PERACETIC ACID 15 Peracetic acid 15 Jump to navigationJump to search Peracetic acid 15 Peroxyacetic acid Peroxyacetic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name Ethaneperoxoic acid[1] Other names Peroxyacetic acid Acetic peroxide Acetyl hydroperoxide Proxitane Identifiers CAS Number 79-21-0 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Abbreviations PAA ChEMBL ChEMBL444965 check ChemSpider 6336 check ECHA InfoCard 100.001.079 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 201-186-8 KEGG D03467 check PubChem CID 6585 RTECS number SD8750000 UNII I6KPI2E1HD check UN number 3107 3105 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID1025853 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C2H4O3 Molar mass 76.05 g/mol Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.0375 g/mL Melting point 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)[2] Boiling point 105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 25 C @ (1.6 kPa)[2] Acidity (pKa) 8.2 Refractive index (nD) 1.3974 (589 nm, 20 °C)[2] Viscosity 3.280 cP Pharmacology ATCvet code QG51AD03 (WHO) Hazards GHS pictograms GHS02: FlammableGHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: HarmfulGHS09: Environmental hazard GHS Signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H226, H242, H302, H312, H314, H332, H400 GHS precautionary statements P210, P220, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+312, P301+330+331, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310, P312, P321 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 232OX Flash point 40.5 °C (104.9 °F; 313.6 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Peracetic acid 15 (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive. Peracetic acid 15 is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.[2] Contents 1 Production 2 Uses 2.1 Epoxidation 3 Safety 4 See also 5 References Production Peracetic acid 15 is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:[2] O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H It forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst:[3] H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content. Peracetic acid 15 is generated in situ by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution. The Peracetic acid 15 is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.[4][5] PAA is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.[6] Peracetic acid 15 is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability. The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary. Uses The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Peracetic acid 15 as an antimicrobial in 1985 for indoor use on hard surfaces. Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms. Peracetic acid 15 is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.[7] It is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant. Peracetic acid 15 can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria. A trade name for Peracetic acid 15 as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.[8] In the European Union, Peroxyacetic acid was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture .[9] Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce Peracetic acid 15.[10] Epoxidation Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Peracetic acid 15 in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes. Useful application are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene. A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid in the first place).[11] Safety Peracetic acid 15 is a strong oxidizing agent and severe irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published the following Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL):[12] eight-hour TWA AEGL Definition mg/m3 ppm 1 The concentration at which the general population will experience transient and reversible problems, such as notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. 0.52 0.17 2 The concentration that results in irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. 1.6 0.52 3 The concentration that results in life-threatening health effects or death 4.1 1.3 See also Disinfectant Hydroxyl Organic peroxide Peroxy acid TrifluoroPeracetic acid 15 Peracetic acid 15 (CAS No. 79-21-0), also known as peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment. Peracetic acid 15 has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals. Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, Peracetic acid 15 is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water. For the food and healthcare industries, Peracetic acid 15 is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use. Many users know Peracetic acid 15 to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water. However, industrial hygienists recognize that it is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to Peracetic acid 15 can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. MANY ADVANTAGES “I’ve never seen a chemical whose applications cross over from food and beverage to wastewater,” says Debbie Dietrich, CIH, senior vice president of sales and marketing and corporate industrial hygienist at SKC Inc. “From an industrial standpoint, there are so many advantages to Peracetic acid 15: it’s easy to apply and it doesn’t leave any toxic residues.” Dietrich, who first learned about Peracetic acid 15 from the AIHA Healthcare Working Group, was surprised to find that the use of the compound extends far beyond the healthcare industry, where it’s primarily used as a chemical disinfectant. Outside of hospitals, Peracetic acid 15 has a wide variety of applications, including as a preventive additive to control bacteria such as Legionella in cooling towers and as a biocide to inhibit microbes in wastewater treatment. It’s even used for bleaching and wastewater treatment in the pulp and paper industry. In the food industry, Peracetic acid 15 is an effective antimicrobial used during poultry processing, to wash fresh produce, to sanitize surfaces, and more. Christine R. Knezevich, CIH, an industrial hygienist for the U.S. Air Force who has previous experience working in the food industry and for a manufacturer/distributor of Peracetic acid 15, agrees that the compound has many advantages. “What’s so wonderful is it’s no-rinse,” Knezevich, a former Safe Quality Food (SQF) practitioner, explains. She adds that because Peracetic acid 15 functions well at cold temperatures it can be used effectively in freezers and coolers where meat processing occurs. And some Peracetic acid 15 products can be used for more than one task. “The great thing about Peracetic acid 15 is that depending on the product registration and instructions for use, you can use it for multiple purposes: as a sanitizer, a disinfectant, or a sterilizer,” she explains. “Many times, it’s just a matter of the contact time and the concentration.” According to Knezevich, Peracetic acid 15 doesn’t pose an issue for facilities with water discharge permits under EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The chemical compound is found on the agency’s Safer Chemical Ingredients List as an antimicrobial active that EPA has “verified to be of low concern based on experimental and modeled data.” Peracetic acid 15 is especially attractive to companies who are under pressure to use greener chemicals—particularly those that are certified under the ISO 14001 Environment Management System standard. Knezevich explains that large companies evaluate suppliers based on these “green” requirements. HAZARDS The International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC) for stabilized Peracetic acid 15 warns of short-term exposure effects, noting that “the substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.” Symptoms of acute exposure may include cough, labored breathing, and shortness of breath; skin redness, pain, and blisters; and “severe deep burns” in the eyes, according to the ICSC, which is available on NIOSH’s website. While Peracetic acid 15 is highly irritating to those who work with it—manufacturing workers are most at risk, along with chemists studying the compound—Knezevich maintains that the primary concern associated with Peracetic acid 15 is that it’s a strong oxidizer. “Our major concerns were actually the fire and explosion hazards and reactivity issues,” she says, explaining that Peracetic acid 15 reacts violently with soft metals such as brass, copper, iron, and zinc. And at concentrations of 15 percent or higher, a major chemical manufacturer, FMC Corporation, recommends explosion-proof equipment. But for products containing concentrations of Peracetic acid 15 of five percent or less, which is what the majority of industries are dealing with, the biggest worry is that the compound will come into contact with the wrong type of metal, says Knezevich. She describes a mishap in which a galvanized steel dip tube was installed through the bung of a 55-gallon drum of a solution containing Peracetic acid 15. The drum was laid horizontally in its cradle over the weekend so it would be ready for use the following week. The soft metals of the dip tube reacted with the Peracetic acid 15, resulting in a buildup of oxygen gas. Sometime over the weekend, the drum ruptured from the heat and pressure of the reaction, releasing its contents onto the floor. Had staff been in the facility during that time, they likely would have noticed something was wrong. “They would have noticed that it was starting to bulge or foam,” Knezevich says. “I’ve worked for chemical companies that made products with peroxide, and, believe me—you’ll know when something has gone wrong.” Workplaces using Peracetic acid 15 at lower concentrations will preferably have some type of chemical metering pump system in place to minimize exposures to workers. During a roundtable presentation on surface disinfectants at AIHce 2013, Knezevich described how such a system can be set up in a space such as a janitor’s closet and be used to add water to concentrated Peracetic acid 15 products. Figure 1 depicts an example of a dispensing system. Some companies that sell Peracetic acid 15 products will also help set up and train workers on chemical dispensing equipment. Editor’s note: The mention of specific products, companies, or services does not constitute endorsement by AIHA® or The Synergist®. img_201612-feat1fig1 Figure 1. Chemical metering pump system that works by chemical proportioning through Dosatron pumps (left) and the transferring of chemicals through air pumps (right). Knezevich stresses the importance of employee training and safety precautions when dealing with Peracetic acid 15. “Worker education doesn’t end with the people handling [the Peracetic acid 15],” she says. “If you have personnel doing maintenance work, they have to understand what can and cannot be used with that system.” Knezevich prefers annual training to ensure that employees fully understand the hazards of Peracetic acid 15. Workers and others handling products containing Peracetic acid 15 should also be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use on technical information sheets that accompany each product. These sheets provide directions for use, including instructions for diluting the product, if necessary; chemical characteristics; safety and handling; and storage and disposal. EXPOSURE LIMITS While OSHA does not currently have a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Peracetic acid 15, IH and OEHS professionals are not entirely without guidance. In 2014, ACGIH adopted a Threshold Limit Value–Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) for Peracetic acid 15 of 0.4 ppm (1.24 mg/m3) as a 15-minute time-weighted average (TWA) exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday. The ACGIH STEL value carries the Inhalable Fraction and Vapor (IFV) endnote, which indicates that Peracetic acid 15 “may be present in both particle and vapor phases” and signals IHs to consider both phases when assessing exposures. The adverse health effects on which the TLV-STEL is based are upper respiratory tract, eye, and skin irritation. In 2010, the technical documentation supporting an Acute Exposure Guideline Level (AEGL) for Peracetic acid 15 was published in the eighth volume of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals published by the National Academies Press. AEGLs, or exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur, set threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes to eight hours. They are established at three levels, with AEGL-1 representing the least severe toxic effects caused by exposure and AEGL-3 representing a level of exposure that could cause life-threatening health effects or death. The AEGL-2 for Peracetic acid 15, which indicates the level at which exposure could cause serious, long-lasting adverse health effects, is 0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m3). A table outlining all AEGLs for Peracetic acid 15 is published on EPA’s website. Most recently, this past August NIOSH reopened for comment its draft Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) value profile for Peracetic acid 15. The profile summarizes the health hazards of acute exposures to high airborne concentrations of Peracetic acid 15 and discusses the rationale for the proposed IDLH value. The draft document lists the IDLH value for Peracetic acid 15 as 0.64 ppm (1.7 mg/m3). The agency does not currently have a recommended exposure limit (REL) for the compound. Exposure guidelines for Peracetic acid 15 are limited, but Knezevich notes that because it’s most often sold as a mixture with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, there are other ways for IHs to measure worker exposure to those chemicals. “You simply don’t have a limit for Peracetic acid 15, so the next step is to look at what else is in the mixture,” she says. Workplaces using Peracetic acid 15 at lower concentrations will preferably have some type of chemical metering pump system in place to minimize exposures to workers. Fortunately, the OSHA PELs, ACGIH TLVs, and NIOSH RELs cover both hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. All three organizations have set their respective exposure limits at 1 ppm, or 1.4 mg/m3 TWA, for hydrogen peroxide. ACGIH notes that hydrogen peroxide is a “confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.” The PEL, TLV, and REL for acetic acid are all set at 10 ppm, or 25 mg/m3 TWA. ACGIH and NIOSH both adopted a STEL for acetic acid at 15 ppm, or 37 mg/m3. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS The only method currently available for sampling Peracetic acid 15 was published in 2004 by the Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), a French research organization similar to NIOSH. The INRS method is for the simultaneous collection of Peracetic acid 15 and hydrogen peroxide because the two are found together in solutions. It took U.S. laboratories some time to begin analyzing samples using this method, but growing interest spurred several AIHA-accredited labs to offer the analysis over time, Dietrich says. SKC offers the media for the French method—two-section and single sorbent tubes for sampling Peracetic acid 15, preceded by a treated glass filter for hydrogen peroxide. Bureau Veritas has been offering analysis for Peracetic acid 15 for at least two or three years. Kristine Kurtz, PhD, a department supervisor who is involved in method development and validation at Bureau Veritas’ Novi, Mich., laboratory, says that her lab analyzes five to ten samples a week for Peracetic acid 15. Kurtz explains that most people use the two-section sorbent tubes for collection and that the media is silica gel that’s been treated with methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, or MTSO. “During collection, the peroxyacetic acid oxidizes the MTSO from the sulfoxide into the sulfone, so the actual analyte that we’re dealing with is the oxidation product, or MTSOO,” Kurtz says. “In order to report out results as peroxyacetic acid, we use a conversion factor to convert the oxidation product that we’re actually using in the analysis back to peroxyacetic acid.” Dietrich says that when the media was first developed, laboratory professionals and others approached SKC with two concerns. One was that the method might not be accurately capturing the Peracetic acid 15. “Results were coming out as below the ACGIH TLV-STEL, but workers were still complaining of irritation,” she says. Another concern was that the background level on the sampling media was too high. Dietrich says that SKC put the media on hold to investigate the concerns with laboratory partners. SKC ultimately found a different reagent to lower the background levels of the company’s sorbent tube and worked with laboratory partners to verify that the INRS method worked with the media available. Kurtz says the improved media has allowed her laboratory to lower its reporting limit for Peracetic acid 15 to 5 micrograms. Both Dietrich and Kurtz stress the importance of using a flow rate of at least 1 L/min when using a filter and tube in series to sample for these chemicals. “Our tests showed that the method was capturing the chemical as long as you kept the flow rate at 1 liter per minute,” Dietrich says. “And it’s not easy—a lot of sampling pumps really struggle to pull 1 liter per minute through this sampling media because it has a very high pressure drop. Even if it drops to 800 milliliters per minute, you will see a drop in the recovery.” FUTURE SOLUTIONS In January, OSHA published Method 1019 for hydrogen peroxide based on the INRS sampling and analytical method for the chemical. OSHA Method 1019 uses the same filter media as the French INRS method and is available on OSHA’s website. Knezevich would like to see a PEL for Peracetic acid 15. She describes the balancing act that often challenges professionals who are responsible for health and safety as well as environmental issues. “We have this great product, and having more information on occupational exposure limits would help guide industrial hygienists” who currently rely mostly on their professional judgment in terms of Peracetic acid 15, she says. “How do you find something that’s safe for workers, effective, and doesn’t cause any environmental effects?” Dietrich is hopeful that new solutions related to Peracetic acid 15 are forthcoming, citing how government agencies, practitioners, and vendors collaborate when there are industrial hygiene problems to solve. “The global IH profession has once again come together to address the hazards of Peracetic acid 15,” Dietrich says. “Everybody’s working to ensure that workers are safe when dealing with this chemical that has so many uses and so many advantages.”

PEROXYACETIC ACID; Ethaneperoxoic Acid; Acetyl Hydroperoxide; Peracetic acid, solution; Peressigsäure; ácido peracético; Acide peracétique CAS NO:79-21-0

Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a low pH value.
Peracetic acid 15% has a strong pungent smell like vinegar.
Peracetic acid 15%, also known as peroxyacetic acid, is a chemical compound that is used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, and sterilant in various industrial and healthcare applications.

CAS Number: 79-21-0
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-186-8

Peracetic acid 15% destroys pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi.
Peracetic acid 15% breaks down into ecologically harmless components, making it a popular environmentally-friendly alternative disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% is a disinfectant chemical used by hospitals and the food processing industry.

The "15%" you mentioned indicates the concentration of peracetic acid in the solution.
In this case, it's a 15% peracetic acid solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is a fast-acting and fully biodegradable biocide, sanitiser and antimicrobial.

Peracetic acid 15% is very effective for killing microscopic organisms hiding in and on surfaces, but it decomposes to acetic acid, the acid in vinegar, and thus leaves no harmful residues on the food.
Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid, highly reactive and has a strong vinegar.
Peracetic acid 15% is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.

Peracetic acid 15% is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% is functionally related to an acetic acid.

Peracetic acid 15%, colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

Peracetic acid 15% (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
Peracetic acid 15% peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% can be highly corrosive.

Peracetic acid 15% was favored by water and wastewater industries for disinfection until several harmful disinfection by-products were discovered in chlorinated water.
Studies were done to find and eliminate disinfection byproduct precursors and look for an alternative disinfectant, which turned out to be Peracetic acid 15%, or PAA.
Peracetic acid 15% is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peracetic acid 15% is the principle component of vinegar.
Hydrogen peroxide has been previously recommended by the NOSB for the National List in processing (synthetic, allowed at Austin, 1995).
Peracetic acid 15% is a chemical product belonging to peroxide compounds such as hydrogen peroxide.

However, unlike hydrogen peroxide, Peracetic acid 15% is a more potent antimicrobial agent.
Peracetic acid 15% has high germicidal efficiency and sterilizing capability, and its degradation residuals are not dangerous to the environment or toxic to human health.
Until 1960, peracetic acid was of special interest to the food processing industry and actually was considered the only agent able to replace glutaraldehyde in the sterilization of surgical, medical, and odontoiatry instruments.

The actual core medical applications of peracetic acid are its potent antimicrobial action, also at low temperatures, and the total absence of toxic residuals.
Peracetic acid 15% is developed through a reactive process involving acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Peracetic acid 15% is available in various commercial formulations ranging from 5% to 15%.

Those looking for a stronger, high-activity oxidizing disinfectant can opt for peracetic acid 15%.
Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

An aqueous equilibrium solution containing peracetic acid, Hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and special stabilizers.
Peracetic acid 15% is considered environmentally safe since it decomposes to acetic acid and oxygen.
Peracetic acid 15% is completely biodegradeable.

Peracetic acid 15% is a highly effective oxidising disinfectant for use on processing equipment throughout the processed food industry as well as in breweries, dairies and soft drinks plants.
Peracetic acid 15% is non-foaming and has excellent rinsing properties and therefore is suitable for CIP applications.
Peracetic acid 15%, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid blend.

Peracetic acid 15% is an organic peroxide based, colorless liquid with a low pH and a strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor.
In the concentrated form it is highly corrosive and unstable.
Peracetic acid 15% is formed from the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

Peracetic acid 15% products contain all three chemicals in an aqueous solution often with stabilizers added.
The concentration of Peracetic acid 15% as the active ingredient, as well as the mixture of the other ingredients, can vary widely.
Peracetic acid 15%, also known as peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.

Peracetic acid 15% has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, peracetic acid is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, peracetic acid is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.

Many users know peracetic acid to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that Peracetic acid 15% is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to peracetic acid can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
Peracetic acid 15% is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.

Peracetic acid 15% is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% can be highly corrosive.
Peracetic acid 15% is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.

Peracetic acid 15% is effective at killing a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect and sanitize surfaces, equipment, and water in various settings, including food processing, healthcare facilities, and the agricultural industry.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in some sterilization processes, especially in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.

Peracetic acid 15% can be used for sterilizing medical equipment and certain pharmaceutical products.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in wastewater treatment to disinfect and eliminate harmful microorganisms before discharging treated water into the environment.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as a sanitizer in food processing and packaging, ensuring the safety of food products by reducing the risk of microbial contamination.

Peracetic acid 15% is a potent oxidizing agent, which means it can break down organic matter and pathogens effectively.
However, this property also makes it potentially corrosive and harmful if not used correctly.
Peracetic acid 15%, it's essential to follow safety guidelines and wear appropriate personal protective equipment, as it can be corrosive and potentially hazardous if not handled properly.

Peroxyacetic acid’s, also known as Peracetic acid “PAA”, process and production were issued a US and UK patent to FMC Corporation on March 11, 1969 (US Patent # 3,432,546).
The process utilized a reactor tube vessel to blend Acetic anhydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and an Ammonia catalyst to carefully control and create an equilibrium mixture that had unique oxidative biocide properties.

The Peracetic acid 15% molecule is the one that imparts the microbiocidal activity to the mixture, and its actual concentration is the one that is diluted down for a variety of sanitizer, disinfectant, and sterilant applications in various markets.
To this day, all commercial versions of liquid Peracetic acid concentrates are an equilibrium mixture of these 3 molecules, many times including a stabilizer (ex. Sulfuric acid).
Peracetic acid 15% mixtures can contain from roughly 5% PAA up to 35% PAA with each PAA concentration having a variety of Acetic acid and Peroxide concentrations.

Melting point: -44 °C
Boiling point: 105 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: Low
refractive index: n20/D 1.391
Flash point: 41 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 8.2(at 25℃)
color: Colorless liquid
Odor:Acrid odor
Water Solubility: soluble, >=10 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Merck: 13,7229
BRN: 1098464
Stability: Unstable - may explode on heating. May react violently with organic materials.: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acetic anhydride, alkenes, organics.
LogP: -0.26 at 20℃

For storage and stability along with application concerns, the Peroxide concentration in the Peracetic acid 15% is more critical than the Acetic acid.
This is because due to the Peroxide moiety, the stored Peracetic acid 15% concentrate will generate Oxygen.
That is why any manufacturer of Peracetic acid 15% must utilize a vented container and prohibit any flame, smoking or electrical sparks that may ignite the flammable Oxygen generated by the PAA concentrate.

Peracids such as Peracetic acid 15% are strong oxidizing agents and react exothermically with easily oxidized substrates.
In some cases the heat of reaction can be sufficient to induce ignition, at which point combustion is accelerated by the presence of the peracid.
Violent reactions may potentially occur, for example, with ethers, metal chloride solutions, olefins, and some alcohols and ketones.

Shock-sensitive peroxides may be generated by the action of peracids on these substances as well as on carboxylic anhydrides.
Some metal ions, including iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, and manganese, may cause runaway peroxide decomposition.
Peracetic acid 15% is also reportedly sensitive to light.

Peracetic acid 15% is typically a colorless liquid with a faint, vinegar-like odor.
Peracetic acid 15%s lack of strong color and odor makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the high-level disinfection of medical devices and instruments that cannot withstand heat sterilization.

Peracetic acid 15% is particularly effective against bacterial spores and is commonly used in healthcare settings.
The effectiveness of peracetic acid as a disinfectant depends on the contact time.
Peracetic acid 15%'s important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for the appropriate contact time to achieve proper disinfection.

Peracetic acid 15% is generally compatible with a wide range of materials and surfaces, but some plastics and elastomers may be sensitive to it.
Peracetic acid 15%'s important to check material compatibility when using peracetic acid for disinfection.
The concentration of peracetic acid solutions can vary based on the intended use.

Solutions can range from a few percent to more concentrated formulations.
Different concentrations may be used for different purposes.
Peracetic acid 15% is known for its biodegradability, and the breakdown products (acetic acid and oxygen) are environmentally benign, making it a more sustainable disinfection choice in certain applications.

Proper storage of Peracetic acid 15% solutions is essential.
They should be stored in well-ventilated areas, away from incompatible substances, and in containers that are resistant to PAA.
Anyone handling or working with peracetic acid should receive adequate training on safe handling procedures and emergency response measures.

In many countries, the use of Peracetic acid 15% is subject to regulatory oversight, and users should be familiar with and comply with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Facilities where Peracetic acid 15% is used should have appropriate emergency response plans in case of spills or accidents, and first-aid measures should be readily available.
When using peracetic acid in water treatment applications, Peracetic acid 15%'s important to ensure that monitoring equipment is compatible with the chemical to accurately measure its concentration and effectiveness.

Excess Peracetic acid 15% and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Peracetic acid 15%s may be incompatible with other flammable mixed chemical waste; for example, shock-sensitive peroxides can be generated by reaction with some ethers such as THF and diethyl ether.
Peracetic acid 15% is a versatile oxidizing agent that dissolves easily in water and decomposes into non-toxic by-products.

Evonik is one of the leading producers of Peracetic acid 15% and has developed a wide offering of high quality products, ranging in concentration from 5% to 40% peracetic acid in equilibrium solution.
The different concentrations are used in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection, hygiene and sterilization across a variety of industries, including food and beverage such as fruit and vegetable processing, poultry processing, environmental remediation, industrial cleaning and sanitization, and oil and gas production.

Peracetic acid 15% is a strong and robust sanitizer as well as an organic formulation that is also environmentally friendly.
This highly effective oxidizing agent has numerous applications ranging from sanitation to disinfection and sterilization.
Peracetic acid 15% is not stable and can decompose into acetic acid (vinegar), oxygen, and water over time.

This decomposition makes it a more environmentally friendly disinfectant compared to some other chemicals because it leaves behind minimal residues.
Unlike some disinfectants like chlorine-based compounds, Peracetic acid 15% does not produce harmful chlorinated byproducts when used for water treatment and disinfection.
Peracetic acid 15% can be applied in various forms, including liquid solutions, solid tablets, and gas forms, depending on the specific disinfection or sterilization needs.

When used as directed and with the appropriate contact time, Peracetic acid 15% typically leaves little to no harmful chemical residues on surfaces or in treated water, which can be a desirable feature in certain applications.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in the agricultural sector for disinfection in animal health, such as in poultry and livestock facilities, as well as for treating water in irrigation systems.

In healthcare, Peracetic acid 15% can be used for sterilizing medical equipment, particularly endoscopes and surgical instruments, to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
Peracetic acid 15% is commonly used for sanitizing food contact surfaces and equipment in food processing and packaging facilities, ensuring food safety.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect and treat water in swimming pools, cooling towers, and other water systems to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms.

Peracetic acid 15% is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses, making it a versatile and powerful disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% users of peracetic acid solutions should be aware of local regulations and guidelines governing its use and handling, particularly in food processing, healthcare, and water treatment.

Production Methods:
Peracetic acid 15% is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is a very strong oxidizing agent and has stronger oxidation potential than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Liquid, clear, and colorless with no foaming capability.

Peracetic acid 15% has a strong pungent acetic acid odor, and the pH is acid.
Peracetic acid 15% is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
The reaction is allowed to continue for up to 10 days in order to achieve high yields of product.

Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peracetic acid 15% is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:

O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce peracetic acid:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form peracetic acid.

As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Peracetic acid 15% is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.

The Peracetic acid 15% is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Peracetic acid 15% is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
Peracetic acid 15% is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability. The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.

Uses:
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Other release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Environmentally friendly biocide; disinfectant in the food and beverage industry; bleaching agent for textiles and paper.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered peracetic acid as an antimicrobial in 1986 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Peracetic acid 15% use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Peracetic acid 15% is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.

Peracetic acid 15% is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for Peracetic acid 15% as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.

In the European Union, peroxyacetic acid was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce peracetic acid.
Peracetic acid 15% is utilized to disinfect poultry houses, equipment, and egg processing facilities, helping to control the spread of diseases and maintain the health of birds and the safety of eggs.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
In aquaculture, Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect water and equipment, particularly in fish and shrimp farming, to prevent disease outbreaks.

Peracetic acid 15% is used to control microbial growth in cooling water systems of industrial facilities, which can help improve the efficiency of these systems and reduce the risk of corrosion and fouling.
Peracetic acid 15% is sometimes used for the disinfection and sterilization of dental instruments and equipment in dental clinics.
In emergency situations or for outdoor recreational activities, Peracetic acid 15% can be used to disinfect drinking water to make it safe for consumption.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peracetic acid 15% has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Peracetic acid 15% is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.

Peracetic acid 15% is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peracetic acid 15% can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Peracetic acid 15% can be used for surface sanitization in various settings, including healthcare facilities, food service, and food preparation areas.

Peracetic acid 15% may be used in the oil and gas industry to control microbial growth in water systems and pipelines, preventing the formation of biofilm and microbial-related issues.
In some cases, Peracetic acid 15% is employed for disinfecting and decontaminating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to improve indoor air quality.
Some household disinfectants contain Peracetic acid 15% as an active ingredient for effective disinfection and sanitization of surfaces in homes.

Peracetic acid 15% is used for the sterilization and decontamination of biological safety cabinets and laboratory equipment in research and healthcare settings.
Peracetic acid 15% is used as an epoxidizingagent, for bleaching, as a germicide and fungicide, and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Peracetic acid 15%s solution Dialox is used as a cleansing andsterilizing agent in the reuse of highly permeable dialyzers.

Peracetic acid 15% asa local antiseptic in healing war wounds.Oxidative degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by peroxy acid in contaminated soils has been effectively achieved(N’Guessan et al. 2004).
Peracetic acid 15% is widely used to sterilize equipment, containers, production pipes, and storage at dairy and ice cream plants, breweries, and wineries.
Peracetic acid 15% is a safe decontaminator, and this is why it is a part of food and beverage processing. Fruits, vegetables, consumption vessels, pipework, and other required equipment are sterilized using the disinfectant.

Poultry and meat processing plants also use peracetic acid 15% to keep their units, including their production line and transport, free from contamination.
Peracetic acid 15% is also suggested for water decontamination, raw fruit, starch, vegetable treatment, and hygienic packaging.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization agent is a strong oxidizing disinfectant against a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Peracetic acid 15% is active against many microorganisms, such as gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, spores, and yeast.
This ideal antimicrobial agent is primarily used in food processing and handling as a sanitizer for food contact surfaces.
Peracetic acid 15% is also used to disinfect medical supplies and prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries.

Peracetic acid 15% can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumbing disinfection.
Peracetic acid 15% is suitable for disinfecting cooling tower water and effectively prevents biofilm formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for high-level disinfection and sterilization of medical devices and equipment in healthcare settings.

Peracetic acid 15% effectively kills a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect items that cannot be heat-sterilized, such as endoscopes, surgical instruments, and dental equipment.
Peracetic acid 15% is employed as a sanitizer in the food processing industry.

Peracetic acid 15% helps ensure the safety of food products by reducing the risk of microbial contamination on surfaces, equipment, and packaging materials.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in fruit and vegetable washing, dairy processing, and in meat and poultry processing.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for the disinfection of water in various applications, such as cooling towers, swimming pools, and wastewater treatment.

Peracetic acid 15% helps control microbial growth, reduce biofilm formation, and eliminate harmful microorganisms in water systems.
Peracetic acid 15% is used to disinfect animal health facilities, including poultry and livestock barns, to control the spread of diseases and maintain the health of animals.
Peracetic acid 15% is also used to treat irrigation water for crop protection.

Peracetic acid 15% is utilized for disinfecting equipment, surfaces, and environments in veterinary practices to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in animals.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for sanitizing equipment and containers in the brewing and beverage industry to maintain the quality and safety of beverages.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for disinfection in the dairy industry to ensure the quality and safety of dairy products, including milk and cheese.

Peracetic acid 15% is employed for microbial control in paper manufacturing and water treatment processes.
Peracetic acid 15% is used for equipment and facility sterilization in the production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals.
Peracetic acid 15% is used in municipal wastewater treatment to disinfect effluent water before discharge into the environment, reducing the environmental impact of wastewater.

Peracetic acid 15% can help control microbial growth and reduce the formation of biofilm in cooling tower systems, which can improve the efficiency of cooling systems.
The organic chemical compound is used as a sustainable biocide for aseptic packaging of food and beverages, in cosmetics and for hair bleaching, for environmentally friendly water and wastewater treatment, for smart sustainable aquaculture solutions, for disinfection in agriculture, for chemical synthesis, for sterilization in hospital hygiene or for cleaning and disinfection of laundry and textiles.

Peracetic acid 15% is used in food and beverage industries as well as hospitals, health care and pharmaceutical facilities as an antimicrobial agent, surface cleaner and sanitizer.
In many meat and poultry establishments Peracetic acid 15% is used on carcasses, parts, trim and organs to reduce bacterial contamination and foot spoilage.
Peracetic acid 15% can be applied by a variety of methods including spray cabinet, dip tank, hand spray pump and chiller.

Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.
Peracetic acid 15% a corrosive eye, sktn, and mucous membrane irritant.
Peracetic acid 15% questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact.

Peracetic acid 15% severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Peracetic acid 15% explodes violently at 1 10°C. A powerful oxidizing agent.
Peracetic acid 15% violent reaction with ether solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether), metal chloride solutions (e.g., calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), olefins, organic matter.

Health Hazard:
The acute toxicity of peracetic acid is low.
However, peracids are extremely irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Skin or eye contact with the 40% solution in acetic acid can cause serious burns.

Peracetic acid 15% inhalation of high concentrations of mists of peracetic acid solutions can lead to burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Peracetic acid 15% has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
There is some evidence that Peracetic acid 15% is a weak carcinogen from animal studies (mice).

Data on other peracids suggest Peracetic acid 15% may show the worst chronic and acute toxicity of this class of compounds.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peracetic acid 15% and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than the parent substance.

Fire Hazard:
Peracetic acid 15% explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.
Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.

Fires involving peracetic acid can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.
Containers of Peracetic acid 15% heated in a fire may explode.
Decomposes violently at 230F.

When heated to decomposition, Peroxyacetic acid emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Runoff to sewer may create a fire or explosion hazard.
Peracetic acid 15% isolate from other stored material, particularly accelerators, oxidizers, and organic or flammable materials.

Storage:
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peracetic acid 15% should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peracetic acid 15% and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than peracetic acid.

Synonyms:
PERACETIC ACID
Peroxyacetic acid
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Ethaneperoxic acid
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Acide peracetique
Acido peroxiacetico
Acecide
Proxitane
Caswell No. 644
Peroxy acetic acid
Acide peroxyacetique
Kyselina peroxyoctova
CCRIS 686
HSDB 1106
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
I6KPI2E1HD
peroxy-acetic acid
EINECS 201-186-8
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201
BRN 1098464
DTXSID1025853
CHEMBL444965
DTXCID805853
CHEBI:42530
EC 201-186-8
4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
NCGC00166305-01
PERACETIC ACID (MART.)
PERACETIC ACID [MART.]
Oxypel
Perethanoic Acid
Proxitane S
Acide peracetique [French]
Proxitane 12A
F50
Acide peroxyacetique [French]
Acido peroxiacetico [Spanish]
Kyselina peroxyoctova [Czech]
Proxitane 1507
LCAP
Ethanperoxsaure
Peressigsaure
Bactipal
Oxymaster
Soproper
Dialox
peractic acid
Peroxyessigsaure
Peroxyethansaure
Sekusept steril
Acetic peroxid
per-acetic acid
Acido peracetico
Peroxacetic acid
Acid, Peracetic
Peraflu D
acetic acid oxide
TLCUO Phytoncide
peroxyethanoic acid
PU US Phytoncide
Acid, Peroxyacetic
AcOOH
Acecide (TN)
Acid, Peroxyethanoic
GPES
JOYCARE
UNICARE
Wofasteril E 400
CLEAN WORKS
TLCUO LEMON
CARE PLUS
TLCUO PURE
PU US LEMON
PU US PURE
CH3CO2OH
WECLEAN C2 TLCUO
Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI
CH3C(O)OOH
BACTERIA ZERO PREMIUM
PERACETIC ACID [MI]
PERACETIC ACID [HSDB]
PERACETIC ACID [WHO-DD]
KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)
BLOWHALE DEODORANT SENITIZER
Tox21_112402
BDBM50266095
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide [Forbidden]
AKOS015837803
DB14556
CAS-79-21-0
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 063201
D03467
EN300-173399
Dr.Vir Germ Peroxyacetic acid Multi-disinfectant
Q375140
Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide

Peractive AC White is substance of organic origin, environmentally friendly, high efficiency, safe for users.
Peractive AC White, commonly abbreviated as TAED, is an organic compound with the formula (CHC(O))NCHCHN(C(O)CH).
Peractive AC White is a synthetic chemical that often comes in the form of a white powder.


CAS Number: 10543-57-4
EC Number: 234-123-8
INCI/Chemical Name: Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED)
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O4
Composition: Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine with carboxy methylcellulose
Chemical Composition: Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine with carboxy methylcellulose


Peractive AC White is activator of low-temperature (30 - 60 C) peroxide bleaching and disinfection.
Recommended of Peractive AC White input: 8 - 15% by weight of sodium percarbonate.
Peractive AC White comes as cream-colored granules.
Peractive AC White describes a range of effective bleach activators.


In combination with sodium percarbonate (SPC) or H2O2, they enable the removal of bleachable stains from fabrics and dishes at temperatures from 30 to 60°C.
Additionally they provide a high standard of hygiene in automatic dishwashing and laundry applications by the in-situ generation of peracetic acid.
Peractive AC White bleach activators are produced with high purity in a solvent-free process with water as only by-product.
They are safe for consumers and the environment, have a low toxicological / ecotoxicological profile and are readily biodegradable.


Peractive AC White describes a range of effective bleach activators.
In combination with sodium percarbonate (SPC) or H2O2, they enable the removal of bleachable stains from fabrics and dishes at temperatures from 30 to 60°C.
Additionally they provide a high standard of hygiene in automatic dishwashing and laundry applications by the in-situ generation of peracetic acid.
Peractive AC White is only for powder and tablet formulations - not suitable or stable in water-based formulations (only anhydrous)


Peractive AC White is especially environmentally friendly.
Peractive AC White is very safe and does not need to be treated when the environment after use is not like current detergents.
Peractive AC White, when combined with sodium percarbonate, creates a bleach-friendly, biodegradable and completely non-toxic substance to humans and the environment.
Peractive AC White, Tetraacetylethylenediamine, commonly abbreviated as TAED, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3C(O))2NCH2CH2N(C(O)CH3)2.


Peractive AC White is produced by acetylation of ethylenediamine.
Peractive AC White is a dicarboximide.
Peractive AC White has low aquatic ecotoxicity, non-irritating effects on the skin and eyes, and it is neither mutagenic nor teratogenic.


Peractive AC White has been included in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Safer Choice program.
At present, Peractive AC White is the principal bleach activator used in European laundry detergent formulations, with a substantial annual consumption.
Typical concentrations of Peractive AC White range from 1.4% to 13% in various products.


Peractive AC White has no irritating effects on skin and eyes.
Peractive AC White also does not give any indication of skin sensitization as a result of prolonged exposure, such as hand wash.
Peractive AC White is also not teratogenic or mutagenic.


Peractive AC White is essentially non-toxic and easily biodegradable.
Both Peractive AC White and its by-product DAED have low aquatic ecotoxicity and very low toxicity in all exposure routes.
TAED, TriAED, and DAED are all fully biodegradable and efficiently removed during wastewater treatment.


Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.
Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.


Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.
Peractive AC White is produced by acetylation of ethylenediamine
Peractive AC White is off-white to beige granular powder.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
The high Peractive AC White/Sodium Pecarbonate ratio provides excellent protection against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria.
Peractive AC White eliminates unpleasant odors, which are the result of vital activity of microorganisms.
Peractive AC White is used as a bleaching activator in laundry detergents.
Peractive AC White is commonly used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents and for paper pulp.


Peractive AC White is used as a granulation aid.
Peractive AC White has used peroxide bleach activator for household detergents, paper pulp.
Other Applications of Peractive AC White: laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents with normal and high bulk density.
Other uses of Peractive AC White include the production of paper pulp (bleaching of paper).


Peractive AC White can be found in automatic dishwasher formulations, as an active agent in common disinfectants, and as a sterilant in a variety of cleaners and solutions for medical use.
Peractive AC White reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form peracetic acid, which is a powerful color-safe bleaching agent and biocide.


The resulting compound features strong bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal properties, enabling Peractive AC White to disinfect and deodorize.
Peractive AC White’s also used as a surfactant in soap bars, light-duty detergents, and dishwashing detergents, as well as a delinting agent for cottonseed.
Peractive AC White can be added to lauryl sulfate-based liquid cleansers to help stabilize and improve foam formation.


Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide activator, it improves the washing efficiency and disinfection function of peroxide in low-temperature water.
Peractive AC White has excellent performance in low temperature bleaching and environmental protection with suitable price.
In detergents, when the content of Peractive AC White reaches 1.5% to 5.0%, the sodium perborate can exert its bleaching effect at normal temperature.


The combination of hydrogen peroxide and Peractive AC White is a new method for textile bleaching.
Peractive AC White not only reduces the bleaching temperature, but also achieves a good bleaching effect at low temperatures.
We use Peractive AC White in some of our laundry and dish products as a biodegradable activator for our oxygen-based bleaching agents.


We use Peractive AC White in products as a catalyst to enhance the speed of the reaction between the bleach agents and soil particles on dirty clothes or dishes.
This allows us to make our formulations much more concentrated, while also improving cleaning performance.
Peractive AC White has been used in cleaning products since the 1980s, however its usefulness has increased with the rise of High-Efficiency (HE) washing machines and dishwashers.


These HE machines use lower temperatures and less water to clean, which can contribute to conditions for increased microbial growth inside machines.
Regular use of Peractive AC White-containing detergents has been shown to help limit microbial growth inside machines to safer levels.
Though Peractive AC White is a synthetic ingredient, its low environmental impacts (low bioaccumulation, low toxicity to aquatic life, and biodegradability) contribute to this ingredient meeting our criteria for use in our products.


Peractive AC White is an activator of bleaching agents such as sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate in detergents
Peractive AC White enables clothes to be cleaned effectively and safely at lower temperatures, thereby reducing energy usage and minimizing environmental impact.
Peractive AC White reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form the powerful color-safe bleaching agent, stain remover, odor eliminator, and sanitizer that is largely non-toxic and readily biodegradable.


Peractive AC White removes a broad range of stains, such as tea, coffee and red wine through an oxidative process.
Peractive AC White is used as a mild oxidizing agent, the peracetic acid produced by Peractive AC White is safe for textile dyes and fibers verses sodium hypochlorite.
The optimum pH to use Peractive AC White is 9-11.
Peractive AC White is the safer alternative to bleach for colored fabrics.


Peractive AC White is an organic compound widely used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents.
Peractive AC White has an active role in the cleaning process, enabling safe and effective results in lower temperatures.
Peractive AC White is a vital component of laundry detergents as an alternative to “active oxygen” bleaching agents, from sodium perborate to urea peroxide.


While typical “active oxygen” agents work by releasing hydrogen peroxide during the wash cycle, that effect is only possible in temperatures below 60 °C (140 °F).
On the other hand, Peractive AC White and its ability to form peroxyacetic acid allow efficient cleaning and bleaching results in lower temperature wash cycles.
Powdered Peractive AC White can be easily stabilized by granulation, with the support of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC).


Despite the comparably low solubility of Peractive AC White in cold water, the granules still effectively dissolve in the washing solution within a couple of minutes.
After starting the washing process, Peractive AC White melts easily and quickly in its entirety.
Peractive AC White's properties as a detergent component help with reducing energy usage, subsequently minimizing environmental impact in the process.
Peractive AC White’s also used as a surfactant in soap bars, light-duty detergents, and dishwashing detergents, as well as a delinting agent for cottonseed.


Peractive AC White can be added to lauryl sulfate-based liquid cleansers to help stabilize and improve foam formation.
As an antistatic agent, Peractive AC White can be found in plastics, such as polyethylene film for food packaging and rigid polyvinyl chloride.
In combination with metallic salts, Peractive AC White works as an antistatic for polystyrene and in impact-resistant rubber polystyrene blends.
Other uses of Peractive AC White include electric plating, shoe polish, printing ink, and more.


Peractive AC Whiteis a bleaching activator used mainly in detergents, additives for washing machines and dishwashers,
Peractive AC White, There is no need to heat the water as the reaction is active at room temperature which saves electricity when some washing machines and dishwashers have a heating function.
Peractive AC White is especially environmentally friendly. Because Peractive AC White is industrially produced in a closed process, the substances produced are 99.9% pure.


Peractive AC White is very safe and does not need to be treated when the environment after use is not like current detergents.
Peractive AC White, when combined with sodium percarbonate, creates a bleach-friendly, biodegradable and completely non-toxic substance to humans and the environment.
This white solid, Peractive AC White, is commonly used as a bleach activator in laundry detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White is an important compound of laundry detergents used as a substitute for “active oxygen” bleaching agents.


While commonly “active oxygen” agents work by liberating the hydrogen peroxide during the washing process, this consequence is only possible below 60 °C (140 °F) temperatures.
Peractive AC White and its capacity to make the peroxyacetic acid allow effective bleaching and cleaning during the washing process at lower temperature.
Peractive AC White has no irritating side effects on eyes, skin or any other part of human body.


Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.


Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.
Peractive AC White can be used as a reagent:
Along with sodium perborate and sodium bicarbonate for the oxidation of primary aliphatic amines to aliphatic C-nitroso compounds.


Peractive AC White also does not give any sign of skin sensation as a result of prolonged exposure, for instance hand wash.
In combination with sodium percarbonate to deliver peracetic acid in situ for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.
Peractive AC White can also be used as a peroxide bleach activator in laundry detergents and in textile chemistry applications.


-Consumer use of Peractive AC White:
Most of the Peractive AC White consumption in households relates to the use as a bleaching activator in detergents.
Peractive AC White’s a highly efficient agent, able to bleach a broad range of stubborn stains, from tea and coffee to wine and food.
Peractive AC White also significantly contributes to the overall whiteness of the laundry.
As a detergent component, Peractive AC White is also active in removing unpleasant scents through its antimicrobial performance, while remaining gentle to the fibers.
With Peractive AC White presented in the formula, stains such as coffee, tea, coffee, and fruit juices can be effectively removed at water temperatures as low as 15 °C.


-Use in detergents – and related industries:
Peractive AC White When reacted vigorously with sodium perborate (Oxygen powder) or sodium percarbonate salts.
The reaction produces peracetic acid in solution at room temperature, and free hydrogen peroxide depending on the salt type.
These two oxidizing agents give the best bleaching results on stubborn stains, and are also a clean sanitizing solution.
European and American studies show outstanding advantages over conventional detergents, colors and fibers are protected and no harm to the washing machine.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
There is no need to heat the water as the reaction is active at room temperature which saves electricity when some washing machines and dishwashers have a heating function.


-Industry use of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is commonly utilized in the household detergents industry as a peroxide bleach activator.
Peractive AC White is a vital component of laundry detergents and fabric bleaches, where it is used as an alternative active agent in place of sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate, or sodium persulfate.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is a bleaching activator which is mainly used in detergents and additives for laundry washing and dishwashing.
Typical concentrations of Peractive AC White range between 1.4% and 13% in these products.
A small amount of the produced Peractive AC White is also used in bleaching of paper, textiles and for the generation of Peracetic acid.
Peroxide bleach activator for household detergents, paper pulp.


-Uses of Peractive AC White:
Peractive AC White is used as a peroxide bleach activator in household detergents and for paper pulp.
Peractive AC White also serves as an important component of laundry detergents and bleaches, where it is used as an activator for active oxygen bleaching agents such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate and sodium persulfate.
Peractive AC White reacts with the perhydroxyl anion HO2- in the presence of aqueous alkaline solution to prepare triacetylethylenediamine and diacetylethylenediamine with the release of peracetic acid, which is a fast acting bleaching agent.


-Applications of Peractive AC White:
*bleach activator in solid laundry detergent at 1-3%
*bleach activator in liquid detergent concentrations at 4-6%
*bleach activator in compact detergents at 6-8%
used in automatic dishwashing formulations (tablet and liquids).
*used as sterilant in everything from denture cleaners to medical instruments
*safer alternative to bleach in detergents
*bleach for pulp & paper and textile industry


-Application of Peractive AC White:
*Bleach activator for laundry detergents and automatic dishwashing detergents with normal and high bulk density.
*Granules with CMC as granulating auxiliary.


-Medical uses of Peractive AC White:
disinfection, equipment disinfection, area cleaner, fabric remover.
-Restaurant and hotel:
cleaning kitchen equipment, detergent for laundry area, cleaning agent for bathroom, maintenance of kitchen equipment, washing machine, bleaching pool.


-Household chemicals:
Washing powder, bleach powder, house cleaning agent, bathroom, kitchen.
-Agriculture:
disinfectant in isolated areas.
-Food processing:
sanitizers and disinfectants for food processing machinery and equipment.



BENEFITS OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Benefits of Peractive AC White bleaching system:​
*Oxidative removal of a broad number of colored stains; especially fruit and juice stains​
*Hygiene and malodor prevention due to biocidal action on a broad range of germs​
*Prevention of biofilm formation on machine surfaces​
*Color and fabric safe​
*Peractive AC White shows a higher storage stability against heat



USE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Peractive AC White is an important component of laundry detergents that use "active oxygen" bleaching agents.
Active oxygen bleaching agents include sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perphosphate, sodium persulfate, and urea peroxide.
These compounds release hydrogen peroxide during the wash cycle, but the release of hydrogen peroxide is low when these compounds used in temperatures below 45 °C (113 °F).
Peractive AC White and hydrogen peroxide react to form peroxyacetic acid, a more efficient bleach, allowing lower temperature wash cycles, around 40 °C (104 °F).
Peractive AC White was first used in a commercial laundry detergent in 1978 (Skip by Unilever).
Currently, Peractive AC White is the main bleach activator used in European laundry detergents and has an estimated annual consumption of 75 kt.



PREPARATION OF PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Peractive AC White is produced in a two stage process from ethylenediamine (ED) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O).
ED is first diacetylated to DAED.
In the second step DAED is subsequently converted with Ac2O via TriAED into TAED (Clariant, 1999).

Peractive AC White is crystallized out of the reaction mixture, filtered, washed and dried, and if necessary also granulated.
The raw materials used occur almost quantitatively in the product.
Byproducts are not formed.
Peractive AC White was prepared by acetylation of diacetylethylenediamine (DAED) with acetic anhydride in a 5 L reactor coupled with a packed distillation column, 2.5 cm in inside diameter and 1 m in length.

The reaction temperature was set at 135 °C and the reflux ratio at 6.
The molar ratio of acetic anhydride to DAED was varied from 3 to 5.
A Peractive AC White yield as high as 80% was obtained, higher by 15% than in the absence of distillation.



PERHYDROLYSIS:
Peractive AC White reacts with alkaline peroxide via the process called perhydrolysis releasing of peracetic acid.
The first perhydrolysis gives triacetylethylenediamine (TriAED) and the second gives diacetylethylenediamine (DAED).



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
Concentration: [%] approx. 92
Appearance: white, free flowing agglomerate
Apparent density: [g/l] 380 - 580
Particle size distribution: >1600µm [%] 2 max.
< 200µm [%] 3 max.
Appearance: granular
Colour: white
Odour: characteristic
Molecular Weight: 228.24
XLogP3-AA: -1.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 228.11100700
Monoisotopic Mass: 228.11100700
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 16
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 265
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Melting point: 149-154 °C
Boiling point: 140 °C (1.5002 mmHg)
Density: 0.9
refractive index: 1.4550 (estimate)
Flash point: 140 °C
pka: -1.23±0.70(Predicted)
form: Granular Powder
color: Off-white to beige
Water Solubility: slightly soluble
Merck: 14,9028
BRN: 1795711
InChIKey: BGRWYDHXPHLNKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical formula: C10H16N2O4
Molar mass: 228.248 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless solid
Density: 0.9
Melting point: 149 to 154 °C (300 to 309 °F; 422 to 427 K)
Solubility in water: 0.2 g/L @ 20 °C

Appearance : granular
Colour : white
Odour : characteristic
pH : 6 - 8, Concentration: 1 g/l (20 °C)
Melting point/range : No data available
Boiling point/boiling range : No data available
Flash point : Not applicable
Evaporation rate : Not applicable
Upper explosion limit : Not applicable
Lower explosion limit : Not applicable
Vapour pressure : Not applicable
Relative vapour density : Not applicable
Relative density : Not applicable
Density : No data available

Bulk density : ca. 420 kg/m3
Solubility(ies)
Water solubility : ca. 1 g/l soluble (20 °C)
Solubility in other solvents : No data available
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water : No data available
Ignition temperature : Not applicable
Thermal decomposition : No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, dynamic : Not applicable
Viscosity, kinematic : Not applicable
Flow time : Not applicable
Explosive properties : Not explosive
Method: Expert judgement
Oxidizing properties : The substance or mixture is not classified as oxidizing.
Method: Expert judgement
Surface tension : Not applicable

Appearance: Blue/Green/ White, free flowing granules
Odour: Mild, no smell of acetic acid
Bulk density: 380-580, g/l
Main content(HPLC): 92.0±2, %
Distribution of size(50g, 5min): ≥ 1600mm 2.0% max
≤0.2mm 3.0% max
Moisture content(50g, 5min): 2.0% max
Iron(Fe) content: 20mg/kg max
Molecular Weight： 228.25
Exact Mass： 228.24
BRN： 1795711
EC Number： 234-123-8
HScode： 29241900
PSA： 74.8

XLogP3： -1.61
Appearance： Off-white to beige Granular Powder
Density： 0.9
Melting Point： 174-176 °C
Boiling Point： 140 °C (1.5002 mmHg)
Flash Point： 140 °C
Refractive Index： 1.4550 (estimate)
Water Solubility： slightly soluble
Storage Conditions： Store in a cool, dry place.
Store in a tightly closed container.
Vapor Pressure：: 0 mmHg at 25°C
Melting Point: 149-154 °C
Boiling Point: 386.4±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 174.8±15.5 °C
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O4
Molecular Weight: 228.245
Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-General advice :
Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
*If inhaled :
If inhaled, remove to fresh air.
Get medical advice/ attention.
*In case of skin contact :
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact :
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes.
*If swallowed :
Get medical attention immediately.
-Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed :
None known.
-Notes to physician :
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Wear suitable protective clothing.
-Environmental precautions :
Prevent product from entering drains.
Do not contaminate water.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Use mechanical handling equipment.
Flush with water.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Suitable extinguishing media :
Water spray jet
Foam



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Personal protective equipment:
*Hand protection
Remarks :
Protective gloves complying with EN 374.
Minimum thickness (glove): not determined
-Eye protection :
Safety glasses
Protective measures :
-Hygiene measures :
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Storage:
*Requirements for storage areas and containers:
Keep only in the original container.
*Further information on storage conditions:
Store in a dry place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERACTIVE AC WHITE:
-Chemical stability :
Stable under normal conditions.
-Conditions to avoid :
None known.



SYNONYMS:
Acetamide,N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Acetamide,N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Diacetamide,N,N′-ethylenebis-
N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N,N′,N′-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N′-Ethylenebis[diacetamide]
Mykon ATC
Nikon A
T 0946
TAED 4303
TAED
Peractive AN
N,N′-Ethylenebis[N-acetylacetamide]
TAED 4049
Peractive TAED
Peractive P
Warwick B 610
Peractive AP
Peractive AC
Warwick B 637
Mykon B 610
Mikon ATC
Peractive AC Blue
N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
TAED, N,N′-ethylenebis(diacetamide)
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
10543-57-4
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
TAED
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
Tetracetylethylenediamine
N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N'-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
tetraacetyl ethylenediamine
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide)
P411ED0N2B
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(N-acetyl-
MFCD00014967
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-acetyl-Acetamide
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-Acetamide
UNII-P411ED0N2B
EINECS 234-123-8
PERACTIVE AC
NIKON A
TAED [INCI]
TAED [MI]
EC 234-123-8
WARWICK B 610
N-acetyl-N-[2-(N-acetylacetamido)ethyl]acetamide
SCHEMBL20390
DTXSID5040752
CHEBI:166456
n,n,n,n-tetraacetylethylenediamine
ZINC2015842
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide), 8CI
AKOS005207256
SB79596
NCGC00164405-01
AS-65802
DB-040621
FT-0629347
T0946
D92422
N,N\'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide)
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide #
A801241
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide], 9CI
Q419209
J-001421
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine, technical, >=90% (CHN)
TAED
N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide);
N,N′-ethylenebis(diacetamide)
Diacetamide,N,N'-ethylenebis
N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N'-Ethylenebis[N-acetylacetamide]
N,N'-Ethylenebis[diacetamide]
Acetamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-N-acetyl-
N-[2-(diethanoylamino)ethyl]-N-ethanoyl-ethanamide
N-acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
N,N'-Ethylenebis(diacetamide)
N,N'-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N-Ethylenebis(N-acetylacetamide)
N,N,N,N-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N-Acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]acetamide
EINECS 234-123-8
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N,N,N-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
TAED
N,N-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(N-acetylacetamide)
acetamide, N-acetyl-N-[2-(diacetylamino)ethyl]-
N,N-1,2-Ethanediylbis(N-acetylacetamide)
Acetamide, N,N-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-acetyl-
MFCD00014967
N,N,N′,N′-Tetraacetylethylenediamine
N,N-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-acetylacetamide]

Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymers.
Peramin SMF product line is a line of plasticizers based on sulfonated melamine resins in powder form.
There are seven main products in the Peramin SMF range.


Peramin 10 through 31 are powdered sulfonated melamine superplasticizer, while F40 comes in liquid form.
Peramin SMF 10 is the reference grade for all applications.
Peramin SMF 11 enhances flow and is especially recommended for dry-silo mortars.


Peramin SMF 20 has a low release of free formaldehyde.
Peramin SMF 22 also has a low release of free formaldehyde and comes especially recommended for use with calcium sulfate binders.
Peramin SMF 30 enhances flow under weak mixing and provides a good wetting effect, especially recommended for fluid tile adhesives.


Peramin SMF 31 increases open time through its controlled retarding effect.
Peramin F40 is the liquid reference within the Peramin SMF superplasticizer range.
Peramin SMF is a reference range of conventional plasticizers for dry mortar mixes, plaster and concrete screeds with an excellent price-performance ratio.


When using the Peramin SMF, sufficient water reduction and flow properties are improved.
Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymers.
Peramin SMF is the reference range of conventional plasticizers for drymix mortars, gypsum and concrete materials.


Peramin SMF are sulfonated melamine polymer.
Peramin SMF is the reference range of conventional plasticizers for drymix mortars, gypsum and concrete materials, due to their consistency, robustness and excellent cost-performance ratio.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PERAMIN SMF:
Peramin SMF is used Self-levelling materials, Dressing mixes, Injection mortars, Concrete screeds, and Repair mortars.
As a superplasticizer, Peramin SMF enables users to achieve high flow properties and reduce water content in self leveling compounds and screed technology.


Superplasticizers are high-range water reducing additives used when the dispersion of particles in suspension is required to modify mortars and concrete.
Peramin SMF allows for a large reduction of the water content without affecting their workability, shorter setting time, lower shrinkage and higher mechanical strengths.


Peramin SMF can also enable greater flowability with the same water content, meaning a decrease in viscosity, which results in excellent flow properties, as well as very good self-leveling properties.
Typically, the dosage of Peramin SMF normally lies in the range of 0.1%-0.8% of the dry mortar total weight, depending on the kind of superplasticizer and performance required.


During its initial stage of use, Peramin SMF provides a long working time, flowability and water reduction.
During setting, Peramin SMF provides consistency, robustness and regularity of color.
And, once installed, Peramin SMF guarantees high mechanical strength.



KEY BENEFITS OF PERAMIN SMF:
*Long working time
*Flowability
*Water reduction
*Consistency during setting
*Robustness
*Regularity of color
*High mechanical strength



BASIC PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PERAMIN SMF:
*Mutual compatibility between additives
*High efficiency for all mineral binders
*Reducing the water content of the mixture without affecting workability
*At the same water content, improvement in spillage
*Viscosity reduction and associated excellent flow properties
*Very good self-leveling properties
*Higher mechanical strength



FIRST AID MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PERAMIN SMF:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PERAMIN SMF:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PERAMIN SMF:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PERAMIN SMF:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also known by other names, such as tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene.

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9



APPLICATIONS


Perchloroethylene is widely used in the dry cleaning industry as a solvent for removing stains and dirt from textiles and fabrics.
Perchloroethylene is a popular choice for dry cleaning due to its ability to dissolve greases, oils, and other organic compounds.

Perchloroethylene is used as a degreasing agent in various industries, including automotive, metalworking, and manufacturing.
In the automotive industry, Perchloroethylene is employed to clean and degrease engine parts and components.
Perchloroethylene is a key solvent in the production of aerosol sprays, adhesives, and lubricants.

Perchloroethylene is utilized in the electronics industry for cleaning printed circuit boards and electronic components.
In the aerospace industry, it is used to degrease and clean aircraft parts and equipment.

Perchloroethylene is applied in the production of refrigeration oils and lubricants.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and maintaining machinery and equipment in the manufacturing sector.

Perchloroethylene serves as a paint stripper and is used to remove paint and coatings from various surfaces.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the production of specialty coatings and finishes, including automotive paints and coatings for metal surfaces.
Perchloroethylene is used in the extraction of certain essential oils and flavors from botanical materials.

Perchloroethylene is employed in the manufacturing of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Perchloroethylene is utilized as a refrigerant and heat transfer fluid in some industrial cooling systems.
Perchloroethylene is a component in the production of aerosol-based cleaning products and degreasers.

Perchloroethylene is used in the preservation of animal specimens in the taxidermy industry.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the creation of synthetic perfumes and fragrances.

In the food industry, it is applied as a solvent for certain food packaging and printing inks.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of leather and suede products.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for automotive upholstery and carpeting.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the production of adhesives for various applications.
Perchloroethylene is used to clean and maintain gun parts and firearms in the firearms industry.

In the art conservation field, it is employed to clean and restore paintings and artworks.
Perchloroethylene serves as a degreasing and cleaning agent for bicycle and motorcycle chains.

Despite its diverse applications, the use of Perchloroethylene is subject to strict regulations and guidelines due to its potential health and environmental risks.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used in the printing industry as a solvent for cleaning and maintaining printing presses and equipment.
Perchloroethylene is a critical component in the production of synthetic rubber, contributing to the development of various rubber products.

In the leather industry, Perchloroethylene is applied for cleaning and degreasing animal hides and skins in preparation for tanning.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the recycling of plastic materials, helping to remove contaminants and impurities.

Perchloroethylene plays a role in the manufacturing of specialty chemicals used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the dry cleaning of delicate and high-end fabrics, including silk, cashmere, and wool.
Perchloroethylene is used to clean and maintain precision instruments in laboratories and research facilities.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for optical lenses and eyewear in the optical industry.

In the automotive sector, it is applied for degreasing and cleaning transmission and brake components.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the refurbishing and cleaning of vintage and antique furniture.
Perchloroethylene plays a part in the cleaning and maintenance of vinyl records, helping to remove dust and contaminants.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and degreasing industrial equipment and machinery, including gears and bearings.

In the construction industry, it can be employed for cleaning and restoring stone and masonry surfaces.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the removal of adhesive residues and sticky substances from various surfaces.

Perchloroethylene is applied in the maintenance of firearms and weaponry in military and law enforcement applications.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and restoration of historical artifacts and cultural heritage items.

In the aerospace industry, Perchloroethylene is used to clean and degrease aircraft engines and components.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing sector for precision cleaning of components and circuit boards.
Perchloroethylene is utilized in the maintenance and cleaning of large machinery and equipment in heavy industries like mining and construction.

In the marine industry, it can be applied for the cleaning and maintenance of boat engines and equipment.
Perchloroethylene serves as a degreasing agent for bicycle chains and gears, enhancing the performance of bicycles.

Perchloroethylene can be used in the cleaning of tools and equipment in the woodworking industry.
Perchloroethylene is employed in the cleaning and maintenance of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems and components.
Perchloroethylene is a component in some stain removers for textiles and fabrics, targeting oil and grease stains.

Despite its broad range of applications, the use of Perchloroethylene is becoming increasingly regulated and restricted in various regions due to environmental and health concerns.
Alternative, more environmentally friendly solvents are being explored as replacements in many applications.

In the construction industry, Perchloroethylene is used for the removal of sealants and adhesives from construction materials and surfaces.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the cleaning of industrial filters and filtration equipment to maintain optimal filtration efficiency.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the cleaning of fire extinguishers, ensuring their functionality.

In the maintenance of aircraft landing gear components, Perchloroethylene is used to remove grease and contaminants.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of electrical transformers to ensure their efficient operation.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the preservation of archaeological artifacts, helping to remove dirt and contaminants from ancient relics.
Perchloroethylene is used for the cleaning of power plant components and machinery, such as turbines and generators.

In the energy industry, Perchloroethylene is employed for the cleaning and maintenance of solar panels to maximize energy production.
Perchloroethylene serves as a cleaning agent for the removal of asphalt and tar from equipment and surfaces in road construction.
Perchloroethylene can be utilized in the cleaning and maintenance of industrial kitchen and restaurant equipment.
Perchloroethylene is applied for the cleaning of printed circuit boards and electronic components in the electronics manufacturing industry.

In laboratories and research facilities, Perchloroethylene is used to clean and degrease scientific instruments and glassware.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and restoration of historical documents, manuscripts, and books.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of power transmission lines and equipment.

In the optics industry, it serves as a cleaning agent for precision lenses, optical instruments, and telescopes.
Perchloroethylene is applied in the cleaning and maintenance of railway and mass transit systems, including tracks and rolling stock.
Perchloroethylene is used for cleaning and degreasing machinery and equipment in the food processing industry.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of water treatment plants and equipment.

In the petrochemical industry, Perchloroethylene is utilized for cleaning and maintaining oil refineries and pipelines.
Perchloroethylene serves as a solvent for the cleaning and restoration of artworks, sculptures, and statues.
Perchloroethylene can be applied for cleaning and degreasing heavy-duty construction and mining equipment.
Perchloroethylene is used in the cleaning and maintenance of printing presses and equipment in the publishing industry.

In the nuclear industry, PERC is employed for cleaning and maintaining nuclear reactors and associated equipment.
Perchloroethylene plays a role in the cleaning and maintenance of large-scale cooling towers used in various industrial processes.



DESCRIPTION


Perchloroethylene is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C2Cl4.
Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.

Perchloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also known by other names, such as tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene.
Perchloroethylene should be handled with care due to its potential health and environmental hazards.

Perchloroethylene, often abbreviated as Perchloroethylene, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid with a sweet, somewhat ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is highly stable and nonflammable, making it a reliable industrial solvent.
Perchloroethylene is commonly used in dry cleaning due to its excellent cleaning properties.

Perchloroethylene is also utilized as a degreasing agent for metal components and machinery parts.
Perchloroethylene is a versatile solvent, dissolving a wide range of organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is known for its ability to remove tough stains, such as grease and oil, from fabrics.

Perchloroethylene is used in the textile industry to degrease wool and other natural fibers.
Perchloroethylene has a high boiling point of around 121 degrees Celsius, allowing it to evaporate slowly during the dry cleaning process.

Despite its cleaning efficiency, it's important to handle PERC with care due to health and environmental concerns.
Perchloroethylene has been used for decades as a dry cleaning agent but is now subject to environmental regulations and restrictions.

When inhaled, Perchloroethylene vapors can cause dizziness, headache, and nausea.
Prolonged exposure to Perchloroethylene may lead to health issues, including liver and kidney damage.

In the environment, Perchloroethylene can contaminate soil and groundwater if not properly managed.
Perchloroethylene is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC) and contributes to air pollution when released into the atmosphere.

Perchloroethylene is denser than water and may sink if accidentally spilled in aquatic environments.
Perchloroethylene is considered hazardous waste when it reaches the end of its useful life.
Various countries and regions have established regulations to limit or phase out the use of PERC in specific applications.

Alternatives to Perchloroethylene, such as hydrocarbon-based solvents and more environmentally friendly options, have gained popularity.
Despite its drawbacks, Perchloroethylene remains an effective solvent for certain industrial processes.

The chemical structure of Perchloroethylene consists of two carbon atoms and four chlorine atoms.
Perchloroethylene is a non-polar molecule, which makes it effective for dissolving non-polar substances like oils and greases.
Perchloroethylene has a moderate ozone-depleting potential and is subject to regulations aimed at reducing its environmental impact.

In dry cleaning machines, Perchloroethylene is used in a closed-loop system to minimize emissions and exposure to workers.
The use of Perchloroethylene is carefully regulated and monitored to protect human health and the environment.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C2Cl4
IUPAC Name: Tetrachloroethylene
Other Common Names: PERC, PCE, Tetrachloroethene


Physical Properties:

State: Liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Sweet, ether-like odor
Melting Point: -22.7°C (-8.9°F)
Boiling Point: 121.1°C (249.9°F)
Density: 1.622 g/cm³ (at 20°C)
Solubility in Water: Low solubility (1.2 g/L at 20°C)
Vapor Pressure: 14 mmHg (at 20°C)
Viscosity: 0.85 cP (at 20°C)


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Structure: Consists of two carbon (C) atoms and four chlorine (Cl) atoms.
Polarity: Nonpolar molecule
Reactivity: Highly stable and non-reactive with most chemicals.
Flammability: Nonflammable
Volatility: Classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC).



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

If PERC vapors are inhaled, move the affected person to an area with fresh air immediately.
Ensure that the person is breathing and their airway is clear.
Administer artificial respiration if necessary.
Seek immediate medical attention as inhalation of Perchloroethylene vapors can lead to health issues.


Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Rinse the affected skin thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap or detergent if available to assist in cleaning.
Seek medical attention if skin irritation or redness occurs or persists.


Eye Contact:

If Perchloroethylene comes into contact with the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
Keep the affected eye open and rinse beneath the eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention to assess and treat any eye irritation or injury.


Ingestion:

If Perchloroethylene is ingested, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth and provide the affected person with small sips of water to drink.
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the medical staff with information about the ingested substance.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When handling Perchloroethylene, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or a face shield, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Use Perchloroethylene in a well-ventilated area, preferably under local exhaust ventilation (LEV) or within a fume hood to minimize inhalation of vapors.
Avoid breathing Perchloroethylene vapors.

Avoid Direct Contact:
Avoid direct skin contact and eye contact with the substance.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Perchloroethylene.

Use in a Closed System:
Where possible, use Perchloroethylene in a closed-loop system to minimize exposure and emissions.

Leak Detection:
Regularly inspect equipment and containers for leaks, and promptly repair any leaks to prevent accidental exposure.

Spills and Leaks:
If a spill occurs, use appropriate spill control measures and personal protective equipment to clean it up.
Dispose of the waste material properly according to local regulations.

No Smoking or Open Flames:
Do not allow smoking or the presence of open flames, sparks, or ignition sources near Perchloroethylene, as it is flammable under certain conditions.

Training:
Ensure that personnel handling Perchloroethylene are trained in the safe use and handling of the chemical and are aware of the associated hazards.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers and storage areas with appropriate warning signs to indicate the presence of Perchloroethylene and the associated risks.


Storage:

Cool, Dry Location:
Store Perchloroethylene in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Original Container:
Keep Perchloroethylene in its original container, tightly closed, and labeled correctly with all necessary information, including hazard warnings.

Incompatible Materials:
Store Perchloroethylene away from incompatible substances, such as strong acids, reducing agents, and flammable materials.
Segregate it from chemicals that may react with it.

Temperature Control:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures and heat, as elevated temperatures can increase the vapor pressure and the risk of flammability.

Storage Quantity:
Limit the quantity of PERC stored to the amount necessary for your operations and avoid overstocking.

Shelf Life:
Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the shelf life of Perchloroethylene, and use it before the expiration date, if applicable.

Security:
Ensure that the storage area is secure and inaccessible to unauthorized or untrained personnel.
Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access.

Spill Control Materials:
Have appropriate spill control materials and equipment readily available in case of accidental spills or releases.


Additional Considerations:

Always prioritize safety when handling Perchloroethylene and be aware of the potential health and environmental risks associated with this chemical.
Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures and maintain access to safety data sheets (SDS) for reference.
Inspect containers regularly for signs of damage or deterioration, and replace damaged containers as needed.
Dispose of empty containers in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
Be proactive in seeking alternatives and safer practices to reduce the use of Perchloroethylene and minimize its potential risks to human health and the environment.



SYNONYMS


Tetrachloroethylene
Perc
PCE
Perchloroethene
Perk
Tetrachloroethene
Perchloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Acetylene tetrachloride
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Perkene
Perclene
Tetra
Clorothene
Per
Tetlen
Tetlen-2
Perclene DP
Percosolve
Nema
Nema solvent
Carbona
Tetranema
Petzin
Tetracloroetileno
Ethylene tetrachloride
Perkloretylen
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetano
Perchlorethylene
Perchlorethene
Tetrachlorethylene
Perklone
Nema
PCEC
Tetracap
Tetracloreten
Tetraclorethene
Tetraclorethylene
Tetra
Tetracloroethylene
Tetracloroetilene
Tetracloroetileno
Tetracloroethene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylenum
Carbon dichloride
Acetylene tetrachloride

Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Perchloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9
Molecular Weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is primarily used in industrial settings and for dry cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.

Perchloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Perchloroethylene is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".

Perchloroethylene also uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.
Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

Perchloroethylene is a man-made chemical that can be a liquid or a gas.
At room temperature, perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid.

Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a man-made, non-flammable, colorless chemical that easily evaporates into the air.
Perchloroethylene is often used in dry cleaning, but is also used in manufacturing and in auto repair shops.

If you live above or next to a dry cleaner, you may be exposed to Perchloroethylene.
There are no readily available medical tests to find out if you have been exposed to PERC.
The best way to check is to measure the air in your home for PERC.

Perchloroethylene is a very versatile, volatile, very stable and non-flammable solvent for organic materials, which is used in various industries, especially in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used in the automotive and metallurgical industries as an excellent degreaser, as well as in the production of stain removers, degreasers and paint strippers.

Perchloroethylene is also used as a multipurpose solvent because Perchloroethylene is more inert and stable than many other chlorinated solvents.
Perchloroethylene is safer than petroleum solvents because Perchloroethylene has no flash point.

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, has a sweet odor, and is completely miscible with most organic liquids.

Perchloroethylene is a versatile, chlorinated solvent used in many industries and extensively by dry cleaning facilities.
Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable, multipurpose solvent that is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Perchloroethylene has no flash or fire point, lending Perchloroethylene important safety strengths over petroleum distillates.
As a result, combined with Perchloroethylene other desirable chemical and physical properties, perchloroethylene offers many advantages over other solvents.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames.
Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons.

Exposure to Perchloroethylene irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage.
Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.

Perchloroethylene is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Perchloroethylene is sometimes called 'dry-cleaning fluid.

Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about one million metric tons in 1985.

Animal studies and a study of 99 twins by Dr. Samuel Goldman and researchers at the Parkinson's Institute in Sunnyvale, California determined there is a 'lot of circumstantial evidence that exposure to tetrachloroethene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that Perchloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans.
Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure.

Tetrachloroethene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation.
This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.

Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations to help dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.
Perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants because of Perchloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather.

The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to are not reported to cause symptoms, according.
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Perchloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the EPA ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings had to phase out dry cleaning machines that use Perchloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is primarly used as a chemical intermediate in Perchloroethylene of several fluroinated compounds and is also utilized in end uses which include industrial and commercial cleaning, automotive aerosols, wool scouring and paper coatings.

Perchloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Perchloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.

Perchloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).
Although not theoretically impossible, there is no evidence that Perchloroethylene forms or occurs naturally in the environment.
Thus, Perchloroethylene detection in an environmental sample (e.g., groundwater, surface water, soil, indoor, or ambient air) is associated with Perchloroethylene spills or accidental release.

Perchloroethylene is toxic to humans at very low concentrations.
The Environmental Protection Agency has established a Maximum Contaminant Level for Perchloroethylene in water of 5 parts per billion (or micrograms per Liter).

At this low amount, practically Perchloroethylene cannot be perceived by smell or taste.
For example, people may smell Perchloroethylene in air at concentrations above 1 ppm (parts per million).

Perchloroethylene is a halogenated organic compound composed of 2 atoms of carbon and 4 atoms of chlorine (two chlorine atoms linked to each carbon).
The two carbons are linked with each other by a double chemical bond.
Thus, Perchloroethylene does not contain any hydrogen atoms.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid with a sweetish smell which is not flammable under normal temperature and pressure.
Perchloroethylene is part of a class of chemicals also known as halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs).
This means that Perchloroethylene evaporates (goes from liquid into gaseous form when in contact with air).

Perchloroethylene is also part of a class of chemicals referred to as “chlorinated solvents”.
Due to the presence of one or more chlorine atoms in their structure chlorinated solvents are heavier than water.
Chlorinated solvents are also referred to as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs).

Perchloroethylene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Perchloroethylene is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is nonflammable, non-explosive, and extremely stable.

Perchloroethylene is decomposed by light and metals when in the presence of moisture, open flame, electric arc, ultraviolet radiation or hot metallic surfaces.
Decomposition products include hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and phosgene gas (a suffocating and highly poisonous, colorless gas or volatile liquid with an odor of new mowed hay or green corn).

Perchloroethylene is a strong oxidizer and very corrosive to metals such as lithium, beryllium, and barium.
Perchloroethylene is also chemically reactive with alkaline (basic) solutions such as caustic soda, sodium hydroxide, and potash.

Perchloroethylene is miscible with ethanol, alcohol, ethyl ether, chloroform, and benzene.
Additionally, like many other organic solvents, perchloroethylene is volatile and slightly soluble in water (0.02%).

Commercially, perchloroethylene is used as a dry cleaning agent, vapor-degreasing solvent, print type cleaner, heat transfer medium, chemical synthesis agent, and rug and upholstery cleaner.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a drying agent for rubber, waxes, tar, paraffin, gums, fat, and acetyl cellulose.

Perchloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent with a chemical formula of C2Cl4, and is widely used in various industries.

Perchloroethylene has many applications, the most significant being as a dry cleaning solvent.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a solvent for metal degreasing, in the production of fluorocarbons, and in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to produce PVC plastic.

One of the primary uses of Perchloroethylene is in the dry cleaning industry.
Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing dirt, grease, and stains from clothing and fabrics without damaging Perchloroethylene.

Perchloroethylene is also used in the textile industry to scour and bleach cotton and wool fibers.
In the metalworking industry, Perchloroethylene is used as a solvent for degreasing and cleaning metal parts before painting, welding, or electroplating.
Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases, and other contaminants from metal surfaces.

Perchloroethylene is also used in the production of fluorocarbons, which are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, as well as in the manufacture of aerosol sprays and foam insulation.
Perchloroethylene is a critical component in the production of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to manufacture PVC plastic.
PVC is used in many applications, including pipes, flooring, roofing, and packaging materials.

Perchloroethylene (also known as tetrachloroethene) is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula of C2Cl4.
Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a sweet odour that is most commonly used as a dry cleaning product of fabrics.

Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable liquid, having no measurable flashpoint or flammable limits in air.
Perchloroethylene is miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly miscible in water.

Perchloroethylene was first synthesized by Michael faraday in 1821.
He discovered that at a high temperature chlorinolysis of hydrocarbons, he could produce perchloroethylene because the hydrocarbon thermally decomposes and causes an array of side products.

Since his discovery, a few other methods have been created.
On such method that is commonly used is when 1.2.-dichloroetane is heated above 400°C with chlorine and a catalyst.
The by-products then go through a distillation process to produce perchloroethylene.

Perchloroethylene is the predominant solvent used in the dry cleaning industry because Perchloroethylene is non-flammable, stable but highly volatile.
Perchloroethylene is safe to use on most textiles, fibres and dyes without causing damage to the garment.

Perchloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases and fats from textiles due Perchloroethylene high boiling point and volatile nature.
A wide array of industries use perchloroethylene because Perchloroethylene is excellent at degreasing metal parts during the production of products.

Perchloroethylene can also be used in extracting fats, dissolving rubber, paint removal, water repellent, brake cleaning and a carrier solvent.
Perchloroethylene was also historically used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent, which is sometimes simply called "perchlo".
Perchloroethylene was first synthesised in 1821 by Michael Faraday, by heating hexachloroethane until Perchloroethylene decomposed into perchloroethylene and dichlorine (Cl₂).
This Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) is mainly used for dry cleaning fabrics and for degreasing metals.

Perchloroethylene is on the IARC's list of group 2A carcinogens and may cause neurological, kidney and hepatic disorders.
Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.

Perchloroethylene (Cl₂C=CCl₂) is a colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
Exposure to Perchloroethylene may cause irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system.

Perchloroethylene may also cause liver damage and is a potential occupational carcinogen.
Workers may be harmed from exposure to Perchloroethylene.
The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Perchloroethylene is used in many industries.
Perchloroethylene’s used to dry clean fabrics, manufacture other chemicals, and degreasing metal parts.

Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to Perchloroethylene include the following:
Workers in dry cleaning industries
Workers who use Perchloroethylene to degrease metals
Workers in industries who use Perchloroethylene to make other chemicals

Uses of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is primary dry cleaning solvent being used today.
Perchloroethylene is used in dry cleaning, metal degreasing, as a chemical intermediate, and in typewriter correction fluids.

Dry cleaning operators who transferred wet garments to a dryer had mean levels of 150 ppm.
Other job tasks with substantial exposure were degreasing (95 ppm), cleaning mining equipment, testing coal, cleaning animal coats (taxidermy), and cleaning/duplicating film.

Perchloroethylene is used in dry cleaning; textile processing; degreasing metals; solvent; chemical intermediate in production of fluorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene is used insulating fluid and cooling gas in electric transformers

The major use for Perchloroethylene is as a chemical intermediate for fluorocarbons, such as HFC-134a and HFC-125.
Another important application is the use as a solvent for dry cleaning.

Other uses are textile finishing and dyeing and extraction processes.
In smaller quantities, Perchloroethylene is used to formulate various types of adhesives, sealants, and coatings.

Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products, such as paint strippers and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these chemical properties, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries (e.g., cleaning tires, brakes, engines, carburetors and wire, and as an antiseizing agent).
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products, including paint strippers and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene was first produced in the United States as a by-product of carbon tetrachloride manufacture in the early 1900s.
The first widespread use of Perchloroethylene was in the dry cleaning industry in the late 1930s.

Production of Perchloroethylene increased during the 1950s.
Throughout the 1950s, about 80% of Perchloroethylene was used for dry cleaning and 15% for metal cleaning and degreasing.
In the 1960s, the dry cleaning industry accounted for about 90% of Perchloroethylene consumption as large dry cleaning plants began favoring Perchloroethylene over flammable petroleum solvents.

After peaking in the 1970s, production and use of Perchloroethylene decreased, probably as a result of Perchloroethylene classification as a hazardous waste by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Additionally, the phase-out of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons led to a decline of Perchloroethylene use as a chemical intermediate for production of those agents.

In the 1990s, use of Perchloroethylene as a chemical precursor for fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, more commonly known as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a, increased, as did demand for Perchloroethylene as a metal degreasing agent.
Although the quantity of Perchloroethylene used in dry cleaning facilities declined throughout the 1990s, Perchloroethylene has remained the predominant solvent used by dry cleaners.

Perchloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.

Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations.
When applied to a material or fabric, Perchloroethylene helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.

In metal manufacturing, solvents containing perchloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.
Due to Perchloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.

Perchloroethylene offers many physical and chemical properties that make Perchloroethylene the right chlorinated solvent for many applications.
Perchloroethylene is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Perchloroethylene is stabilized to prevent solvent degradation or decomposition, and corrosion of metal parts and equipment.
Stabilizers are designed to be recoverable even after repeated cleaning cycles and from carbon adsorbers.

Perchloroethylene’s high solvency and high vapor density make Perchloroethylene ideal for a variety of end uses, and as a result, perchloroethylene has become the largest volume dry cleaning solvent and the choice for vapor degreasing.
With all downstream applications, appropriate registrations and/or approvals may be required.

Possible uses are described below:

Dry cleaning:
Perchloroethylene is the preferred solvent because, in addition to Perchloroethylene non-flammability, Perchloroethylene provides a fast, powerful, yet gentle cleaning action with a minimum of mechanical agitation.
The result is a cleaner product with less fabric wear.
Perchloroethylene is ideal for all natural and syntheticbfibers.

Dry cleaning uses non-aqueous solvents to clean fabrics.
The first dry cleaning operations in the United States (US) date back to the 1800s when people washed fabrics in open tubs with solvents such as gasoline, kerosene, benzene, turpentine, and petroleum and then hung to dry.

In the 1900s, the US started using specialized machines for the dry cleaning process.
However, the use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, highlighting the need to find a safer alternative.

The dry cleaning industry first introduced Stoddard solvent (less flammable than gasoline) followed by several nonflammable halogenated solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), trichlorotrifluoroethane, and perchloroethylene (PERC).
Beginning in the 1940s, Perchloroethylene the most frequently used dry cleaning solvent and continues to be the primary solvent used to dry clean fabrics both in the US and the European Union (EU).

To comply with environmental regulations, dry cleaning machines have evolved through several “generations” to minimize Perchloroethylene release.
The 1st generation machines were “transfer machines,” where cleaned fabrics were manually transferred from the washer to a dryer.

Since then, various pollution prevention controls have been implemented through the subsequent generations, culminating in the latest 5th generation machines, which are closed-loop and equipped with refrigerated condensers, carbon absorbers, inductive fans, and sensor-actuated lockout devices.
As the newer generations of machines were introduced, the amount of Perchloroethylene used was reduced from 300 to 500 g-PERC/kilogram of fabrics (1st generation) to
In many EU countries, dry cleaning machines older than 15 years are typically prohibited—only 5th generation machines are allowed.
However, 4th generation machines may be used if best practices (e.g., good housekeeping, optimal machine operation, and recycling) are implemented and they meet EU emission requirements.
The US EPA's National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) regulations stipulate that 2nd generation machines must be upgraded to 4th generation, and 3rd generation machines must be retrofitted or upgraded to 4th generation machines; only 4th generation and later machines can be sold, leased, or installed.

As of 2017 in the US, there are ~20,600 dry cleaning shops and the industry employs nearly 160,000 workers, with ~80% identifying as a racial or ethnic minority.
The majority of owners are of Korean ancestry.

Nationwide, 60–65% of dry cleaners use Perchloroethylene as their primary solvent and most of the remainder use a high-flashpoint hydrocarbon.
Other solvents currently used in the US include butylal, siloxane, liquid carbon dioxide, glycol ethers, and water (professional wet cleaning).
In Europe, 60–90% of dry cleaning shops use PERC, depending on the country.

Faster cycles:
The cleaning cycle and drying times are fast with perchloroethylene and, because of Perchloroethylene high solvency, fewer stains are left for the spotter.
Because Perchloroethylene is recoverable, Perchloroethylene has a long service life.

Customizable:
Perchloroethylene works with any dry-cleaning detergent, so the dry cleaner can add detergent or soap to make a customized charged system.

Vapor Degreasing:
Many industries, including aerospace, automotive, and household appliance production, use perchloroethylene in vapor degreasing for metal parts.
Perchloroethylene is ideal for situations that require a high boiling point (above that of water).
Many soils, such as waxes and resins, must be melted in order to be solubilized, making perchloroethylene a preferred solvent.

High boiling point:
The high boiling point of perchloroethylene enables Perchloroethylene to condense more vapor on the metal than other chlorinated solvents, thus washing the parts more effectively.
Perchloroethylene cleans longer and removes higher melt-point pitches and waxes more easily.

Perchloroethylene is effective with lightweight and light gauge parts that warm up to the temperature of a lower boiling point solvent before cleaning is complete.
Perchloroethylene is particularly useful in fine orifices and spot-welded seams.

