel may become accidently contaminated ... it is necessary to provide shower bath in addition to the usual washing facilities. Special arrangements for cleaning clothing & overalls may be necessary ... /Pesticides/ Aquaflex SF 40 Storage Conditions ... MUST BE STORED IN ITS SEALED ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, IN WELL-AIRED, FRESH & DRY STOREHOUSES OR IN SHADED & POSSIBLY WELL-AIRED PLACES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE PRODUCT'S TEMP ... NOT EXCEED 25-30 °C, & KEEP ... AWAY FROM SOURCES OF HEAT, FREE FLAMES, OR SPARK-GENERATING EQUIPMENT. CONTAINERS MUST BE STACKED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO PERMIT FREE CIRCULATION OF AIR ... AT BOTTOM & INSIDE OF PILES. STORAGE AREAS MUST BE LOCATED AT SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM INHABITED BUILDINGS, ANIMAL SHELTERS, & FOOD STORES; MOREOVER, THEY MUST BE INACCESSIBLE TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS, CHILDREN, & DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Aquaflex SF 40 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Respiratory protection (supplied-air respirator with full facepiece or self-contained breathing apparatus) should be available where these compounds are manufactured or used and should be worn in case of emergency and overexposure. /Phosphorus compounds/ Aquaflex SF 40 Shipment Methods and Regulations No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ Aquaflex SF 40 Other Hazardous Reactions A portion of even the most flammable materials is likely to be lost by vaporization. ... The smoke from an open fire used to destroy pesticides will contain some of the poison. Burning should be attempted only in an isolated place. Inhalation of smoke must be avoided. /Pesticides/ Aquaflex SF 40 Acute Toxicity Link Chemical: JODFENPHOS Aquaflex SF 40 ınteractions Some phenothiazines may antagonize & some may potentiate the toxic anticholinesterase effects of ... /organophosphorus insecticides/. /Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors/ Aquaflex SF 40 Antidote and Emergency Treatment A comatose patient who is diaphoretic, has pinpoint pupils and the odor of an insecticide on clothing or breath, and is noted to have muscle fasciculations represents the classic presentation of organophosphate poisoning. ... Specific steps in management include the following. 1. Decontamination. ... 2 Airway. Establish an airway if necessary. ... 3. Respiratory Status. Respiratory distress, in fact, is commonly found in these patients from multiple causes. ... 4. Cardiac Monitoring. ... 5. Cholinesterase Level. ... 6. Pralidoxime. Pralidoxime is the treatment of choice for organophosphate poisoning and should be used for nearly all patients with clinically significant orgnophosphate poisoning, particularly whose patients with muscular fasciculations and weakness. ... 7. Atropine. Atropine is the physiologic antidote for organophosphate poisoning. A trial dose of atropine should be instituted on clinical ground when one suspects organophosphate intoxication. /Organophosphate poisoning/ Aquaflex SF 40 Medical Surveillance Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/ Aquaflex SF 40 Human Toxicity Excerpts Five sprayers and one mixer applied 50% water-wettable iodofenfos powder as a 5% suspension of active ingredient at an intended rate of 2 gm/sq m. They treated a village of 874 homes and 412 other structures. Most of the walls were of mud and the roofs of thatch. The work required 5 to 6 hr/day for 8 days. No complaints attributed to the insecticide were elicited from the 6 workers or the 1819 inhabitants of the village. There was no significant depression of whole-blood cholinesterase among the workers or among over 30 inhabitants who were tested 1 and 10 days after spraying. Aquaflex SF 40 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts ... NON-IRRITANT TO EYES OF RABBITS. ... IN 90-DAY FEEDING TRIALS NO EFFECT LEVEL WAS: FOR RATS 5 MG/KG DIET (0.38 MG/KG) DAILY); FOR DOGS 15 MG/KG DIET (0.45 MG/KG DAILY). LC50 (96 HR) FOR ... BLUEGILL 0.42-0.75 MG/L. IN LABORATORY TRIALS IT IS SLIGHTLY TOXIC TO HONEYBEES AND NON-TOXIC TO BIRDS. Aquaflex SF 40 Ecotoxicity Values LC50 Rainbow trout 0.016 mg/l/96 hr @ 12 °C (95% confidence limit 0.012-0.023 mg/l, wt 0.7 g Aquaflex SF 40 Populations at Special Risk Work ... must not be carried out by young persons under 18 yr, expectant or nursing mothers, or persons for whom work with toxic chemicals is contraindicated on account of their state of health; the same applies to alcoholics. Contraindications for work with organophosphorus pesticides are organic diseases of the CNS, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of the liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis). /Organophosphorus pesticides/ Aquaflex SF 40 Environmental Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Factor Aquaflex SF 40 VP / Vynylcaprolactam / DMAPA Acrylates Copolymer Skin Care Hair Care
AQUALINK U
AQUALINK U