Azeotropic with water:
Perchloroethylene forms an azeotrope with water.
As a result, perchloroethylene allows a vapor degreaser to function as a drying device for metal parts and to remove water films from metals without degradation of the solvent.

Chemical Processing:
Perchloroethylene serves as a carrier solvent for fabric finishes, rubber, and silicones.
Perchloroethylene also is used as an extractant solvent in paint removers and printing inks.

Perchloroethylene serves as a chemical intermediate in many applications.
As with all applications, when using perchloroethylene to decrease the flammability of a mixture, Perchloroethylene is important to determine the flash point of the final product as Perchloroethylene is to be used prior to selling, since an insufficient quantity of perchloroethylene will not raise the flash point of the mixture.

Catalyst Regeneration:
Perchloroethylene is used in the petroleum refinery industry as a source of hydrochloric acid, a promoter, which helps in the regeneration of catalyst in both catalytic reformer and isomerization operations.
Product sold into this operation must be a purer, less stabilized grade than most to preclude the poisoning of the platinum catalyst.

Fluorocarbon:
Perchloroethylene is used in the manufacture of refrigerants, refrigerant blends, and other fluorinated compounds.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Perchloroethylene is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Perchloroethylene is used in the following areas: building & construction work, health services and scientific research and development.

Release to the environment of Perchloroethylene can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Perchloroethylene is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Uses at industrial sites:
Perchloroethylene is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Perchloroethylene is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Perchloroethylene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Perchloroethylene can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Refrigerants
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Other Uses:
Perchloroethylene is used to dry clean clothes.
Perchloroethylene is used to degrease and clean metal parts.

Perchloroethylene is used as a finishing product for textiles.
Perchloroethylene is used to extract oils and fats.
Perchloroethylene is used ts an intermediate in synthesis.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Degreasing
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Dry Cleaning
Mining

Activities with risk of exposure:
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Applications of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.

Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers.
Perchloroethylene is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts Perchloroethylene to a proton to form argon.

Perchloroethylene is mostly used in dry cleaning business.
Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent and stain remover.
Perchloroethylene also has very low toxicity.

Perchloroethylene is also used to clean oils in automotive and many other metal-related industries.
Certain dye removers and stain removers contain perchloroethylene.
Perchloroethylene had been used in coolant and medicine productions but Perchloroethylene is not preferred now.

Historical Applications:
Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

Features of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene bears the formula C2Cl4, Perchloroethylene is volatile, nonflammable and resembles the odor of ether.
Perchloroethylene uses are mostly related to cleaning and removal of oil,grease and tough stains.

Perchloroethylene and dry cleaning go hand in hand as Perchloroethylene use is dominant in this sector.
Other uses are as an insulation fluid in electrical transformers, as cooling gas components and cleaner for automotive parts.

Properties of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, strong scented solvent that is mainly used in dry cleaning business.
Even in 1 ppm, Perchloroethylene odor is distinguishable by humans.
Perchloroethylene is a very good solvent and has very low toxicity.

Perchloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor; the odor threshold is 1 ppm.
The chemical formula for Perchloroethylene is C2Cl4, and the molecular weight is 165.83 g/mol.
The vapor pressure for Perchloroethylene is 18.47 mm Hg at 25 °C, and Perchloroethylene has a log octanol/waterpartition coefficient (log Kow) of 3.40.

Perchloroethylene, as mentioned above, is neither flammable nor does Perchloroethylene have a measurable flash point, which indicates that at room temperature Perchloroethylene has a lower evaporation rate than other solvents.
In addition, Perchloroethylene does not affect the ozone layer, which is why the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved Perchloroethylene use as a replacement for ozone-depleting solvents.

Perchloroethylene is a colourless, volatile liquid, heavier than water and practically insoluble in water.
Perchloroethylene has an odor similar to ether or chloroform and is sensitive to light and UV radiation, so Perchloroethylene decomposes when Perchloroethylene remains under direct exposure for prolonged periods.
Perchloroethylene can be mixed with a wide variety of organic solvents such as ether, ethyl alcohol, benzene, chloroform and others.

Perchloroethylene has the ability to dissolve fats, oils and resins.
The vapour Perchloroethylene produces is not visible and is heavier than air, so Perchloroethylene spreads at ground level.

Perchloroethylene cold oxidation process is quite slow and Perchloroethylene does not corrode ordinary metals, in fact, Perchloroethylene has the ability to remove grease from metals such as aluminium and magnesium.
However, Perchloroethylene cannot be used on metals such as zinc, lithium, barium and beryllium, which in Perchloroethylene liquid form attacks some varieties of plastics and rubbers.

Manufacturing Methods of Perchloroethylene:
The production of Perchloroethylene is possible by high temperature chlorination of chlorinated lower molecular mass hydrocarbons.

For industrial purposes, three processes are important:
1. Production from acetylene via trichloroethylene.
2. Production from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane through oxychlorination.
3. Production from C1-C3 hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons through high temperature chlorination.

Prepared primarily by two processes:
The Huels method whereby direct chlorination of ethylene yields 70% perchloroethylene, 20% carbon tetrachloride, and 10% other chlorinated products;
Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, or propane are simultaneously chlorinated and pyrolyzed to yield over 95% perchloroethylene plus carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid.

Perchloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and acetylene.

General Manufacturing Information of Perchloroethylene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Production of Perchloroethylene:
Perchloroethylene is industrially produced by chlorolysis of mostly light hydrocarbons in high temperatures.
Many byproducts are also produced in this process.
These items are disintigrated by distillation.

Ethylene chlorine is also produced by catalyzation of potassium chlorine, ammonium chlorine or active carbone and chlorine in 400 °C.
Bypoducts are distillated, similar to above mentioned method.

History and Production:
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Perchloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2

Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Perchloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.

Victor Regnault stated "according to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) degrees Celsius".
Perchloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.

Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.

Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed.

When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Perchloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:
ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl

This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Remediation and degradation of Perchloroethylene:
In principle, Perchloroethylene contamination can be remediated by chemical treatment.
Chemical treatment involves reducing metals such as iron powder.

In addition to bioremediation, Perchloroethylene hydrolyzes on contact with soil.

Bioremediation usually entails reductive dechlorination usually under anaerobic conditions.
Dehalococcoides sp. under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp.
Products of biodegradation products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts Perchloroethylene into ethylene and chloride.

Human Metabolite Information of Perchloroethylene:

Cellular Locations:
Membrane

Handling and Storage of Perchloroethylene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Stop leak if you can do Perchloroethylene without risk.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL:
Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Safe Storage:
Separated from metals, ignition sources and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a secure poison location.
Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on Perchloroethylene proper handling and storage.
A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Perchloroethylene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide; chemically active metals, such as barium, lithium, and beryllium; and nitric acid, since violent reactions occur.
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Separate from active metals.
Isolate from open flames and combustibles.

Perchloroethylene is stored in mild steel tanks equipped with breathing vents & chemical driers.
Perchloroethylene can be transferred through seamless black iron pipes, with gasketing materials of compressed asbestos, asbestos reinforced with metal, or asbestos impregnated with Teflon or Viton, employing centrifugal or positive displacement pumps of cast iron or steel construction.
Small quantities may be stored safely in green or amber glass containers.

Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Perchloroethylene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Health and Safety of Perchloroethylene:
The acute toxicity of Perchloroethylene is moderate to low.
Reports of human injury are uncommon despite Perchloroethylene wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing.

Despite the advantages of Perchloroethylene, many have called for Perchloroethylene replacement from widespread commercial use.
Perchloroethylene has been described as a possible "neurotoxicant, liver and kidney toxicant, and reproductive and developmental toxicant a 'potential occupational carcinogen'"

Testing for exposure:
Perchloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements.
Also, for acute exposures, Perchloroethylene in expired air can be measured.

Perchloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure.
Perchloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a breakdown product of Perchloroethylene, can be detected in the blood.

In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for Perchloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8 hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.

Perchloroethylene is present in very tiny amounts in the environment as a result of industrial releases.
Dry cleaned clothes may release small amounts of Perchloroethylene into the air, according to the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Perchloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings must phase out dry cleaning machines that use Perchloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning workers or workers at metal degreasing facilities.
Exposure to these higher levels of Perchloroethylene can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system.

Short-term exposure to high levels of Perchloroethylene can affect the central nervous system and may lead to unconsciousness or death, according to NIH.
To help protect these workers, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends special safety precautions, such as a recommended schedule of maintenance activities and performing daily checks for Perchloroethylene leaks from dry cleaning machines.

First Aid Measures of Perchloroethylene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Perchloroethylene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Perchloroethylene:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material involved in fire:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.
Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies.

From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers.
If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.
The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Approach from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Identifiers of Perchloroethylene:
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Beilstein Reference: 1304635
ChEBI: CHEBI:17300
ChEMBL: ChEMBL114062
ChemSpider: 13837281
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.388
EC Number: 204-825-9
Gmelin Reference: 101142
KEGG: C06789
PubChem CID: 31373
RTECS number: KX3850000
UNII: TJ904HH8SN
UN number: 1897
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021319
InChI: InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES: ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl

Cas No: 127-18-4
EINESC No: 204-825-9
Molecular weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

EC / List no.: 204-825-9
CAS no.: 127-18-4
Mol. formula: C2Cl4

Synonyms: PCE, Perchloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene
Linear Formula: CCl2=CCl2
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Molecular Weight: 165.83

Typical Properties of Perchloroethylene:
Chemical formula: C2Cl4
Molar mass: 165.82 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Strong and sweetish, chloroform-like
Density: 1.622 g/cm3
Melting point: −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)
Boiling point: 121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)
Solubility in water: 0.15 g/L (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −81.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 0.89 cP at 25 °C

General Properties: luminous colorless liquid
Odor: chloric, disturbing
Intensity: 1.622 g/cm g/cm3
Boiling point: 121,1 °C
Melting point: −19 °C
Flash point:
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Refraction index: 1,5055 nD
Solubility: 0.15 g/L (25 °C),

Molecular Weight: 165.8
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 165.872461
Monoisotopic Mass: 163.875411
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 55.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compounds of Perchloroethylene:
Trichloroethylene
Dichloroethene
Tetrachloroethane

Related organohalides:
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrabromoethylene
Tetraiodoethylene

Names of Perchloroethylene:

Regulatory process names:
Tetrachloroethylene
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene

Translated names:
Perchlorethylen (de)
perchloroetylen (pl)
percloroetilene (it)
perkloretylen (no)
tetrachloorethyleen (nl)
tetrachlorethen (cs)
tetrachlorethylen (da)
Tetrachlorethylen (de)
tetrachloretilenas (lt)
tetrachloroeten (pl)
tetrachloroetylen (pl)
tetrachlóretén (sk)
tetracloretilena (ro)
tetracloroetilene (it)
tetracloroetileno (es)
tetracloroetileno (pt)
tetrahloretilēns (lv)
tetrakloorietyleeni (fi)
tetrakloreten (no)
tetrakloreten (sv)
tetrakloretylen (no)
tetrakloroetilen (hr)
tetrakloroetilen (sl)
Tetrakloroetüleen (et)
tetraklóretilén (hu)
tétrachloroéthylène (fr)
τετραχλωροαιθυλένιο (el)
тeтрахлороетилен (bg)

CAS names:
Ethene
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-

IUPAC names:
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene
1,1,2,2-tetracloroetene
Ethene, tetrachloro
etrachloroethene
perchloroethylene
perchloroethylene
tetrachlorethen
Tetrachlorethylène
Tetrachloroethene
tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylen
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
UPV10

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tetrachloroethene

Trade names:
Czterochloroetylen
DOWPER LM
DOWPER MC
DOWPER N
DOWPER Pure Power
DOWPER Solvent
Perchlorethylene
PERCHLOROETHYLEN
Performanti
Perklone D
Perklone DX+
Perklone EXT
Perklone MD
Perklone N

Other names:
Perchloroethene
perchloroethylene
perc
PCE

Other identifiers:
127-18-4
602-028-00-4

Synonyms of Perchloroethylene:
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
127-18-4
Perchloroethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
ENT 1,860
Perclene TG
UN 1897
TJ904HH8SN
DTXSID2021319
CHEBI:17300
NSC-9777
Percosolv
Caswell No. 827
C2Cl4
MFCD00000834
Percloroetilene [Italian]
Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch]
Tetrachloraethen [German]
Tetracloroetene [Italian]
Czterochloroetylen [Polish]
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
HSDB 124
Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch]
Perchloraethylen, per [German]
Perchlorethylene, per [French]
Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
NSC 9777
EINECS 204-825-9
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
Tetrachlorathen
Perchlorothylene
AI3-01860
tetrachloro-ethene
tetrachloro-ethylene
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
Freon 1110
Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH)
Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN)
Percloroetilene(ITALIAN)
Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN)
bmse000633
Czterochloroetylen(POLISH)
EC 204-825-9
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
SCHEMBL23022
4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH)
Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN)
Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH)
Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
CHEMBL114062
DTXCID601319
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI]
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
NSC9777
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB]
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.]
ZINC8214691
Tox21_201196
AKOS009031593
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
CAS-127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
DB-041854
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC]
F0001-0391
Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
Density Standard 1623 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
25135-99-3

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinate hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ether-like odor.
The major part of Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.

CAS: 127-18-4
MF: C2Cl4
MW: 165.83
EINECS: 204-825-9

Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable, and thus being widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene can also be used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries upon being mixed with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene can also be used in neutrino detectors.
However, Perchloroethylene should be noted that it is a potential carcinogen.
A chlorocarbon that is tetrachloro substituted ethene.

Perchloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a slightly ethereal odour.
Perchloroethylene is marginally soluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents.
Perchloroethylene has a limited number of uses and applications.
Perchloroethylene is used as intermediate, as dry cleaning agent in the industrial and professional sector, as surface cleaning agent in industrial settings, as heat transfer medium in industrial settings, and in film cleaning and copying by professionals.
Perchloroethylene is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of fluorinated compounds and in industrial surface cleaning metal degreasing.
Occupational exposure to Perchloroethylene is possible in the manufacturing facilities or the industrial facilities where it is used as an intermediate.

Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated ethylene compound commonly used as a dry cleaning and degreasing solvent.
Perchloroethylene shows IR transparency as it has no C–H bonds making it an ideal solvent for IR spectroscopy.
Perchloroethylene is a man-made pollutant which is difficult to degrade.
Perchloroethylene is a ground water contaminant which has adverse effect on human health due to its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Some of the methods proposed for its degradation are Fenton oxidation treatment, reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic condition, and reduction using zero valent metal ions.
One of the methods reported for its synthesis is from ethylene dichloride and chlorine.

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".
Perchloroethylene also has its uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.
Perchloroethylene has a sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

History and production
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Perchloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).

C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2
Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Perchloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.
Victor Regnault stated "according to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) ".

Perchloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.
Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's method since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.

Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed.
When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Perchloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:

ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl
This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Perchloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Perchloroethylene Chemical Properties
Melting point: -22 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 121 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.623 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 5.83 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 13 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.505(lit.)
Fp: 120-121°C
Storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
Solubility: water: soluble0.15g/L at 25°C
Form: Liquid
Color: APHA: ≤10
Odor: chloroform-like odor
Odor Threshold: 0.77ppm
Water Solubility: Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene and hexane. Slightly miscible with water.
Freezing Point: -22.0℃
λmax: λ: 290 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 295 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 300 nm Amax: ≤0.20
λ: 305 nm Amax: 0.10
λ: 350 nm Amax: 0.05
λ: 400 nm Amax: 0.03
Merck: 14,9190
BRN: 1361721
Henry's Law Constant: 4.97 at 1.8 °C, 15.5 at 21.6 °C, 34.2 at 40.0 °C, 47.0 at 50 °C, 68.9 at 60 °C, 117.0 at 70 °C (EPICS-GC, Shimotori and Arnold, 2003)
Exposure limits: TLV-TWA 50 ppm (～325 mg/m3) (ACGIH), 100 ppm (MSHA and OSHA); TLV-STEL 200 ppm (ACGIH); carcinogenicity: Animal Limited Evidence.
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
LogP: 2.53 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 127-18-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Perchloroethylene (127-18-4)
IARC: 2A (Vol. Sup 7, 63, 106) 2014
EPA Substance Registry System: Perchloroethylene (127-18-4)

Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with an ethereal odor.
Insoluble in water.
Vapors heavier than air.
Density approximately 13.5 lb/gal.
Used as dry cleaning solvent, a degreasing solvent, a drying agent for metals, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with a characteristic odor.

The odor is noticeable 47 ppm, though after a short period it may become inconspicuous, thereby becoming an unreliable warning signal.
The Odor Threshold is variously given as 5 ppm to 6.17 (3M).
Clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with a chloroform or sweet, ethereal odor. Odor threshold concentration is 4.68 ppmv.
The average least detectable odor threshold concentrations in water at 60 °C and in air at 40 °C were 0.24 and 2.8 mg/L, respectively.

Uses
Perchloroethylene is also known as perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethene and is also commonly abbreviated to PER or PERC.
Perchloroethylene is a volatile, chlorinated organic hydrocarbon that is widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and textile-processing industries and as an agent for degreasing metal parts.
Perchloroethylene is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in the air, groundwater, surface waters, and soil (NRC, 2010).

Perchloroethylene is used as a solvent, indrycleaning, and in metal degreasing.
Perchloroethylene is a common industrial solvent that is often found as a contaminant in groundwater.
Perchloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen to humans and is difficult to degrade biologically as it has no natural source.
Perchloroethylene is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).

Uses
Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Perchloroethylene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Perchloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Perchloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Perchloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Historical applications
Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, Perchloroethylene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

Reactivity Profile
Perchloroethylene decomposes upon heating and exposure to UV light to give phosgene and HCl.
Reacts violently with finely dispersed light metals (aluminum) and zinc.
Mixtures with finely divided barium or lithium metal can detonate.
Decomposes very slowly in water to form trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid

Health Hazard
Exposure to Perchloroethylene can produceheadache, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordina tion, irritation of eyes, nose, and throat, and flushing of neck and face.
Exposure to highconcentrations can produce narcotic effects.
The primary target organs are the centralnervous system, mucous membranes, eyes,and skin.
The kidneys, liver, and lungs areaffected to a lesser extent.
Symptoms ofdepression of the central nervous system aremanifested in humans from repeated expo sure to 200 ppm for 7 hours/day.
Chronicexposure to concentrations ranging from 200to 1600 ppm caused drowsiness, depression,and enlargement of the kidneys and livers inrats and guinea pigs.

A 4-hour exposure to 4000 ppm of vapor in air was lethal to rats.
Ingestion of tetrachloroethylene may pro duce toxic effects ranging from nausea andvomiting to somnolence, tremor, and ataxia.
The oral toxicity, is low, however, with LD50ranging between 3000 and 9000 mg/kg inanimals.
Skin contact with the liquid maycause defatting and dermatitis of skin.
Evidence of carcinogenicity of Perchloroethylene has been noted in test animals sub jected to inhalation or oral administration.
Perchloroethylene caused tumors in the blood, liver, and kidneyin rats and mice.
Carcinogenicity in humansis not reported.

Synonyms
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
127-18-4
Perchloroethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Percosolv
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
Caswell No. 827
ENT 1,860
C2Cl4
Percloroetilene [Italian]
Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch]
Tetrachloraethen [German]
Tetracloroetene [Italian]
Perclene TG
Czterochloroetylen [Polish]
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
UN 1897
HSDB 124
Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch]
Perchloraethylen, per [German]
Perchlorethylene, per [French]
NSC 9777
EINECS 204-825-9
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
TJ904HH8SN
AI3-01860
DTXSID2021319
CHEBI:17300
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE-1-13C
NSC-9777
EC 204-825-9
4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MFCD00000834
25135-99-3
Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Perchlorothylne
Percloroetileno
Tetrachlorathen
Tetrakloreten
Dowper
Perchlorothylene
perawi n
Tetrochloroethane
tetrachloro-ethene
tetrachloro-ethylene
Tetrachlorethen (Per)
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
TTE (CHRIS Code)
Freon 1110
Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH)
Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN)
Percloroetilene(ITALIAN)
Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN)
bmse000633
Czterochloroetylen(POLISH)
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
C2-Cl4
SCHEMBL23022
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH)
Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN)
Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH)
Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
CHEMBL114062
DTXCID601319
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI]
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
Eteno, 1,1,2,2-tetracloro-
NSC9777
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB]
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.]
Tox21_201196
LS-710
NA1897
AKOS009031593
perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene)
tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
Perchloroethylene; (Tetrachloroethylene)
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachoroethylene; see Perchloroethylene
CAS-127-18-4
Perchloroethylene; (Tetrachloroethylene)
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC]
F0001-0391
Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
Density Standard 1623 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) (These peer-reviewed values were developed under the Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) Program mandated by AB1807.)

Perchloroethylene IUPAC Name 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene Perchloroethylene InChI 1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6 Perchloroethylene InChI Key CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Canonical SMILES C(=C(Cl)Cl)(Cl)Cl Perchloroethylene Molecular Formula C2Cl4 Perchloroethylene CAS 127-18-4 Perchloroethylene European Community (EC) Number 204-825-9 Perchloroethylene ICSC Number 0076 Perchloroethylene NSC Number 9777 Perchloroethylene RTECS Number KX3850000 Perchloroethylene UN Number 1897 Perchloroethylene UNII TJ904HH8SN Perchloroethylene DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID2021319 Perchloroethylene Physical Description Liquid Perchloroethylene Color/Form Colorless liquid Perchloroethylene Odor Ether-like odor Perchloroethylene Boiling Point 250 °F at 760 mm Hg Perchloroethylene Melting Point -2 °F Perchloroethylene Flash Point No flash point in conventional closed tester. Perchloroethylene Solubility less than 0.1 mg/mL at 63° F Perchloroethylene Density 1.63 at 68 °F Perchloroethylene Vapor Density 5.83 Perchloroethylene Vapor Pressure 14 mm Hg at 68 °F ; 15.8 mm Hg at 72° F Perchloroethylene LogP 3.4 Perchloroethylene LogKoa 3.48 (Octanol-Air partition coefficient) Perchloroethylene Henrys Law Constant 0.02 atm-m3/mole Perchloroethylene Atmospheric OH Rate Constant 1.67e-13 cm3/molecule*sec Perchloroethylene Stability/Shelf Life Stable under recommended storage conditions. Perchloroethylene Autoignition Temperature Not flammable Perchloroethylene Decomposition Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas. Perchloroethylene Viscosity Liquid (cP): 0.932 at 15 °C; 0.839 at 25 °C; 0.657 at 50 °C; 0.534 at 75 °C. Vapor: 9900 cP at 60 °C Perchloroethylene Corrosivity Corrosion of aluminum, iron, and zinc, which is negligible unless water is present, can be inhibited by the addition of stabilizers Perchloroethylene Heat of Combustion 679.9 kJ/mol Perchloroethylene Heat of Vaporization 90.2 BTU/lb = 50.1 cal/g = 2.10X10+5 J/kg Perchloroethylene Surface Tension 31.74 dynes/cm at 20 °C in contact with vapor Perchloroethylene Ionization Potential 9.32 eV Perchloroethylene Molecular Weight 165.8 g/mol Perchloroethylene XLogP3 3.4 Perchloroethylene Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Perchloroethylene Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 0 Perchloroethylene Rotatable Bond Count 0 Perchloroethylene Exact Mass 165.872461 g/mol Perchloroethylene Monoisotopic Mass 163.875411 g/mol Perchloroethylene Topological Polar Surface Area 0 Ų Perchloroethylene Heavy Atom Count 6 Perchloroethylene Formal Charge 0 Perchloroethylene Complexity 55.6 Perchloroethylene Isotope Atom Count 0 Perchloroethylene Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Perchloroethylene Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Perchloroethylene Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. It is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.Perchloroethylene is stable up to 500 °C in the absence of catalysts, moisture, and oxygen.The distinctive odor of Perchloroethylene does not necessarily provide adequate warning. Because Perchloroethylene quickly desensitizes olfactory responses, persons can suffer exposure to vapor concentrations in excess of TLV limits without smelling it.The odor threshold for Perchloroethylene has been established as 32 mg/ cu m.Perchloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Perchloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.Perchloroethylene is a volatile, lipophilic small molecule that is rapidly and extensively absorbed after inhalation and oral exposure. It can also be rapidly absorbed through the skin, but dermal absorption appears to be a less important route of exposure. In humans, inhalation exposure to Perchloroethylene typically results, within a few hours of exposure, in a pseudoequilibrium between inspired air and blood although there can be substantial interindividual differences in absorption behavior. After oral dosing in animals, peak blood Perchloroethylene concentrations are typically reached within 15-30 min, and systemic bioavailability is typically greater than 80%; once absorbed, Perchloroethylene is rapidly distributed throughout the body, and well-perfused tissues reach a pseudoequilibrium with blood within a few minutes.Because of its lipophilicity, the highest concentrations of Perchloroethylene are found in adipose tissue. In humans, the fat-to-blood concentration ratio has been estimated to be as high as 90:1. Relatively high concentrations are also observed in the liver and brain. On the basis of animal studies and sparse human data, the brain concentration of Perchloroethylene is 4-8 times the blood concentration.For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Perchloroethylene (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.The two major products of Perchloroethylene metabolism by the CYP pathway are trichloroacetyl chloride and oxalyl chloride.The beta-lyase pathway: Perchloroethylene is conjugated with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione and is later processed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC).The CYP pathway is the predominant route of Perchloroethylene metabolism in rats and humans. Plasma albumin adducted with the trichloro derivative, indicating metabolism by the CYP pathway, was found in rats and humans exposed to Perchloroethylene at 40 ppm for 6 hours. ... Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) excretion by rats was about 23 fold that of humans; or humans excreted about 4.4% of the amount excreted by rats.After ingestion of 12-16 g Perchloroethylene, a 6 year old boy was admitted to the clinic in coma. ... The Perchloroethylene blood level profile which was determined under hyperventilation therapy could be computer fitted to a two compartment model. Elimination of Perchloroethylene from the blood compartment occurred via a rapid and a slow process with half-lives of 30 min and 35 hours, respectively. These values compared favorably with the half-lives of 160 min and 33 hours under normal respiratory conditions.The elimination of Perchloroethylene in expired air ranged from 50 to 150 ppm (339 to 1,017 mg/cu m) for up to 8 hr. Biological half-life for fat stores was 71.5 hr.The biological half-life of Perchloroethylene metabolites (as measured as total trichloro-compounds) is 144 hours.Perchloroethylene is used to clean dirt, grease and minor scratches from the print and the negative films prior to printing.The production of Perchloroethylene is possible by high temperature chlorination of chlorinated lower molecular mass hydrocarbons. For industrial purposes, three processes are important: 1. Production from acetylene via trichloroethylene ... 2. Production from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane through oxychlorination ... and 3. Production from C1-C3 hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons through high temperature chlorination.Perchloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and acetylene.Perchloroethylene is avail in the USA in the following grades: purified, technical, USP, spectrophotometric, and dry-cleaning. The technical and dry-cleaning grades both meet specifications for technical grade and differ only in the amount of stabilizer added to prevent decomposition. Stabilizers ... incl amines or mixtures of epoxides and esters. Typical analysis of the commercial grade is ... nonvolatile residue, 0.0003%; free chlorine, none; moisture, no cloud at -5 °C ... USP grade contains not less than 99.0% and no more than 99.5% Perchloroethylene, the remainder consisting of ethanol.Analyte: Perchloroethylene; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg); Flow rate: 0.01-0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 0.2 @ 100 ppm, max: 40; Stability: not determined.The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of Perchloroethylene stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this colorless liquid may occur from its use as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. In addition to eye and skin inflammation from contacting liquid Perchloroethylene, inhalation of its vapor can cause central nervous system depression, liver necrosis, and effects on the lung, heart, and kidney. Perchloroethylene's sweet chloroform-like odor may warn of its presence at a sub-TLV level of 4.68 ppm; however,the distinctive odor of Perchloroethylene does not necessarily provide adequate warning. Because Perchloroethylene quickly desensitizes olfactory responses, persons can suffer exposure to vapor concentrations in excess of TLV limits without smelling it. To assure against exposure, it is recommended that self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing be worn, especially in fire or spill situations. Although considered nonflammable, containers of Perchloroethylene may explode in the heat of a fire and its vapor will decompose in contact with open flames or red-heated materials to yield the poisonous gas, phosgene. For small fires involving Perchloroethylene, extinguish with dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Cool containers with water. If the fire involves a tank car or truck, isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions. Perchloroethylene should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from strong oxidizers, potential fire hazards, caustic soda, potash, and chemically active metals such as barium, lithium, and beryllium. For small spills of Perchloroethylene, ventilate the area then take up with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth. Large spills should be diked for later disposal. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residues (including waste sludge), consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.Irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat and central nervous system depression were experienced by 17 subjects, exposed to 685 mg of Perchloroethylene per cu m air. Coordination was impaired within 3 hr of exposure.D039; A waste containing Perchloroethylene may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.The presence of 0.5% of trichloroethylene as impurity in Perchloroethylene during unheated drying over solid sodium hydroxide caused the generation of dichloroacetylene. After subsequent fractional distillation, the volatile fore-run exploded.Perchloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and many other names (and abbreviations such as "perc" or "PERC", and "PCE"), is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid". It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.Most Perchloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.Perchloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. It is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. It is also used in aerosol preparations.It is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts it to a proton to form argon.Perchloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants. In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.The acute toxicity of Perchloroethylene "is moderate to low". "Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing".The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified Perchloroethylene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans.Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, Perchloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. Perchloroethylene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation.Animal studies and a study of 99 twins showed there is a "lot of circumstantial evidence" that exposure to Perchloroethylene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold. Larger population studies are planned.Also, Perchloroethylene has been shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats.Perchloroethylene exposure has been linked to pronounced acquired color vision deficiencies after chronic exposure.Perchloroethylene is a common soil contaminant. With a specific gravity greater than 1, Perchloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are released. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills: oil has a specific gravity less than 1. Recent research on soil and ground water pollution by Perchloroethylene has focused on in-place remediation. Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, Perchloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation. Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts Perchloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water.Estimates state that 85% of Perchloroethylene produced is released into the atmosphere; while models from OECD assumed that 90% is released into the air and 10% to water. Based on these models, its distribution in the environment is estimated to be in the air (76.39% - 99.69%), water (0.23% - 23.2%), soil (0.06-7%), with the remainder in the sediment and biota. Estimates of lifetime in the atmosphere vary, but a 1987 survey estimated the lifetime in the air to be about 2 months in the Southern Hemisphere and 5–6 months in the Northern Hemisphere. Degradation products observed in a laboratory include phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Perchloroethylene is degraded by hydrolysis, and is persistent under aerobic conditions. It is degraded by reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions, with degradation products such as trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, and ethane. It has an ozone depletion potential of 0.005, where CFC-11 (CCl3F) is 1.Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor. It is primarily used in industrial settings and also for dry-cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.Perchloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations. When applied to a material or fabric, perc helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.In metal manufacturing, solvents containing perchloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.Due to its durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, perchloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.Perchloroethylene is present in very tiny amounts in the environment as a result of industrial releases. Dry cleaned clothes may release small amounts of perc into the air, according to the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).The low levels of perchloroethylene that most people are exposed to in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to perc levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of perchloroethylene than the general population. To help limit any potential health risks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings must phase out dry cleaning machines that use perc by December 21, 2020.The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning workers or workers at metal degreasing facilities. Exposure to these higher levels of perc can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system. Short-term exposure to high levels of perc can affect the central nervous system and may lead to unconsciousness or death, according to NIH. To help protect these workers, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends special safety precautions, such as a recommended schedule of maintenance activities and performing daily checks for perc leaks from dry cleaning machines.Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a solvent used in dry cleaning operations. In metal manufacturing, perc cleans and degreases metals.The highest exposures to perchloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning and degreasing workers. To protect workers, OSHA recommends specific safety precautions. The dry cleaning industry has also worked to reduce perc exposures for workers in recent years, by implementing improved safety measures, and switching over to modern dry cleaning equipment that reduces worker exposure to perc.The low levels of perchloroethylene that may be present in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms. The highest exposures to perc tend to occur in industrial settings. Higher levels of perc exposure can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system. Short-term exposure to high levels of perc can affect the central nervous system and cause unconsciousness and death, according to NIH.People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to perc at levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health, according to ACS.According to ACS, some studies of people exposed to perc at work, such as dry cleaning workers, found more cases than expected of certain cancers, including cancers of the esophagus, kidney, cervix and bladder, as well as lymphomas. However, the results of these studies did not always agree, and there were so few cases of cancer in general that the increased risk often may have been due to chance, not exposure to perc. Many of these studies also did not account for other factors that might affect cancer risk, such as cigarette or alcohol use. ATSDR states that exposure to perchloroethylene might lead to a higher risk of bladder cancer, multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma for some people, but also states that the evidence is not very strong.Tetrachloroethylene is widely used for dry-cleaning fabrics and metal degreasing operations. Effects resulting from acute (short term) high-level inhalation exposure of humans to tetrachloroethylene include irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, kidney dysfunction, and neurological effects such as reversible mood and behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, dizziness, headache, sleepiness, and unconsciousness. The primary effects from chronic (long term) inhalation exposure are neurological, including impaired cognitive and motor neurobehavioral performance. Tetrachloroethylene exposure may also cause adverse effects in the kidney, liver, immune system and hematologic system, and on development and reproduction. Studies of people exposed in the workplace have found associations with several types of cancer including bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma. EPA has classified tetrachloroethylene as likely to be carcinogenic to humans.Tetrachloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.Perchloroethylene is a colorless liquid (also called tetrachloroethylene or tetrachloroethene) used as a dry cleaning agent, chemical intermediate and metal degreasing agent. Perchloroethylene has also been used as an insulating fluid and cooling gas in electrical transformers, in paint removers, printing inks, adhesives, paper coating and leather treatment; in aerosol formulations, as an extractant for pharmaceuticals, to remove soot from industrial boilers, and as an antihelminthic agent. Perchloroethylene is a volatile liquid, as such when it is released to surface water or surface soil, it tends to volatilize quickly. Perchloroethylene is also mobile in soil and has the potential to leach below the soil surface and contaminate groundwater. Perchloroethylene can also biodegrade to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethene through reductive dechlorination, therefore the exposed population can also be exposed to the degradation product, trichloroethylene, which is often found as a contaminant in products with perchloroethylene. The liver is the target organ in humans, mainly in reports of accidental exposure to a high concentration. Meckler et.al.48 described liver damage in a woman exposed occupationally to perchloroethylene fumes documented by a liver biopsy. Other investigators have shown that exposure to perchloroethylene is associated with elevation of liver enzymes, jaundice, and enlarged liver.49,50 Experimental animal studies also have shown liver damage by inhalation of perchloroethylene.51–54 Liver necrosis occurred in experimental mice exposed to 100 and 200 ppm of perchloroethylene for 103 weeks.55 Experimental animals exposed orally to perchloroethylene have been shown to develop liver changes similar to those produced by inhalation studies, and mice are more sensitive than rats to perchloroethylene induced liver toxicity. Humans exposed by oral routes to perchloroethylene except for heavy doses commonly have not shown significant changes other than obstructive jaundice and enlarged liver reported in an infant exposed to perchloroethylene via breast milk.56 It is highly likely that perchloroethylene is a hepatotoxic agent at high doses, and probably at low doses as well in susceptible individuals with other environmental exposures, are taking prescription medications, have alcoholism, nutritional and/or genetic factors, or preexisting disease of the liver. The IARC Working Group reviewed experimental animal studies that evaluated the carcinogenicity of perchloroethylene. In mice given perchloroethylene in corn oil by gavage, there were increases in the trend and in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in males and females.In two separate studies in mice of two different strains exposed by inhalation, significant increases in the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma, and adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were observed in males and females.There are numerous cancer studies in humans examining the risk from exposure to perchloroethylene. It is evident that perchloroethylene can increase cancer risks in humans and is carcinogenic in animals as well. There are epidemiological studies that link exposure to perchloroethylene and increased risk of liver cancer in humans. A case-control study Lynge and Thygesen61 reported an increased liver cancer incidence in Danish female dry cleaning and laundry workers with a follow-up study by Lynge62 finding that the increased liver cancer incidence in the female Danish workers was associated with the laundry workers (SIR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.4 - 7.0). In a report by Hernberg et al.63 a survey among 377 exposed people to various solvents including perchloroethylene compared to 385 unexposed controls indicated an increased incidence of liver cancer in females.The National Toxicology Program has categorized perchloroethylene as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.64 The IARC has listed PCE as Group 2A – probably carcinogenic to humans. The IARC found that, “Positive associations have been observed for cancer of the bladder. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of perchloroethylene.”65 Epidemiologic data suggest a possible increased incidence of liver in humans, but data are limited.The corrosiveness of perchloroethylene to copper is determined using Soxhlet apparatus.27 Three pre-weighed strips of copper are used, one placed in the bottom flask, the second in the bottom of the Soxhlet attachment, and the third below the condenser. The specimens are exposed to refluxing solvent for 72 h after which the entire apparatus is flushed with distilled water to wash all acidic substances back to the flask. The water layer is titrated with 0.01 N NaOH to determine its acidity and the strips are weighed to determine weight loss. The results indicate quality of solvent. A different method is used to test copper corrosion by aromatic hydrocarbons.28 Here, a copper strip is immersed in a flask containing solvent and the flask is placed in boiling water for 30 min. Next, the copper strip is compared with ASTM standard corroded copper strips.If 1,1,1-trichloroethane is not properly stabilized, it forms hydrochloric acid in the presence of aluminum. HCl corrodes aluminum. The presence of free water invalidates the result of this test.29 An aluminum coupon is scratched beneath the surface of a solvent. The coupon is observed for 10 min and 1 h and the degree of corrosion is recorded in form of pass (no reaction) or fail (gas bubbles, color formation, or metal corrosion). The test is important to cleaning operations because aluminum should not be used for parts of machines (pumps, tanks, valves, spray equipment) in contact with corrosive solvent.Tetrachloroethylene is synthetic chemical used for dry cleaning, and has also been named as perchloroethylene and tetrachloroethene. The liver is the target organ in humans, mainly in reports of accidental exposure to a high concentration. Meckler et.al.48 has shown liver damage in a woman exposed occupationally to tetrachloroethylene fumes documented by a liver biopsy. Other investigators have also shown elevation of liver enzymes, jaundice, and enlarged liver.49,50 Experimental animal studies also have shown liver damage by inhalation of tetrachloroethylene.51–54 Liver necrosis occurred in experimental mice exposed to 100 and 200 ppm of tetrachloroethylene for 103 weeks.55 Experimental animals exposed orally to tetrachloroethylene have been shown to develop liver changes similar to those produced by inhalation studies, and mice are more sensitive than rats to tetrachloroethylene induced liver toxicity. Humans exposed by oral routes to tetrachloroethylene except for heavy doses commonly have not shown significant changes other than obstructive jaundice and enlarged liver reported in an infant exposed to tetrachloroethylene via breast milk.56 Issues of carcinogenicity will not be addressed in this chapter, and the interested reader is referred to the toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene.57 It is highly likely that tetrachlorethylene is a hepatotoxic agent at high doses, and probably at low doses as well in susceptible individuals with either other environmental exposures, prescription medications, alcoholism, nutritional and/or genetic factors, and preexisting disease of the liver.Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames. Tetrachloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Exposure to this substance irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage. Tetrachloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.

An elastomer (natural rubber or a polyolefin) to which 65% of chlorine has been added to give a solid, film-forming resin.
White, amorphous powder available in viscosity grades from 5 to 125 c P, the figures indicating vis- cosity of a 20% solution in tol.
Pergut S 20 can be used as impact modifier of polyethylene plastic, permanent plasticizer, cold resistance additive, flame retardant of polyolefin, modifier of various rubber compounds, etc.

CAS: 9006-03-5
MF: [C10H11Cl7]n

Pergut S 20 is a chemically inert material with excellent film forming properties.
Pergut S 20 is a nonflammable, nontoxic, tasteless white powder.
A fast physically drying binder.
Pergut S 20 has extremely low chemical reactivity and can be freely dissolved in solvents.
Compatible with almost all natural and synthetic resins.

Pergut S 20 is a natural rubber derivative, which is a product of chlorination after depolymerization of natural rubber.
The masticated natural rubber (or polyisoprene rubber) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or dichloroethane solvent, and the rubber generated by passing chlorine gas.
Pergut S 20 content in 40% ~ 65%, the higher the chlorine content, the better the chemical stability.
Pure product is odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white powder, the relative density of 1.43.
Industrial products are slightly yellow, with a relative density of 1.5 to 1.7. 135~140 degrees C softening decomposition.
Good resistance to various reagents.
When the Pergut S 20 content is 40 ~ 45%, it is sticky, soft, but unstable.

When the Pergut S 20 content is 50 ~ 54%, it is a relatively hard solid and still unstable.
When the Pergut S 20 content is 54 ~ 65%, the stability is better.
Soluble in benzene, mixed xylene, naphtha, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate, tetralin, insoluble in water, alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbon solvent.
Pergut S 20 is acid and alkali resistant, and has excellent insulation and mold resistance.

Pergut S 20 with different solution viscosities were obtained depending on the degree of depolymerization.
Pergut S 20 used as a coating, the viscosity of 10 ~ 200mPa-s, the higher the viscosity, weather resistance, light retention, stability, but the coating operation is difficult.
Pergut S 20 can be used in the manufacture of coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.

Pergut S 20 coating is also called chlorinated rubber paint.
The Pergut S 20 is prepared by dissolving it in a solvent and then adding other additives.
Among them, Pergut S 20 is the main film-forming substance.
Although Pergut S 20 is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters and higher Ester solvents, xylene or heavy benzene is mostly used as a solvent when used as a coating material.
In order to increase the elasticity and adhesion of the coating film, plasticizers such as pentachlorobiphenyl, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated naphthalene, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and some drying oils can be added.

In order to delay the aging of the coating film, some pigments may be added, but particular attention should be paid to the nature of the pigment and its reaction with the coating.
In addition, Pergut S 20 is often used in combination with some resins to improve the performance of the coating.
The unique advantages of the coating are: good chemical resistance, can resist acid and alkali and salt spray resistance, low water vapor permeability, good water resistance, these properties are the best in all coatings; the paint added with pigment can resist ultraviolet rays, weather resistance, cold and heat resistance; Toughness, wear resistance, high flame resistance; Use with other resins, higher adhesion; High insulation and mold resistance; High solid content, coating once is equivalent to other coatings several times; Drying is fast; In addition to the above unique advantages, but also has some common properties of other chlorine-containing coatings.