Aqualink U is a dispersion of blocked TDI dimer.
Aqualink U acts as a crosslinker.
Aqualink U is miscible in water and exhibits barely perceptible odor.


Aqualink U is an aqueous dispersion of an isocyanate dimer which has been chemically blocked to make it stable in the presence of water. 
Aqualink U is a dispersion of blocked TDI dimer.
Aqualink U is miscible in water and exhibits barely perceptible odor.



USES and APPLICATIONS of AQUALINK U:
Aqualink U is used in textile applications to give storage-stable formulas which crosslink at low temperature.
Aqualink U is used as a crosslinker in polyurethane dispersions (PUD’s)
Aqualink U has been designed for use in combination with polyurethane dispersions in the manufacture of one-part water-based adhesives for membrane and 3D press applications.


Aqualink U acts as a crosslinker. 
Aqualink U is recommended for many types of polyurethane dispersions (PUD'S). 
Aqualink U can also be used to formulate water-based alternatives to solvent borne systems. 
Aqualink U should not be used with strong acids, strong bases and nitrates.


Aqualink U is used in the formulation of 1-component membrane press adhesives.
Aqualink U can also be used to formulate water-based alternatives to solvent borne systems.
Aqualink U should not be used with strong acids, strong bases and nitrates.


Aqualink U is an aqueous dispersion of an isocyanate dimer which has been chemically blocked to make it stable in the presence of water.
Aqualink U has been designed for use in combination with polyurethane dispersions in the manufacture of one-part water-based adhesives for membrane and 3D press applications.



FEATURES OF AQUALINK U:
*Supplied as a stable non-hazardous dispersion
*Good stability when formulated with PUD's and other polymers
*No mixing or pot life issues
*Isocyanate activates at line temperatures of 65 - 70°C
*Fast in-press crosslinking
*Can be used to meet and exceed BS 6222/6250 heat resistance standard



FIRST AID MEASURES of AQUALINK U:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AQUALINK U:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AQUALINK U:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AQUALINK U:
-Control parameters
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of AQUALINK U:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AQUALINK U:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
AQUALINK U
Acts as a crosslinker.
Aqualink U is miscible in water and exhibits barely perceptible odor.
Recommended for many types of polyurethane dispersions (PUD'S).
Can also be used to formulate water-based alternatives to solvent borne systems.
Aqualink U should not be used with strong acids, strong bases and nitrates.
Aqualink U is colorless transparent viscous liquid with sweet taste and moisture absorption capability.

Aqualink U is also miscible with water, low-grade aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone, ketones, aldehydes, pyridine and similar coal tar bases.
Aqualink U is slightly soluble in ether but almost insoluble in benzene and its homologues, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ether and oils.

Uses
Aqualink U is used as an antifreeze inheating and cooling systems (e.g., automobileradiators and coolant for airplane motors).
Aqualink U is also used in the hydraulic brake fluids;as a solvent for paints, plastics, and inks; as a softening agent for cellophane; and in themanufacture of plasticizers, elastomers, alkydresins, and synthetic fibers and waxes.
Reagent typically used in cyclocondensation reactions with aldehydes1 and ketones 1,2 to form 1,3-dioxolanes.