The disadvantage is that Pergut S 20 is difficult to resist strong nitric acid, concentrated acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide solution; Can not be dried at 110 ℃ or more, otherwise Pergut S 20 will damage the adhesion; There is mutual bleeding phenomenon between the two layers of coating.
Pergut S 20 is used in the manufacture of ship primer, plate paint, cargo ship paint, acid-resistant paint, alkali-resistant paint, cement surface paint, fire-retardant Ester, battery room paint, roof paint, road marking paint, etc.
Japan has adopted chlorinated polypropylene to replace pure Pergut S 20 since 1976, because chlorinated polypropylene is more difficult to decompose, can reduce the volatilization of chlorine, and has good heat resistance and weather resistance.
Most of these coatings are now used.

Pergut S 20 Chemical Properties
Density: 1.43-1.50
Fp: 135-140°C (dec.)
EPA Substance Registry System: Pergut S 20 (9006-03-5)

Pergut S 20 is typically prepared by treating a solution of masticated natural rubber in chloroform or carbon tetrachloride with chlorine at 80-100°C until sampling indicates the product has a chlorine content of about 65%.
During this time, hydrogen chloride is evolved.
After the passage of Pergut S 20 has been stopped, the solution is refluxed until the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases; this results in a product of good stability.
The Pergut S 20 is then isolated by precipitation with methanol.

Use
Pergut S 20 for rust prevention of steel products, anti-corrosion,
Pergut S 20widely used as anti-corrosion coatings and various strong adhesives,
Pergut S 20can be used as impact modifiers, permanent plasticizers, cold resistant additives, polyolefin flame retardants, modifier of various compounds, etc.
Pergut S 20 can be used extensively in an expanding range of applications.
Pergut S 20 can be used to formulate fast drying anticorrosion coating with good weather stability and resistance to water and chemicals.

Additionally, Pergut S 20 is used for the manufacture of different kinds of paints like anticorrosive, marine, traffic, fire retardant and intumescent, swimming pools.
Pergut S 20 also has applications in the manufacture of adhesives.
In general, low viscosity grades are used in printing inks and spray paints, when low viscosity solutions are required with maximum solid content.
Whereas Pergut S 20 is a general purpose grade.
Higher viscosity grades are used in special purpose adhesives and textile coatings.

Hazard
Do not dry-mill Pergut S 20 with zinc oxide; mixture reacts violently at 216C.
Do not use in baked enamels.

Synonyms
adekacr5
adekacr20
adekacr40
adekacr10
adekacr150
adbond1000clear
rubber chlorinated
RUBBER CHLORINATED
Chlorinated rubber
polyisoprene, chlorinated
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED
Chlorinated natural rubber
RUBBER CHLORINATED
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED

Pergut S 20 is typically prepared by treating a solution of masticated natural rubber in chloroform or carbon tetrachloride with chlorine at 80-100°C until sampling indicates the product has a chlorine content of about 65%.
During this time, Pergut S 20 is evolved.
After the passage of Pergut S 20 has been stopped, the solution is refluxed until the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases; this results in a product of good stability.

CAS: 9006-03-5
MF: [C10H11Cl7]n

The Pergut S 20 is then isolated by precipitation with methanol.
An elastomer (natural rubber or a polyolefin) to which 65% of Pergut S 20 has been added to give a solid, film-forming resin.
White, amorphous powder available in viscosity grades from 5 to 125 c P, the figures indicating vis- cosity of a 20% solution in tol.
The Pergut S 20 is one of the rubber derived products, which is modified from the natural rubber through chlorination.
Pergut S 20 finds wide application in the production of coatings, inks, adhesives, etc.

Pergut S 20 Chemical Properties
Density: 1.43-1.50
Fp: 135-140°C (dec.)
EPA Substance Registry System: Chlorinated rubber (9006-03-5)
Flash Point: 135-140°C (dec.)

Use
Pergut S 20 can be used as impact modifier of polyethylene plastic, permanent plasticizer, cold resistance additive, flame retardant of polyolefin, modifier of various rubber compounds, etc.

Pergut S 20 Derivative
Pergut S 20 is a natural rubber derivative, which is a product of chlorination after depolymerization of natural rubber.
The masticated Pergut S 20 (or polyisoprene rubber) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride or dichloroethane solvent, and the rubber generated by passing chlorine gas.
Pergut S 20 content in 40% ~ 65%, the higher the chlorine content, the better the chemical stability.
Pure product is odorless, tasteless, non-toxic white powder, the relative density of 1.43. Industrial products are slightly yellow, with a relative density of 1.5 to 1.7. 135~140 degrees C softening decomposition.
Good resistance to various reagents.

When the chlorine content is 40 ~ 45%, it is sticky, soft, but unstable.
When the chlorine content is 50 ~ 54%, it is a relatively hard solid and still unstable. When the chlorine content is 54 ~ 65%, the stability is better.
Soluble in benzene, mixed xylene, naphtha, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate, tetralin, insoluble in water, alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbon solvent.
Pergut S 20 is acid and alkali resistant, and has excellent insulation and mold resistance.
Pergut S 20 with different solution viscosities were obtained depending on the degree of depolymerization.
Pergut S 20 used as a coating, the viscosity of 10 ~ 200mPa-s, the higher the viscosity, weather resistance, light retention, stability, but the coating operation is difficult.
Pergut S 20 can be used in the manufacture of coatings, anti-corrosion materials, etc.

Pergut S 20r Coating
Pergut S 20 coating is also called chlorinated rubber paint.
The Pergut S 20 is prepared by dissolving it in a solvent and then adding other additives.
Among them, Pergut S 20 is the main film-forming substance.
Although Pergut S 20 is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters and higher Ester solvents, xylene or heavy benzene is mostly used as a solvent when used as a coating material.
In order to increase the elasticity and adhesion of the coating film, plasticizers such as pentachlorobiphenyl, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated naphthalene, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and some drying oils can be added.

In order to delay the aging of the coating film, some pigments may be added, but particular attention should be paid to the nature of the pigment and its reaction with the coating.
In addition, Pergut S 20 is often used in combination with some resins to improve the performance of the coating.
The unique advantages of the coating are: good chemical resistance, can resist acid and alkali and salt spray resistance, low water vapor permeability, good water resistance, these properties are the best in all coatings; the paint added with pigment can resist ultraviolet rays, weather resistance, cold and heat resistance; Toughness, wear resistance, high flame resistance; Use with other resins, higher adhesion; High insulation and mold resistance; High solid content, coating once is equivalent to other coatings several times; Drying is fast; In addition to the above unique advantages, but also has some common properties of other Pergut S 20-containing coatings.

The disadvantage is that Pergut S 20 is difficult to resist strong nitric acid, concentrated acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide solution; Can not be dried at 110 ℃ or more, otherwise Pergut S 20 will damage the adhesion; There is mutual bleeding phenomenon between the two layers of coating.
Pergut S 20 is used in the manufacture of ship primer, plate paint, cargo ship paint, acid-resistant paint, alkali-resistant paint, cement surface paint, fire-retardant Ester, battery room paint, roof paint, road marking paint, etc.
Japan has adopted Pergut S 20 polypropylene to replace pure chlorinated rubber since 1976, because chlorinated polypropylene is more difficult to decompose, can reduce the volatilization of Pergut S 20, and has good heat resistance and weather resistance.
Most of these coatings are now used.

Hazard
Do not dry-mill Pergut S 20 with zinc oxide; mixture reacts violently at 216C.
Do not use in baked enamels.

Synonyms
adekacr5
adekacr20
adekacr40
adekacr10
adekacr150
adbond1000clear
rubber chlorinated
RUBBER CHLORINATED
Chlorinated rubber
polyisoprene, chlorinated
POLYISOPRENE, CHLORINATED
Chlorinated natural rubber
RUBBER CHLORINATED
POLYISOPRENE
CHLORINATED

cas no 93763-70-3

cas no 52645-53-1 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate; 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate;

APPLICATIONS


Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold-processable, liquid pearlizing concentrate for rinse-off products.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intense silky shine to shampoos, similar to the color spectrum and light reflexes of natural pearls, at low dosage.

The production of Perlogen SF 3000 utilizes a patented and highly efficient low-energy blending process that reduces the overall carbon footprint significantly.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intensive silky shine at Low usage concentrations– underlining product quality and performance. Add value to shampoos, liquid hand soaps, nourishing conditioners and moisturizing washes.

Henkel uses Perlogen SF 3000 to achieve a high brilliance pearlescent shine for several of its brand shampoo ranges including Schwarzkopf, Bonacure, Schauma and Gliss Kur.

Perlogen SF 3000 is an decoloring agent.

Advantages of Perlogen SF 3000:
Pigments > Pearlescing Agents (Polymers)

Perlogen SF 3000 is bio-based.
Perlogen SF 3000 is vegan.
Perlogen SF 3000 has proper smoothness.

Perlogen SF 3000 has silky feel.
Perlogen SF 3000 has vegetal origin.
Perlogen SF 3000 has good shine / radiance.

Perlogen SF 3000 has low use concentration.
Perlogen SF 3000 is cold-processable.

Perlogen SF 3000 is sulfate-free.
Perlogen SF 3000 is easy to use.

Perlogen SF 3000 has pearlizing effect.
Perlogen SF 3000 has excellent emulsifying and cleaning properties.

Perlogen SF 3000 has resistance to acids, hard water and partly to alkalis.
Perlogen SF 3000 has strong degreasing properties.

Perlogen SF 3000 is compatible with non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants.
Perlogen SF 3000 is biodegradable.


Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as pearlant.
Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as pearling agent.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a good pearlizer.

Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shower, liquid Soap
Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shampoo.
Perlogen SF 3000 is used for smoothing purposes.


Some uses of Perlogen SF 3000:

Agents for washing
Care and styling hair (shampoos, conditioners, gels, mousse, sprays)
Make-up products (foundations, fluids, mascaras, eye liners, lipsticks)
Face cleaning and care products (facial cleansing gels)
Scrubs
Moisturizing creams
Anti-acne creams
Anti-ageing creams
Eye creams
Body wash products
Hand creams
Foot creams
Antiperspirants
Shaving preparations
Sunscreens
Liquid soaps
Household detergents
Raw material for obtaining anionic surfactants
Non-ionic component of emulsifiers
Removes oil stains from hard surfaces
Knitted and woven fabrics
Bleaching baths in textile industry
Detergent baths after dyeing knitted/woven fabrics


Perlogen SF 3000 can be used as an antistatic agent and emulsifier in cosmetics.
However, Perlogen SF 3000 has a high possibility of causing skin irritation and acne.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a defoamer, and it is non-toxic, odorless, non-irritating, and has a hard water and acid and alkali resistance.

Perlogen SF 3000 is an excellent compatibility.
Also the antifoaming performance of Perlogen SF 3000 is quite good.



DESCRIPTION


Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold processable, sulfate-free liquid pearlizing concentrate that delivers an intensive silky shine at low use concentration levels (0.5% - 3%).
Perlogen SF 3000 is for use in skin and hair cleansing formulations.

Perlogen SF 3000 is cold-processable, sulfate-free and easy to use grade.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers excellent silky shine at low use concentrations underlining quality and performance.

Perlogen SF 3000 exhibits high mechanical stability and good smoothing effect.
Perlogen SF 3000 is based on natural and renewable resources and has low water and energy consumption.

Perlogen SF 3000 is used in shower, liquid soap, shampoo, moisturizing facial and body washes.
Perlogen SF 3000 has a shelf life of atleast 2 years.

Perlogen SF 3000 is a pumpable silk luster/pearlizing agent for the cosmetic industry.
Perlogen SF 3000 is a cold-processable, sulfate-free liquid pearlizing concentrate for rinse-off products including silky shampoos, liquid hand soaps, nourishing conditioners as well as moisturizing facial and body washes.
Perlogen SF 3000 delivers an intensive silky shine at low use concentration levels, underlining product quality and performance.
The consistent appearance of Perlogen SF 3000 provides a versatile ingredient to the formulator.
Perlogen SF 3000 is easy to handle and develop different formulations.



PROPERTIES


Appearance: white, pearlized gel
pH-value: 4.8-5.2
Viscosity: N/A
Stability: Stable for 3 months at 4°C, 20°C and 40°C,
1 month at 45°C
Appearance : viscous liquid
Colour : white
Odour : characteristic
Odour Threshold : not determined
pH : 3,0 - 4,5 (25 °C)
Concentration: 10 %
Method: DIN EN 1262
Solidification point : ca. 0 °C
Data relate to solvent
Boiling point : approx. 100 °C
Based on water-content.
Flash point : not determined
Evaporation rate : not determined
Self-ignition : no data available
Upper explosion limit / upper
flammability limit
: not determined
Lower explosion limit / Lower
flammability limit
: not determined
Vapour pressure : ca. 0,9 kPa
Relative vapour density : no data available
Density : ca. 0,946 g/cm3 (40 °C)
Method: DIN 51757
Solubility(ies)
Water solubility : dispersible
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water : Not applicable
Auto-ignition temperature : not determined
Decomposition temperature : ca. 200 °C
Method: DSC
Viscosity
Viscosity, dynamic : < 10,000 mPa.s
Method: Brookf-Visc.RVT Sp.5
Viscosity, kinematic : no data available
Metal corrosion rate : Not corrosive to metals
Particle size : Not applicable



FIRST AID


General advice:

Remove/ Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.
If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus.

It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.


If inhaled:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air.
Get medical advice/ attention.

Get medical attention immediately.
Call a poison center or physician.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.

If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus.
If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel.

It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately.

Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.


In case of skin contact:

Wash off immediately with plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
Get medical attention immediately.

Call a poison center or physician.
Flush contaminated skin with plenty of water.

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.

Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.
Wash clothing before reuse.
Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.


In case of eye contact:

Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention immediately. Call a poison center or physician.

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Check for and remove any contact lenses.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.

Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.
Consult a physician.


If swallowed:

Get medical attention immediately.
Call a poison center or physician.

Wash out mouth with water.
Remove dentures if any.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.

If material has been swallowed and the exposed person is conscious, give small quantities of water to drink.
Stop if the exposed person feels sick as vomiting may be dangerous.

Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel
If vomiting occurs, the head should be kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs.
Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately.

Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing.

Do not breathe vapor or mist.
Do not ingest.
Avoid release to the environment.

If during normal use the material presents a respiratory hazard, use only with adequate ventilation or wear appropriate respirator.
Keep in the original container or an approved alternative made from a compatible material, kept tightly closed when not in use.

Empty containers retain product residue and can be hazardous.
Do not reuse container.
Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is handled, stored and processed.

Workers should wash hands and face before eating, drinking and smoking.
Remove contaminated clothing and protective equipment before entering eating areas.

Store in accordance with local regulations.
Store in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials and food and drink.

Store locked up.
Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.

Containers that have been opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Do not store in unlabeled containers.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination.

Handle and open container with care.


Further information on storage conditions:

Protect from extreme heat and cold because Perlogen SF 3000 is sensitive to frost
In case of the product becoming opaque, thickening or being frozen due to the effects of cold, allow to thaw slowly at room temperature.
Stir Perlogen SF 3000 briefly before use.



SYNONYMS


AQUA
GLYCOL DISTEARATE
LAURETH-4
COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE
Alcohols
C12-14
ethoxylated
Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether
Ethoxylated Lauryl Alcohol
Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Alcohol
Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether
Polyethylene Glycol Lauryl Ether
Alcohols
C12-14
ethoxylated
Dehydol LS 2
Syntanol ES 3
Penetrant JFC
Synperonic L 7
Syntanol ALM 8
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L92
Surfonic L 24-2
Surfonic L 24-9
Surfonic L 24-22
Surfonic L 24-3
Surfonic L 24-7
Surfonic L 24-9
Synperonic L 11
Synperonic L 7
Syntanol ALM 10
Syntanol ALM 8
Syntanol ES 3
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L60N
Tergitol 24L75N
Tergitol 24L92
Tergitol 24L98N
Dehydol LS 2
Hansanolat FA 1214/2
Hansanolat FA 1214/7
Surfonic L 24-3
Surfonic L 24-2
Syntanol ALM 10
Syntanol ES 3
AEO-9
Synperonic L 7
Alcohols
C12-14(even numbered)
ethoxylated
Tergitol 24L50
Tergitol 24L92
Tergitol 24L98N
Syntanol ALM 8
Tergitol 24L60N
Surfonic L 24-7
Surfonic L 24-22
Surfonic L 24-9
Synperonic L 11
C12-14 Fatty alcohols ethoxylated
Tergitol 24L75N;

Ethaneperoxoic Acid; Peroxyacetic Acid; Acetyl Hydroperoxide; Peressigsäure; ácido peracético; Acide peracétique CAS:79-21-0

BENZOYL PEROXIDE, N° CAS : 94-36-0 - Peroxyde de benzoyle, Nom INCI : BENZOYL PEROXIDE, Nom chimique : Dibenzoyl peroxide, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 202-327-6;Additif alimentaire : E928, Agent Oxydant : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'oxygène ou en éliminant l'hydrogène. Principaux synonymes. Noms français : BENZOIC ACID, PEROXIDE BENZOPEROXIDE; Benzoyl peroxide; BENZOYL SUPEROXIDE; DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE; Peroxyde de benzoyle; PEROXYDE DE DIBENZOYLE. Noms anglais : Benzoyl peroxide.Famille chimique; Peroxyde organique; Utilisation: Agent de blanchiment, agent oxydant; Benzoyl peroxide; Benzoyl peroxide; dibenzoyl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide; bensoylperoxid (sv); bensoüülperoksiid (et); bentsoyyliperoksidi (fi); benzoil peroksid (hr); benzoil-peroxid (hu); benzoile perossido (it); benzoilperoksidas (lt); benzoilperoksīds (lv); benzoylperoksid (no); benzoylperoxid (da); benzoylperoxide (nl); dibensoylperoxid (sv); dibensoüülperoksiid (et); Dibentsoyyliperoksidi (fi); dibenzoil peroksid (hr); dibenzoil-peroxid (hu); Dibenzoilperoksidas (lt); dibenzoilperoksīds (lv); dibenzoylperoksid (no); dibenzoylperoxid (cs); dibenzoylperoxide (nl); nadtlenek benzoilowy (pl); nadtlenek dibenzoilowy (pl); perossido di dibenzoile (it); peroxid de benzoil (mt); peroxid de dibenzoil (mt); peroxyde de benzoyle (fr); peroxyde de dibenzoyle (fr); peróxido de benzoílo (es); peróxido de dibenzoílo (es); Ββενζοϋλυπεροξείδιο (el); Δδιβενζοϋλυπεροξείδιο (el); бензоил пероксид (bg); дибензоил пероксид (bg); Methanone, 1,1'-dioxybis[1-phenyl-; AKPEROX BP75 POWDER; benzoyl benzenecarboperoxoate; Benzoyl peroxide (BPO); Benzoyl Peroxide (wetted with ca. 25% Water); dibenzoyl peroxide (upper limit: 77% w/w; typical concentration: 75% w/w); diphenylperoxyanhydride; LUPEROX A75; Peroxide, dibenzoyl; Benzoic acid, peroxide; Benzoperoxide; Benzoyl peroxide, remainder water; Benzoyl Superoxide; NOVIPER BP; Perkadox L-W75

CAS Number: 52645-53-1
Formula: C21H20Cl2O3
Molar mass: 391.29 g·mol−1
Permethrin



APPLICATIONS


Permethrin, a pyrethroid, is active against a broad range of pests including lice, ticks, fleas, mites, and other arthropods.
Further, Permethrin is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family.

Permethrin is a synthetic chemical that acts like a natural extract from thflower.
Moreover, Permethrin is used in a number of ways to control insects.

Products containing permethrin may be used in public health mosprograms.
They may be used on food and feed crops, on ornamental lawns, on livestock and pets, in structures and buildings, and on clo

Permethrin may also be used in places where food is handled, such as restaurants.
More to that, Permethrin was first registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979, and was re-registe

Permethrin is used as an ectoparasiticide in humans and animals.
Furthermore, Permethrin is used as a nematocide, acaricide, and insecticide.
Permethrin is registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses.

The pyrethroids are the most widely used class of insecticides in wood preservation because of their broad-spectrum activity, high efficacy especially against wood boring beetle, and high resistance to leaching.
Permethrin has a potential application for forest protection and vector control for the control of noxious insects in the household and on cattle, for the control of body lice, and in mosquito nets.

Permethrin is used to treat head lice, tiny insects that infest and irritate your scalp.
Further, Permethrin is also used to help avoid infestation in people who have close contact with someone who has head lice.

Permethrin belongs to a class of drugs known as pyrethrins.
Moreover, Permethrin works by paralyzing and killing lice and their eggs (nits).
Permethrin may also be used for pubic lice.

Permethrin is available under the following different brand names: Nix, Elimite, and Acticin.


Dosage Considerations – Should be Given as Follows:


Scabies

Cream:

Apply from head to toe, leave on for 8-14 hours, rinse; may reapply in 7 days if live mites reappear.
The single application is usually curative.

Head Lice and Nits (Eggs)

Lotion/cream rinse/liquid:

Apply to washed hair, leave on 10 minutes, rinse and comb out nits and eggs; may repeat in 7 days if lice or nits still present.
The single application is usually curative.


Uses of Permethrin:

Insecticide:

In agriculture, to protect crops (a drawback is that it is lethal to bees)
In agriculture, to kill livestock parasites
For industrial and domestic insect control
In the textile industry, to prevent insect attack of woollen products

In aviation, the WHO, IHR and ICAO require arriving aircraft be disinsected prior to embarkation, departure, descent, or deplaning in certain countries. Aircraft disinsection with permethrin-based products is recommended only prior to embarkation.
Prior to departure (after boarding), at the top of descent or on arrival, d-phenothrin-based (1R-trans phenothrin) aircraft insecticides are recommended.

Insect repellent:

As a personal protective measure, permethrin is applied to clothing.
Permethrin is a cloth impregnant, notably in mosquito nets and field wear.
Note that while permethrin may be marketed as an insect repellent, it doesn't prevent insects from landing.

Instead Permethrin works by incapacitating or killing insects before they can bite.
In pet flea preventive collars or treatment (safe for use on dogs but not cats)

In timber treatment:

Pest control / effectiveness and persistence:

In agriculture, permethrin is mainly used on cotton, wheat, maize, and alfalfa crops.
Its use is controversial because, as a broad-spectrum chemical, Permethrin kills indiscriminately; as well as the intended pests, it can harm beneficialinsects, including honey bees, as well as cats and aquatic life.

Permethrin kills ticks and mosquitoes on contact with treated clothing.
A method of reducing deer tick populations by treating rodent vectors involves stuffing biodegradable cardboard tubes with permethrin-treated cotton.
Mice collect the cotton for lining their nests.

Permethrin on the cotton instantly kills any immature ticks feeding on the mice.
Permethrin is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria.
Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of permethrin.

This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net.
Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with permethrin as well.
Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineolabisselliella.

Permethrin affects the neuronal membrane by blocking the movement of sodium ions from outside to inside the neuronal cell membrane thereby disrupting the sodium channel current that regulates the polarization of the membrane.
This leads to delayed repolarization and subsequent paralysis of the nervous system.
Permethrin is used to eradicate parasites such as head lice, ticks and scabies from humans and animals.


Medical use of Permethrin:

Permethrin is available for topical use as a cream or lotion.
It is indicated for the treatment and prevention in exposed individuals of head lice and treatment of scabies.
Permethrin has an excellent safety profile; its main drawback is its cost.

For treatment of scabies:

Adults and children older than 2 months are instructed to apply the cream to the entire body from head to the soles of the feet.
Wash off the cream after 8–14 hours.

In general, one treatment is curative.
A single application of permethrin is more effective than a single oral dose of ivermectin for scabies.

In addition permethrin provides more rapid symptomatic relief than ivermectin.
When a second dose of ivermectin is days later, the efficacy between permethrin and ivermectin approach parity.

For treatment of head lice:

Apply to hair, scalp, and neck after shampooing.
Leave in for 10 minutes and rinse.
Avoid contact with eyes.

Permethrin is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria.
Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of permethrin.

This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net. Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with permethrin as well.

Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella.
To better protect soldiers from the risk and annoyance of biting insects, the British and US armies are treating all new uniforms with permethrin.

Permethrin (as well as other long-term pyrethroids) is effective over several months, in particular when used indoors.
International studies report that permethrin can be detected in house dust, in fine dust, and on indoor surfaces even years after the application.
The degradation rate of Permethrin under indoor conditions is approximately 10% after 3 months.

Resistance:

Contrary to the most common mechanism of insecticide resistance evolution – selection for preexisting, low-frequency alleles – in Aedes aegypti permethrin resistance has arisen through the mechanism common to pyrethroids and DDT known as "knockdown resistance" (kdr) mutations.


While Permethrin is manmade, it resembles naturally occurring chemicals called pyrethroids that are naturally found in chrysanthemums, which haveinsecticidal properties.
Permethrin kills many different types of insects by paralyzing the nervous system.

Permethrin works when ingested or through direct contact and kills adults, eggs, and larvae.
Further, Permethrin lasts up to 12 weeks post application.



DESCRIPTION


Permethrin is a synthetic broad-spectrum insecticide classified as one of the oldest organic insecticides.
Furthermore, Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of lice infestations and scabies.
Permethrin is an insecticide used to prevent infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies).

Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide.
As a medication, Permethrin is used to treat scabies and lice.

Permethrin is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion.
As an insecticide, Permethrin can be sprayed onto clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them.

Side effects of Permethrin include rash and irritation at the area of use.
Use of Permethrin during pregnancy appears to be safe.
Permethrin is approved for use on and around people over the age of two months.

Permethrin is in the pyrethroid family of medications.
Further, Permethrin works by disrupting the function of the neurons of lice and scabies mites
Permethrin was discovered in 1973.

Permethrin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
In 2020, Permethrin was the 427th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100 thousand prescriptions.
Permethrin is a widely-used pesticide of the pyrethroid family.

Permethrin interacts with voltage-gated Na+ channels and inhibits their natural deactivation, causing the channels to remain open for a long time and destroying equilibrium of the neuronal system.
More specifically, Permethrin is known to delay channel deactivation of the NaV1.8 channel expressed in X.

Pyrethroids such as Permethrin are also thought to interact with GABA receptors and associated pathways.
Compared to mammalian sodium channels, Permethrin is at least 100 times more potent against insect sodium channels.

This medication is used to treat scabies, a condition caused by tiny insects called mites that infest and irritate your skin.
Permethrin belongs to a class of drugs known as pyrethrins.
Furthermore, Permethrin works by paralyzing and killing the mites and their eggs.

Permethrin is a pale brown liquid.
Moreover, Permethrin is relatively water insoluble.
Permethrin is used as an insecticide.

Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid and neurotoxin.

Permethrin affects the neuronal membrane by blocking the movement of sodium ions from outside to inside the neuronal cell membrane thereby disrupting the sodium channel current that regulates the polarization of the membrane.
This leads to delayed repolarization and subsequent paralysis of the nervous system.
Permethrin is used to eradicate parasites such as head lice, ticks and scabies from humans and animals.

Permethrin is a cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.

Permethrin has a role as a pyrethroid ester insecticide, a pyrethroid ester acaricide, an agrochemical, an ectoparasiticide and a scabicide.
More to that, Permethrin is a member of cyclopropanes and a cyclopropanecarboxylate ester.
Permethrin is functionally related to a 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 391.3
XLogP3: 6.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 390.0789499
Monoisotopic Mass: 390.0789499
Topological Polar Surface Area: 35.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 26
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 521
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Density: 1.19 g/cm3, solid g/cm3
Melting point: 34 °C (93 °F)
Boiling point: 200 °C (392 °F)



FIRST AID


Description of first aid measures:

General information:

Symptoms of poisoning may even occur after several hours; therefore medical observation for at least 48 hours after the accident.


After inhalation:

Supply fresh air and to be sure call for a doctor.
In case of unconsciousness place patient stably in side position for transportation.


After skin contact:

Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.


After eye contact:

Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water.


After swallowing:

Immediately call a doctor.


Information for doctor:

Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed:

May cause anemia, cough, CNS depression, drowsiness, headache, heart damage, lassitude
(weakness, exhaustion), liver damage, narcosis, reproductive effects, teratogenic effects.
No further relevant information available.


Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:

No further relevant information available




HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling

Precautions for safe handling:

Thorough dedusting.

Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.


Information about protection against explosions and fires:

No special measures required.


Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities


Storage:

Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
No special requirements.

Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Not required.

Further information about storage conditions:
Keep receptacle tightly sealed.

Specific end use(s):
No further relevant information available.



SYNONYMS


Permethrin
52645-53-1
Ambush
Transpermethrin
Pounce
Elimite
Imperator
NRDC-143
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
UNII-509F88P9SZ
Hemoglobin atlanta-coventry
(+)-trans-Permethrin
Permethrine
Permetrina
Acticin
Ambushfog
Corsair
Dragnet
Ectiban
Kaleait
Kestrel
Outflank
Perigen
Permasect
Perthrine
Stomoxin
Stomozan
Coopex
Eksmin
Picket
Expar
Kafil
Kavil
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
Anomethrin N
Ridect pour-on
CHEBI:34911
509F88P9SZ
1RS cis-Permethrin
52341-32-9
1RS,cis-Permethrin
NCGC00159390-02
1RS-trans-Permethrin
Kudos
Transpermethrin [ISO]
(+-)-cis-Permethrin
DSSTox_CID_2292
3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
trans-(+-)-Permethrin
DSSTox_RID_76537
DSSTox_GSID_22292
3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester
Permethrinum
S-3151
Chinetrin
Ecsumin
Efmethrin
Indothrin
Lyclear
NRDC 146
NRDC 148
Quamlin
Stomoxi
Cosair
Exmin
Exsmin
Ipitox
SBP-1513
(+-)-trans-Permethrin
Permethrine,c&t
(+-)-cis-Fmc 33297
Diffusil H
Insorbcid MP
Stomoxin P
Outflank-stockade
Perigen W
Dragnet FT
Picket G
Permethrin,racemic
[3-(phenyloxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Mitin BC
Permanone 80
Permasect-25EC
FMC 35171
93389-07-2
SMR000778043
Kestrel (pesticide)
LE 79-519
Antiborer 3768
CAS-52645-53-1
Bematin 987
NRDC 143
Permethrinum [Latin]
Permetrin (Hungarian)
Permitrene (Hungarian)
Permetrina [Portuguese]
HSDB 6790
m-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
BW-21-Z
S 3151
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R-trans)-
OMS 1821
Hb Atlanta-coventry
EINECS 258-067-9
Elimite (TN)
FMC 41655
Hb At-Co
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 109701
JF 7065
BRN 2063148
WL 43479
AI3-29158
Permethrin (USAN/INN)
CHEMBL1525
SCHEMBL26543
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, cis-(+-)-
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, trans-(+-)-
MLS001332525
MLS001332526
Permethrin [ANSI:BSI:ISO]
Permethrin cis/trans ~ 1:1
Permethrin, analytical standard
DTXSID8022292
SCHEMBL15218274
HMS2232L22
HMS3264N07
HMS3369D10
Pharmakon1600-01504932
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R,3S)-rel-
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1R-cis)-
HY-B0887
3-Phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-Phenoxybenzyl(+-)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl (+-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl (+1)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
Permethrin 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-(Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
52341-33-0
Permethrin (isomers), analytical standard
DB-052153
Total Permethrin 100 microg/mL in Acetone
Permethrin, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
D05443
AB00918441_05
645P531
Q411635
J-523915
Permethrin (25:75), EuropePharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
(1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)3,3-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyl ate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-phenoxybenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2',2'-dichlorovinyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin for system suitability, EuropePharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+-)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
(3-Phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+/-)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, 3-phenoxybenzyl ester, (+-)-, (cis,trans)-
Tox21_111627
Tox21_201586
Tox21_300691
(CIS+TRANS)-3-PHENOXYBENZYL 3-(2,2-DICHLOROETHENYL)-2,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATE
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
[3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
[3-(phenyloxy)phenyl]methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid *3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
m-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS,1SR,3SR-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-Phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
m-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Permethrin
permethrin
permethrin (ISO
permethrin (ISO)
(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorowinylo)-2,2-dimetylocyklopropanokarboksylan 3-fenoksybenzylu (pl)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorowinylo)-2,2-dimetylocyklopropanokarboksylan 3-fenoksybenzylu (permetryna) (pl)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-diméthylcyclopropanecarboxylate de 3-phénoxybenzyle (perméthrine) (fr)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-Diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de 3-fenoxibencilo (permetrina) (es)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de 3-fenoxibenzilo (permetrina) (pt)
(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-διχλωροβινυλο)-2,2-διμεθυλοκυκλοπροπανοκαρβοξυλικό 3-φαινοξυβενζύλιο (Permethrin/Περμεθρίνη) (el)
(3-fenoxybenzyl)-3-(2,2-dichlóretenyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropánkarboxylát (permetrín) (sk)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropancarbossilato di m-fenossibenzile (it)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de m-fenoxibencilo (es)
3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato de m-fenoxibenzilo (pt)
3-(2,2-διχλωροβινυλ)-2,2-διμεθυλκυκλοπροπανιοκαρβοξυλικό m-φαινοξυβενζύλιο (el)
3-fenoksibentsyyli-(1RS, 3RS; 1RS, 3SR)-3-(2,2-dikloorivinyyli)-2,2-dimetyylisyklopropaanikarboksylaatti (permetriini) (fi)
3-fenoksibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilatas (permetrinas) (lt)
3-fenoksibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (permetrin) (sl)
3-fenoksibenzil 3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (sl)
3-Fenoksibenzil(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dihlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropānkarboksilāts (permetrīns) (lv)
3-fenoksübensüül-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinüül)-2,2-dimetüültsüklopropaankarboksülaat (permetriin) (et)
3-fenossibenzil-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-diclorovinile)-2,2 dimetilciclopropano carbossilato (Permetrina) (it)
3-fenoxibensyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropankarboxylat (Permetrin) (sv)
3-fenoxibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropancarboxilat (Permetrin) (ro)
3-fenoxibenzil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklórvinil)-2,2-dimetil-ciklopropán-karboxilát (Permetrin) (hu)
3-fenoxibenzyl-3-(2,2-diklorvinyl-2-dimetylcyklopropankarbamatoxilat (sv)
3-Fenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichloorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropaancarboxylaat (permethrin) (nl)
3-fenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyklopropankarboxylát (permethrin) (cs)
3-fenoxybenzyl-[3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyklopropan-1-karboxylát] (cs)
3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (Permethrin) (no)
3-Phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (Permethrin) (de)
3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (permethrin) (da)
3-феноксибензилов (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-дихлоровинил)-2,2-диметилциклопропанкарбоксилат (перметрин) (bg)
m-Fenoksibentsyyli-3-(2,2-dikloorivinyyli)-2,2-dimetyylisyklopropaanikarboksylaatti (fi)
m-fenoksibenzil 3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilat (hr)
m-fenoksibenzil-3(2,2-dihlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropānkarboksilāts (lv)
m-fenoksibenzil-3-(2,2-dichlorvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropankarboksilatas (lt)
m-fenoksybenzyl-3-(2,2-diklorvinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropankarboksylat (no)
m-fenoksübensüül-3-(2,2-diklorovinüül)-2,2- dimetüültsüklopropaankarboksülaat (et)
m-Fenossibenżil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diklorovinil)-2,2-dimetilċiklopropankarbossilat (Permetrin) (mt)
m-fenoxibenzil 3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropan-carboxilat (ro)
m-fenoxibenzil-3-(2,2-diklórvinil)-2,2-dimetilciklopropánkarboxilát (hu)
m-fenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichloorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropaancarboxylaat (nl)
m-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (da)
m-Phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (de)
m-феноксибензил 3-(2,2-дихлоровинил)-2,2-диметилциклопропанкарбоксилат (bg)
O-(3-fenoxybenzyl)-3-(2,2-dichlórvinyl)-2,2-dimetylcyklopropánkarboxylát (sk)
permethrin (ISO) (cs)
permethrin (ISO) (da)
Permethrin (ISO) (de)
permethrin (ISO) (el)
permethrin (ISO) (nl)
permetriin (ISO) (et)
Permetrin (hr)
permetrin (no)
permetrin (ISO) (hr)
permetrin (ISO) (hu)
permetrin (ISO) (ro)
permetrin (ISO) (sl)
permetrin (ISO) (sv)
permetrina (ISO) (es)
permetrina (ISO) (pt)
permetrinas (ISO) (lt)
permetrine (ISO) (it)
permetryna (ISO) (pl)
permetrín (ISO) (sk)
permetrīns (ISO) (lv)
perméthrine (ISO) (fr)
perméthrine (ISO);3-(2,2-dichorovinyl)-2,2-diméthylcyclopropanecarboxylate de m-phénoxybenzyle (fr)
перметрин (ISO) (bg)
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-, (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a strong oxidizing agent and disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor and is highly reactive due to its peroxide and carboxylic acid functional groups.

CAS Number: 79-21-0
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-186-8

Synonyms: PERACETIC ACID, Peroxyacetic acid, Ethaneperoxoic acid, 79-21-0, Estosteril, Acetic peroxide, Peroxoacetic acid, Acetyl hydroperoxide, Monoperacetic acid, Osbon AC, Proxitane 4002, Desoxon 1, Ethaneperoxic acid, Hydroperoxide, acetyl, Acide peracetique, Acido peroxiacetico, Acecide, Proxitane, Caswell No. 644, Peroxy acetic acid, Acide peroxyacetique, Kyselina peroxyoctova, CCRIS 686, HSDB 1106, UNII-I6KPI2E1HD, I6KPI2E1HD, peroxy-acetic acid, EINECS 201-186-8, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063201, BRN 1098464, DTXSID1025853, CHEMBL444965, DTXCID805853, CHEBI:42530, EC 201-186-8, 4-02-00-00390 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NCGC00166305-01, PERACETIC ACID (MART.), PERACETIC ACID [MART.], Oxypel, Perethanoic Acid, Proxitane S, Acide peracetique [French], Proxitane 12A, F50, Acide peroxyacetique [French], Acido peroxiacetico [Spanish], Kyselina peroxyoctova [Czech], Proxitane 1507, LCAP, Aceticperoxide, Ethanperoxsaure, Peressigsaure, Bactipal, Oxymaster, Soproper, acetyldioxidanyl, Dialox, peractic acid, Peroxyessigsaure, Peroxyethansaure, Sekusept steril, Acetic peroxid, per-acetic acid, Acido peracetico, Peroxacetic acid, Acid, Peracetic, Peraflu D, acetic acid oxide, TLCUO Phytoncide, peroxyethanoic acid, PU US Phytoncide, Acid, Peroxyacetic, AcOOH, Acecide (TN), Acid, Peroxyethanoic, GPES, JOYCARE, UNICARE, Wofasteril E 400, CLEAN WORKS, TLCUO LEMON, CARE PLUS, TLCUO PURE, PU US LEMON, PU US PURE, CH3CO2OH, WECLEAN C2 TLCUO, Ethaneperoxoic acid, 9CI, CH3C(O)OOH, BACTERIA ZERO PREMIUM, PERACETIC ACID [MI], PERACETIC ACID [HSDB], PERACETIC ACID [WHO-DD], DTXSID40957943, peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), BLOWHALE DEODORANT SENITIZER, Tox21_112402, BDBM50266095, Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide [Forbidden], AKOS015837803, DB14556, CAS-79-21-0, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 063201, NS00001663, D03467, EN300-173399, Dr.Vir Germ Peroxyacetic acid Multi-disinfectant, Q375140, Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a very strong oxidizing agent and has stronger oxidation potential than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Liquid, clear, and colorless with no foaming capability.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a strong pungent acetic acid odor, and the pH is acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
The reaction is allowed to continue for up to 10 days in order to achieve high yields of product.
Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed by the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid or a strong acid catalyst.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, peracetic acid is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, peracetic acid is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.

Since the early 1900s, chlorine has been used as a water disinfectant.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic peroxide based, colorless liquid with a low pH and a strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor.
In the concentrated form it is highly corrosive and unstable.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed from the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Commercial Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products contain all three chemicals in an aqueous solution often with stabilizers added.
The concentration of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as the active ingredient, as well as the mixture of the other ingredients, can vary widely.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in food and beverage industries as well as hospitals, health care and pharmaceutical facilities as an antimicrobial agent, surface cleaner and sanitizer.
In many meat and poultry establishments Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used on carcasses, parts, trim and organs to reduce bacterial contamination and foot spoilage.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied by a variety of methods including spray cabinet, dip tank, hand spray pump and chiller.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde: O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide produce peracetic acid: H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O

However, in concentrations (3-6%) of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide marketed for household use, mixing without a strong acid catalyst will not form peracetic acid.
As an alternative, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.

This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.
The peracetic acid is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.
Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction).

Useful applications are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene.
A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a combination of two important and versatile compounds: hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.

The two chemicals combine to form a new compound, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).
This is an equilibrium reaction where over a period of hours, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is formed in situ by assuming elements of both reagents to form the new compound.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a sanitizing agent widely used in the food and brewing industries and increasingly in the wine industry for its ability to efficiently kill microbes and sanitize surfaces “on contact”.

Despite its killing power against microbes, tank rinsing following sanitation is not required as the diluted concentrations (2.5-15%) at which it is used leaves low residual Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), found harmless to human consumption, and breaks down to form acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
The mechanism of microbicide is through the formation of hydroxyl radicals, which rapidly oxidize a variety of organic materials, including lipids, ionic protein bonds, sulfhydryl groups, and cysteine disulfide bonds (disrupting protein structure), killing cells with ruthless efficiency even at low concentrations; this is the same oxidative antimicrobial mechanism exhibited by hydrogen peroxide, but Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has a much higher oxidative capacity at much lower concentrations.

As such, it displays efficient killing capacity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae at a broad temperature (≥ 34˚F) and pH range (≤ pH 8.5) (Heritage Systems).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) diminishes these populations within one minute of contact, but is less effective at depleting bacterial biofilms on contact without prior cleaning.
Claims are made both ways as to whether acetic acid formed by the breakdown of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is at concentrations significant to influence the acetate concentration of wine contacting unrinsed surfaces sterilized with Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), which is also known as peracetic acid or PAA, is a commonly used sanitizer in the produce industry.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) goes by many trade names, such as Sanidate 5.0, VigorOx 15 F&V, BioSide HS-15%, and Tsunami 100, all of which are a mixture of PAA, water, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
Once dissolved in water, the breakdown products of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s are carbon dioxide, oxygen and water.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an effective disinfectant and decomposes rapidly, leaving no harmful residues.
These qualities make it ideal for use in many industries such as food and beverage, health care, water treatment, pulp and paper bleaching, and agriculture.

As a result, the use of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is increasing rapidly.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is corrosive and can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract of people exposed in the workplace.
Inhaling Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can cause coughing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has been widely used in food, medical, and synthetic chemical fields for the past several decades.
Recently, peroxyacetic acid has gradually become an effective alternative disinfectant in wastewater disinfection and has strong redox capacity for removing micro-pollutants from drinking water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a much weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as it is commonly known, is a strong oxidising agent with excellent disinfectant properties.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an organic acid with an acrid odour, represented by the formula CH3CO3H.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful sanitiser effective against bacteria and their spores, yeasts, moulds, fungi, and their spores, and viruses.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s sanitising action is rapid even at ambient temperatures.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is of particular use for sanitising in breweries, cordial manufacturing plant and milk handling equipment as it is non-foaming, passivates stainless steel, may be used under a carbon dioxide head, and breaks down to acetic acid and oxygen.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) functions as an oxidiser and is mainly used as a carcass wash in commercial beef processing plants.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) requires proper handling such as storage in a cool, well-ventilated area.
The approximate cost per beef or pig carcass is indicated in Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is approved by FSIS for use on beef carcasses.
In the US, the Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based process is approved for washing, rinsing, cooling, or otherwise processing fresh beef carcases.

The compound mixture must be no more than 0.022% Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and 0.0075% hydrogen peroxide delivered at a maximum pressure of 1724 kPa and maximum temperature of 50°C.
However, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is not permitted under EU regulations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is recorded under the formula CH3CO3H, which is produced by the reaction of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide and is known by the acronym PAA.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s main use is in the food industry as a disinfectant, as part of food and drink cleaning protocols.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an acid with an oxidising capacity, which makes it very effective as a biocide.
This is why it is commonly used in food factories.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used to keep aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their spores at bay, against yeasts and moulds and also against various viruses.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used at different levels as a disinfectant.
To begin with, it is used to disinfect tanks, pipes or mixers through which food passes.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also present in the packaging process, to sanitize containers and sealing systems where food is stored for its later distribution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is used in numerous applications, including as a chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and purifier during water treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s an often preferred cleaning agent because it leaves no toxic residue and it is no-rinse.

Given Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)’s increasing popularity and use throughout multiple industries, more attention is now being focused on health hazards and associated risks when Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the workplace.
Moreover, peracetic acid’s ability to become airborne, the varying concentrations that may be used, and the relatively low occupational exposure limits (OELs) mean that if are going to use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), there is an increased need to review company risk assessment procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE) choices for various applications of this substance.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an effective disinfectant and sterilizing agent against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is commonly used in healthcare facilities, pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, and water treatment to sanitize equipment, surfaces, and wastewater.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is approved by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), for use as a disinfectant in food processing and packaging facilities.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control microbial contamination on food contact surfaces, equipment, and food products, ensuring food safety and extending shelf life.
In the poultry and meat processing industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used to disinfect and sanitize equipment, conveyor belts, packaging materials, and processing areas to prevent cross-contamination and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in municipal water treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment facilities as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to deactivate pathogens, neutralize odors, and control algae and biofilm formation in water distribution systems, swimming pools, and cooling towers.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for sterilizing medical devices, surgical instruments, and laboratory equipment in healthcare settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) provides rapid sterilization without leaving toxic residues or requiring heat, making it suitable for heat-sensitive medical devices and equipment.

In agriculture, peracetic acid is used as a biocide and fungicide for crop protection and post-harvest treatment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control fungal diseases, bacterial pathogens, and mold growth on fruits, vegetables, and agricultural commodities, improving crop yield and quality.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in veterinary medicine for disinfecting animal housing, equipment, and surgical instruments in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and livestock facilities.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and maintain animal health.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic chemical compound (CH3CO3H) that is created by a chemical equilibrium reaction with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid that has a strong vinegar like odor that can be experienced at very low levels.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a strong oxidant and is highly reactive.
However, it breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water leaving no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for an environmentally safe antimicrobial product.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is a weak acid.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) belongs to the family of oxidants and is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in the medical field as an oxidant, as a disinfectant biocide or as a cold sterilant for certain medical devices.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful antimicrobial agent but also a bactericide, virucide and fungicide.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used as a bleaching agent for textile fibres and paper pulp.

In the chemical industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a polymerisation initiator and cross-linking agent, for example in the manufacture of epoxy resins.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) does not exist in a pure state, it is an unstable compound present as a colourless liquid with a pungent and unpleasant odour.
Its disinfectant and antioxidant properties have been known since 1902 and its use developed in the 1950s/1960s in the food and medical sectors thanks, among other things, to the marketing of the 98% hydrogen peroxide necessary for its production.

Highly soluble in water, alcohol and ether, peracetic acid is most often produced by reacting mixed boroacetic anhydride with hydrogen peroxide.
Under conventional conditions, peracetic acid degrades to non-toxic by-products (acetic acid, oxygen and water).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is permitted in some countries in slaughterhouses to disinfect poultry meat despite its corrosive properties to steel and other metals.

In addition to its use in food processing, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized in the beverage industry for sanitizing equipment and containers used in the production of beverages such as beer, wine, and soft drinks.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain hygienic conditions and prevent contamination during brewing, bottling, and packaging operations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is applied in dairy processing facilities for cleaning and sanitizing milk processing equipment, storage tanks, and pipelines.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to eliminate bacteria, molds, and yeast that can spoil milk and dairy products, ensuring product quality and safety.
Cooling towers used in HVAC systems and industrial processes are susceptible to microbial growth, biofilm formation, and Legionella contamination.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for disinfecting cooling water and preventing the spread of pathogens, improving the efficiency and safety of cooling tower operations.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for wound care and antiseptic purposes.
Dilute solutions of peracetic acid can be applied topically to disinfect wounds, ulcers, and surgical incisions, helping to prevent infections and promote wound healing.
Dental instruments and equipment require thorough sterilization to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases between patients.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based sterilization systems are used in dental clinics and laboratories for the rapid sterilization of dental instruments, ensuring patient safety and infection control.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in the pulp and paper industry for bleaching wood pulp and deinking recycled paper.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to remove lignin, ink, and other impurities from pulp fibers, resulting in high-quality paper products with bright white appearance and improved printability.

Public spaces such as hospitals, schools, public transportation, and recreational facilities require regular disinfection to minimize the spread of infectious diseases.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) fogging or misting systems are used to disinfect large indoor areas quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of illness transmission.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can harbor microbial contaminants, allergens, and odors, which can affect indoor air quality.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based disinfectants are applied to HVAC components to kill bacteria, mold, and fungi, improving indoor air quality and occupant comfort.
In veterinary medicine, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for disinfecting animal premises, kennels, cages, and equipment.
They help to control the spread of infectious diseases among animals and maintain hygienic conditions in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and farms.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized for environmental decontamination and remediation of contaminated soil, water, and air.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can degrade organic pollutants, neutralize hazardous chemicals, and mitigate environmental pollution in industrial sites, brownfields, and wastewater treatment plants.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was favored by water and wastewater industries for disinfection until several harmful disinfection by-products were discovered in chlorinated water.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a chemical product belonging to peroxide compounds such as hydrogen peroxide.
However, unlike hydrogen peroxide, it is a more potent antimicrobial agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has high germicidal efficiency and sterilizing capability, and its degradation residuals are not dangerous to the environment or toxic to human health.

Until 1960, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was of special interest to the food processing industry and actually was considered the only agent able to replace glutaraldehyde in the sterilization of surgical, medical, and odontoiatry instruments.
The actual core medical applications of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) are its potent antimicrobial action, also at low temperatures, and the total absence of toxic residuals

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.
It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that it is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to peracetic acid can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.

Melting point: -44 °C
Boiling point: 105 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: Low
refractive index: n20/D 1.391
Flash point: 41 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
pka: 8.2(at 25℃)
color: Colorless liquid
Odor: Acrid odor
Water Solubility: soluble, >=10 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Merck: 13,7229
BRN: 1098464
Stability: Unstable - may explode on heating. May react violently with organic materials. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acetic anhydride, alkenes, organics.
LogP: -0.26 at 20℃
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): PERACETIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 173.315
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-21-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 4

Containers of peracetic acid heated in a fire may explode.
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s such as peracetic acid are strong oxidizing agents and react exothermically with easily oxidized substrates.

In some cases the heat of reaction can be sufficient to induce ignition, at which point combustion is accelerated by the presence of the peracid.
Violent reactions may potentially occur, for example, with ethers, metal chloride solutions, olefins, and some alcohols and ketones.
Shock-sensitive peroxides may be generated by the action of peracids on these substances as well as on carboxylic anhydrides.

Some metal ions, including iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, and manganese, may cause runaway peroxide decomposition.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also reportedly sensitive to light.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an aqueous solution.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is the principle component of vinegar.
Hydrogen peroxide has been previously recommended by the NOSB for the National List in processing (synthetic, allowed at Austin, 1995).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a common disinfection widely used in the food and beverage market and in the healthcare industry.

A more powerful oxidizing agent than its chlorine counterparts, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has become increasingly popular since it was first registered as an antimicrobial substance in 1985.
As with all disinfectants, monitoring of residuals and dosing is important to ensure that levels are not too high or low.
However, unlike other common sanitizers, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is effective at weakly acidic pH levels and its efficacy is not greatly impacted by temperature.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is described as an efficient “broad spectrum biocidal agent”.
This means that it will effectively kill the majority of bacteria, including E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella which all cause food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses, and pseudomonas which can cause chest and blood infections.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is produced by continuously feeding acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide into an aqueous reaction medium containing a sulfuric acid catalyst.

The reaction is allowed to continue for up to ten days in order to achieve high yields of product according to the following equation.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is always sold in solution with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain the stability of the chemical.
The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary, and usually depends on its application.

Additional methods of preparation involve the oxidation of acetaldehyde or alternatively as an end product of the reaction of acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Another method involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), process and production were issued a US and UK patent to FMC Corporation on March 11, 1969.
The process utilized a reactor tube vessel to blend Acetic anhydride, Hydrogen peroxide, and an Ammonia catalyst to carefully control and create an equilibrium mixture that had unique oxidative biocide properties.
The Peroxyacetic acid molecule is the one that imparts the microbiocidal activity to the mixture, and its actual concentration is the one that is diluted down for a variety of sanitizer, disinfectant, and sterilant applications in various markets.

To this day, all commercial versions of liquid Peracetic acid concentrates are an equilibrium mixture of these 3 molecules, many times including a stabilizer (ex. Sulfuric acid).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) mixtures can contain from roughly 5% PAA up to 35% PAA with each PAA concentration having a variety of Acetic acid and Peroxide concentrations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), is an organic compound.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor reminiscent of household vinegar.
Commercially available Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products contain an equilibrium of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a powerful antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is highly effective against a broad range of microorganisms and can be sporicidal.
In addition, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide), and, therefore, can be used in non-rinse food contact surface applications.
Some Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) products are effective against C. difficile spores.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is generally used only when necessary, due to its strong odor and potential damage to some surfaces.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food pr reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfec Bleaching agent for food starch.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a component of antimicrobial washes for poultry carcasses and fruit.

Peracet known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
This organic peroxide is a colorless liq characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be highly corrosive.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as a blea especially for Kraft pulp.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used at weakly acidic pH and relatively low temperature.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a relative efficient and seagent, and it is often used as an alternative to chlorine dioxide and elemental chlorine in totally chlorine free bleaching sequen Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is however relatively expensive, and is difficult to store due to its high reactivity.

Peracet weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8. 2.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is an ideal antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizin Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalase and peroxidase, the enzymes that hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) also breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hyd and therefore can be used in non-rinse applications.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used over a wide temperature range (0-40 °C), wide pH range clean-in-place (CIP) processes, in hard water conditions, and is not affected by protein residues.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has been shown spectic function (PMID: 6180573).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) belongs to the family of Organic Hydroperoxides.

These are organic compoun hydroperoxide functional group, with the general formula [OaO]2-.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used mainly in the food industry, where it is applied as a cleanser and as a disinfectant.
Since the early 1950`s applied for bacteria and fungi removal from fruits and vegetables.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was also used for the disinfection of recicled rinsing wate Nowadays peracetic acid is applied for the disinfection of medical supplies and to prevent bio film formation in pulp industries during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumming disinfection.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is suitable for cooling tower water disinfection; it affectively prevents bio film formation and controls Legionella

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as a disinfectant oxidizes the outer cell membranes of microorganisms.
The oxidation mechanism consists of el When a stronger oxidant is used, the electrons are transferred to the microorganism much faster, causing the microorganism rapidly.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied for the deactivation of a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) also deactivates viruses a Peracetic acid activity is hardly influenced by organic compounds that are present in the water. However, pH and temperature peractetic acid activity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is more effective when the pH value is 7 than at a pH range between 8 and 9.
At a tempe and a pH value of 7, five times more Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is required to affectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a 35 °C.

When cooling tower water is tapped from a river or lake, and must be discharged into the same water body after it has been u certain discharge demands. Aditionally, the water temperature may not be too high, because warm water has a low oxygen copromotes algal growth.
This can cause fish mortality and a decrease in water biodiversity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has outstanding disinfectant properties.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is effective against bacteria, yeasts, molds and virus.
The reason for trapid antimicrobial effects of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is the specific capability to penetrate through the cell membrane.
In the cell, peracirreversibly disrupts the enzyme system, which in turn leads to destruction of the microorganism.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in food retail establishments such as supermarkets and grocery stores for disinfecting food contact surfaces, display cases, and food processing equipment.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent cross-contamination and ensure the safety and quality of perishable foods.
During emergency situations such as natural disasters or water contamination events, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used for emergency water disinfection.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) effectively kills pathogens in drinking water sources, providing a rapid and reliable method for ensuring safe drinking water supplies in crisis situations.
Laboratories in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and medical research, utilize Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) for the sterilization of laboratory glassware, equipment, and instruments.
Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and compatibility with heat-sensitive materials make it a valuable sterilization agent in laboratory settings.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities utilize peracetic acid for disinfecting cleanrooms, production equipment, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain aseptic conditions during drug manufacturing processes, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulatory standards.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is commonly used in breweries and beverage production facilities for disinfecting brewing equipment, fermentation tanks, and beer kegs.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to prevent contamination by spoilage organisms and ensures the quality and stability of brewed beverages.
Cosmetic manufacturing facilities use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) for disinfecting production equipment, mixing vessels, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain hygienic conditions during the production of cosmetics, skincare products, and personal care items.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed in animal production facilities such as poultry farms, swine operations, and aquaculture facilities for biosecurity and disease control.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to disinfect animal housing, equipment, and transportation vehicles, reducing the risk of disease transmission and improving animal health.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based hand sanitizers provide an alternative to traditional alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially in settings where water is not readily available.

These sanitizers effectively kill germs on the hands and are used in healthcare facilities, food service establishments, and public settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for preserving fresh produce during storage and transportation.
They help to inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms and extend the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers, reducing food waste and ensuring product quality.

Hotels, restaurants, and catering services utilize peracetic acid for disinfecting kitchen surfaces, utensils, and food preparation areas.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to maintain cleanliness and hygiene in food service establishments, preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring guest satisfaction.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based disinfectants are used for disinfecting cruise ship cabins, aircraft cabins, and other confined spaces where passengers and crew members congregate.

They help to control the spread of infectious diseases and maintain a healthy environment for travelers.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s should be handled only in small quantities and with extreme care when pure or very concentrated.

Containers of peracetic acid heated in a fire may explode.
Reactions involving large quantities of peracids should be carried out behind a safety shield.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) should be used only in areas free of ignition sources and should be stored in tightly sealed containers in areas separate from oxidizable compounds and flammable substances.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), are so unstable that they may explode during distillation, even under reduced pressure
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.

Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.
Fires involving Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.

Uses:
Using solutions containing Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to reduce contamination from pathogens on poultry carcasses and meat would not pose toxicity concerns, EFSA’s experts say.
They provide an effective and reliable method for ensuring patient safety and infection control in dental practice settings.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) solutions are used for washing fruits and vegetables in food processing facilities and commercial kitchens.

They help to remove pesticides, waxes, and microbial contaminants from produce, enhancing food safety and meeting regulatory standards for food hygiene.
In the pulp and paper industry, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is utilized for bleaching wood pulp and deinking recycled paper.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to remove lignin, ink, and other impurities from pulp fibers, resulting in high-quality paper products with bright white appearance and improved printability.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based cleaning agents are used for industrial cleaning and sanitization in manufacturing plants, breweries, wineries, and dairy processing facilities.
They help to remove soils, residues, and microbial contaminants from surfaces and equipment, ensuring compliance with hygiene standards and regulatory requirements.
During emergency situations such as natural disasters or water contamination events, peracetic acid can be used for emergency water disinfection.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) provides a rapid and effective method for purifying drinking water sources and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases in crisis situations.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is employed for environmental decontamination and remediation of contaminated soil, groundwater, and air.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to degrade organic pollutants, neutralize hazardous chemicals, and mitigate environmental pollution in industrial sites, brownfields, and wastewater treatment plants.

Some treatment applications are more effective than others, for example dipping in baths is more effective than spraying.
EFSA’s experts also conclude that it is unlikely that the use of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) would lead to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobials and reduced susceptibility to biocides.
There are no concerns for environmental risks of all the components of the solution except for HEDP.

Its release from a poultry plant into the environment is not always considered safe.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur.
Other release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.

Release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a peroxy acid that is commonly used as an excellent oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used as a bleaching and sterilizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as an oxidant for the selective epoxidation of aliphatic terminal alkenes in the presence of manganese(II) perchlorate as the catalyst at ambient temperature.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used to oxidize sulfides, selenides, and amines.
Initially, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was utilized in bleaching applications for paper pulp.
While it can still be utilized for this application, it is now currently utilized for ware wash bleaching applications.

In fact, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be generated in situ in some laundry detergents, in ware wash, and other generator applications without the above process originally patented by FMC Corp years ago.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is widely used to sterilize medical, surgical, and dental equipment.
The disinfectant has been the top choice for medical equipment sterilization after an automated sterilizing machine was introduced in 1988.

Eco-friendly yet reliable to kill microbiomes, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is one of the most popular general-purpose hard surface disinfectants.
Food processing equipment can be washed with Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid), which is proven for its efficacy as a no-rinse sanitizer.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) clears bacteria and slim deposits in water treatment plants, pulp factories, and food-grade liquid processing centers.

Decontamination processes at breweries, hatcheries, animal shelters, and veterinary hospitals use Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) to eliminate any chance of infection.
With increasing coronavirus cases, the acid is used to disinfect surfaces in multiple areas to keep the risk of infection at bay.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is widely used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent in healthcare facilities, laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food processing industries.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) effectively kills a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, making it essential for maintaining hygienic conditions and preventing the spread of infections.
In the food and beverage industry, peracetic acid is utilized for sanitizing food contact surfaces, equipment, and packaging materials.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control microbial contamination and extend the shelf life of perishable foods, ensuring food safety and quality throughout the production, processing, and packaging stages.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used in municipal water treatment plants, swimming pools, and recreational water facilities as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to eliminate pathogens, algae, and organic contaminants in water systems, ensuring safe and clean water for drinking, recreational activities, and industrial processes.
Veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and livestock facilities use peracetic acid for disinfecting animal premises, equipment, and transportation vehicles.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) helps to control the spread of infectious diseases among animals and maintain biosecurity in agricultural settings, improving animal health and productivity.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)-based sterilization systems are employed in dental clinics and laboratories for the rapid sterilization of dental instruments and equipment.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization agent is a strong oxidizing disinfectant against a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is active against many microorganisms, such as gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, spores, and yeast.
This ideal antimicrobial agent is primarily used in food processing and handling as a sanitizer for food contact surfaces.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also used to disinfect medical supplies and prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumbing disinfection.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is suitable for disinfecting cooling tower water and effectively prevents biofilm formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
Environmentally friendly biocide; disinfectant in the food and beverage industry; bleaching agent for textiles and paper. Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

Fungicide, Herbicide, Nematicide, Rodenticide, Microbiocide: Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing, a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.
Not approved for use in EU countries.
Registered for use in the U.S. and Canada.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) as an antimicrobial in 1986 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
Nu-Cidex is the trade name for a brand of antimicrobial Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid).

In the European Union, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce peracetic acid.
The organic Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a sustainable biocide for aseptic packaging of food and beverages, in cosmetics and for hair bleaching, for environmentally friendly water and wastewater treatment, for smart sustainable aquaculture solutions, for disinfection in agriculture, for chemical synthesis, for sterilization in hospital hygiene or for cleaning and disinfection of laundry and textiles.

Fire Hazard:
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) explodes when heated to 110 °C, and the pure compound is extremely shock sensitive.
Virtually all peracids are strong oxidizing agents and decompose explosively on heating.

Moreover, most peracids are highly flammable and can accelerate the combustion of other flammable materials if present in a fire.
Fires involving Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) can be fought with water, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers.

Containers of Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) heated in a fire may explode.
Decomposes violently at 230F.

Health Hazard:
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is a severe irritant to theskin and eyes.
It can cause severe acid burns.
Irritation from 1 mg was severe on rabbits’eyes.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid)s toxicity is low.
The toxicologicalroutes of entry to the body are inhalation,ingestion, and skin contact.
The toxicity dataare as follows (NIOSH 1986):LC50 inhalation (rats): 450 mg/m3

Its toxicity in humans should be very low,and a health hazard may arise only fromits severe irritant action.
Studies on miceshowed that it caused skin tumors at the siteof application.

Its carcinogenicity on humansis not reported.
No exposure limit is set forperoxyacetic acid in air.

The acute toxicity of peracetic acid is low.
However, peracids are extremely irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Skin or eye contact with the 40% solution in acetic acid can cause serious burns.

Inhalation of high concentrations of mists of peracetic acid solutions can lead to burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
There is some evidence that this compound is a weak carcinogen from animal studies (mice).

Data on other peracids suggest Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) may show the worst chronic and acute toxicity of this class of compounds.
Other commonly available peracids, such as Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) are less toxic, less volatile, and more easily handled than the parent substance.

Safety Profile:
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact.
Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Explodes violently at 1 10°C.

Poison by ingestion.
Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.
Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) a corrosive eye, sktn, and mucous membrane irritant.

Dangerous; keep away from combustible materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
A powerful oxidizing agent.

Explosive reaction with acetic anhydride, 5-p-chlorophenyl-2,2-dimethyl-3hexanone.
Violent reaction with ether solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether), metal chloride solutions (e.g., calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), olefins, organic matter.
To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2.

Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) is used as a polymerization initiator, curing agent, and cross-linhng agent.
When heated to decomposition, Peroxyacetic acid (peracetic acid) emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Runoff to sewer may create a fire or explosion hazard.
Isolate from other stored material, particularly accelerators, oxidizers, and organic or flammable materials.

peru balsam; myroxylon pereirae klotzsch resin; balsam peru ; peru balsam (myroxylon pereirae klotzsch); toluifera pereira balsam cas no:8007-00-9

petibor flavor

Petroleum sulfonate has strong hydrophilicity and rust resistance as well as unique anti-scaling and descaling effects.
Petroleum sulfonate can be used as a surfactant for metal cutting emulsified oil, and as a rust preventive additive when producing anti-rust grease.
The main thing is that Petroleum sulfonate can be used as one of the main preparation materials for descaling and anti-scaling in boiler descaling and anti-scaling and other series of waterways.

CAS: 68608-26-4
EINECS: 271-781-5

Petroleum sulfonate was used in the colorimetric assay for determination of procaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations.

Petroleum sulfonate is obtained from sulfonation of base oil, neutralised by Sodium Hydroxide.
Petroleum sulfonate mainly works as a Surface Active Agent, Emulsification & Dispersion of Liquid's, Wetting & Dispersion of Liquid – Solid System, Inhibition of Rust & Corrosion, Dispersion & Wetting of Solids.

Petroleum sulfonate PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL INFORMATION
Formula: RSO3Na
Molecular mass: 500
Boiling point: >150°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.08-1.12
Flash point: >160°C o.c.

Synonyms
SODIUM PETROLEUN SULFONATE
68608-26-4
SodiuM petrol
SODIUM PETROLEUM SULFONIC ACIDS
Sodium Petroleum sulphonate T702
SULPHONICACIDS,PETROLEUM,SODIUMSALTS
Petroleum sulfonic acids sodium salts
Sulfonic acids, petroleum, sodium salts

PETVINIL S 23 PETVINIL S 23 (PVC SUSPANSION) PVC Factory (Polyvinyl Chloride) Commissioning Date: 16.03.1986 Starting Capacity: 105.000 tons / year Present Capacity: 150.000 tons / year Products : PVC Suspension (S-23, S-27, S-39, S-65) Usage Areas: Production of packaging films, cable coverings, transparent cosmetics and oil bottles, various tubes and other bottles in agriculture and construction industry (irrigation pipes, sewage pipes, fittings), shoe soles, floor tiles, various building materials (doors, windows woodwork, shutter manufacturing), upholstery coverings and artificial leather manufacturing. S 23/59 Polyvinyl Chloride Product Trade Name: PETVİNİL S 23/59 Product Warranty Values Experiment Name Unit Value Method Viscosity Number (Cyclohexanone 25 ° C) cm3 / g 76-86 1A / 93 Free Alkali (NaOH) g / l 8-15 ASTM D-2022 K number (Cyclohexanone 25 ° C) ------ 56-59 1A / 93 Bulk Density g / cm3 0.56 - 0.62 4A / 91 Sieve Analysis 0.250 mm above% wt max 3 8A / 92, 8F / 92 Above 0.063 mm% wt min 90 8A / 92, 8F / 92 Volatile Matter% wt max 0.5 2A / 90 Impurity pcs / ft2 max 60 6A / 92 Product Shape: White powder Packaging: In 25 kg multi-layer klupak paper bags or 1000 kg Big-Bags Storage Conditions: It should be stored in closed and dry environments. Areas of Usage: Opaque or transparent rigid film and bottle, hard parts, opaque or transparent hard plates and profiles, pipe fittings. PETVINYL S23 / 59 PETVINIL S23 / 59 is a low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride type produced by suspension polymerization method. PETVINIL S23 / 59, in white powder form, has a narrow particle size distribution and allows the production of rigid and semi-rigid PVC materials. Scope of application: Extrusion: opaque or transparent rigid and semi-rigid films and sheets Injection molding: pipe fittings Calendering: opaque or transparent rigid and semi-rigid films and sheets Storage The product should be stored in a dry area that is not exposed to sunlight, at temperatures below 50 ° C. Storing under unsuitable conditions may cause color change and deterioration of physical properties. Polymer products face the risk of deterioration over time. For this reason, it is recommended to process the product within 6 months from the delivery date in order to preserve the product quality. Disposal and Recycling This product is not dangerous or toxic. It can be recycled. If not possible, it can be disposed of by incineration. TEST NAME UNIT VALUE METHOD Viscosity Number (Cyclohexanone 25 ° C) cm3 / g 121-134 TS EN ISO1628-2 K number (Cyclohexanone 25 ° C) - 69-72 TSE EN ISO1628-2 Bulk density g / cm3 0.44-0.53 TS 448 EN ISO60 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION: > 0.250 mm > 0.063 mm % wt % wt Max.3 VOLATILE MATERIAL % wt Max.0.3 TS EN ISO1269 POLLUTION UNIT / 9 dm2 Max.60 TSE EN ISO1265 PRODUCT SHAPE WHITE POWDER PACKAGING SHAPE In 25 kg FFS (Form Fill Seal) white colored PE bags or 1300 kg big-bags. STORAGE CONDITIONS It should be stored in closed and dry environments. AREAS OF USE Cable sheath, shoe sole, flexible and semi-rigid profile and pipe, soft film, flexible sheet, toy. SAFETY DATA SHEET NO: UR.10-BF-TE001 S-PVC Suspension Polyvinyl Chloride What is it? S-PVC suspension polyvinyl chloride (s-PVC), which is produced in petrochemical facilities by taking oil-natural gas and salt combinations, is a type of polymer. Since PVC plastic is hard, necessary plasticizers are added to make it more flexible and softer in suspension polyvinyl chloride application. Since the cost of PVC plastic materials is low, suspension polyvinyl chloride also provides an economic advantage. Accordingly, the suspension polyvinyl chloride, which can be used for general and multiple purposes, is one of the most preferred products. PVC, which is the most widely used polymer type in the world, also increases the usage rate of suspension polyvinyl chloride product. Suspension polyvinyl chloride, one of the most valuable products of the chemical industry, can be used in many different areas from the construction industry to toy making and the building industry. Thanks to the advantages of its mechanical properties, it is possible to manufacture flexible products with suspension polyvinyl chloride, whose usage rate has increased. Suspension polyvinyl chloride, which is used in many sectors, has recently been used in the health sector. S-PVC Suspension Polyvinyl Chloride Used In Which Areas? Suspension polyvinyl chloride, also known as S - PVC, can be used in various fields as it contains many different properties and thus provides many advantages. Generally, the areas where suspension polyvinyl chloride is used are as follows: * Garden hose * Pipe fittings * Furniture edge band * Medicine - food packaging foils * Rigid film and sheets * Floor coverings * Facade coating * Doors * Window profiles * Waste water pipes * Cable channels PETVINIL S23 / 59 PETVINIL S23 / 59 is a low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride type produced by suspension polymerization method. PETVINIL S23 / 59, in white powder form, has a narrow particle size distribution and allows the production of rigid and semi-rigid PVC materials. Scope of application: Extrusion: opaque or transparent rigid and semi-rigid films and sheets Injection molding: pipe fittings Calendering: opaque or transparent rigid and semi-rigid films and sheets Storage The product must be stored in a dry area that is not exposed to sunlight, at temperatures below 50 ° C. Storing under unsuitable conditions may cause color change and deterioration of physical properties. Polymer products face the risk of deterioration over time. For this reason, it is recommended to process the product within 6 months from the delivery date in order to preserve the product quality. Disposal and Recycling This product is not dangerous or toxic. It can be recycled. If not possible, can be disposed of by incineration POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) In suspension and emulsion types; door, window profiles, paneling, pipe and fittings, garden hose, shoe sole, cable, film, canvas, artificial leather, gloves, floor linoleum, floor and wall coverings, dolls, balls and artificial fruits, etc. at the desired K values ​​for production. S-PVC, SUSPENSION POLYVINYLKLORIDE Shoes, pipes, profiles, cables, films etc. E-PVC, EMULSION POLYVINYLKLORIDE Canvas, artificial leather, toys, ball, floor and wall covering, label etc. Window Profiles Sewage Pipes Pressurized Clean Water Pipes Rigid Profiles Facade Cladding Cable Channels Usage Examples In agriculture and construction industry (in the production of irrigation pipes, waste water pipes, fittings) packaging film, cable coverings, transparent cosmetics and oil bottles, various tubes and other bottles, shoe soles, floor tiles, various building materials (door, window joinery, blinds) It is used in the production of floor coverings and artificial leather. We have emerged as the prominent organization, engaged in offering an optimum quality PVC Pipe Adhesive that is widely used for bonding PVC pipe and accessories. Our provided adhesive is processed using optimum quality chemical compounds and advanced technologies in accordance with set industry norms. In addition to this, this adhesive is duly tested by our skilled quality experts to eliminate any flaw. Features: • Precise chemical composition • High temperature resistance • Easy to applyDescription Product Name : PVC Solution Product Info : PVC Solution Use For Jointing Pipe Line Fast Setting . Make : Supreme Type : Liquid Foam Fast Setting JointSolvent Cement for Joining PVC Pipe Adhesives Formulation Applicable TypeSolvent borne AdhesivesApplicable Base PolymerPolyvinyl Chlorides (PVC)Applicable Industrial SectorsAutomotive,Buildings & constructions Applicable Base Polymer Properties Polyvinyl chloride is added to the solvent system to provide body to the adhesive and a compatible bondline with the substrates. The bonding process is mainly through the diffusion of the solvent into the substrates and the added PVC polymer acts mainly to increase viscosity to hold it in the glue area and to provide a degree of flexibility to the final bonded joint.PETVİNİL S 23/59 PETVINIL S23/59 Applications: Opaque or transparent rigid bottles, plates, film,profile and pipe fittings. Guaranteed values Viscosity Index (In Cyclohexanone At 25°C) K Value (In Cyclohexanone At 25°C) Bulk Density Retained on 0.250 mm sieve Retained on 0.063 mm sieve Volatiles Contamination Storage conditions: Note: This grade has certificate for production of material in contact with foodstuffs as received by Ministry of Agriculture and Village Affairs dated 21.02.2007 and no. 35-00214-00005-1. In 25 kgs Form Fill Sealed white colored PE bags , loose or palletized and shrinkwraped or in 1400 kgs big bags piece/ft2 Max.60 6A/92 Packing: Storage in closed and dry areas is recommended. % wt Max.3 8A/92, 8F/92 % wt Max.0.5 2A/90 % wt Min. 90 8A/92, 8F/92 g/cm3 0.56-0.62 4A/91 Sieve Analysis: POLYVINYL CHLORIDE cm3/g Product Overview PVC Suspension Resin is a polymer manufactured from vinyl chloride monomer. It is used extensively in building and construction, automotive, and medical industries. PVC Suspension Resin is produced at four Westlake Chemical facilities: Aberdeen, Mississippi; Calvert City, Kentucky; Geismar, Louisiana; and Plaquemine, Louisiana. With over 60 years of responsible production and handling experience, Westlake manufactures PVC Suspension Resin with environmental and public safety consideration. Westlake personnel are experienced in handling and shipping PVC Suspension Resin, and our engineers, scientists, and sales personnel can provide technical assistance to users. Production Westlake produces PVC Suspension Resin through the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. The monomer, water and suspending agents are fed into a polymerization reactor and are agitated at high speeds to form small droplets of vinyl chloride monomer. After an initiator is added, the vinyl chloride monomer droplets are then polymerized into PVC Suspension Resin under controlled pressures and temperatures. After polymizeration is complete, the resulting slurry is stripped of unreacted vinyl chloride monomer, the excess water is removed, and the resulting solid is dried to form the final product. The final PVC Suspension Resin contains less than 5 parts per million of residual vinyl chloride monomer. Uses Many properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) make it ideal for a variety of applications. It is biologically and chemically resistant; it is durable and ductile; and it can be made softer and flexible by the addition of plasticizers. With all downstream applications, appropriate registrations and/or approvals may be required. Possible uses for polyvinyl chloride are described below:  Pipes - Roughly half of North America’s polyvinyl chloride is used to produce pipes for municipal, construction, and industrial applications. It is particularly well suited for this purpose due to its light weight, high strength, low reactivity, and corrosion and bacterial resistance. Additionally, PVC pipes can be fused together in a variety of ways, including solvent cements, adhesives, and heat-fusion, creating permanent joints that are impervious to leakage. Globally, piping is the single largest use for PVC.  Residential and Commercial Siding - Rigid PVC is used to make vinyl siding. This material comes in a wide range of colors and finishes and is used as a substitute for wood or metal. It is waterproof, weather resistant, and low maintenance. It is also used in window sills and door frames, gutters and downspouts, and double glazing window frames.  Packaging - PVC is widely used as a protecting film in stretch and shrink wrapping, laminate films with polyethylene, rigid blister packaging, and food and film packaging. It can also be blow molded into bottles and containers. PVC acts as a microbial and water resistant barrier, protecting food, household cleaners, soaps and toiletries.  Wiring Insulations - PVC is used as the insulation and fire retardant on electrical wiring. The wires are coated with the resin and the chlorine acts as a free radical scavenger to insulate and reduce the spread of fire.  Medical - PVC is used to make blood and intravenous bags, kidney dialysis and blood transfusion equipment, cardiac catheters, endotracheal tubes, artificial heart valves, and other medical equipment.  Automotive - PVC is used to make body side moldings, windshield system components, interior upholstery, dashboards, arm rests, floor mats, wire coatings, abrasion coatings, adhesives, and sealants.  Consumer Goods - Both rigid and flexible PVC is used in a wide variety of finished consumer goods, including modern furniture design, air conditioners, refrigerators, phone systems, computers, power tools, electrical cords, garden hoses, clothing, toys, luggage, apparel, vacuums, and credit card stock sheet. PVC can be blended with other plastics to customize the product’s properties including color, hardness, abrasion resistance, etc. This method allows producers to determine the customized look and feel of the final product. Health Effects Read and follow all instructions on the product label and review the safety data sheet to understand and avoid the hazards associated with PVC Suspension Resin. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and avoid direct contact. Eye exposure to dust may cause mechanical irritation; excessive concentrations of nuisance dust in the workplace may reduce visibility and may cause unpleasant deposits in eyes. Skin exposure to dust may cause mechanical irritation. Inhalation exposure to dust may cause irritation; processes such as cutting, grinding, crushing, or impact may result in generation of excessive amounts of airborne dusts in the workplace. Nuisance dust may affect the lungs but reactions are typically reversible. Prolonged and repeated inhalation of respirable dust (particles less than 10 microns in size) may cause damage to lungs. Exposure to PVC respirable dust has been reported to cause lung changes in animals and humans, including decreased respiratory capacity and inflammation. Westlake’s PVC Suspension Resin is manufactured by suspension polymerization and the particle size is generally large enough in diameter that it is not considered respirable. Before handling, it is important that engineering controls are operating and protective equipment requirements and personal hygiene measures are being followed. People working with this chemical should be properly trained regarding its hazards and its safe use and should be given the opportunity to review this document and the safety data sheet. Environmental Effects PVC Suspension Resin should be kept out of lakes, streams, ponds or other water sources. Based on the high molecular weight of this polymeric material, transport of this compound across biological membranes is unlikely. Accordingly, the probability of environmental toxicity or bioaccumulation in organisms is remote. Exposure Potential Precautions should be taken to minimize potential harm to people, animals, and the environment. Potential for exposure may vary depending upon site-specific conditions. When handling PVC Suspension Resin, always refer to the safety data sheet and product warning label and follow all instructions and warnings. Based on the expected uses for PVC Suspension Resin, exposure could be through:  Workplace exposure - Exposure can occur in either a PVC Suspension Resin manufacturing facility or in the various industrial facilities that use PVC Suspension Resin. Good industrial hygiene practices and the use of personal protective equipment will, when combined with proper training and environmental, health and safety practices, contribute to a safe work environment.  Environmental releases - In the event of a spill, contain the spill to prevent entry into waterways and sewers. Avoid the generation of dust. The spill area can be washed with water; however, the unusable material should be placed into a closed, properly labeled container compatible with the product. Industrial spills (releases to soil or water) should be controlled by workplace spill programs which include containment around loading and unloading operations and storage tanks and employee training. Many aspects of a spill control program are mandated by federal, state and local requirements. In addition, if a spill occurs, governmental reporting may be required. Refer to the safety data sheet for instructions to contain and clean up a spill to minimize exposure.  Consumer exposure - PVC Suspension Resin is not sold directly to consumers; however it is an ingredient in consumer products. In any case, keep all chemical products out of the reach of children. Westlake cannot and does not make any representation or conclusion about consumer exposure risks associated with its customers’ products. Physical and Chemical Properties PVC Suspension Resin is a solid white powder with no odor at standard temperatures and pressures. Exposure to temperatures of 300°F or greater for extended periods of time may cause thermal degradation of PVC Suspension Resin. Instantaneous temperatures above 420°F, prolonged heating at processing temperatures, or excessive shear/heat combinations during processing can generate hazardous decomposition products. Typical Properties of PVC Suspension Resins Resin Properties Typical Value or Range Inherent Viscosity (dl/g) 0.50 (+/-0.03) to 1.10 (+/- 0.03) Relative Viscosity 1.55 to 2.50 K Value 49 to 74 Bulk Density (grams/cm3 ) > 0.480 Specific Gravity 1.39 Moisture (%) < 0.35 Residual Vinyl Chloride Monomer (ppm) < 5.0 HunterLab Color ‘L’ > 94.0 ‘a’ < 2.0 ‘b’ < 3.5 Particle Size Distribution Percent Retained On 40 mesh < 0.1 60 mesh < 9 200 mesh < 35 Pan < 10

cheese flavor; kosher pareve cheese flavor; dairy and cheese flavor systems; cheese flavor WONF; cheese flavors; cheese ultimate; safcheese

DESCRIPTION:

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) solvents provide adequate specifications with the most important parameters.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is our low-cost alternative to high-purity qualities.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) can be synthesized by reacting propylene oxide with methanol in the presence of ZnMgAl catalysts.



CAS NUMBER: 107-98-2

EC NUMBER: 203-539-1

MOLECULAR FORMULA: CH₃OCH₂CH(OH)CH₃

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 90.12 g/mol



DESCRIPTION:

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) appears as a colorless liquid.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol)'s flash point is near 89 °F.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) has less dense than water.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol)'s contact can irritates skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol)'s vapors are heavier than air.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze agent.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is a colourless liquid that is soluble in water and is highly flammable.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is a methoxy alcohol derivative and has a formula of C4H10O2.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is produced by the reaction of 1,2-epoxy propane and methanol in the presence of a catalyst, and this is then followed by distillation.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) has a specific gravity of 0.924 and a flash point of 33° C and is therefore highly flammable so should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area that is free from sources of ignition.
For transport purposes, PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is classified as packing group III and hazard class 3 and is an irritant.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is a glycol ether and biological indicator for exposure.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is a methoxy alcohol derivative.
The ether is being relatively unreactive.
Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents.

They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water.
Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones.
Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior.
They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 2-amino-3-carboxy-4-phenylthiophenes, which acts as a protein kinase C inhibitors.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of metolachlor.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) acts as a good biological indicator.
Further, PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is used as a solvent and an antifreeze agent.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) acts as viscosity modifier because it reduces the viscosity of the system.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is recommended for polyurethane and other proton sensitive system.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is a water-soluble solvent with unique properties making it ideal for use in a wide range of applications, including those that require a high degree of solvency, quick evaporation, and good surface tension reduction.

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is an effective product for use in the paints and coatings industry, as well as being a good solvent, it can promote good film surfaces by maintaining dissolved resins during the evaporation process.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) provides good solvency for a wide variety of resins including acrylic, epoxies, polyesters, nitrocellulose and polyurethanes.
For cleaners, they offer low toxicity, good coupling, wetting and penetration, and high solvency for polar and nonpolar materials.



USAGES:

PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is predominately used in the manufacture of propylene glycol methyl ether acetate and is also used in industrial and commercial products including paints, varnishes, inks, synthetic resin and rubber adhesives, and automotive and oven cleaners.
PGME (1-methoxy-2-propanol) is also used as a cleaning agent in the LCD and electronics industry.