Synonyms
2-Hydroxyethanol
Aliphatic diol
Athylenglykol
Dihydroxyethane
dowtherm
Dowtherm SR 1
dowthermsr1
ethane-1,
AQUALON 12M31P CELLULOSE GUM (CMC)

Aqualon 12M31P is a brand name for a specific type of cellulose gum, also known as Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC).
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, which is a natural component of plants.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is commonly used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products, as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier.

CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EC Number: 618-378-6

Synonyms: Cellulose gum, Sodium CMC, Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC, Cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Sodium cellulose glycolate, Sodium salt of Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC), Cellulose carboxymethylate, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Carboxymethylated cellulose, Cellulose carboxymethylether, Carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, Sodium Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) ether, Carboxymethylated cellulose gum, Cellulose carboxymethylate sodium salt, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose ether, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) sodium, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) sodium salt, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gum, Sodium salt of Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) gum, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) ether sodium salt, Carboxymethyl cellulose ether sodium salt, Sodium Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) gum, Carboxymethyl cellulose gum sodium salt, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose gum, Sodium salt of carboxymethylated cellulose, Sodium Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) carboxymethylate, Carboxymethylated cellulose sodium salt, Sodium cellulose carboxymethylate, Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Sodium cellulose carboxymethylether, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose carboxymethylate, Sodium salt of carboxymethylated cellulose gum, Sodium salt of carboxymethylated cellulose ether, Sodium Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) carboxymethylate, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose carboxymethylether, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose carboxymethylether, Sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, Sodium Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) carboxymethyl ether



APPLICATIONS


Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) contributes to the viscosity and texture of these products, improving their performance and user experience.
In industrial applications, CMC serves as a binder in paper coatings and adhesives, improving print quality and adhesion.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) acts as a dispersant in ceramic glazes, preventing sedimentation and ensuring uniformity.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making it a preferred choice in many applications.

Its water-retention properties make it valuable in agriculture for soil stabilization and water retention.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is compatible with other additives and ingredients, allowing for versatile formulations.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is available in various grades and viscosities to suit different application requirements.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food and pharmaceutical products.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) undergoes rigorous quality control to ensure purity and consistency in manufacturing processes.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is soluble in cold water, which facilitates its incorporation into formulations.
Its rheological properties can be adjusted to achieve desired flow characteristics in products.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) has excellent film-forming properties, useful in coatings and packaging applications.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is stable over a wide pH range, making it suitable for acidic and alkaline formulations.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is a valuable additive that contributes to the quality, performance, and stability of numerous products across industries.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is commonly used as a thickening agent in food products such as sauces, dressings, and gravies.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to ice cream to improve texture and prevent the formation of ice crystals.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in yogurt to enhance creaminess and stability.

In baked goods, it helps retain moisture and improve dough handling properties.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in pharmaceutical tablets and capsules as a binder and disintegrant.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) controls the release of active ingredients in oral medications, ensuring proper dosage.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to eye drops and ophthalmic solutions to increase viscosity and prolong contact time on the ocular surface.

In cosmetics, it is used in creams, lotions, and gels to provide viscosity and improve product spreadability.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is found in toothpaste formulations where it acts as a binder and thickening agent.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to shampoo and conditioner to enhance viscosity and improve hair conditioning properties.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in textile printing pastes to thicken and stabilize pigments.
In papermaking, it serves as a coating binder, improving print quality and ink adhesion.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in ceramic glazes to prevent settling of particles and ensure uniform coverage.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to detergents and cleaning products to provide viscosity and stabilize formulations.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in oil drilling fluids to control viscosity and fluid loss.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) acts as a filtration control agent in drilling muds, improving drilling efficiency.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in adhesives and sealants to provide viscosity and improve bonding strength.