PRODUCT INFORMATION:

-CAS number: 107-98-2
-EC index number: 603-064-00-3
-EC number: 203-539-1
-Hill Formula: C₄H₁₀O₂
-Chemical formula: CH₃OCH₂CH(OH)CH₃
-Molar Mass: 90.12 g/mol
-HS Code: 2909 49 80


PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Boiling point: 120 °C (1013 mbar)
-Density: 0.921 g/cm3 (25 °C)
-Explosion limit: 1.7 - 11.5 %(V)
-Flash point: 34 °C
-Ignition temperature: 287 °C
-Melting Point: -96 °C
-pH value: 4 - 7 (200 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
-Vapor pressure: 11.33 hPa (20 °C)




TECHNICAL INFORMATION:

-Physical State: Liquid
-Storage: Store at room temperature
-Boiling Point: 118-119° C
-Density: .922 g/mL at 25° C
-Refractive Index: n20/D 1.4030




SPECIFICATIONS:

-Purity (GC): ≥ 99.5 %
-2-Methoxypropan-1-ol (GC): ≤ 0.29 %
-Identity (IR): conforms
-Free acid (as C₂H₅COOH): ≤ 0.002 %
-Al (Aluminium): ≤ 20 ppb
-Ca (Calcium): ≤ 50 ppb
-Cu (Copper): ≤ 20 ppb
-Fe (Iron): ≤ 100 ppb
-K (Potassium): ≤ 50 ppb
-Na (Sodium): ≤ 1000 ppb
-Ni (Nickel): ≤ 20 ppb
-Zn (Zinc): ≤ 20 ppb
-Water: ≤ 0.1 %



PROPERTIES:

Molecular Weight: 90.12 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 90.068079557 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 90.068079557 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 29.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 28.7
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes




PROPERTIES:

-vapor density: 3.12 (vs air)
-Quality Level: 200
-vapor pressure: 10.9 mmHg ( 25 °C)
-Assay: ≥99.5%
-form: liquid
-autoignition temp.: 532 °F
-expl. lim.: 13.8 %
-impurities: ≤0.001% water
-refractive index: n20/D 1.403 (lit.)
-bp: 118-119 °C (lit.)
-mp: -97 °C
-solubility: water: miscible
-density: 0.916 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
-application(s): microbiology




TYPICAL PROPERTIES:

-Melting Point: -100°C
-Color: Colorless
-Density: 0.926 g/mL
-pH: 4 to 7
-Boiling Point: 119°C to 120°C
-Flash Point: 35°C (95°F)
-Odor: Alcohol-like
-Assay Percent Range: >99%
-Refractive Index: 1.403



STORAGE:

Store at +2°C to +25°C.



SYNONYM:

Propylene glycol methyl ether
Propyleneglycol monomethyl ether
107-98-2
1-Methoxypropan-2-ol
Methoxyisopropanol
PGME
2-Propanol, 1-methoxy-
Closol
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
Dowtherm 209
1-Methoxy-2-hydroxypropane
Propasol solvent M
Dowanol 33B
PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER
2-Methoxy-1-methylethanol
Methyl proxitol
2-Propanol, methoxy-
Propylene glycol 1-methyl ether
Ucar Solvent LM (Obs.)
NSC 2409
Dowanol-33B
HSDB 1016
1-methoxy-propan-2-ol
EINECS 203-539-1
UN3092
BRN 1731270
UNII-74Z7JO8V3U
.alpha.-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
AI3-15573
74Z7JO8V3U
Propyleneglycol monomethyl ether
DTXSID8024284
NSC-2409
EC 203-539-1
3-01-00-02146 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
DTXCID804284
CAS-107-98-2
propyleneglycol monomethylether
Glycol ether pm
Ucar solvent lm
Solvent PM
Gylcol Ether PM
Icinol PM
methoxy isopropanol
Methoxy-2-propanol
MFCD00004537
1-methoxypropanol-2
1-Metoxipropan-2-ol
1-Metoksy-2-propanol
PME (CHRIS Code)
3-methoxy-propan-2-ol
Propan-1-methoxy-2-ol
2-Propanol, 1-metoxi-
rac-1-methoxy-2-propanol
1- methoxypropan- 2- ol
1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL 1-MONOMETHYL ETHER
2-methoxy-1-methyl ethanol
Propan-2-ol, 1-methoxy-
propylene glycol monomethylether
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, 98%
1-Methoxy-2-propanol (PGME)
Methoxypropanol, .alpha. isomer
(+/-)-1-methoxy-2-propanol
1 - methoxypropan - 2 - ol
CHEMBL3186306
METHOXYISOPROPANOL [INCI]
NSC2409
WLN: QY1 & 1O1
propylene glycol mono methyl ether
(+/-)2-methoxy-1-methylethanol
Propylene Glycol 1-Monomethyl Ether
Tox21_201803
Tox21_303269
LS-444
NA3092
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, >=99.5%
AKOS009158246
SB44649
SB44662
NCGC00249123-01
NCGC00256978-01
NCGC00259352-01
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)
1-METHOXY-2-HYDROXYPROPANE [HSDB]
1-Methoxy-2-propanol, analytical standard
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Reagent Grade
FT-0608005
FT-0647598
FT-0654880
FT-0655258
M0126
EN300-73396
E72455
PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER, ALPHA
1-Methoxy-2-propanol [UN3092] [Flammable liquid]
Q1884806
1-Methoxy-2-propanol [UN3092] [Flammable liquid]
Z825742124
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether; (UCAR TRIOL HG-170)
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether; (UCAR TRIOL HG-170)



IUPAC NAME:

1-METHOXY-2-PROPANOL
1-Methoxy-2-Propanol
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-methoxy-2-Propanol
1-methoxy-2-propanol
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-methoxy-2-propanol monopropylene glycol methyl ether
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-Methoxy-2-propanol
1-methoxy-2-propanol
1-Methoxy-propan-2-ol
1-methoxy-propan-2-ol
1-METHOXYPROPAN-2-OL
1-Methoxypropan-2-ol
1-methoxypropan-2-ol
1-methoxypropan-2-ol
1-Methoxypropanol-2
1-metoksi-2-propanol
1-metoksypropan-2-ol
1-méthoxy-2-propanol
2-propanol, 1-methoxy
2-Propanol, 1-methoxy-
Agent IA94
Dowanol PM
Dowanol PM - TE0036
Glycol Ether PM
Hydrocarbons, C9-C12, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, aromatics
methoxy propanol
methoxy-1-propanol-2
monopropylene glycol methyl ether
PM Solvent
propylene glycol methyl ether
Propylene glycol methyl ether
Propylene glycol methyl ether
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
DOWANOL PM Glycol Ether
Glycol Ether PM
METHYLPROXITOL
MFG
SHP 401
SOLVENON PM

Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2CH2OH.
Phenethyl alcohol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant floral odor.
Phenethyl alcohol occurs widely in nature, being found in a variety of essential oils.

CAS Number: 60-12-8
Molecular Formula: C8H10O
Molecular Weight: 122.16
EINECS Number: 200-456-2

2-PHENYLETHANOL, Phenethyl alcohol, Phenylethyl alcohol, 60-12-8, Benzeneethanol, Phenylethanol, Benzyl carbinol, Phenethanol, 2-Phenylethyl alcohol, 2-PHENYL-ETHANOL, beta-Phenylethanol, 2-Phenethyl alcohol, Benzylmethanol, 2-Phenylethan-1-Ol, Benzylcarbinol, Methanol, benzyl-, 2-Hydroxyethylbenzene, 1-Phenyl-2-ethanol, Ethanol, 2-phenyl-, FEMA No. 2858, 2-PEA, Benzenethanol, Phenethylalcohol, Phenyl ethyl alcohol, beta-PEA, beta-Phenylethyl alcohol, beta-Hydroxyethylbenzene, Caswell No. 655C, beta-Fenylethanol, FEMA Number 2858, 1321-27-3, beta-Fenethylalkohol, Phenethyl alcohol (natural), beta-Phenethyl alcohol, HSDB 5002, 2-Phenethanol, .beta.-Hydroxyethylbenzene, .beta.-Phenylethyl alcohol, Hydroxyethylbenzene, EINECS 200-456-2, UNII-ML9LGA7468, MFCD00002886, PhenethylAlcohol-d5, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 001503, NSC 406252, NSC-406252, BRN 1905732, .beta.-Phenylethanol, ML9LGA7468, .beta.-PEA, DTXSID9026342, CHEBI:49000, AI3-00744, (2-Hydroxyethyl)benzene, .beta.-Phenethyl alcohol, Phenylethyl alcohol [USP], .beta.-(hydroxyethyl)benzene, DTXCID206342, EC 200-456-2, 4-06-00-03067 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC406252, NCGC00166215-02, Phenylethyl alcohol (USP), Ethanol, phenyl-, PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL (II), PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL [II], PHENETHYL ALCOHOL (MART.), PHENETHYL ALCOHOL [MART.], Phenyl Ethanol(Natural), 2 Phenylethanol, PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL (USP-RS), PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL [USP-RS], beta-Fenylethanol [Czech], 2-phenyl ethanol, Carbinol, Benzyl, beta Phenylethanol, CAS-60-12-8, Alcohol, Phenethyl, beta-Fenethylalkohol [Czech], PEL, SMR000059156, PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL (USP MONOGRAPH), PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL [USP MONOGRAPH], Alcohol, Phenylethyl, benzene-ethanol, Mellol, phenyl-ethanol, Benzyl-Methanol, 2-PhenyIethanol, phenylethyl-alcohol, .beta.-Phenethanol, HY1, .beta.-Fenylethanol, b-Hydroxyethylbenzene, Benzyl ethyl alcohol, 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, Benzeneethanol, 9CI, 2-phenylethane-1-ol, betaphenylethyl alcohol, .beta.-Fenethylalkohol, 2-Phenylethanol, USP, METHANOL, BENZYL, A-PEA, beta -hydroxyethylbenzene, 2-Phenylethanol, 99%, .beta.-P.E.A., (BETA-PEA), Phenylethyl alcohol, USAN, bmse000659, Phenylethyl, beta- alcohol, 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)benzene, SCHEMBL1838, WLN: Q2R, MLS001066349, MLS001336026, FEMA NUMBER 2858., PHENETHYL ALCOHOL [MI], Phenethyl alcohol, 8CI, BAN, CHEMBL448500, beta-(HYDROXYETHYL)BENZENE, PHENETHYL ALCOHOL [FCC], PHENYLETHYL, B- ALCOHOL, PHENETHYL ALCOHOL [INCI], BDBM85807, FEMA 2858, HMS2093H05, HMS2233H06, HMS3374P04, Pharmakon1600-01505398, PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL [FHFI], PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL [HSDB], PHENETHYL ALCOHOL [WHO-DD], BCP32115, CS-B1821, HY-B1290, NSC_6054, Tox21_113544, Tox21_201322, Tox21_303383, NSC759116, s3703, 2-Phenylethanol, >=99.0% (GC), AKOS000249688, Tox21_113544_1, CCG-213419, DB02192, NSC-759116, CAS_60-12-8, Phenethyl alcohol, >=99%, FCC, FG, NCGC00166215-01, NCGC00166215-03, NCGC00166215-05, NCGC00257347-01, NCGC00258874-01, AC-18484, SBI-0206858.P001, FT-0613332, FT-0673679, P0084, EN300-19347, C05853, D00192, D70868, Phenethyl alcohol, natural, >=99%, FCC, FG, AB00698274_05, A832606, Q209463, SR-01000763553, Phenylethyl alcohol, >=99%, FCC, FG, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 19601-20-8.

Phenethyl alcohol is slightly soluble in water (2 ml per 100 ml of H2O), but miscible with most organic solvents.
The molecule of phenethyl alcohol consists of a phenethyl group (C6H5CH2CH2−) attached to a hydroxyl group (−OH).
Phenethyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol used as a flavoring agent in the cosmetic, perfume, and food industries.

Phenethyl alcohol, also known as 2-phenylethanol or beta-phenylethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid with a floral, rose-like scent.
Phenethyl alcohol is a primary alcohol and belongs to the class of compounds known as phenols.
The chemical formula for phenethyl alcohol is C8H10O.

Phenethyl alcohol is a kind of edible spices, and naturally exists in neroli, rose oil, geranium oil and other oils, because it has a soft, pleasant and persistent rose fragrance and is widely used in various kinds of flavors and cigarette flavor.
Phenethyl alcohol is dispensing rose scent, food additives, the main raw material for rose scent flavor, stable on alkali, which are widely used in soap fragrance, is essence blending all rose scent series of spices, because it does not dissolve in water, it is often used in the making up water, soap and orange flower, purple, etc.
Phenethyl alcohol is also used in the blending of flavor.

Because the Phenethyl alcohol has a good antibacterial efficiency, it can be used in the ophthalmic solution.
Phenethyl alcohol has a characteristic rose-like odor and an initially slightly bitter taste, then sweet and reminiscent of peach.
Phenethyl alcohol, an aromatic alcohol with rose-like odor, is commonly used as a food flavoring and fragrance ingredient.

Phenethyl alcohol is the main flavor volatile of tomato and blue cheese.
Phenethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with an odor of rose oil.
Phenethyl alcohol has a burning taste that irritates and then anesthetizes mucous membranes.

Phenethyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol that is used as a fragrance and an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetic formulations.
Phenethyl alcohol is active at pH 6 or less and is inactivated by nonionic detergents including polysorbate-80.
Phenethyl alcohol is also a widely used fragrance material that imparts a rose character to perfume compositions.

Almost all rose fragrances and other floral-type perfumes contain Phenethyl alcohol, and Phenethyl alcohol is used extensively for many other fragrance applications because it blends ell.
Phenethyl alcohol is metabolized to phenylacetic acid in mammals.
In humans, Phenethyl alcohol is excreted in urine as the conjugate phenylacetylglutamine.

Phenethyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a floral fragrance that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a preservative.
Phenethyl alcohol is chemical formula is C8H10O, and it is naturally derived from plants such as rose and jasmine.
Phenethyl Alcohol is effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it a popular alternative to synthetic preservatives.

Phenethyl alcohol is soluble in both oil and water, which allows it to be easily incorporated into a wide range of cosmetic formulations.
With its natural origin and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, Phenethyl alcohol is a good choice for those looking for safe and effective preservatives.
2-phenylethanol is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.

Phenethyl alcohol has a role as a fragrance, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Aspergillus metabolite and a plant growth retardant.
Phenethyl alcohol is a primary alcohol and a member of benzenes.
Phenethyl alcohol, is a primary aromatic alcohol of high boiling point, having a characteristic rose-like odor.

Phenethyl alcohol presents organoleptic properties and impacts the quality of the wine, distilled beverages, and fermented foods.
Phenethyl alcohol shows its presence in fresh beer and is responsible for the rose-like odor of well-ripened cheese.
Phenethyl alcohol is commercially and industrially an important flavor and is a component of a variety of foodstuffs such as ice cream, gelatin, candy, pudding, chewing gum, and non-alcoholic beverages.

Phenethyl alcohol is formed by yeasts during fermentation of alcohols either by decomposition of L-phenylalanine or metabolism of sugar substrates.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Phenethyl alcohol is prepared commercially via two routes.

Most common is the Friedel-Crafts reaction between benzene and ethylene oxide in the presence of aluminium trichloride.
C6H6 + CH2CH2O + AlCl3 → C6H5CH2CH2OAlCl2 + HCl
The reaction affords the aluminium alkoxide that is subsequently hydrolyzed to the desired product.

The main side product is Phenethyl alcohol, which can be avoided by use of excess benzene.
Phenethyl alcohol of styrene oxide also affords phenethyl alcohol.
Phenethyl alcohol is found in extract of rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom, ylang-ylang, geranium, neroli, and champaca.

Phenethyl alcohol is also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans.
Phenethyl alcohol is therefore a common ingredient in flavors and perfumery, particularly when the odor of rose is desired.
Phenethyl alcohol is used as an additive in cigarettes.

Phenethyl alcohol is also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Phenethyl alcohol is of interest due to its antimicrobial properties.
Phenethyl alcohol a colorless liquid used in small amounts as a so-called masking ingredient, meaning it can hide the natural not-so-nice smell of other cosmetic ingredients.

Phenethyl alcohol has a nice rose-like scent and can be found in several essential oils such as rose, neroli or geranium.
Phenethyl alcohol also has some antimicrobial activity and can boost the performance of traditional preservatives.
Phenethyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol that is used as a fragrance and an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetic formulations.

Phenethyl alcohol is metabolized to phenylacetic acid in mammals.
In humans, Phenethyl alcohol is excreted in urine as the conjugate phenylacetylglutamine.
The acute oral LD,s of Phenethyl alcohol to rats ranged from 2.5 to 3.1 ml/kg, and for mice and guinea pigs was 0.8 to 1.5 g/kg and 0.4 to 0.8 g/kg, respectively.

The dermal LD,s for rabbits and guinea pigs were 0.8 g/kg and 5 g/kg, respectively.
Phenethyl alcohol was slightly to moderately irritating to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs and was not a guinea pig sensitizer.
Phenethyl alcohol, in concentrations of 1 % or greater, was irritating to the eyes of rabbits.

Phenethyl alcohol was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer in human studies.
Phenethyl alcohol was not mutagenic in the Ames test or in an Escherichia coli DNA-polymerase-deficient assay system.
Phenethyl alcohol did inhibit the repair of radiation-induced breaks in the DNA of Z. coli.

Phenethyl alcohol did not increase the number of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes
Phenethyl alcohol is an aromatic chemical, usually appearing as a clear oily liquid with a sweet rose scent.
Phenethyl alcohol can be synthesized for industry through the use of yeast strains or by reacting benzene and ethylene oxide with a catalyst.

Phenethyl alcohol is naturally present in grapes and wines, and is also found in the essential oils of many plants such as ylang ylang, hyacinth and carnation.
Phenethyl alcohol is the dominant odour in fresh roses such as Rosa multiflora, however is mostly lost during essential oil production as it separates, with only a fraction remaining in rose oil.
Phenethyl alcohols are a large class of important cosmetic ingredients but only ethanol needs to be denatured to prevent it from being redirected from cosmetic applications to alcoholic beverages.

Phenethyl alcohol is a colorless, transparent, slightly viscous liquid.
In cosmetics and personal care products, Phenethyl Alcohol is used in the formulation of eye area makeup, makeup products, skin care products, shampoos and perfumes and colognes.
Phenethyl alcohol is a primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.

Phenethyl alcohol has a role as a fragrance, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Aspergillus metabolite and a plant growth retardant.
Phenethyl alcohol is a primary alcohol and a member of benzenes.
Phenethyl alcohol is a water soluble fragrance agent with rose like scent and good antimicrobial activity.

Perfect suitable for water based products and colour cosmetics.
The combination with boosting agents is in emulsions recommendable, the performance is pH independent.
Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2CH2OH.

Phenethyl alcohol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant floral odor.
Phenethyl alcohol occurs widely in nature, being found in a variety of essential oils.
Phenethyl alcohol is slightly soluble in water (2 ml per 100 ml of H2O), but miscible with most organic solvents.

The molecule of phenethyl alcohol consists of a phenethyl group (C6H5CH2CH2−) attached to a hydroxyl group (−OH).
Phenethyl alcohol, extracted from rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom and other organisms, is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water.
Phenethyl alcohol has a pleasant floral odor and also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans.

Phenethyl alcohol is used as an additive in cigarettes and also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Phenethyl alcohol is the deuterium labeled 2-Phenylethanol.
Phenethyl alcohol, extracted from rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom and other organisms, is a colourless liquid.

Phenethyl alcohol has a pleasant floral odor and also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans.
Phenethyl alcohol is used as an additive in cigarettes and also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Phenethyl alcohol occurs naturally in some essential oils, such as rose oil, carnation oil, and geranium oil, contributing to their pleasant fragrance.

Phenethyl alcohol is commonly used in the perfume and flavor industries due to its floral aroma.
Additionally, phenethyl alcohol has antimicrobial properties, which makes it useful in various cosmetic and personal care products as a preservative.
Phenethyl alcohol occurs naturally in various plants, including roses, carnations, geraniums, and other flowers.

Phenethyl alcohol is extracted from these sources for use in the fragrance industry.
One of the primary uses of phenethyl alcohol is in the fragrance and perfume industry.
Phenethyl alcohol is pleasant, floral scent, reminiscent of roses, makes it a popular choice for adding a sweet and rosy note to perfumes and cosmetic products.

In addition to its use in perfumery, phenethyl alcohol is sometimes used as a flavoring agent in the food industry, providing a sweet and floral taste to certain products.
Phenethyl alcohol has antimicrobial properties, and as such, it is employed as a preservative in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Phenethyl alcohol helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Phenethyl alcohol can be synthesized chemically through various methods, including the reduction of phenylacetic acid or the hydration of styrene.
Synthetic phenethyl alcohol is often used in the fragrance industry when a cost-effective and consistent source is needed.
Phenethyl alcohol can act as a solvent for various substances, which adds to its versatility in different industrial applications.

Phenethyl alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products when used in accordance with regulations.
However, like any chemical, it should be handled with care, and its concentration in formulations should comply with safety guidelines.

Melting point: -27 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 219-221 °C/750 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.020 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 4.21 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 58 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.5317(lit.)
FEMA: 2858 | PHENETHYL ALCOHOL
Flash point: 216 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: Miscible with chloroform.
form: Liquid
pka: 15.17±0.10(Predicted)
color: Clear colorless
Odor: floral odor of roses
PH: 6-7 (20g/l, H2O, 20℃)
explosive limit 1.4-11.9%(V)
Odor Type: floral
Water Solubility: 20 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,7224
JECFA Number: 987
BRN: 1905732
Dielectric constant: 13.0（20℃）
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong acids and strong oxidizing agents. Combustible.
InChIKey: WRMNZCZEMHIOCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.50

Phenethyl alcohol is the main component of rose oils obtained from rose blossoms
Phenethyl alcohol occurs in smaller quantities in neroli oil, ylang-ylang oil, carnation oil, and geranium oils.
Since the alcohol is rather soluble in water, losses occur when essential oils are produced by steam distillation.

Phenethyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild rose odor. It can be dehydrogenated catalytically to phenylacetaldehyde and oxidized to phenylacetic acid (e.g.,with chromic acid).
Phenethyl alcohol is fatty acid esterswith lowermolecularmass, as well as some alkyl ethers, are valuable fragrance and flavor substances.
Phenylethyl Alcohol is found in almond.

Phenethyl alcohol is a component of ylang-ylang oil.
Phenethyl alcohol is a flavouring ingredient.
Phenethyl alcohol is also called P-phenethyl alcohol, p-phenyl ethyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethanol, benzeneethanol, benzyl carbinol, and p-hydroxyethylben~ene.'~-~) PEA is a colorless, transparent, slightly viscous liquid with a sharp, burning taste.

Phenethyl alcohol has a floral odor with a rose chara~ter.'~?~,~) The molecular weight of PEA is 122.1 7.
Phenethyl alcohol has a specific gravity of 1.0202 at 20°C (compared with water at 4°C) and a specific gravity of 1.01 7 to 1.01 9 at 25°C (compared with water at 25°C).
The boiling point of Phenethyl alcohol at 750 mm Hg is 219 to 221"C, at 14 mm Hg is 104"C, at 12 mm Hg is 98 to 1 OO"C, and at 10 mm Hg is 97.4"C.

The freezing point of Phenethyl alcohol is -27°C.
The alcohol is combustible, and its flash point is 102.2"C.
The index of refraction for Phenethyl alcohol at 20°C for sodium light is 1.530 to 1.534.(2~4-6) Phenethyl alcohol is very soluble in alcohol and ether.

Phenethyl alcohol is also soluble in fixed oils, glycerol, and propylene glycol and is slightly soluble in mineral oil.
A 2-ml sample of Phenethyl alcohol will dissolve in 100 ml of water after thorough Exposure to air may cause a slight oxidation of Phenethyl alcohol.
Phenethyl alcohol can be oxidized by acids and other oxidants, and oxidation in the presence of air is accelerated by heat.

Phenethyl alcohol is stable in colorless glass ampules at room temperature or in full opaque containers stored at 4 to 27°C for up to 1 year.
Phenethyl alcohol is absorbed by polyethylene c~ntainers.(~,~,~) PEA occurs naturally in the environment.
Phenethyl alcohol is produced by microorganisms, plants, and animals."0) It has been found as the free alcohol oresterified in a number of natural essential oils, and in food, spices, and tobacco.

Phenethyl alcohol is used as a preservative ingredient in some soaps, and is also used in cosmetics, personal care products and food production for creating floral-rose fragrances and flavours.
Phenethyl alcohol can be produced through various methods, including chemical synthesis and natural extraction from plants such as rose and jasmine.
The most common method involves the reduction of benzaldehyde with sodium borohydride in the presence of a catalyst.

The resulting product is then purified to obtain Phenethyl Alcohol.
Phenethyl alcohol is a phenethyl alcohol that prevents or retards bacterial growth, and thus protects cosmetics and personal care products from spoilage.
Phenethyl alcohol is an antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence.

Phenethyl alcohol is a natural and multifunctional ingredient with a pleasant floral odor.
Due to its excellent antimicrobial properties Phenethyl alcohol is used in cosmetics as a preservative booster to reduce traditional preservative use.
Contrarily to organic salt preservatives which require a low pH for optimum action, Phenethyl alcohol is pH independent.

Phenethyl alcohol is efficient in a broad pH range and heat stable.
For this reason, Phenethyl alcohol can be used in all kinds of products in cosmetics and perfumery, as a deodorant active and for alternative preservation.
Phenethyl alcohol is soluble in water and in most organic solvents.

Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is the organic compound that consists of a phenethyl group group attached to OH.
Phenethyl alcohol is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.
Incompatible with oxidizing agents and protein, e.g. serum.

Phenethyl alcohol is partially inactivated by polysorbates, although this is not as great as the reduction in antimicrobial activity that occurs with parabens and polysorbates.
Purify the ethanol by shaking it with a solution of ferrous sulfate, and the alcohol layer is washed with distilled water and fractionally distilled.
Phenethyl alcohol was not mutagenic in bacterial assays, nor did it increase the number of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes.

Phenethyl alcohol can also be prepared by the reaction between phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylene oxide:
C6H5MgBr + CH2CH2O → C6H5CH2CH2OMgBr
C6H5CH2CH2OMgBr + H+ → C6H5CH2CH2OH + MgBr+

Phenethyl alcohol can also be produced by biotransformation from L-phenylalanine using immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Phenethyl alcohol is also possible to produce phenethyl alcohol by the reduction of phenylacetic acid using sodium borohydride and iodine in THF.
Phenethyl alcohol is found in extract of rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom, ylang-ylang, geranium, neroli, and champaca.

Phenethyl alcohol is also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Phenethyl alcohol is of interest due to its antimicrobial properties.
Besides being found in essential oils of plants, phenethyl alcohol is a natural component of some fruits.

Phenethyl alcohol contributes to the characteristic aroma of certain fruits like apples and strawberries.
There is ongoing research into the potential therapeutic properties of phenethyl alcohol.
Some studies suggest that Phenethyl alcohol may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

However, more research is needed to fully understand its potential medical applications.
Phenethyl alcohol is used in various industrial processes.
For example, Phenethyl alcohol can be utilized as a precursor in the synthesis of other chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Phenethyl alcohol is present in trace amounts in wine and is considered one of the volatile compounds that contribute to the overall aroma and flavor profile of the wine.
In perfumery, phenethyl alcohol is often used in combination with other aromatic compounds to create complex and well-balanced fragrances.
Phenethyl alcohol is mild and floral scent makes it a versatile ingredient in fragrance formulations.

The use of phenethyl alcohol is subject to regulations and guidelines set by regulatory authorities in different countries.
Phenethyl alcohol is important for industries to comply with these regulations to ensure the safety and proper labeling of products containing this compound.
Phenethyl alcohol is relatively stable, but like many chemicals, it can degrade over time, especially when exposed to light and air.

Proper storage conditions, such as keeping Phenethyl alcohol in a cool and dark place, are important to maintain its quality.
The environmental impact of phenethyl alcohol depends on factors such as its source (natural or synthetic) and the specific application.
In general, when used responsibly and in accordance with regulations, its impact on the environment is considered minimal.

Production:
Many syntheticmethods are known for preparing Phenethyl alcohol; the following are currently of industrial importance:
1) Friedel–Crafts reaction of benzene and ethylene oxide: In the presence of molar quantities of aluminum chloride, ethylene oxide reacts with benzene to give an addition product, which is hydrolyzed to phenylethyl alcohol:
Friedel–Crafts reaction of benzene and ethylene oxide.

Formation of by-products, such as 1,2-diphenylethane, is largely avoided by using an excess of benzene at low temperature.
Special purification procedures are required to obtain a pure Phenethyl alcohol that is free of chlorine and suitable for use in perfumery.
2) Hydrogenation of styrene oxide: Excellent yields of Phenethyl alcohol are obtainedwhen styrene oxide is hydrogenated at low temperature, using Raney nickel as a catalyst and a small amount of sodium hydroxide.

Uses:
Phenethyl alcohol is qualitatively and quantitatively one of the most important fragrance substances that belongs to the class of araliphatic alcohols.
Phenethyl alcohol is used frequently and in large amounts as a fragrance material.
Phenethyl alcohol is a popular component in rose-type compositions, but it is also used in other blossom notes.

Phenethyl alcohol is stable to alkali and, therefore, ideally suited for use in soap perfumes.
Phenethyl alcohol is used to mask odor and also as a preservative.
Phenethyl alcohol may be employed in the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient in certain drug formulations.

Phenethyl alcohol is antimicrobial properties can contribute to the stability and preservation of pharmaceutical products.
The mild and pleasant scent of Phenethyl alcohol makes it suitable for use in insect repellents.
Phenethyl alcohol can be included in formulations to improve the overall fragrance of these products.

Phenethyl alcohol is sometimes used in the production of scented candles and air fresheners to impart a floral fragrance, enhancing the ambiance of living spaces.
Beyond cosmetics, Phenethyl alcohol is often included in various personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and body lotions for its fragrance and preservative properties.
Due to its solvent properties, Phenethyl alcohol can be used in the textile industry for processes like dyeing and finishing fabrics.

Phenethyl alcohol may be found in a range of household products, including cleaning solutions, fabric softeners, and laundry detergents, where its antimicrobial properties contribute to product preservation.
In microbiology labs, Phenethyl alcohol is sometimes used as a disinfectant or as part of media formulations for culturing microorganisms.
Phenethyl alcohol's antimicrobial properties make it a potential candidate for use in food packaging materials to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of packaged foods.

Phenethyl alcohol can be found in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and styling products due to its pleasing fragrance and preservative properties.
Phenethyl alcohol is sometimes used in the production of herbal extracts and tinctures, contributing to the overall aroma of the final product.
The antimicrobial properties of phenethyl alcohol make it a suitable ingredient in liquid soaps and body washes, helping to keep the products free from harmful microorganisms.

Phenethyl alcohol may be included in some mouthwashes and oral care products for its antimicrobial effects and to enhance the product's overall scent.
Some pet grooming products, such as shampoos and conditioners, may contain Phenethyl alcohol for its fragrance and preservative qualities.
Phenethyl alcohol can be found in floral waters and hydrosols, contributing to the aromatic properties of these products.

Phenethyl alcohol is used in the formulation of room sprays and air fresheners to provide a pleasant and long-lasting fragrance.
In niche and artisanal perfumery, where unique and specialized fragrances are crafted, phenethyl alcohol is valued for its floral and versatile characteristics.
In the production of botanical extracts used in skincare and cosmetic formulations, phenethyl alcohol may be employed for its aromatic qualities.

Some agricultural products, such as certain plant-based insecticides or repellents, may utilize phenethyl alcohol for its pleasant scent.
In the production of natural and organic cosmetic and personal care products, phenethyl alcohol is sometimes favored for its natural origin and pleasant fragrance.
Some niche and specialty food and beverage products may incorporate phenethyl alcohol for its unique floral and sweet aroma.

Phenethyl alcohol can be found in nail polishes, nail polish removers, and other nail care products due to its fragrance and potential antimicrobial benefits.
Phenethyl alcohol is used in both aqueous and alcoholic perfume formulations, contributing to the fragrance stability in various types of perfumes.
In the formulation of biodegradable and environmentally friendly cleaners, phenethyl alcohol may be used for its cleaning properties and mild scent.

Some lotions and moisturizers may include phenethyl alcohol as part of their formulation for its preservative properties and fragrance.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, phenethyl alcohol may be found in antiseptic solutions used for skin disinfection.
In certain industrial applications, phenethyl alcohol can be used as a solvent in UV-curable coatings, contributing to the coating's formulation and properties.

Phenethyl alcohol might be included in grooming sprays for pets to provide a pleasant scent and potentially help in controlling odors.
Some dental products, such as mouth rinses and dental gels, may contain phenethyl alcohol for its potential antimicrobial effects and fragrance.
Beyond its use as a flavoring agent in the food industry, phenethyl alcohol is sometimes employed in the creation of floral and fruity flavorings for various food products.

In some culinary applications, phenethyl alcohol might be used to enhance the aroma and flavor of specific dishes or desserts.
Phenethyl alcohol is used as a preservative in cleansers, toners, moisturizers, and other cosmetic formulations.
Phenethyl alcohol helps in extending the shelf life of products and protects against harmful microorganisms.

Additionally, the skin conditioning properties of Phenethyl alcohol make it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and other skincare products
Cosmetic products: Apart from acting as a preservative, Phenethyl alcohol is commonly used as a fragrance ingredient, adding a floral scent to cosmetic products.
Phenethyl alcohol can be found in a wide range of cosmetics, including foundations, blushes and eye shadows.

Phenethyl alcohol is used in food flavors, especially in honey, bread, apple, rose flavor and so on.
Phenethyl alcohol is used in tobacco flavors.
Phenethyl alcohol is used for blending rose essential oil and all kinds of fragrance, such as jasmine, lilac, and orange blossom fragrance, etc.

Phenethyl alcohol is used as an additive in cigarettes.
Phenethyl alcohol is a common ingredient in the fragrance and perfume industry.
Phenethyl alcohol is sweet, floral scent, reminiscent of roses, makes it a popular choice for adding a rosy note to perfumes and personal care products.

In the food industry, phenethyl alcohol is used as a flavoring agent to impart a sweet and floral taste to certain products.
Phenethyl alcohol can be found in various food and beverage items.
Due to its antimicrobial properties, phenethyl alcohol is used as a preservative in cosmetics, skincare products, and toiletries.

Phenethyl alcohol helps prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi, extending the shelf life of these products.
Phenethyl alcohol serves as a solvent in industrial processes, contributing to its versatility.
Phenethyl alcohol can be used in the synthesis of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

While still being explored, research suggests that phenethyl alcohol may have potential therapeutic properties.
Phenethyl alcohol has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Natural phenethyl alcohol found in some fruits contributes to the characteristic aroma and flavor of certain foods, including apples and strawberries.

Phenethyl alcohol is present in trace amounts in wine and contributes to its overall aroma and flavor profile.
Phenethyl alcohol is considered one of the volatile compounds influencing the sensory characteristics of wine.
The antimicrobial properties of phenethyl alcohol make it a suitable ingredient in some household cleaning products, detergents, and disinfectants.

Phenethyl alcohol's pleasant scent makes it suitable for use in aromatherapy products, such as essential oil blends or diffuser oils.
Phenethyl alcohol is used in research and development laboratories, often as a reference compound or as a starting material in chemical synthesis.
Phenethyl alcohol is used as an antimicrobial preservative in nasal, ophthalmic, and otic formulations at 0.25–0.5% v/v concentration; it is generally used in combination with other preservatives.

Phenethyl alcohol has also been used on its own as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations up to 1% v/v in topical preparations.
At this concentration, mycoplasmas are inactivated within 20 minutes, although enveloped viruses are resistant.
Phenethyl alcohol is also used in flavors and as a perfumery component, especially in rose perfumes.

Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact.
Phenethyl alcohol a skin and eye irritant.
Experimental teratogenic effects.

Other experimental reproductive effects.
Causes severe central nervous system injury to experimental animals.
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidzing materials.

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes
Phenethyl alcohol is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material.
However, at the concentration used to preserve eye-drops (about 0.5% v/v) or above, eye irritation may occur.

Phenethyl alcohol can be produced through various methods, including chemical synthesis and natural extraction from plants such as rose and jasmine.
The most common method involves the reduction of benzaldehyde with sodium borohydride in the presence of a catalyst.
The resulting Phenethyl alcohol is then purified to obtain Phenethyl Alcohol.

Storage:
Phenethyl alcohol is stable in bulk, but is volatile and sensitive to light and oxidizing agents.
Phenethyl alcohol is reasonably stable in both acidic and alkaline solutions.
Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving.

If stored in low-density polyethylene containers, Phenethyl alcohol may be absorbed by the containers.
Losses to polypropylene containers have been reported to be insignificant over 12 weeks at 30°C.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place.

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid at room temperature but can also be a colorless liquid.
Phenol consists of a benzene ring (a six-membered carbon ring) with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to one of the carbon atoms.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7



APPLICATIONS


In different industries, there are various applications of phenol:

Plastics Production:
Phenol is a crucial raw material in the production of plastics, particularly phenolic resins and Bakelite, which are used in a wide range of products, including automotive parts, electrical components, and consumer goods.

Resins and Adhesives:
Phenolic resins, derived from phenol and formaldehyde, are used as adhesives and coatings in plywood, particleboard, and laminates.

Textile Industry:
Phenol derivatives find use in the manufacture of synthetic fibers like nylon and spandex, which are commonly used in textiles and apparel.

Pharmaceuticals:
Phenol serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, including drugs used for pain relief, antiseptics, and antispasmodics.

Agriculture:
Phenol derivatives are utilized in the production of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides to protect crops from pests and diseases.

Dyes and Pigments:
Phenol-based compounds are used as intermediates in the production of dyes and pigments for the textile, printing, and paint industries.

Wood Preservatives:
Phenolic wood preservatives are applied to protect timber from decay and insect infestations.

Topical Medications:
Phenol is used in the preparation of topical medications, such as ointments and creams, for various skin conditions.

Disinfectants:
Phenol has historical significance as a disinfectant and antiseptic, although its use in this regard has diminished due to safety concerns.

Industrial Chemicals:
Phenol is a valuable chemical intermediate in the production of industrial chemicals like caprolactam, an essential component of nylon manufacturing.

Laboratory Reagents:
Phenol is used as a laboratory reagent for various chemical reactions and syntheses.

Pesticides:
Some phenolic compounds are used directly as pesticides, such as pentachlorophenol used to treat utility poles and wood.

Plasticizers:
Phenol-based plasticizers are used to modify the properties of certain plastics, making them more flexible and easier to process.

Thermosetting Plastics:
Phenolic resins are used to make heat-resistant and insulating materials, including circuit boards and aircraft components.

Personal Care Products:
Phenol derivatives can be found in some personal care products like lotions, shampoos, and hair dyes.

Textile Printing:
Phenolic compounds are used in textile printing pastes to improve print quality and consistency.

Dental Materials:
Phenolic compounds are employed in the manufacture of dental materials, including restorative resins and cements.

Industrial Cleaning:
Some industrial cleaning agents contain phenolic compounds for their disinfecting properties.

Analytical Chemistry:
Phenol is used as an indicator in analytical chemistry due to its color change in the presence of oxidizing agents.

Leather Tanning:
Certain phenolic compounds are used in leather tanning processes to improve the leather's properties.

Photographic Chemicals:
Phenol derivatives are used in photographic chemicals and developers.

Paper Production:
Phenolic resins are used in the production of specialty papers, such as electrical insulating paper and filter paper.

Fuel Additives:
Phenolic compounds are used as fuel additives to enhance octane ratings and reduce engine knocking.

Antioxidants:
Some phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties and are used in food preservation.

Rubber Industry:
Phenolic resins are used as curing agents and reinforcing agents in the rubber industry.

Electronics:
Phenolic laminates, derived from phenolic resins, are used as insulating materials in electronics, including printed circuit boards and electrical switches.

Automotive:
Phenolic materials are used in automotive brake components, such as brake pads and clutch discs, due to their excellent heat resistance and durability.

Construction:
Phenolic foam insulation boards are used in construction for their thermal insulation properties, fire resistance, and moisture resistance.

Rubber Adhesives:
Phenolic resins are used in the production of rubber adhesives, which are commonly used in the tire industry.

Fuel Caps:
Phenolic compounds are used to make fuel caps and filler necks for vehicles due to their resistance to fuel and automotive fluids.

Aerospace:
Phenolic composites are used in aerospace applications, including aircraft interiors, due to their lightweight and fire-resistant properties.

Shipbuilding:
Phenolic materials are used in shipbuilding for various components, such as bulkheads, due to their fire resistance and low smoke emission properties.

Oil Drilling:
Phenolic resins are used in the manufacturing of oil drilling equipment, including drilling fluids, as they can withstand high temperatures and pressure.

Foundry Industry:
Phenolic resins are used as binders in foundry sand molds and cores, facilitating the casting of metal parts.

Filtration:
Phenolic filter papers are used in laboratories and industrial applications for filtration and separation processes.

Electrical Insulation:
Phenolic laminates are used as electrical insulators in transformers, switchgear, and electrical panels.

Chemical Manufacturing:
Phenol is an essential raw material in the production of various chemicals, including detergents, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals.

Wood Adhesives:
Phenolic adhesives are used for bonding wood in furniture manufacturing, plywood production, and cabinetry.

Agricultural Chemicals:
Phenolic compounds are used in the formulation of herbicides, such as glyphosate, which is widely used in agriculture.

Wood Composites:
Phenolic resins are used to manufacture wood composites like particleboard and MDF (medium-density fiberboard).

Laminates:
Phenolic laminates are used as decorative and structural laminates in applications ranging from kitchen countertops to aircraft interiors.

Bakelite Products:
Bakelite, a phenolic resin, has been used historically for making items like telephones, radios, and electrical insulators.

Plastic Molding:
Phenolic resins are used in injection molding and compression molding processes to produce various plastic components.

Oil and Gas Industry:
Phenolic materials are used in wellhead equipment, seals, and gaskets in the oil and gas industry due to their resistance to harsh environments.

Chemical Analysis:
Phenolic compounds are used as standards and reagents in chemical analysis and spectrophotometric measurements.

Concrete Additives:
Phenolic compounds are used as concrete additives to improve the flow and workability of concrete mixtures.

Detergents:
Phenolic compounds are used in the production of household and industrial detergents for their surfactant properties.

Cosmetics:
Some phenolic compounds are used in cosmetics and skincare products for their antioxidant and preservative properties.

Fuel Lines:
Phenolic compounds are used to make fuel lines and connectors due to their resistance to gasoline and automotive fluids.

Chemical Analysis Standards:
Phenolic compounds are used as reference standards in chemical analysis methods, such as gas chromatography.

Chemical Synthesis:
Phenol is a starting material in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and dyes.

Thermoplastics:
Some phenolic compounds are used as thermoplastic resins in injection molding and extrusion processes.



DESCRIPTION


Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid at room temperature but can also be a colorless liquid.
Phenol consists of a benzene ring (a six-membered carbon ring) with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to one of the carbon atoms.

Phenol has a distinctive sweet, medicinal odor and a sharp, burning taste.
Phenol is both a natural compound found in various plant sources and a synthetic chemical produced on an industrial scale.
Phenol is considered an important precursor for the production of a wide range of chemicals and plastics.

Phenol, with the chemical formula C6H5OH, is an aromatic organic compound.
Phenol is also known as carbolic acid and is a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Phenol is characterized by its sweet, medicinal odor and sharp, burning taste.

Phenol is a hydroxybenzene, with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a benzene ring.
The chemical structure of phenol consists of a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds.
Phenol is both a natural compound found in various plant sources and a synthetic chemical produced industrially.

Phenol has a melting point of about 43°C (110°F) and boils at approximately 182°C (360°F).
Phenol is slightly soluble in water but highly soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and ether.

Phenol is corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes and should be handled with care.
Due to its antiseptic properties, phenol has been historically used for disinfection and wound care.
Phenol is considered a building block in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers.

Phenolic resins, made from phenol and formaldehyde, are used in a wide range of applications, including as adhesives and coatings.
The compound Bakelite, an early plastic, is derived from phenol and was used for making a variety of products, including electrical insulators and jewelry.
Phenol is a key intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and drugs.
In the field of agriculture, phenol derivatives are used in the production of herbicides and pesticides.
Phenol is also used in the manufacture of chemicals like caprolactam, an essential component of nylon production.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Chemical Formula: C6H6O.
Molecular Weight: Approximately 94.11 g/mol.
State: Phenol can exist as a white crystalline solid or a colorless liquid, depending on temperature and purity.
Melting Point: Approximately 43°C (110°F) for the solid form.
Boiling Point: Approximately 182°C (360°F) for the liquid form.
Odor: Phenol has a sweet, medicinal odor.
Taste: Phenol has a sharp, burning taste.
Density: The density of phenol varies with temperature, but it is approximately 1.07 g/cm³ at 20°C.
Solubility: Phenol is slightly soluble in water but highly soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and ether.
Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of phenol increases with temperature.


Chemical Properties:

Chemical Reactivity: Phenol is highly reactive due to the presence of the hydroxyl (-OH) group. It can undergo various chemical reactions, including oxidation, esterification, and halogenation.
Acidity: Phenol is a weak acid and can donate a proton (H+) from the hydroxyl group. It forms phenoxide ions in alkaline solutions.
Flammability: Phenol is flammable and can ignite when exposed to an open flame.
Corrosivity: Phenol is corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It should be handled with care.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If someone inhales phenol fumes, immediately move them to an area with fresh air to avoid further exposure.

Rescue Breathing:
If the person is not breathing and you are trained in CPR, administer rescue breathing.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If phenol comes into contact with the skin, quickly remove contaminated clothing, including gloves, while wearing appropriate PPE.

Flush with Water:
Rinse the affected skin area thoroughly with copious amounts of cool, running water for at least 15 minutes to remove phenol from the skin.
Use an eyewash station or emergency shower if available.

Use a Safety Shower:
If the exposure is extensive or severe, use a safety shower to ensure thorough decontamination.

Soap and Water:
Wash the affected area gently with mild soap and lukewarm water to remove any residual phenol.
Avoid scrubbing, as it may cause skin abrasions.

Seek Medical Attention:
After decontamination, seek immediate medical attention, especially for severe skin exposure, chemical burns, or signs of skin irritation.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
If phenol contacts the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with lukewarm, gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes.
Use an eyewash station if available.
Ensure that the eyelids are held open during rinsing to thoroughly flush the eye.

Do Not Rub:
Do not rub the eyes, as this can cause further irritation.

Seek Medical Attention:
Even if the affected person's eyes appear to be unaffected, seek immediate medical attention to evaluate and treat any potential eye injuries.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a healthcare professional.

Rinse Mouth:
If phenol is ingested, rinse the mouth with water but do not swallow.

Seek Immediate Medical Attention:
Call emergency services or a poison control center immediately for guidance.
Provide as much information as possible about the exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, a lab coat or protective clothing, and a respiratory protection device if needed.
Ensure that PPE is in good condition before handling phenol.

Ventilation:
Work with phenol in a well-ventilated area, such as a fume hood or with local exhaust ventilation, to minimize exposure to fumes and vapors.

Avoid Skin Contact:
Prevent skin contact with phenol by wearing gloves and other protective clothing.
In case of accidental skin contact, wash the affected area immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention if irritation or burns occur.

Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or a face shield should be worn to protect against splashes or accidental eye contact.
If eye contact occurs, rinse the eyes thoroughly with water and seek immediate medical attention.

Respiratory Protection:
In situations where airborne concentrations of phenol may exceed permissible exposure limits (PEL), use appropriate respiratory protection equipment, such as a NIOSH-approved respirator.

Avoid Inhaling Vapors:
Avoid inhaling phenol vapors by working in a well-ventilated area.
If working with large quantities or in confined spaces, use respiratory protection.

No Smoking or Open Flames:
Phenol is flammable, and smoking or open flames should be strictly prohibited in areas where it is handled.

Handling Precautions:
Use appropriate tools and equipment when handling phenol.
Avoid generating dust, aerosols, or fine mists that can increase the risk of exposure.

Spill Cleanup:
In case of spills, wear protective clothing and use absorbent materials to contain and clean up the spill.
Dispose of waste according to local regulations.


Storage:

Storage Container:
Store phenol in chemically compatible containers made of glass, plastic, or stainless steel.
Avoid containers made of aluminum, copper, or other materials that can react with phenol.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the name, hazard warnings, and handling precautions for phenol.

Temperature:
Store phenol in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Keep it at a stable temperature to prevent decomposition.

Ventilation:
Storage areas should be well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of phenol vapors.

Separation:
Store phenol away from incompatible chemicals, especially strong acids, bases, and oxidizers, to prevent hazardous reactions.

Safety Cabinets:
Consider using dedicated chemical storage cabinets or rooms that are designed to contain spills and provide additional fire resistance.

Security:
Restrict access to phenol storage areas to authorized personnel only.

Inventory Control:
Maintain an inventory of phenol to ensure that quantities are tracked and monitored regularly.

Emergency Equipment:
Ensure that emergency equipment, such as eyewash stations, safety showers, and fire extinguishers, is readily available near the storage area.



SYNONYMS


Carbolic Acid
Hydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenyl Alcohol
Phenylic Acid
Benzophenol
Benzyl Alcohol
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic Acid
Monophenol
Phenylic Alcohol
Phenyl Hydrate
Dihydroxybenzene
Benzenol
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenylic Alcohol
Phenyl Hydroxide
Phenyllic Acid
Phenol Water
Oxybenzene
Hydroxybenzene
Carbolsäure (German)
Acide Carbolique (French)
Fenolo (Italian)
Fenol (Spanish)
Carbolic Acid
Hydroxybenzene
Phenyl Alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzenol
Phenic Acid
Phenyl Hydroxide
Phenylic Alcohol
Oxybenzene
Phenylcarbinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Phenylic Acid
Monophenol
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenoxide
Benzophenol
Phenyloxide
Fenol (Spanish)
Phenol Water
Benzenediol
Phenic Alcohol
Benzenemethanol
Hydroxylbenzene
Phenolate
Phenylmethanol
Benzenetriol
Monobenzene
Phenylic Hydrate
Benzoyl Hydride
Phenyl Carbonic Acid
Hydroxybenzol
Monophenyl Alcohol
Carbolsäure (German)
Fenolo (Italian)
Hidroxibenceno (Spanish)
Benzene, Hydroxy-
Fenol (Portuguese)
Benzenecarbinol
Hydroxybenzol (German)
Phenyloxide
Hydroxy-Benzene
Phenyl Oxide
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenylmethanol
Phenyl-Carbinol
Phenol Oil
Benzoyl Alcohol
Phenyl Hydrogen Oxide
Benzenol (French)
Benzene, Monohydroxy-

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid or hydroxybenzene, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and has a distinctive odor.
Phenol is derived from benzene through a process called hydroxylation.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7



APPLICATIONS


Phenol has a wide range of applications across various industries.
Here are some of its common applications:

Production of Plastics:
Phenol is a key raw material for the production of phenolic resins, which are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, such as bakelite and phenolic molding compounds.

Chemical Intermediates:
Phenol serves as an important intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, herbicides, dyes, and explosives.

Disinfectants and Antiseptics:
Phenol's antimicrobial properties make it suitable for use as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Phenol can be found in products like throat sprays, mouthwashes, and topical antiseptic solutions.

Adhesives and Coatings:
Phenolic resins derived from phenol are used as binders in adhesives, coatings, and laminates due to their excellent bonding and heat-resistant properties.

Wood Preservation:
Phenol-based wood preservatives, such as creosote, are used to protect wood from decay, insect infestation, and fungal growth in applications like railroad ties, utility poles, and outdoor timber.

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Phenol is used as a starting material in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including analgesics, antiseptics, and antipyretics.

Fragrances and Perfumes:
Phenol derivatives are employed in the production of fragrances and perfumes to enhance the scent and fixative properties of the final product.

Polymer Industry:
Phenol is utilized in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and polyester resins, contributing to the manufacturing of a wide range of products, including coatings, adhesives, foams, and insulation materials.

Agriculture:
Phenol is used as an intermediate in the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators for agricultural purposes.

Chemical Laboratories:
Phenol finds applications in chemical laboratories as a reagent in various organic synthesis reactions, as well as a denaturing agent.

Textile Industry:
Phenol is used in the production of synthetic fibers like nylon and rayon.
Phenol helps in the manufacturing of resins and finishes that enhance the strength, durability, and flame resistance of textiles.

Electrical and Electronics:
Phenolic resins derived from phenol are widely used in the electrical and electronics industry.
They are used as insulation materials in electrical equipment, circuit boards, switches, and connectors due to their excellent electrical properties and heat resistance.

Automotive Industry:
Phenolic resins are utilized in the manufacturing of brake and clutch components, gaskets, and seals due to their heat resistance, mechanical strength, and friction properties.

Rubber Industry:
Phenol is used in the production of synthetic rubber, where it acts as a chain regulator during the polymerization process, improving the mechanical properties and stability of the rubber.

Chemical Manufacturing:
Phenol serves as a reagent and intermediate in various chemical synthesis reactions.
Phenol is used to produce compounds like bisphenol-A (BPA), caprolactam, salicylic acid, phenolphthalein, and others.

Photographic Industry:
Phenol is used in the production of photographic chemicals, including developers, fixers, and toners.

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Small amounts of phenol and its derivatives are used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as lotions, creams, and hair dyes, as preservatives and fragrance ingredients.

Resins and Composites:
Phenol is used in the manufacturing of resins and composites for various applications, including laminates, molded products, coatings, and casting compounds.

Analytical Chemistry:
Phenol can be employed as a standard or reference material in analytical chemistry techniques, such as spectrophotometry or chromatography.

Waste Treatment:
Phenol can be utilized in waste treatment processes, such as wastewater treatment and waste disposal, to neutralize or remove pollutants.


Phenol is extensively used in the production of phenolic resins, which find applications in plastics, adhesives, and coatings.
Phenol serves as a key building block for the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including analgesics and antiseptics.
Phenol is utilized in the production of synthetic fibers like nylon and rayon, enhancing their strength and flame resistance.

In the electrical and electronics industry, phenolic resins derived from phenol are used as insulation materials in electrical equipment and circuit boards.
Phenol is employed in the manufacturing of brake and clutch components in the automotive industry due to its heat resistance and mechanical strength.
Phenol is used as a chain regulator in the production of synthetic rubber, improving its mechanical properties and stability.
Phenol finds application in the production of bisphenol-A (BPA), which is a key ingredient in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.

In the textile industry, phenol is used in the production of resins and finishes that enhance the properties of textiles, such as strength and durability.
Phenol is utilized in the production of photographic chemicals, including developers, fixers, and toners.

Phenol is used in the formulation of wood adhesives and finishes, improving the bonding strength and moisture resistance of wood products.
Phenol serves as a precursor for the production of caprolactam, a key ingredient in the manufacturing of nylon.
Phenol finds application in the production of flame retardants used in various industries to enhance the fire resistance of materials.

Phenol is used as a denaturing agent in laboratory protocols to render certain substances unfit for consumption.
Phenol is employed in the production of resins and composites used in laminates, molded products, coatings, and casting compounds.
Phenol is utilized in the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators in agriculture.

Phenol can be used as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care products to extend their shelf life.
Phenol finds application in the production of dyes and pigments for various industries, including textiles and printing.

Phenol is employed in the manufacturing of sealants and caulks, providing adhesive properties and resistance to moisture and weathering.
Phenol is used in the production of disinfectants and antiseptics, helping to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Phenol serves as a raw material for the production of epoxy resins, which are widely used in adhesives, coatings, and structural materials.

Phenol is utilized in the formulation of perfumes and fragrances, adding distinct scents and fixative properties to the final products.
Phenol finds application in the production of heat transfer fluids used in various industries, including HVAC systems and thermal management.

Phenol is used in waste treatment processes to neutralize or remove pollutants from wastewater and industrial effluents.
Phenol is employed as a reagent in analytical chemistry techniques for various types of analyses and measurements.
Phenol can be utilized in the production of specialty chemicals, such as antioxidants, plasticizers, and surfactants, catering to specific industrial needs.

These sentences highlight the diverse range of applications that phenol finds in numerous industries and sectors.
Phenol is used in the production of epoxy resins, which are widely utilized as a versatile adhesive and protective coating in construction, aerospace, and marine industries.

Phenol serves as a key ingredient in the manufacturing of polyurethane foams and elastomers, providing insulation and cushioning properties.
Phenol finds application in the production of synthetic detergents, contributing to their cleansing and emulsifying capabilities.

Phenol is used in the production of phenolic foam insulation materials, which provide excellent thermal insulation properties in buildings and industrial applications.
Phenol is employed in the production of carbon black, a pigment used in printing inks, coatings, and rubber products.
Phenol is utilized in the synthesis of resorcinol, a compound used in the production of adhesives, flame retardants, and pharmaceuticals.
Phenol is used in the formulation of hair dyes and colorants, providing long-lasting color and coverage.

Phenol is employed as a stabilizer and antioxidant in the rubber and polymer industries to prevent degradation and extend product lifespan.
Phenol finds application in the production of disinfectant sprays and wipes, playing a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene.
Phenol is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid, which is a key ingredient in various pharmaceuticals and skincare products.

Phenol is utilized in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, such as aspirin and antipyretic drugs.
Phenol finds application in the production of synthetic tanning agents used in the leather industry to improve the durability and quality of leather goods.
Phenol is used in the production of petroleum additives, such as octane enhancers and lubricant additives.

Phenol serves as a reagent in the production of phenolphthalein, which is commonly used as a pH indicator in laboratories.
Phenol finds application in the production of polymeric flocculants used in wastewater treatment to facilitate solid-liquid separation.
Phenol is employed in the synthesis of resins used in dental materials, such as dental composites and adhesives.
Phenol is used as a stabilizer and preservative in the food industry, particularly in the production of beverages, sauces, and processed foods.

Phenol finds application in the production of antioxidants for food products, preventing oxidation and extending shelf life.
Phenol is used in the production of inkjet inks, providing color stability and adhesion properties.
Phenol is employed in the production of herbicide formulations, helping to control unwanted plant growth in agriculture and landscaping.
Phenol finds application in the production of synthetic lubricants and greases, offering enhanced performance and stability.
Phenol is used in the synthesis of bisphenol-F, which is a key ingredient in the production of epoxy resins with improved heat and chemical resistance.

Phenol serves as a starting material for the synthesis of phenolic antioxidants used in rubber, plastics, and lubricants to prevent degradation from heat and oxidation.
Phenol finds application in the production of resin-coated proppants used in hydraulic fracturing to enhance oil and gas recovery in the petroleum industry.
Phenol is used in the production of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites, providing strength and lightweight properties for applications in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods industries.



DESCRIPTION


Phenol, also known as carbolic acid or hydroxybenzene, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and has a distinctive odor.
Phenol is derived from benzene through a process called hydroxylation.

Phenol is an aromatic compound with a distinct sweet, medicinal, or tarry odor.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid at room temperature.
Phenol is soluble in water, alcohol, and many organic solvents.

Phenol has a molecular formula of C6H5OH and a molecular weight of 94.11 g/mol.
Phenol is derived from benzene through hydroxylation.

Phenol has a melting point of approximately 40-42 °C and a boiling point of about 182-186 °C.
Phenol structure of phenol consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to it.
Phenol is mildly acidic due to the presence of the hydroxyl group, allowing it to donate a proton (H+).

Phenol can react with bases to form salts called phenolates.
Phenol is toxic and can cause severe burns, skin irritation, and eye damage upon direct contact.
Phenol has a low vapor pressure and is denser than air.

Phenol is commonly used in the production of plastics, resins, and dyes.
Phenol serves as a precursor for the synthesis of numerous chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals and herbicides.

Phenol exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it suitable for use as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Phenol is employed in the manufacture of phenolic resins, which find applications in coatings, adhesives, and molded products.
Phenol is used in the production of caprolactam, a key precursor for the production of nylon.

Phenol is an important starting material for the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds.
Phenol can undergo oxidation reactions to form compounds like quinones and benzoquinones.
Phenol is a common reagent in organic chemistry for introducing functional groups or modifying aromatic compounds.
Phenol is an important ingredient in hair dyes, perfumes, and cosmetic products.

Phenol is employed as a denaturing agent in laboratory protocols.
Phenol has been historically used as an antipyretic and analgesic in medicine, but its use in this regard has declined due to safety concerns.
Phenol has applications in the wood industry for wood preservation and treatment.

Phenol is listed as a priority pollutant by environmental regulatory agencies due to its toxicity.
Proper handling and safety precautions should be followed when working with phenol to prevent exposure and adverse health effects.



PROPERTIES


Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula: C6H6O
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless to light pink crystalline solid
Odor: Sweet, medicinal, or phenolic odor
Melting Point: 40.9°C (105.6°F)
Boiling Point: 181.7°C (359.1°F)
Density: 1.07 g/cm3
Solubility: Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and many organic solvents


Chemical Properties:

Reactivity: Phenol undergoes various chemical reactions, including electrophilic substitution, oxidation, esterification, and condensation reactions.
Acidity: Phenol is weakly acidic and can undergo ionization to form phenoxide ions in the presence of a base.
Hydrogen Bonding: Phenol can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules due to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH).
Oxidation: Phenol can be oxidized to form quinones or undergo further oxidation to form carboxylic acids.
Polymerization: Phenol can undergo polymerization to form phenolic resins, which are crosslinked polymers.


Thermal Properties:

Heat of Combustion: Phenol has a high heat of combustion, contributing to its use as a fuel source.
Autoignition Temperature: The autoignition temperature of phenol is approximately 715°C (1,319°F).


Safety and Toxicity:

Toxicity: Phenol is toxic and can cause severe health effects, including skin irritation, burns, eye damage, and respiratory distress. It is harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
Flammability: Phenol is flammable and can ignite when exposed to an open flame or heat source.
Corrosiveness: Phenol is corrosive to metals and can cause damage upon contact.


Other Properties:

Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of phenol is relatively low at room temperature.
Electrical Conductivity: Phenol is a poor conductor of electricity.
Refractive Index: The refractive index of phenol is approximately 1.545.
pH: Phenol is slightly acidic, with a pH typically ranging from 5 to 6 in water.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If the person is not breathing, perform artificial respiration.
Seek immediate medical attention.


Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Rinse the affected skin area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap or detergent to gently cleanse the exposed skin.
Avoid scrubbing or rubbing the affected area.
Cover the burned or injured skin with a clean, sterile dressing.
Seek medical attention promptly.


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush the eyes with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easily removable, after the initial flush.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.


Ingestion:

Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do NOT induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by medical professionals.
Seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.
Provide medical personnel with all relevant information, such as the quantity ingested and the time of exposure.


General First Aid Measures:

Remove the person from the contaminated area to avoid further exposure.
Ensure personal safety and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when providing assistance.
If possible, have the container or label of the phenol product available for medical professionals to review.
Do not administer any medications or remedies without medical guidance.


Additional Considerations:

Notify the appropriate authorities and follow any local regulations or guidelines regarding the reporting of chemical exposures.
It is crucial to provide medical personnel with as much information as possible about the nature and extent of the exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection:
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling phenol, including gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection, such as a respirator, if there is a risk of inhalation exposure.
Follow workplace safety guidelines and regulations for handling hazardous chemicals.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the handling area to minimize the buildup of vapors.
If working in an enclosed space, use local exhaust ventilation or mechanical ventilation systems to remove phenol vapors.

Avoid Skin Contact:
Prevent direct skin contact with phenol. Wear chemical-resistant gloves, preferably made of nitrile or neoprene, to protect the skin from exposure.
Avoid wearing clothing that can absorb phenol, such as fabric or leather.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
In case of a spill, contain the area and prevent further spreading of the substance.
Absorb small spills with an appropriate absorbent material, such as vermiculite or sand, and carefully transfer the material into a suitable container.
For large spills or leaks, contact the appropriate authorities and follow their instructions for cleanup and disposal.

Handling Precautions:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling phenol.
Avoid inhaling phenol vapors and minimize the generation of aerosols.
Use appropriate tools and equipment to handle phenol safely, such as chemical-resistant containers and pumps.


Storage:

Container:
Store phenol in tightly sealed, properly labeled containers made of compatible materials, such as glass or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Ensure that containers are in good condition and free from leaks.

Temperature:
Store phenol in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and direct sunlight.
Maintain storage temperatures below 25°C (77°F) to minimize the risk of volatility and degradation.

Separation:
Store phenol away from incompatible substances, such as strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkalis.
Keep phenol containers separated from food, beverages, and animal feed.

Security:
Store phenol in a secure area, out of reach of unauthorized personnel, children, and pets.
Follow local regulations and guidelines for the storage of hazardous chemicals.

Fire Safety:
Store phenol away from ignition sources, flames, and sparks.
Ensure the storage area is equipped with appropriate fire suppression equipment, such as fire extinguishers or sprinkler systems.

Monitoring:
Regularly inspect storage areas for any signs of damage, leaks, or deterioration.
Implement a proper inventory management system to ensure proper rotation and control of stock.



SYNONYMS


Carbolic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenyl alcohol
Phenic acid
Benzenol
Phenylic acid
Phenic alcohol
Phenylic alcohol
Oxybenzene
Phenylenol
Phenic hydrate
Monophenol
Benzophenol
Monocarbolic acid
Phenylic hydrate
Benzohydroxide
Phenyl hydroxide
Phenolate
Phenoxy alcohol
Phenyl hydroxyl
Phenyl hydroxy
Phenoxyhydrate
Phenoxide
Phenic oxide
Acidum carbolicum
Benzenecol
Benzophenol alcohol
Carbolsäure
Fenol
Fyndol
Hydric acid
Hydroxybenzol
Karbolsyre
Monohydroxybenzol
Monophenol
Oxybenzen
Oxybenzol
Oxybenzenol
Phenic acid
Phenol alcohol
Phenyl hydrate
Phenylic acid
Phenylic alcohol
Phenic acid
Phenic hydrate
Phenic hydrate acid
Phenylic hydrate
Phenylic hydroxide
Phenylic oxide
Phenylethanol
Benzeneol
Phenolene
Phenyl carbinol
Phenic alcohol
Hydroxybenzene
Phenoxyethanol
Benzenemethanol
Phenyl hydrate
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Phenylic alcohol
Phenylic hydrate
Phenyl hydroxide
Phenylic oxide
Phenoxybenzene
Phenoxyphenol
Benzyl alcohol
Benzoyl hydroxide
Phenol formaldehyde
Cresylic acid
Hydroxytoluene
Picric acid
Salicylic acid
Catechol

Phenol
CAS No: 108-95-2
Molecular Formula: C6H5OH or C6H6O
Molecular Weight: 94.11



APPLICATIONS


Phenol is used in many industries.
Moreover, Phenol is used for medicine as a slimicide, antiseptic, and disinfectant and to manufacture a number of products.
Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.

Phenol is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.
Furthermore, Phenol is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.
Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.

The major uses of phenol, consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics.
Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.

Condensation of phenol, alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite.
Partial hydrogenation of phenol gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of phenol to give the alkylphenols, e.g., nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.

Phenol is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
More to that, Phenol is a component in liquid–liquid phenol–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples.
Depending on the pH of the solution either DNA or RNA can be extracted.

Medical uses of Phenol:

Phenol is widely used as an antiseptic.
The use of Phenol was pioneered by Joseph Lister.
From the early 1900s to the 1970s Phenol was used in the production of carbolic soap.

Concentrated phenol liquids are commonly used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy.
The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945.
Since that time Phenol has become the chemical of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.

Concentrated liquid phenol can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanotomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics.
Phenol also has hemostatic and antiseptic qualities that make it ideal for this use.

Phenol spray, usually at 1.4% phenol as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
Further to that, Phenol is the active ingredient in some oral analgesics such as Chloraseptic spray, TCP and Carmex.

Niche uses of Phenol:

Phenol is so inexpensive that it attracts many small-scale uses.
In addition, Phenol is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.
Phenol derivatives have been used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair colorings, and skin lightening preparations.

However, due to safety concerns, phenol is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada.
Phenol is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm, but it can be over 160ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky.
This amount is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.

The primary use of phenol is in the production of phenolic resins, which are used in the plywood, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.
Other uses of phenol include as a slimicide, as a disinfectant, and in medicinal products such as ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, and mouthwashes.

Phenol is used in organic synthesis and as a disinfectant.
Moreover, Phenol is used mainly as an intermediate for chemicals and resins; Also used in cosmetics, medical preparations, non-agricultural biocides, adhesives, binders, impregnating agents, paints, lacquers, varnishes, solvents, flooring, hardeners, and insulating materials.
Phenol can be used as a flavoring agent.
Other uses of Phenol include reagent in chemical analysis, in germicidal paints and slimicides, as a preservative for pharmaceutical injections, and in human and veterinary medicine.

Other uses of Phenol:

Products placed on the skin for decorative purposes (body paints, markers, glitters, play cosmetics, Halloween cosmetics, and products such as henna)
Bathtub, tile, and toilet surface cleaners
Cleaning products for general household cleaning, which do not fit into a more refined category
Materials used for construction (e.g. flooring, tile, sinks, bathtubs, mirrors, wall materials/drywall, wall-to-wall carpets, insulation, playground surfaces); includes semi-permanent fixtures such as faucets and light fixtures
Toners used in laser printers
Items used to furnish a home or workplace, e.g. tables, chairs, sofa, outdoor patio furniture, sofa cover, hammock, mattress, area rug
General formulation products used for home maintenance, which do not fit into a more refined category
General purpose repair adhesives including all purpose glues, super glue, and epoxies; not including wood glues
Liquid or gels designed to seal cracks or fill cracks and depressions on hard surfaces
Formulation products related to, or used on or for insulation, which do not fit into a more refined category
Paint or stain related products that do not fit into a more refined category
Home improvement paints, excluding or not specified as oil-, solvent-, or water-based paints
Products applied to hard surfaces to remove paints and finishes
Products for coating and protecting household surfaces other than glass, stone, or grout
Products specifically used in a laboratory setting, e.g. laboratory diagnostics or consumables, solvents and reagents used in experiments or laboratory tests, etc. Includes supplies for medical testing. Note that pure chemicals will be included in the 'Raw materials' category.
Products applied to the skin for soothing insect bites
Body cleaners, washes, shower gels
Personal care products intended for use by children, which do not fit into a more specific category
Antiseptic and dental mouthwashes and rinses
Toothpastes and dentrifices
Textile wipes or pads treated with cleansing solution applied to the face to clean or improve the characteristics of skin on the face
Fragrances, colognes, and perfumes
Leave-in everyday hair conditioners and detanglers
Lip products primarily for protection
Shaving creams, foams, balms and soaps
Abrasives
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Antioxidant
Chemical reaction regulator
Fuel agents
Intermediate
Intermediates
Ion exchange agents
Laboratory chemicals
Monomers
Solvent
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
UV stabilizer


Phenol can be used as a general disinfectant, either in soln or mixed with slaked lime, etc., for toilets, stables, cesspools, floors, drains, etc.; for the manuf of colorless or light-colored artificial resins, many medical and industrial organic compds and dyes; as a reagent in chemical analysis.
Furthermore, Phenol is bacteriostatic in concentrations of approx 0.2%, bactericidal above 1%, and fungicidal above 1.3%.
Phenols are widely used in household products and as intermediates for industrial synthesis.

For example, phenol itself is used (in low concentrations) as a disinfectant in household cleaners and in mouthwash.
Phenol may have been the first surgical antiseptic.
In 1865 the British surgeon Joseph Lister used phenol as an antiseptic to sterilize his operating field.
With phenol used in this manner, the mortality rate from surgical amputations fell from 45 to 15 percent in Lister’s ward.

Phenol is quite toxic, however, and concentrated solutions cause severe but painless burns of the skin and mucous membranes.
Less-toxic phenols, such as n-hexylresorcinol, have supplanted phenol itself in cough drops and other antiseptic applications.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) has a much lower toxicity and is a common antioxidant in foods.

In industry, phenol is used as a starting material to make plastics, explosives such as picric acid, and drugs such as aspirin.
The common phenol hydroquinone is the component of photographic developer that reduces exposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver.
Other substituted phenols are used in the dye industry to make intensely coloured azo dyes.
Mixtures of phenols (especially the cresols) are used as components in wood preservatives such as creosote.

Phenol is used as a general disinfectant, as a reagent in chemical analysis and for the manufacture of artificial resins, medical and industrial organic compounds and dyes.
More to that, Phenol is also used in the manufacture of fertilisers, explosives, paints and paint removers, drugs, pharmaceuticals, textiles and coke.
Phenol is produced in large volume, mostly as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals.

The largest single use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins, which are low-cost, versatile, thermoset resins used in the plywood adhesive, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.
Phenol is also used as an intermediate in the production of caprolactam, which is used to make nylon and other synthetic fibres, and bisphenol A, which is used to make epoxy and other resins.
The primary use of phenol is in the production of phenolic resins, which are used in the plywood, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.

Phenol is also used in the production of caprolactam and bisphenol A, which are intermediates in the manufacture of nylon and epoxy resins, respectively.
Other uses of phenol include as a slimicide, as a disinfectant, and in medicinal products such as ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, and mouthwashes.
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound.

Pure phenol is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
More to that, Phenol is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity to cause chemical burns.
Although similar to alcohols, phenols have unique distinguishing properties. Unlike in alcohols where the hydroxyl group is bound to a saturated carbon atom, in phenols the hydroxyl group is attached to an unsaturated aromatic (alternating double and single bond) hydrocarbon ring such as benzene.
Consequently, phenols have greater acidity than alcohols due to stabilization of the conjugate base through resonance in the aromatic ring.

Industrial uses of Phenol involve its conversion to plastics or related materials.
In research laboratories phenol, when suspended in chloroform, is commonly used in the extraction of DNA from biological samples.
The liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous samples are mixed with equal volumes of a phenol:chloroform solution.

After combining, the mixture is centrifuged and two immiscible phases form.
The less dense aqueous phase is on top, and the organic phase (phenol:chloroform) is on the bottom.

The proteins will partition into the lower organic phase while the nucleic acids (as well as other contaminants such as salts, sugars, etc.) remain in the upper aqueous phase.
If the mixture is acidic, DNA will precipitate into the organic phase while RNA remains in the aqueous phase due to DNA being more readily neutralized than RNA.
Phenol is most frequently used to produce plastic precursors, accounting for two-thirds of its total production.

Phenol is also a useful precursor to a wide range of medications like aspirin, including several herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
In molecular biology, phenol is a component of the liquid-liquid phenol-chloroform extraction method used to extract nucleic acids from tissue or cell culture samples.
Many people use phenol as an antiseptic.

Joseph Lister was the first to use Phenol.
For otology treatments, concentrated liquid phenol can be applied topically as a local anaesthetic.
Due to its low cost, phenol is used for numerous small-scale purposes.

In order to remove epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings, Phenol is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation sector.
The formulation of cosmetics has utilised phenol derivatives.
Phenol has antiseptic properties, and was used by Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912) in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery, though the skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the substitution of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery.

Phenol is also the active ingredient in some oral anesthetics such as Chloraseptic spray.
Further to that, Phenol was also the main ingredient of the Carbolic Smoke Ball, a device sold in London designed to protect the user against influenza and other ailments.
Phenol is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), herbicides, and synthetic resins (Bakelite, one of the first synthetic resins to be manufactured, is a polymer of phenol with formaldehyde).

Exposure of the skin to concentrated phenol solutions causes chemical burns which may be severe; in laboratories where it is used, it is usually recommended that polyethylene glycol solution is kept available for washing off splashes.
Washing with large amounts of plain water (most labs have a safety shower or eye-wash) and removal of contaminated clothing are required, and immediate ER treatment for large splashes; particularly if the phenol is mixed with chloroform (a commonly-used mixture in molecular biology for DNA purification).

Notwithstanding the effects of concentrated solutions, it is also used in cosmetic surgery as an exfoliant, to remove layers of dead skin.
Phenol is also used in phenolization, a surgical procedure used to treat an ingrown nail, in which it is applied to the toe to prevent regrowth of nails.

Injections of phenol have occasionally been used as a means of rapid execution.
In particular, phenol was used as a means of extermination by the Nazis during the Second World War.
Phenol injections were given to thousands of people in concentration camps, especially at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Injections were administered either by medical doctors or by their assistants; such injections were originally given intravenously, more commonly in the arm, but injection directly into the heart, so as to induce nearly instant death, was later preferred.
One of the most famous inmates at Auschwitz to be executed by carbolic acid injection was St. Maximilian Kolbe, a Catholic priest who volunteered to undergo three weeks of starvation and dehydration in the place of another inmate and who was finally injected with carbolic acid so that the Nazis could make more room in their holding cells.
A use of phenol in molecular biology is the separation of genetic material (nucleic acids) (DNA & RNA) from proteins.



DESCRIPTION


Phenol consists of a hydroxyl group and a phenyl group attached to each other.
In addition, Phenol considerably dissolves in water. Earlier it was used as carbolic soap.
Phenol is mildly acidic and is corrosive to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

Phenol is a crystalline solid white in colour and needs to be handled with care as it can cause chemical burns.
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered Phenol in the year 1834.
Phenol was extracted from coal tar.

Moreover, Phenol is also known as phenolic acid.
If a compound is consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring and bonded to a hydroxyl group directly, then it can be referred to as phenol.

Phenol (C6H6O or C6H5OH) is a colorless to light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor.
Exposure to phenol may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and nervous system.
Some symptoms of exposure to phenol are weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, muscle aches, and pain.

Severe exposure can cause liver and/or kidney damage, skin burns, tremor, convulsions, and twitching.
Workers may be harmed from exposure to phenol.
The level of harm depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.


Phenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Furthermore, Phenol is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores.
Phenol has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching.

Phenol is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis.
Additionally, phenol and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed phenolization. Research indicates that parental exposure to phenol and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion.
During the second world war, phenol injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis.

Phenol is a toxic compound whose vapours are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
More to that, Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.

The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH).
Mildly acidic, Phenol requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns.

Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.

In carbon tetrachloride and alkane solvents phenol hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been studied.

Phenol is classified as a hard acid which is compatible with the C/E ratio of the ECW model with EA = 2.27 and CA = 1.07.
The relative acceptor strength of phenol toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots.
Phenol is a strong nucleophile with a nucleophilicity comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines.

Phenol can react at both its oxygen or carbon sites as an ambident nucleophile (see HSAB theory).
Generally, oxygen attack of Phenol is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred.
Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.

Phenol exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but only a tiny fraction of phenol exists as the keto form.
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment.
The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.

Phenol therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–phenol rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted phenol.
Phenoxides are enolates stabilised by aromaticity.
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft".

Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhance nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Phenol's ring is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
Further to that, Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.

Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance.
In addition, Phenol is a colorless-to-white solid when pure.
The commercial product is a liquid.

Phenol has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry.
You can taste and smell phenol at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects.
Phenol evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water.

Phenol can catch fire.
Moreover, Phenol is used primarily in the production of phenolic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Phenol is also used in slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.

Phenol, liquid appears as a colorless liquid when pure, otherwise pink or red. Combustible.
Flash point of Phenol is 175 °F.
Phenol must be heated before ignition may occur easily.

Vapors of Phenol are heavier than air.
Phenol is corrosive to skin but because of anesthetic qualities will numb rather than burn.
Upon contact with Phenol, skin may turn white.

Phenol may be lethal by skin absorption.
Furthermore, Phenol does not react with water.
Phenol is stable in normal transportation.

Phenol is reactive with various chemicals and may be corrosive to lead, aluminum and its alloys, certain plastics, and rubber.
Freezing point of Phenol is about 105 °F.

Density of Phenol is 8.9 lb / gal.
Phenol is used to make plastics, adhesives and other chemicals.

Phenol is hydroxybenzene; Carbolic Acid.
More to that, Phenol is used as a germicidal agent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Phenol is highly toxic; corrosive to the skin.

Phenol causes local and systemic toxic effects upon entering the body via ingestion, skin absorption (of any phase) or inhalation. Locally, phenol may result in irritation of the nose, throat and eyes, and skin burns.
Acute poisoning causes an increased respiration rate, followed by a decreased respiration rate, decreased body temperature, cyanosis, muscular weakness, weak or occasionally rapid pulse and coma.

Death is usually the result of respiratory failure.
Chronic exposure to phenol is typified by systemic problems.

These include vertigo, digestive difficulties, skin eruptions, nervous problems and headaches.
Death may occur when liver or kidney problems become severe.



PROPERTIES


Molecular Weight: 94.11
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 94.041864811
Monoisotopic Mass: 94.041864811
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling Point: 181.8°C
Melting Point: 40.9°C
Vapour Pressure: 0.36 mm Hg at 20°C
Flash Point: 78.9°C



FIRST AID


Eye Contact:

Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 30 minutes, lifting upper and lower lids.
Remove contact lenses, if worn, while flushing. Seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:

Quickly remove contaminated clothing.
Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of water.
Seek medical attention.

Inhalation:

Remove the person from exposure.
Begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped.
Transfer promptly to a medical facility.
Medical observation is recommended for 24 to 48 hours after overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Prior to working with Phenol you should be trained on its proper handling and storage.
Phenol is corrosive to COPPER, BRASS and STAINLESS STEELS.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from LIGHT and AIR.
Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where Phenol is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.



SYNONYMS


phenol
108-95-2
carbolic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Oxybenzene
Phenylic acid
Phenylic alcohol
Benzenol
Monophenol
Phenyl hydrate
Phenyl hydroxide
PhOH
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenyl alcohol
Paoscle
Phenole
Izal
Phenol alcohol
Phenol, liquefied
Acide carbolique
Phenosmolin
Fenolo
Phenol homopolymer
Benzene, hydroxy-
Carbolsaure
Fenosmolin
Fenosmoline
Fenol
Liquid phenol
Carbolic oil
Liquefied phenol
Phenol, pure
Fenolo [Italian]
Phenole [German]
Rcra waste number U188
Campho-Phenique Gel
Phenol [JAN]
Phenic
Carbolsaure [German]
Campho-Phenique Liquid
NCI-C50124
Liquified Phenol
Phenol, molten
Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment
Carbolicum acidum
Fenol [Dutch, Polish]
Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment
Monohydroxy benzene
Phenol, sulfurated
Un 2812 (solution)
UN 2312 (molten)
Acide carbolique [French]
UN 1671 (solid)
NSC 36808
Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel
Anbesol
Phenic alcohol
Synthetic phenol
2-allphenol
Phenol, dimer
RCRA waste no. U188
Phenol, liquified
MFCD00002143
UN1671
UN2312
UN2821
AI3-01814
NSC-36808
CHEMBL14060
339NCG44TV
DTXSID5021124
CHEBI:15882
Phenol (or solutions with 5% or more phenol)
ENT-1814
27073-41-2
Phenol, solid [UN1671] [Poison]
Phenol, molten [UN2312] [Poison]
NCGC00091454-04
Phenol solutions [UN2821] [Poison]
DSSTox_CID_1124
Phenol, >=99.0%
DSSTox_RID_75955
DSSTox_GSID_21124
17442-59-0
61788-41-8
Caswell No. 649
phenylalcohol
hydroxy benzene
Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Phenol, liquid
Phenol, solid
Baker's p and s
CAS-108-95-2
CCRIS 504
FEMA No. 3223
HSDB 113
(14C)Phenol
Phenol [USP:JAN]
PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5)
EINECS 203-632-7
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001
arenols
UNII-339NCG44TV
Benzophenol
Carbolsaeure
Karbolsaeure
Extracts, coal tar oil alk.
acide phenique
Hydroxy-benzene
Phenol solution
Phenol liquid
Phenol molten
Phenol solutions
Phenol synthetic
Phenol,liquified
Phenolated water
Pandy's reagent
Cepastat lozenges
Phenol, labeled with carbon-14
Phenol (liquid)
2-phenyl alcohol
Phenol, synthetic
Phenol, ultrapure
Phenol ACS grade
EINECS 262-972-4
Paoscle (TN)
Carbolic acid liquid
Phenol polymer-bound
Phenol (Granulated)
Phenol (TN)
Phenol,(S)
Phenol, ACS reagent
Carbolic acid, liquid
1ai7
1li2
4i7l
Liquefied phenol (TN)
PHENOL [VANDF]
PHENOL [FHFI]
PHENOL [HSDB]
PHENOL [IARC]
PHENOL [INCI]
Phenol (JP17/USP)
PHENOL [USP-RS]
PHENOL [WHO-DD]
Phenol, detached crystals
PHENOL [II]
PHENOL [MI]
Phenol, >=99%
PHENOL [MART.]
WLN: QR
Liquefied phenol (JP17)
bmse000290
bmse010026
C6H5OH
Fenol(DUTCH, POLISH)
EC 203-632-7
PHENOL, 80% in ethanol
Phenol, LR, >=99%
63496-48-0
65996-83-0
MLS001065591
Phenol, for molecular biology
BIDD:ER0293
PHENOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
Phenol for disinfection (TN)
Phenol, natural, 97%, FG
PHENOL [USP MONOGRAPH]
Cuticura pain relieving ointment
CARBOLICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
Phenol, AR, >=99.5%
PHENOL,LIQUIFIED [VANDF]
BDBM26187
CHEBI:33853
Phenol for disinfection (JP17)
Phenolated water for disinfection
Salicylic acid related compound c
3f39
Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol
Phenol solution, 1.0 M in THF
NSC36808
ZINC5133329
Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon
Tox21_201639
Tox21_300042
Phenol 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
phenol;phenol [jan];phenol, pure;phenol phenol [jan] phenol, pure
STL194294
AKOS000119025
Tox21_113463_1
DB03255
NA 2821
Phenol, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC)
Phenol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
UN 1671
UN 2312
UN 2821
NCGC00091454-01
NCGC00091454-02
NCGC00091454-03
NCGC00091454-05
NCGC00091454-06
NCGC00091454-07
NCGC00254019-01
NCGC00259188-01
Phenol solution, 1 M in dichloromethane
Phenol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
73607-76-8
AM802906
BP-30160
METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY B [EP]
SMR000568492
Phenol 1000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane
Phenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
Liquified Phenol (contains 7-10 % water)
METACRESOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
FT-0645154
FT-0673707
FT-0693833
P1610
P2771
Phenol stock solution, 100 mg/dL, standard
C00146
D00033
Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
SALICYLIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
Phenol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5-100.5%
Phenol, >=96.0% (calc. on dry substance, T)
Q130336
J-610001
Phenol, for molecular biology, ~90% (T), liquid
F1908-0106
Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, >=99%
SALICYLIC ACID RELATED COMPOUND C [USP IMPURITY]
Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC)
Phenol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Liquified Phenol, meets USP testing specifications, >=89.0%
Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T)
Phenol solution, 5000 mug/mL in methanol, certified reference material
Phenol solution, certified reference material, 500 mug/mL in methanol
Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%
p-Hydroxy polystyrene (100-200 mesh, 0.5-1.5 mmol/g)@CRLFMFCD03703209
Phenol solution, 100 mug/mL in acetonitrile, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
Phenol, contains hypophosphorous as stabilizer, loose crystals, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC)
Phenol solution, BioReagent, Equilibrated with 10??mM Tris HCl, pH??8.0, 1??mM EDTA, for molecular biology
Phenol solution, BioReagent, Saturated with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH??4.3 +/- 0.2, for molecular biology
Phenol, polymer-bound, 100-200 mesh, extent of labeling: 0.5-1.5 mmol/g loading, 1 % cross-linked with divinylbenzene
Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5% (GC), crystalline (detached)

cas no 98-67-9 p-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic Acid; Phenolsulfonic acid; Phenol-4-sulfonic acid; 4-Phenolsulfonic Acid;

Phenol (phenolic acid), also known as carbolic acid, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a phenyl group (C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH).
Phenol (phenolic acid) is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and has a distinct, sweet, and medicinal odor.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
Molecular Formula: C6H6O



APPLICATIONS


Phenol (phenolic acid) is a crucial chemical intermediate used in the production of various industrial chemicals.
Phenol (phenolic acid) serves as a precursor in the synthesis of important chemicals like bisphenol A and caprolactam.
Phenolic resins, derived from phenol, find extensive applications as adhesives and coatings.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a key building block in the manufacturing of polycarbonates, which are widely used in plastics.
Epoxy resins, essential in coatings, adhesives, and electronic components, are produced using phenol.
Polyurethane foams, commonly found in mattresses and insulation, incorporate phenol in their production.