In textile sizing, it helps to increase fabric strength and prevent yarn breakage during weaving.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to latex paints as a thickener and stabilizer, improving paint flow and leveling.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in pet care products such as shampoos and grooming aids for its thickening and emulsifying properties.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in agricultural formulations as a suspension agent for pesticides and fertilizers.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) improves the dispersion of active ingredients and prevents settling in spray solutions.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in construction materials such as mortar and grout to improve workability and adhesion.
In textile dyeing, it acts as a dye thickener, aiding in the even application of color.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) finds applications in a wide range of industries due to its versatility, stability, and compatibility with other ingredients.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the manufacture of ceramics to improve plasticity and reduce shrinkage during shaping.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to pet foods as a binder and thickener to improve texture and palatability.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in oil and gas drilling operations to stabilize boreholes and prevent formation damage.
In textile finishing, it is applied as a sizing agent to improve fabric handle and reduce fiber abrasion.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to battery electrolytes to enhance viscosity and conductivity.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents to provide thickening and foam stabilization.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in water-based paints and coatings as a rheology modifier to control flow and leveling.
In the manufacture of ceramic tiles, it is used in glaze formulations to improve adhesion and gloss.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to petrochemical products as a thickener and suspending agent.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the formulation of crop protection products to improve spray coverage and adhesion.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in the manufacture of leather goods as a binder and stiffening agent.
In the construction industry, it is used in cementitious materials to improve workability and reduce cracking.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to textile printing pastes to improve color penetration and definition.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in the manufacture of detergents to enhance soil suspension and prevent redeposition.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the production of ceramics to improve green strength and reduce cracking during drying.

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is added to topical creams and ointments to improve spreadability.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in the formulation of dietary supplements as a thickener and stabilizer.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the production of biodegradable films and coatings for packaging applications.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is added to concrete mixes to improve slump retention and reduce water migration.

In the oilfield industry, it is used in hydraulic fracturing fluids to improve fluid loss control.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is employed in the formulation of personal lubricants to enhance viscosity and lubricity.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in the production of artificial tears and eye drops to improve ocular surface hydration.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in the manufacture of ceramic membranes for water filtration applications.

In the textile industry, it is applied as a sizing agent to improve fabric tensile strength and abrasion resistance.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) finds applications in numerous industrial processes due to its unique rheological and adhesive properties.



DESCRIPTION


Aqualon 12M31P is a brand name for a specific type of cellulose gum, also known as Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC).
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, which is a natural component of plants.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is commonly used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products, as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is often used in food products such as ice cream, yogurt, salad dressings, and baked goods to improve texture, provide viscosity, and prevent ingredient separation.
In pharmaceuticals, it can be found in oral medications, where it helps to control the release of active ingredients.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is used in formulations such as creams, lotions, and shampoos to enhance product consistency and stability.

Aqualon 12M31P is likely a specific grade or formulation of cellulose gum.
Different grades of Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) may vary in their viscosity, particle size, and other properties, allowing for customization to meet the specific requirements of different applications.

Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is a versatile polysaccharide derivative widely used in various industries.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is derived from cellulose, a natural component of plant cell walls.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is known for its ability to form transparent, viscous solutions when dissolved in water.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) functions as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier in a wide range of products.
In food applications, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) enhances texture and mouthfeel in ice cream, yogurt, and sauces.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) prevents crystallization in frozen desserts and maintains product consistency in dairy products.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is extensively used in pharmaceutical formulations to control the release of active ingredients in tablets and capsules.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) improves the flow properties of powders and aids in the binding of ingredients in solid dosage forms.
In cosmetics, Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is utilized in creams, lotions, and gels for its thickening and stabilizing properties.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) helps to create smooth, homogeneous formulations and enhances product spreadability.
Aqualon 12M31P cellulose gum (CMC) is also employed in personal care products such as toothpaste and shampoo.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Appearance: Typically white to off-white powder or granules.
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Tasteless.
Solubility: Soluble in water, forming clear to slightly opaque solutions.
pH: Typically ranges from 6.0 to 8.5 in a 1% aqueous solution.
Density: Varies depending on the grade and degree of substitution, typically around 0.5 to 0.7 g/cm³.
Molecular Weight: Varies depending on the degree of polymerization and substitution.
Particle Size: Varies depending on the grade and manufacturer, typically ranging from fine powder to granules.
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air, but does not dissolve in it.
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions, but may degrade at high temperatures or extreme pH levels.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Formula: (C6H10O5)n - [C6H7O2(OH)2CH2COONa]m
Molecular Structure: Linear polymer consisting of repeating glucose units with carboxymethyl groups attached.
Degree of Substitution (DS): The average number of carboxymethyl groups per glucose unit in the cellulose chain, typically ranging from 0.2 to 1.5.
Ionic Character: Anionic polymer due to the presence of carboxymethyl groups, which dissociate in water to form negatively charged carboxylate ions.
Degree of Polymerization (DP): The average number of glucose units in the cellulose chain, which can vary depending on the source and manufacturing process.
Hydrophilicity: Highly hydrophilic due to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups, making it readily soluble in water.
Rheological Properties: Exhibits pseudoplastic behavior, meaning its viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate.
Gel Formation: Can form gels at high concentrations or in the presence of multivalent ions such as calcium.
pH Sensitivity: Stable over a wide pH range, but may undergo degradation at extreme pH values.
Thermal Properties: Decomposes at high temperatures, typically above 200°C, releasing carbon dioxide and water vapor.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air if they are experiencing respiratory discomfort.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen and seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration and seek emergency medical assistance.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation persists or if skin becomes damaged, seek medical attention.
Contaminated clothing should be removed and washed before reuse.


Eye Contact:

Flush eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention, even if irritation or pain is mild.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do so, but do not delay irrigation to do this.


Ingestion:

Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the material.
Seek medical attention immediately, especially if a large amount of the substance has been ingested.


Notes to Physician:

Treat symptomatically and supportively.
In case of inhalation, administer oxygen and assist ventilation if necessary.
For eye contact, evaluate for corneal injury and treat accordingly.
If ingested, monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms and provide appropriate supportive care.


General Advice:

Ensure that affected individuals are removed from exposure and provided with appropriate medical attention.
Do not administer anything orally to an unconscious person.
In case of fire or explosion, follow appropriate firefighting procedures and evacuation protocols.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective clothing, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing, to prevent skin contact and eye irritation.
Use respiratory protection if handling CMC in dusty conditions or if ventilation is inadequate.


Handling Precautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust or mist by handling CMC in well-ventilated areas.
Minimize skin contact by wearing gloves and other protective clothing.
Use dust control measures such as local exhaust ventilation or dust suppression techniques to reduce airborne dust levels.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling CMC.
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling CMC and before eating, drinking, or using the restroom.

Equipment Handling:
Use appropriate handling equipment such as scoops, shovels, or containers with lids to transfer CMC to prevent spills and minimize dust generation.
Ensure that handling equipment is clean and dry to prevent contamination of CMC.

Avoidance of Incompatible Materials:
Store CMC away from strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and incompatible materials to prevent reactions or degradation.


Storage:

Storage Conditions:
Store CMC in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Maintain storage temperatures within the recommended range specified by the manufacturer to prevent degradation.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and moisture absorption.

Container Compatibility:
Use containers made of compatible materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or glass to store CMC.
Ensure that containers are clean, dry, and free from any residues to prevent contamination of CMC.

Separation from Incompatible Substances:
Store CMC away from incompatible materials such as strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reactive chemicals to prevent reactions or contamination.

Segregation Requirements:
Segregate CMC from food, feed, and pharmaceuticals to prevent accidental contamination.

Handling of Large Quantities:
If handling large quantities of CMC, use appropriate storage facilities such as warehouses or storage rooms equipped with adequate ventilation and temperature control.

Storage Duration:
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for shelf life and storage duration of CMC.
Rotate stock regularly to ensure that older material is used first and to minimize the risk of degradation or spoilage.

Security Measures:
Store CMC in a secure area to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers of CMC with the product name, manufacturer information, date of receipt, and any relevant hazard information.

Emergency Preparedness:
Have appropriate spill control and containment measures in place in case of accidental spills or releases.
Train personnel on proper handling and emergency response procedures for CMC.