Phenol (phenolic acid) has been historically used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and healthcare settings.
In the pharmaceutical industry, phenol is utilized in the synthesis of various drugs and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the production of certain analgesics and antiseptics for topical use.

Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the textile industry for the production of dyes and pigments.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the synthesis of herbicides and insecticides in the agricultural sector.

In wood preservation, phenolic compounds derived from phenol are applied to protect against decay and pests.
Laboratory research often involves the use of phenol as a reagent in various chemical reactions.
The sweet and medicinal odor of phenol contributes to its use in certain pharmaceutical formulations.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the production of resorcinol, a chemical used in the rubber industry.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has been studied for its potential use in the synthesis of specialty polymers.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the formulation of certain types of disinfectants and sanitizing solutions.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the production of phenolic antioxidants used in rubber and plastics.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of antioxidants for use in the food and cosmetic industries.

In the production of nylon, phenol is used in the synthesis of caprolactam, a key precursor.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the manufacturing of laminates, which find applications in construction and electrical industries.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of resins for bonding and coating materials in the construction sector.

Certain phenolic compounds derived from phenol are used in the formulation of hair dyes.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the production of certain specialty chemicals and intermediates.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is integral to the synthesis of diverse materials with applications ranging from textiles to construction.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a vital component in the production of laminates and coatings used in electrical applications.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of phenolic foams, which are used as insulation materials.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the manufacturing of flame retardants for textiles and plastics.
In the rubber industry, Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of resins for adhesives and rubber reinforcement.

Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the synthesis of alkylphenols, which are used in the production of detergents.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the formulation of certain types of disinfectants for medical and household purposes.
In the electronics industry, phenol is used in the production of printed circuit boards.
Phenolic compounds derived from phenol are used in the formulation of hair care products.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of certain types of antioxidants for rubber and plastics.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the production of specialty chemicals for the oil and gas industry.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, including analgesics and antiseptics.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a key component in the production of alkylphenol ethoxylates, used in surfactants and detergents.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the manufacturing of resins for coatings and adhesives in the construction industry.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the production of synthetic fibers, such as nylon and aramid fibers.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of resins used in the production of molded parts and components.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the formulation of phenolic antioxidants for stabilizing polymers and plastics.
In the automotive industry, phenol is utilized in the production of certain types of plastics and composites.
Phenolic compounds are used in the formulation of abrasives and grinding materials.

Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the synthesis of resins for impregnating and reinforcing materials like paper and textiles.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of chemicals for water treatment and purification processes.
In the cosmetics industry, Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the formulation of certain skincare products.
Phenolic resins are used in the production of coatings for cans and containers in the packaging industry.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of flame retardants for polyurethane foams.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the manufacturing of corrosion inhibitors for metals.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the formulation of resins for wood adhesives and laminates in the woodworking industry.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a key component in the production of phenolic molding compounds used in engineering applications.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the formulation of resins for the production of insulating materials.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the synthesis of certain types of plasticizers for enhancing the flexibility of plastics.
In the field of medicine, phenol has been used for its local anesthetic properties, especially in nerve block procedures.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the formulation of antiseptic and disinfectant solutions for skin and surface sanitization.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the synthesis of resins for the production of friction materials like brake linings.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the manufacturing of components for the aerospace industry, such as composite materials.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a precursor in the synthesis of salicylic acid, an important ingredient in some skincare products.
In the oil and gas industry, it is used in the production of drilling fluids and corrosion inhibitors.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of resorcinol, a chemical used in the rubber industry.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the formulation of ink and dye additives for the printing and textile industries.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of certain flame retardants used in textiles and upholstery.

In the field of chromatography, phenol is used as a mobile phase component for separating compounds.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of alkylated phenols used in the production of detergents.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the manufacturing of photochemicals for applications in photography.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds applications in the synthesis of antioxidants for extending the shelf life of certain products.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the electronics and semiconductor industries.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of resins for coatings applied to metals and other surfaces.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of chemicals used in the purification of gases and liquids.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the formulation of wood preservatives to protect against decay and insects.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the synthesis of resins for the production of fiber-reinforced composites.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the formulation of chemicals used in the treatment of wastewater.

In the field of analytical chemistry, phenol is utilized in various assays and testing procedures.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of specialty polymers with unique properties for specific applications.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the formulation of chemicals for the preservation of certain historical artifacts.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the synthesis of resins for the production of insulating materials in electrical applications.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the manufacturing of adhesives and sealants used in construction and woodworking.

Phenolic compounds derived from phenol are employed in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors for metal protection.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of specialty chemicals for the petrochemical and oil refining industries.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the formulation of additives for lubricants and hydraulic fluids.

In the realm of cosmetics, phenol finds use in the formulation of certain skincare and haircare products.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of resins used in the impregnation of papers for the production of laminates.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a crucial role in the manufacturing of carbon black, a material widely used in tire production.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of resins for the coating of cans and containers in the packaging industry.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the formulation of antioxidants for preventing oxidative degradation in polymers.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of resins used in the production of carbon fiber-reinforced composites.

Phenol (phenolic acid) finds use in the production of chemicals for water treatment, including disinfection and purification.
In the realm of agriculture, phenol is used in the synthesis of certain pesticides and herbicides.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the formulation of specialty chemicals for the leather and textile industries.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the production of resins for the bonding of abrasive materials in grinding applications.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the formulation of chemicals for soil treatment and improvement in agricultural practices.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the synthesis of antioxidants and stabilizers for rubber products.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is utilized in the production of resins for the impregnation of fibers in the textile industry.
In the field of analytical chemistry, phenol is used in various assays and tests for detecting and quantifying substances.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the manufacturing of resins for the production of composite materials in automotive applications.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the synthesis of resins for the coating of metal surfaces in industrial settings.
Phenolic compounds derived from phenol are used in the formulation of specialty chemicals for personal care products.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is employed in the synthesis of specialty polymers used in the development of advanced materials.
Phenol (phenolic acid) finds use in the formulation of chemicals for the preservation of wooden structures and artifacts.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is used in the production of resins for the bonding and sealing of components in various industries.



DESCRIPTION


Phenol (phenolic acid), also known as carbolic acid, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound that consists of a phenyl group (C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH).
Phenol (phenolic acid) is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and has a distinct, sweet, and medicinal odor.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a precursor to many industrial chemicals and is an important building block in the production of various plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has antiseptic properties and has historically been used as a disinfectant.

Phenol (phenolic acid), also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is composed of a phenyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group, represented by the chemical formula C6H5OH.
At room temperature, phenol appears as a white crystalline solid.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has a distinct, sweet, and medicinal odor.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is soluble in water and many organic solvents.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has a melting point of approximately 40.5°C and a boiling point of around 181.7°C.

With a molecular weight of about 94.11 g/mol, phenol is relatively small in size.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in various industrial processes.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is a precursor to the production of important chemicals such as bisphenol A and caprolactam.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a building block in the synthesis of phenolic resins, which have numerous applications.
In addition to its industrial uses, phenol has historically been employed as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
The sweet odor of phenol is distinctive and can be recognized in certain pharmaceuticals.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has applications in the production of plastics, including polycarbonates and epoxy resins.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is a key ingredient in the manufacturing of polyurethane foams.
Phenol (phenolic acid) plays a role in the preservation of wood, where phenolic compounds derived from it are utilized.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has been studied for its diverse reactions in organic chemistry.

Phenol (phenolic acid) is commonly used as a laboratory reagent in various chemical experiments.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has a density of approximately 1.07 g/cm³.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has been utilized historically for its antiseptic properties in medical settings.

Phenol (phenolic acid) has been integral in the development of certain pharmaceutical drugs.
In the textile industry, phenol is used in the production of dyes and pigments.

Due to its toxicity, phenol should be handled with care, and safety precautions should be followed.
Phenol (phenolic acid) has been employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and intermediates.
Phenol (phenolic acid) is an important compound with a wide range of applications in industry and research.
The CAS Registry Number for phenol is 108-95-2, and its EC Number is 203-632-7.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: C6H5OH
Molecular Weight: Approximately 94.11 g/mol
Physical State: White crystalline solid
Odor: Sweet and medicinal
Solubility: Soluble in water and many organic solvents
Melting Point: Approximately 40.5°C (104.9°F)
Boiling Point: Approximately 181.7°C (359.1°F)
Density: Approximately 1.07 g/cm³
Flash Point: 79°C (174°F)
Vapor Pressure: 0.47 mmHg at 25°C
pH: 5.0 (aqueous solution)
Refractive Index: 1.543 at 20°C
Viscosity: 2.27 mPa·s at 20°C
Heat of Vaporization: 51.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion: -3057 kJ/mol
Autoignition Temperature: 715°C (1,319°F)
Critical Temperature: 666°C (1,231°F)
Critical Pressure: 7.66 MPa (76.6 bar)
Critical Density: 0.290 g/cm³
Molecular Structure: Consists of a phenyl group (C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH).
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Surface Tension: 47.5 mN/m at 25°C
Thermal Conductivity: 0.139 W/(m·K) at 25°C
Flammability: Combustible; may emit toxic fumes when burned.
Toxicity: Toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin; can cause irritation.



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If phenol vapors are inhaled, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.
Ensure proper respiratory protection for the rescuer.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention, even if symptoms seem minor.
If breathing difficulties persist, administer artificial respiration.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
Quickly remove any clothing that has come into contact with phenol.
Cut rather than pull the clothing to minimize skin exposure.

Wash Skin Thoroughly:
Wash the affected skin area with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.
Use a mild soap if available.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention, especially for severe exposure or if irritation persists.
Bring the SDS or product information for medical professionals.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes:
Immediately flush the eyes with gentle, lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek assistance to ensure thorough flushing.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention, and bring the SDS or product information to the healthcare provider.


Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water if the person is conscious.

Seek Medical Attention:
Seek immediate medical attention, and provide the medical personnel with information about the substance ingested.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or face shield, and protective clothing, to prevent skin and eye contact.
Use respiratory protection, such as a NIOSH-approved mask, if handling phenol in conditions where vapor exposure is possible.

Ventilation:
Use phenol in a well-ventilated area, and consider the use of local exhaust ventilation systems to control airborne concentrations.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid skin contact and inhalation of vapors or mists.
Handle phenol with caution to minimize the risk of spills and splashes.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling phenol, even if gloves were used.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the substance.

Equipment:
Use equipment made of materials that are compatible with phenol.
Ensure that all equipment is in good condition and free from leaks.

Spill Response:
Have appropriate spill response measures in place, including absorbent materials and spill kits.
Train personnel on proper spill response procedures.

Labeling:
Clearly label containers holding phenol with hazard information and handling precautions.
Follow all labeling requirements according to local regulations.

Training:
Provide training to personnel handling phenol, covering safety procedures, emergency response, and the use of personal protective equipment.

Prohibited Activities:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where phenol is handled.
Avoid the use of open flames, sparks, or smoking in the vicinity of phenol.

Spontaneous Polymerization:
Be aware that phenol can undergo spontaneous polymerization under certain conditions.
Follow guidelines to prevent this occurrence.


Storage:

Container:
Store phenol in tightly sealed containers made of materials resistant to the substance.
Ensure containers are labeled with appropriate hazard information.

Location:
Store phenol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials.
Keep away from sources of heat, open flames, and direct sunlight.

Temperature:
Store phenol at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer or within specified temperature limits.

Incompatibilities:
Avoid storing phenol with incompatible substances.
Consult the SDS for information on incompatible materials.

Handling Precautions:
Follow proper handling precautions during storage to prevent spills or leaks.

Segregation:
Segregate phenol from incompatible substances based on storage compatibility.

Emergency Equipment:
Ensure the availability of emergency equipment, such as eyewash stations and safety showers, in the storage area.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage areas with appropriate hazard information and access restrictions.

Fire Precautions:
Implement fire precautions in storage areas.
Store away from ignition sources.

Regular Inspections:
Regularly inspect storage areas for signs of leaks, spills, or container degradation.



SYNONYMS


Carbolic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Phenyl alcohol
Phenyl hydroxide
Benzophenol
Hydroxybenzene
Benzenol
Monophenol
Oxybenzene
Monosol
Monophenol
Phenylic acid
Hydric acid
Monobenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Monophenyl alcohol
Carbolic oil
Dowicide 1
Dihydroxybenzene
Phenole
Acidum carbolicum
Hydroxybenzene
Hydric acid
Hydroxybenzene
Benzyl alcohol
Benzeneol
Benzophenol
Carbolic alcohol
Dihydroxybenzene
Fenol
Monophenol
Oxybenzene
Phenyl hydroxide
Phenic acid
Phenylic acid
Benzenol
Hydroxybenzene
Phenyl alcohol
Monohydroxybenzene
Monobenzene
Monophenyl alcohol
Monosol
Acidum carbolicum
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Monophenol
Monobenzene
Benzenol
Benzenol
Benzoyl hydride
Hydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Benzene alcohol
Benzyl alcohol
Phenyl hydrate
Monophenol
Oxybenzene
Phenyl hydroxide
Phenylol
Phenoxide
Phenylic acid
Phenyloxide
Hydroxybenzene
Monophenyl alcohol
Monosol
Benzohydroxide
Benzenediol
Monophenyl ether
Monobenzene
Benzenemethanol
Benzene monohydroxide
Hydroxybenzene

Phenol Crystal is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Phenol Crystal is a white crystalline, aromatic organic compound that is volatile.


CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
MDL Number: MFCD00002143
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C₆H₅OH
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O



SYNONYMS:
Hydroxybenzene, Carbolic acid, carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, phenic acid, phenylic acid, oxybenzene, benzenol, phenyl hydrate, monophenol, phenyl hydroxide, phenylic alcohol, phenol, 108-95-2, carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Oxybenzene, Benzenol, Phenylic acid, Phenylic alcohol, Monophenol, Phenyl hydrate, Phenyl hydroxide, PhOH, Monohydroxybenzene, Paoscle, Phenole, Izal, Phenyl alcohol, Phenol alcohol, Acide carbolique, Phenol, liquefied, Fenolo, Carbolsaure, Phenosmolin, Fenol, Liquid phenol, Phenol, pure, Benzene, hydroxy-, Rcra waste number U188, Liquefied phenol, Liquified Phenol, Carbolicum acidum, NCI-C50124, Campho-Phenique Gel, phenylalcohol, UN 2312 (molten), Phenol [JAN], UN 1671 (solid), Phenic, Caswell No. 649, Campho-Phenique Liquid, Phenol, molten, 2-allphenol, Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment, Fenol [Dutch, Polish], NSC 36808, Phenol, liquified, Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment, Monohydroxy benzene, CCRIS 504, Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel, Carbolsaeure, FEMA No. 3223, Karbolsaeure, HSDB 113, acide phenique, DTXSID5021124, Phenic alcohol, Phenol, liquified, Synthetic phenol, Phenol, dimer, AI3-01814, RCRA waste no. U188, EINECS 203-632-7, UNII-339NCG44TV, MFCD00002143, NSC-36808, UN1671, UN2312, UN2821, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001, 339NCG44TV, CHEBI:15882, Phenol [USP:JAN], ENT-1814, Phenol-3,5-d2, 27073-41-2, CHEMBL14060, DTXCID501124, EC 203-632-7, NSC36808, Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon, 65996-83-0, Phenol, solid [UN1671], Phenol (USP:JAN), Phenol, molten [UN2312], NCGC00091454-04, Fenosmoline, Fenosmolin, PHENOL (IARC), PHENOL [IARC], PHENOL (USP-RS), PHENOL [USP-RS], PHENOL (II), PHENOL [II], PHENOL (MART.), PHENOL [MART.], Phenol, >=99.0%, 17442-59-0, PHENOL (EP MONOGRAPH), PHENOL [EP MONOGRAPH], PHENOL (USP MONOGRAPH), PHENOL [USP MONOGRAPH], Carbol, hydroxy benzene, Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol, liquid, Phenol, solid, Baker's p and s, Phenol, sulfurated, CAS-108-95-2, METACRESOL IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), METACRESOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], (14C)Phenol, HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5), arenols, Benzophenol, Karbolsaure, Phylorinol, Ulcerease, Hydroxy-benzene, Phenol liquid, Phenol molten, Fungus Fighte, Phenol synthetic, Pandy's reagent, Cepastat lozenges, Fortinia ID, Phenol, labeled with carbon-14, Acidum Carbolicum, Phenol (liquid), 2-phenyl alcohol, Sore ThroatCherry, Phenol, synthetic, Phenol, ultrapure, ABC Sore Throat, HEB Sore Throat, Phenol ACS grade, RugbyCherry Flavor, Sore ThroatMenthol, Sore Throat Spray, Meijer Sore Throat, Sore Throat Cherry, Sore Throat Relief, Liquefied phenol BP, Paoscle (TN), Topcare Sore Throat, Carbolic acid liquid, Phenol (TN), Phenol,(S), TopCareCherry Flavor, Phenol, ACS reagent, PUBLIX Sore Throat, Carbolic acid, liquid, CepastatExtra Strength, Walgreens Sore Throat, 63496-48-0, Sore Throat, Vortex Moisturizer Oral, 1ai7, 1li2, 4i7l, Liquefied phenol (TN), DRx Choice Sore Throat, PHENOL [VANDF], Wild Horse 777 Oral, PHENOL [FHFI], PHENOL [HSDB], PHENOL [INCI], Sore Throat ReliefCherry, Castellani Paint 1.5%, Phenol (JP17/USP), PHENOL [WHO-DD], Phenol, detached crystals, Pain RelievingPetro Carbo, PHENOL [MI], Phenol, >=99%, Sore Throat ReliefMenthol, WLN: QR, Good Neighbor Sore Throat, Liquefied phenol (JP17), bmse000290, bmse010026, C6H5OH, Fenol(DUTCH, POLISH), NICE SORE THROAT Cherry, PHENOL, 80% in ethanol, Phenol, LR, >=99%, Phen-2,4,6-d3-ol-d, HEB Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, MLS001065591, Phenol (CGA 73330), Phenol, for molecular biology, BIDD:ER0293, Phenol for disinfection (TN), ABC Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, HEB Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, NICE SORE THROAT Spearmint, Phenol, natural, 97%, FG, CHLORASEPTIC SORE THROAT, Chloraseptic Sore Throat Cherry, Chloraseptic Sore Throat Citrus, Cuticura pain relieving ointment, Sore Throat ReliefCherry Flavor, CARBOLICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], Phenol, AR, >=99.5%, PHENOL,LIQUIFIED [VANDF], BDBM26187, CHEBI:33853, Phenol for disinfection (JP17), Topcare Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, 3f39, Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol, PUBLIX Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, Walgreens Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, phenol 0.6% anesthetic oral rinse, Tox21_113463, Tox21_201639, Tox21_300042, DRx Choice Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, Phenol 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, AKOS000119025, Eos Medicated Pain Relieving Lip Balm, Tox21_113463_1, DB03255, Good Neighbor Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, NA 2821, Phenol, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, UN 1671, UN 2312, UN 2821, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 064001, NCGC00091454-01, NCGC00091454-02, NCGC00091454-03, NCGC00091454-05, NCGC00091454-06, NCGC00091454-07, NCGC00254019-01, NCGC00259188-01, Phenol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, 61788-41-8, 73607-76-8, AM802906, BP-30160, METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY B [EP], SMR000568492, Phenol 1000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane, Phenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Liquified Phenol (contains 7-10 % water), NS00010045, P1610, P2771, EN300-19432, C00146, D00033, Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, SALICYLIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Phenol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5-100.5%, PUBLIX Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic, Q130336, CVS Health Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic, J-610001, Phenol, for molecular biology, ~90% (T), liquid, A13-01814, F1908-0106, Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, >=99%, Z104473830, InChI=1/C6H6O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7, Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Liquified Phenol, meets USP testing specifications, >=89.0%, Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T), phenol;phenol [jan];phenol, pure;phenol phenol [jan] phenol, pure, Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%, Phenol, contains hypophosphorous as stabilizer, loose crystals, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC), Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5% (GC), crystalline (detached), Carbolic Acid, Phenyl, Hydrate, Phenylic Acid, Carbolic acid, Phenic acid, Phenylic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenol, fused, Monohydroxybenzene, Phenol, solid



Phenol Crystal is a natural product found in Aspergillus violaceofuscus, Scrophularia buergeriana, and other organisms with data available.
Phenol Crystal is hydroxybenzene; Carbolic Acid.
Phenol Crystal, is a colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell.


Phenol Crystal is an antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.
Phenol Crystal appears as a colorless liquid when pure, otherwise pink or red.
Flash point of Phenol Crystal is175 °F.


Phenol Crystal must be heated before ignition may occur easily.
Phenol Crystal vapors are heavier than air.
Phenol Crystal does not react with water.


Phenol Crystal is stable in normal transportation.
Phenol Crystal is reactive with various chemicals and may be corrosive to lead, aluminum and its alloys, certain plastics, and rubber.
Freezing point of Phenol Crystal is about 105 °F.


Density of Phenol Crystal is 8.9 lb / gal.
Phenol Crystal is a white crystalline mass dissolved in an aqueous solution.
Solution may be colorless to slightly pink in color with a distinctive Phenol Crystal odor; sharp burning taste.


Aqueous solution of Phenol Crystal will be acidic and act as such.
Phenol Crystal, solid appears as a solid melting at 110 °F.
Phenol Crystal is a colorless if pure, otherwise pink or red.


Phenol Crystal, molten is a white crystalline solid shipped at an elevated temperature to form a semi-solid.
Phenol Crystal is very hot and may cause burns from contact and also may cause the ignition of combustible materials.
Phenol Crystal is formed by bonding the OH ⁻ molecule to the benzene ring.


Phenol Crystals are aromatic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to the aromatic ring.
In its pure form, Phenol Crystal is a colorless or white to slightly pink crystalline solid.
Phenol Crystal (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.


Phenol Crystal is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH).
Mildly acidic, Phenol Crystal requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns.


Phenol Crystal is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.
Phenol Crystal and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, explosives, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.


Phenol Crystal is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance.
Phenol Crystal is a colorless-to-white solid when pure.
The commercial product is a liquid.


Phenol Crystal has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry.
You can taste and smell Phenol Crystal at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects.
Phenol Crystal evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water.


Phenol Crystal is an organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent.
Phenol Crystal has a role as a disinfectant, an antiseptic drug, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Phenol Crystal is a conjugate acid of a phenolate.


Phenol Crystal is an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Phenol Crystal is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores.
Phenol Crystal is an organic compound that has the molecular structure of C6H5OH.


Phenol Crystal is an extremely volatile white crystalline solid that is mildly acidic.
The major uses of Phenol Crystal, consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to plastics or related materials.
Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.


Condensation of Phenol Crystal, alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite.
Hydrogenation of Phenol Crystal gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Phenol Crystal to give the alkylphenols, e.g.,nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation


Phenol Crystal is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol Crystal is a component in liquid–liquid phenol–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples.


Depending on the pH of the solution either DNA or RNA can be extracted.
Phenol Crystal is an amino acid derivate that is used to protect plants from infections and pests and is made by the natural degradation of organic waste products.


Phenol Crystal is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene, glycerol, acetone, carbon disulfide and aqueous alkali hydroxides.
Phenol Crystal is an aromatic organic compound with a wide range of applications in the analytical and molecular biology laboratory, IVD manufacturing and in industry.



USES and APPLICATIONS of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is used as a precursor for cyclohexanone, plastics, nonionic detergents and pharmaceutical drugs like aspirin.
Phenol Crystal acts as an anesthetic in chloraseptic.
Phenol Crystal reacts with acetone to get bisphenol-A, which is used in the synthesis of poly carbonates and epoxide resins.


Phenol Crystal is also used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic tanning agents, perfumes, lubricating oils and solvents.
In molecular biology, it is used in the extraction of nucleic acid from tissues by using liquid/liquid Phenol Crystal-chloroform extraction technique.


Phenol Crystal is an active component of paint strippers, which is used for the removal of epoxy and polyurethane.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics, hair colorings and skin lightening preparations.
In the field of medicine, Phenol Crystal is useful in helping sore throat.


Phenol Crystal is used as a precursor for cyclohexanone, plastics, nonionic detergents and pharmaceutical drugs like aspirin.
Phenol Crystal acts as an anesthetic in chloraseptic.
Phenol Crystal reacts with acetone to get bisphenol-A, which is used in the synthesis of poly carbonates and epoxide resins.


Phenol Crystal is also used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic tanning agents, perfumes, lubricating oils and solvents.
In molecular biology, it is used in the extraction of nucleic acid from tissues by using liquid/liquid Phenol Crystal-chloroform extraction technique.


Phenol Crystal is an active component of paint strippers, which is used for the removal of epoxy and polyurethane.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics, hair colorings and skin lightening preparations.
In the field of medicine, Phenol Crystal's spray is useful in helping sore throat.


Phenol Crystal is used as a germicidal agent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Phenol Crystal is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Phenol Crystal is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores.


Phenol Crystal has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins.


Phenol Crystal can be found in areas with high levels of motor traffic, therefore, people living in crowded urban areas are frequently exposed to traffic-derived phenol vapor.
The average (mean +/- SD) Phenol Crystal concentration in urine among normal individuals living in urban areas is 7.4 +/- 2.2 mg/g of creatinine.


Exposure of the skin to concentrated Phenol Crystal solutions causes chemical burns which may be severe; in laboratories where it is used, it is usually recommended that polyethylene glycol solution is kept available for washing off splashes.
Notwithstanding the effects of concentrated solutions, Phenol Crystal is also used in cosmetic surgery as an exfoliant, to remove layers of dead skin.


In some bacteria, Phenol Crystal can be directly synthesized from tyrosine via the enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase.
Phenol Crystal is used primarily in the production of phenolic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Phenol Crystal is also used in slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.


Phenol Crystal is used to make plastics, adhesives and other chemicals.
Phenol Crystal is used to make other chemicals.
Phenol Crystal is used to make plastics and adhesives.


Phenol Crystal was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Phenol Crystal is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.
Phenol Crystal is so inexpensive that it also attracts many small-scale uses.


Phenol Crystal is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.
Due to safety concerns, Phenol Crystal is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada.


Concentrated liquid Phenol Crystal can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanotomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics.
Phenol Crystal also has hemostatic and antiseptic qualities that make it ideal for this use.


Phenol Crystal, usually at 1.4% phenol as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
Phenol Crystal has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching.
Phenol Crystal is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis.


Additionally, Phenol Crystal and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed phenolization.
Research indicates that parental exposure to Phenol Crystal and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion.
During the second world war, Phenol Crystal injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis.


Phenol crystals are used to describe the solid forms that result from the phenol compound, which is also known as the carbolic acid.
Phenol Crystal is an extremely volatile white crystalline solid that is mildly acidic.
Phenol Crystal requires extremely careful handling because its structure can cause painful chemical burns.


Phenol Crystal is used to describe the solid forms that result from the phenol compound, which is also known as the carbolic acid.
Phenol Crystal is used in manufacture of Bisphenol- A which is precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.
Phenol Crystal is used in manufacture of phenolic resins like Bakelite In manufacture of cyclohexanone which is precursor to Nylon.


Phenol Crystal is used as an intermediate to pharma drugs like aspirin, analgesics and herbicides In making industrial paint strippers, cosmetics and in surgical procedures In manufacture of laminates and foundry resins.
Phenol Crystal is used in manufacture of agrochemical intermediates, surfactants and anti-oxidants.


Phenol Crystal's extracted from petroleum and mainly used as a synthetic building block to produce a wide range of pharmaceutical products and drugs such as aspirin and oral analgesics.
Phenol Crystal is an antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.


Phenol Crystal is used as a germicidal agent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Phenol Crystal, is a colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell.
Phenol Crystal is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.


Phenol Crystal is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores.
Phenol Crystal has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations.


Phenol Crystal is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins.
Phenol Crystal is used as a precursor for cyclohexanone, plastics, nonionic detergents and pharmaceutical drugs like aspirin.


Phenol Crystal acts as an anesthetic in chloraseptic.
Phenol Crystal reacts with acetone to get bisphenol-A, which is used in the synthesis of poly carbonates and epoxide resins.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic tanning agents, perfumes, lubricating oils and solvents.


In molecular biology, Phenol Crystal is used in the extraction of nucleic acid from tissues by using liquid/liquid phenol-chloroform extraction technique.
Phenol Crystal is an active component of paint strippers, which is used for the removal of epoxy and polyurethane.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics, hair colorings and skin lightening preparations.


In the field of medicine, Phenol Crystal's spray is useful in helping sore throat.
Phenol Crystal is popularly known as Carbolic Acid Liquid and acts as an antimicrobial agent and is used in a variety of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides.


The major uses of Phenol Crystal, consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics.
Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.
Condensation of Phenol Crystal, alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite.


Partial hydrogenation of Phenol Crystal gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Phenol Crystal to give the alkylphenols, e.g., nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.


-Medical uses of Phenol Crystal:
Phenol Crystal was widely used as an antiseptic, and it is used in the production of carbolic soap.
Concentrated Phenol Crystals are used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy.
The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945.
Since that time Phenol Crystal has become the chemical of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.



BENEFITS AND USES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is used in pesticides to ward off pests and pathogens from infecting the plants and to promote plant growth.
Phenol Crystal deters pests and small insects from eating the plants and destroying the yields.
Phenol Crystal helps in improving the productivity of crops by protecting them from microbes.

Phenol Crystal is simple to administer during the planting season.
Phenol Crystal does not get absorbed by the plants and is therefore safe for use on plants and crops.
Phenol Crystal has a longer shelf life and is highly stable.



HOW PHENOL CRYSTAL WORKS:
Phenol Crystal works by protecting the plants and crops from insects, microbes, pests, and weeds.
Phenol Crystal works by forming a layer on top of the soil and releasing substances that kill pests.



TIME OF APPLICATION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal can be used during the dry summer or winter months.
Phenol Crystal should be used at least once every three months to avoid a resurgence of pests and insects in the fields.



RECOMMENDED USAGE OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
For spraying, the recommended usage of Phenol Crystal is 2% weight by volume.
Use 5–10 kg/acre for solid application of Phenol Crystal.



HOW TO USE PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Spray Phenol Crystal directly onto the soil early in the morning or late in the evening.
Phenol Crystal should be added to a sprayer or mixing tank that is already filled with fresh water.



OCCURRENCES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is a normal metabolic product, excreted in quantities up to 40 mg/L in human urine.
The temporal gland secretion of male elephants showed the presence of Phenol Crystal and 4-methylphenol during musth.

Phenol Crystal is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Phenol Crystal is ingested from the plants the beaver eats.

Phenol Crystal is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm, but it can be over 160ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky.
This amount of Phenol Crystal is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.



BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from Phenol Crystal via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium species able to degrade Phenol Crystal as sole carbon source.



SOLUBILITY OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene, glycerol, acetone, carbon disulfide and aqueous alkali hydroxides.



PROPERTIES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of Phenol Crystal and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of Phenol Crystal, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.

Phenol Crystal is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).
When heated, Phenol Crystal produces flammable vapors that are explosive at concentrations of 3 to 10% in air.
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight Phenol Crystal fires.


*Acidity:
Phenol Crystal is a weak acid (pH 6.6).
In aqueous solution in the pH range ca. 8 - 12 it is in equilibrium with the phenolate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide or carbolate):
C6H5OH↽−−⇀C6H5O−+H+

Phenol Crystal is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.
Phenol Crystal's enhanced acidity is attributed to resonance stabilization of phenolate anion.
In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system.

An alternative explanation involves the sigma framework, postulating that the dominant effect is the induction from the more electronegative sp2 hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows for great stabilization of the oxyanion.

In support of the second explanation, the pKa of the enol of acetone in water is 10.9, making it only slightly less acidic than Phenol Crystal (pKa 10.0).
Thus, the greater number of resonance structures available to phenoxide compared to acetone enolate seems to contribute little to its stabilization.
However, the situation changes when solvation effects are excluded.


*Hydrogen bonding:
In carbon tetrachloride and in alkane solvents, Phenol Crystal hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been compiled.
Phenol Crystal is classified as a hard acid.



TAUTOMERISM OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but the effect is nearly negligible.
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment.

The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.

Phenol Crystal therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–Phenol Crystal rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted phenol.

For substituted Phenol Crystals, several factors can favor the keto tautomer: (a) additional hydroxy groups (see resorcinol) (b) annulation as in the formation of naphthols, and (c) deprotonation to give the phenolate.

Phenoxides are enolates stabilised by aromaticity.
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft"



REACTIONS OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhanced nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Phenol Crystal is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
The reaction affords 2- and 4-substituted derivatives.
The regiochemistry of halogenation changes in strongly acidic solutions where PhOH2]+ predominates.

Phenol Crystal reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.
Friedel Crafts alkylations of Phenol Crystal and its derivatives often proceed without catalysts.

Alkylating agents include alkyl halides, alkenes, and ketones.
Thus, adamantyl-1-bromide, dicyclopentadiene), and cyclohexanones give respectively 4-adamantylphenol, a bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) derivative, and a 4-cyclohexylphenols.

Alcohols and hydroperoxides alkylate Phenol Crystals in the presence of solid acid catalysts (e.g. certain zeolite).
Cresols and cumyl Phenol Crystals can be produced in that way.

Aqueous solutions of Phenol Crystal are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red.
Phenol Crystal is neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or phenolate, but being weaker than carbonic acid, it cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.

C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5ONa + H2O
When a mixture of Phenol Crystal and benzoyl chloride are shaken in presence of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, phenyl benzoate is formed.
This is an example of the Schotten–Baumann reaction:

C6H5COCl + HOC6H5 → C6H5CO2C6H5 + HCl
Phenol Crystal is reduced to benzene when it is distilled with zinc dust or when its vapour is passed over granules of zinc at 400 °C:

C6H5OH + Zn → C6H6 + ZnO
When Phenol Crystal is treated with diazomethane in the presence of boron trifluoride (BF3), anisole is obtained as the main product and nitrogen gas as a byproduct.

C6H5OH + CH2N2 → C6H5OCH3 + N2
Phenol Crystal and its derivatives react with iron(III) chloride to give intensely colored solutions containing phenoxide complexes.



PRODUCTION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Because of Phenol Crystal's commercial importance, many methods have been developed for its production, but the cumene process is the dominant technology.


*Cumene process:
Accounting for 95% of production (2003) is the cumene process, also called Hock process.
It involves the partial oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) via the Hock rearrangement: Compared to most other processes, the cumene process uses mild conditions and inexpensive raw materials.

For the process to be economical, both Phenol Crystal and the acetone by-product must be in demand.
In 2010, worldwide demand for acetone was approximately 6.7 million tonnes, 83 percent of which was satisfied with acetone produced by the cumene process.

A route analogous to the cumene process begins with cyclohexylbenzene.
It is oxidized to a hydroperoxide, akin to the production of cumene hydroperoxide.

Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give Phenol Crystal and cyclohexanone.
Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons.


*Oxidation of benzene, toluene, cyclohexylbenzene:
The direct oxidation of benzene (C6H6) to Phenol Crystal is theoretically possible and of great interest, but it has not been commercialized:

C6H6 + O → C6H5OH
Nitrous oxide is a potentially "green" oxidant that is a more potent oxidant than O2.
Routes for the generation of nitrous oxide however remain uncompetitive.

An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives Phenol Crystal from benzene.
The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air:

C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O
The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate.
Autoxidation of cyclohexylbenzene give the hydroperoxide. Decomposition of this hydroperoxide affords cyclohexanone and Phenol Crystal.


*Older methods:
Early methods relied on extraction of Phenol Crystal from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives.


**Hydrolysis of benzenesulfonic acid
The original commercial route was developed by Bayer and Monsanto in the early 1900s, based on discoveries by Wurtz and Kekule.
The method involves the reaction of strong base with benzenesulfonic acid, proceeding by the reaction of hydroxide with sodium benzenesulfonate to give sodium phenoxide.

Acidification of the latter gives Phenol Crystal.
The net conversion is:

C6H5SO3H + 2 NaOH → C6H5OH + Na2SO3 + H2O
Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene can be hydrolyzed to Phenol Crystal using base (Dow process) or steam (Raschig–Hooker process):

C6H5Cl + NaOH → C6H5OH + NaCl
C6H5Cl + H2O → C6H5OH + HCl
These methods suffer from the cost of the chlorobenzene and the need to dispose of the chloride by product.


**Coal pyrolysis
Phenol Crystal is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.
In the Lummus Process, the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid is conducted separately.


**Miscellaneous methods
Phenyldiazonium salts hydrolyze to Phenol Crystal.
The method is of no commercial interest since the precursor is expensive.

C6H5NH2 + HCl + NaNO2 → C6H5OH + N2 + H2O + NaCl
Salicylic acid decarboxylates to Phenol Crystal.



HISTORY OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.
Runge called Phenol Crystal "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid).
Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry.

French chemist Auguste Laurent extracted Phenol Crystal in its pure form, as a derivative of benzene, in 1841.
In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "Phenol Crystal" and "phenyl".
In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol".

The antiseptic properties of Phenol Crystal were used by Sir Joseph Lister in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery.
Lister decided that the wounds had to be thoroughly cleaned.
He then covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint covered in Phenol Crystal.

The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to Phenol Crystal eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery.
Lister's work was inspired by the works and experiments of his contemporary Louis Pasteur in sterilizing various biological media.
He theorized that if germs could be killed or prevented, no infection would occur.

Lister reasoned that a chemical could be used to destroy the micro-organisms that cause infection.
Meanwhile, in Carlisle, England, officials were experimenting with sewage treatment using carbolic acid to reduce the smell of sewage cesspools.
Having heard of these developments, and having previously experimented with other chemicals for antiseptic purposes without much success, Lister decided to try carbolic acid as a wound antiseptic.

He had his first chance on August 12, 1865, when he received a patient: an eleven-year-old boy with a tibia bone fracture which pierced the skin of his lower leg.
Ordinarily, amputation would be the only solution.

However, Lister decided to try carbolic acid.
After setting the bone and supporting the leg with splints, he soaked clean cotton towels in undiluted carbolic acid and applied them to the wound, covered with a layer of tin foil, leaving them for four days.

When he checked the wound, Lister was pleasantly surprised to find no signs of infection, just redness near the edges of the wound from mild burning by the carbolic acid.
Reapplying fresh bandages with diluted carbolic acid, the boy was able to walk home after about six weeks of treatment.

By 16 March 1867, when the first results of Lister's work were published in the Lancet, he had treated a total of eleven patients using his new antiseptic method.
Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique.
Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
CAS NO. : 108-95-2
Chemical Formula : C6H6O
Molecular Weight : 94.11
Other Trade Name : Carbolic acid/Phenylic acid
Appearance (Colour): White
Appearance (Form): Crystalline compound
Solubility: 5% aq.solution is clear & colourless
Assay (GC): min. 99.5%
Melting Point: 40 - 41°C
pH (5% aq. solution): 4.5 - 6.0
UN No. : 1671
MDL Number: MFCD00002143
InChI Key: ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 94.041864811 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 94.041864811 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical Formula: C6H5OH

Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
Boiling Point: 181.7 °C
Density: 1.07 g/cm³
Melting Point: 40.5 °C
Solubility: Soluble in water
Physical State: Crystalline flakes
Odor: Stinging
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 40 - 42 °C (as per literature)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: 182 °C (as per literature)
Flash Point: 81 °C at approximately 1.013 hPa (closed cup, DIN 51758)
Autoignition Temperature: 715 °C at approximately 1.013 hPa
pH: Approximately 5 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity: Dynamic viscosity is 3,437 Pas at 50.00 °C
Water Solubility: 87 g/l at 25 °C
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): log Pow is 1.47 at 30 °C (ECHA),
indicating low bioaccumulation potential
Vapor Pressure: 0.53 hPa at 20.0 °C
Density: 1.071 g/mL at 25 °C (literature value)

Surface Tension: 38.2 mN/m at 50.0 °C
Relative Vapor Density: 3.2 at 20 °C (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1.07 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Explosion Limit: 1.3 - 9.5% (V)
Flash Point: 81 °C
Ignition Temperature: 595 °C
Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH Value: 5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor Pressure: 0.2 hPa at 20 °C
Bulk Density: 620 kg/m³
Solubility: 84 g/l
Boiling Point (bp): 182 °C (literature value)
Melting Point (mp): 40 - 42 °C (literature value)
Transition Temperature: Solidification point is ≥ 40 °C
Density: 1.071 g/mL at 25 °C (literature value)
Suitability: In accordance with the appearance of the solution
CAS Number: 108-95-2
Empirical Formula: C6H5O

Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
EC Number: 203-632-7
MDL Number: MFCD00002143
CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Index Number: 604-001-00-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
Grade: Ph Eur, ChP, JP, USP
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O
Chemical Formula: C₆H₅OH
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2907 11 00
Density: 1.07 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)
Explosion Limit: 1.3 - 9.5% (by volume)
Flash Point: 79.0 °C
Ignition Temperature: 595 °C
Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH Value: 5 (50 g/l in H₂O at 20 °C)
Vapor Pressure: 0.2 hPa (at 20 °C)
Bulk Density: 620 kg/m³
Solubility: 84 g/l



FIRST AID MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
After contact with skin:
Rinse out with polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300/ethanol 2:1 and wash with plenty of water.
If neither is available wash with plenty of water.
Immediately take off contaminated clothing.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses
*If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Use tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P3)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces, and sources of ignition.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep tightly closed.
Keep dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Hygroscopic.
Store under inert gas.
Light sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).