Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether, 99% is a common active ingredient in topical drugs used for skin depigmentation.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a performance chemical and is an organic compound and synthetic derivative of hydroquinone.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is commercially manufactured by the hydroxylation of anisole or by free radical reaction between p-benzoquinone and methanol.

CAS: 150-76-5
MF: C7H8O2
MW: 124.14
EINECS: 205-769-8

Synonyms
Eastman HQMME;ethermonomethyliqued’hydroquinone;Hqmme;Hydroquinone methyl ether;hydroquinonemethylether;Leucobasal;Leucodine b;leucodineb;4-Methoxyphenol;Mequinol;150-76-5;4-Hydroxyanisole;p-Hydroxyanisole;p-Methoxyphenol;Phenol, 4-methoxy-;HYDROQUINONE MONOMETHYL ETHER;Leucobasal;MEHQ;Leucodine B;Mechinolum;P-Guaiacol;Novo-Dermoquinona;Hydroquinone methyl ether;HQMME;p-Hydroxymethoxybenzene;para-methoxyphenol;1-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzene;Monomethyl ether hydroquinone;PMF (antioxidant)
;Phenol, p-methoxy-;USAF AN-7;4-Methoxy-phenol;Mechinolo;Mequinolum;Mono methyl ether hydroquinone;NSC 4960;CCRIS 5531;BMS 181158;BMS-181158;DTXSID4020828;HSDB 4258;UNII-6HT8U7K3AM;NSC-4960;EINECS 205-769-8;6HT8U7K3AM;MFCD00002332;AI3-00841;NSC4960;DTXCID60828;SOLAGE COMPONENT MEQUINOL;CHEBI:69441;EC 205-769-8;Mequinol (INN);MEQUINOL COMPONENT OF SOLAGE;NCGC00091390-02;MEQUINOL [INN];MEQUINOL (MART.);MEQUINOL [MART.];Mechinolo [DCIT];Mequinolum [INN-Latin];CAS-150-76-5;Mequinol [USAN:INN:DCF];4methoxyphenol;paramethoxyphenol;p- methoxyphenol;p-methoxy phenol;p-methoxy-phenol;4-methoxy phenol;Eastman HQMME;para-hydroxyanisole;4-(methoxy)phenol;4HA;4KS;para- hydroxyanisole;4-(methyloxy)phenol;HQME;hydroquinone methylether;MEQUINOL [HSDB];MEQUINOL [USAN];Mequinol (USAN/INN);Mequinol, INN, USAN;MEQUINOL [VANDF];PHENOL,4-METHOXY;hydroxyquinone methyl ether;hydroquinone monomethylether;CHEMBL544;MEQUINOL [WHO-DD];NCIMech_000709

Mequinol, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether or 4-methoxyphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4OH.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a phenol with a methoxy group in the para position.
A colorless solid, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used in dermatology and organic chemistry.
Mequinol, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether or 4-methoxyphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4OH.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is a phenol with a methoxy group in the para position.
A colorless solid, Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used in dermatology and organic chemistry.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used as a Polymerization inhibitor in the manufacturing of Acrylic acids, primarily involved in the manufacturing of acrylic fibres, paints and inks, adhesives, and super absorbent polymers.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is also used in the manufacturing of Methacrylic, other Acrylates, Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM), Styrene Monomer and in Unsaturated Polyesters, etc.

Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether Chemical Properties
Melting point: 56 °C
Boiling point: 243 °C(lit.)
Density: 1,55 g/cm3
Vapor density: 4.3 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: Refractive index: 1.5286 (estimate)
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ether, benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Form: Liquid
pka: 10.21(at 25℃)
Color: Clear colorless to pale yellow
Odor: at 1.00?%?in?dipropylene glycol. phenolic
PH: 5.1 (30g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor Threshold: 0.0027ppm
Water Solubility: 40 g/L (25 ºC)
BRN: 507924
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 5 mg/m3
NIOSH: TWA 5 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with halogens, oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: NWVVVBRKAWDGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.3 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 150-76-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether (150-76-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether (150-76-5)

Uses
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is an active ingredient and used in dermatology.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is employed as a pharmaceutical drug in skin depigmentation.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is used as polymerization inhibitors.
For example, in the radical polymerization of acryaltes and styrene monomers.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is also used as an intermediate in the preparationagrochemicals, liquid crystals.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether acts as a stabilizer for the formulation of inks, toners and adhesives.
Hydroquınone Monomethyl Ether is mainly used as an additive for textile and leather industries.

Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite.
Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate acid of a quinol sulfate(1-).


CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Chemical Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Formula: C6H5O5S-



SYNONYMS:
hydroquinone sulfate, quinol sulfate(1-), 4-hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfate, 1,4-benzenediol monosulfate, CHEBI:133073, 1,4-benzenediol monosulfate 4-hydroxyphenyl sulfate hydroquinone monosulfate hydroquinone sulfate quinol monosulfate quinol sulfate, quinol sulfate 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydrochinonmonoschwefelsaeure, Schwefelsaeure-[4-hydroxy-phenylester], sulfuric acid mono-(4-hydroxy-phenyl ester), O-Sulfo-hydrochinon, Schwefelsaeure-mono-(4-hydroxy-phenylester), (4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-hydrogensulfate, 4-Oxy-phenylschwefelsaeure, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone, mono(hydrogen sulfate), 1,4-Benzenediol, mono(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone, hydrogen sulfate, Quinol sulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-Hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid, 1,4-Benzenediol,mono(hydrogen sulfate) (9CI), Hydroquinone, hydrogen sulfate (6CI), Hydroquinone, mono(hydrogen sulfate) (8CI), Hydroquinone monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Quinol sulfate, p-Hydroxyphenylsulfate, quinol sulfate, 4-Hydroxyphenyl hydrogen sulfate, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone monosulfonate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, Quinol Monosulfate, 1,4-Benzenediol,1-(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone,mono(hydrogen sulfate), 1,4-Benzenediol,mono(hydrogen sulfate), Hydroquinone,hydrogen sulfate, Quinol sulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfonate, Quinol monosulfate, Hydroquinone monosulfate, p-Hydroxyphenyl sulfate, (4-Hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid, hydroquinone mono(hydrogen sulfate)



Hydroquinone sulfate is an organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of quinol sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.
Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite.


Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate base of a quinol sulfate.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.


Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and a marine xenobiotic metabolite.
Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate and a member of phenols.
Hydroquinone sulfate is functionally related to a hydroquinone.


Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate acid of a quinol sulfate(1-).
Hydroquinone sulfate is an organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of quinol sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.


The exact mass of Hydroquinone sulfate is unknown and the complexity rating of the compound is unknown.
Hydroquinone sulfate's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) category is Chemicals and Drugs Category - Organic Chemicals - Hydrocarbons - Hydrocarbons, Cyclic - Hydrocarbons, Aromatic - Benzene Derivatives - Phenols - Hydroquinones - Supplementary Records.


Hydroquinone sulfate belongs to the ontological category of phenols in the ChEBI Ontology tree.
Hydroquinone sulfate is a chemical compound that has been widely used in scientific research due to its unique properties.
Hydroquinone sulfate has been studied extensively for its potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Scientific Research Applications
*Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroquinone sulfate
Quinolines, including Hydroquinone sulfate derivatives, have demonstrated notable antimicrobial properties.

A study investigated the antimicrobial activities of various quinolines against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Some quinolines showed significant activity, comparable to established antibiotics like vancomycin.


*Cancer Research
Quinolines have been identified as promising compounds in cancer research due to their potent anti-cancer properties.
One study reviewed quinoline compounds and their analogs, focusing on their anticancer activities, mechanisms of action, and potential as cancer drug targets.


*Bioactive Compounds Discovery
Sesquiterpene quinols, a class closely related to Hydroquinone sulfate, have been isolated from marine sponges, showing potential in CDK4/cyclin D1 complexation inhibition, a mechanism relevant in cancer treatment.


*Anticoagulant Research
A study discovered new sulfated quinoline alkaloids with potential anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities.
These findings suggest that quinoline derivatives could be useful in the development of new anticoagulants.


*Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Hydroquinone sulfate:
Quinolinic acid, related to Hydroquinone sulfate, was used as an iron chelating agent in a study to determine the antioxidant activity of plant extracts.
This research demonstrated the potential of quinoline derivatives in evaluating antioxidant properties.


*Antibacterial Resistance of Hydroquinone sulfate:
The mechanisms of resistance to quinolines, including alterations in quinol targets and decreased accumulation, have been extensively studied.
Understanding these resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing effective antibacterial agents.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
Molecular Weight: 189.17 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 188.98576943 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 188.98576943 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 95Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: -1
Complexity: 208
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Name: Hydroquinone sulfate
Systematic Name: Not Available
Synonyms: Not Available
CAS Number: Not Available
Average Mass: 190.17
Monoisotopic Mass: 189.993594467
Chemical Formula: C6H6O5S
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid

InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C=C1
Solubility (ALOGPS): 5.86e+00 g/l
LogS (ALOGPS): -1.51
LogP (ALOGPS): -0.88
Hydrogen Acceptors: 4
Hydrogen Donors: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 83.83
Refractivity: 40.0116
Polarizability: 15.879416904230789
Formal Charge: 0

Physiological Charge: -1
pKa (strongest basic): -5.953792236729969
pKa (strongest acidic): -2.4583959376494575
Number of Rings: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Bioavailability: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Density: 1.669±0.06 g/cm³ (Predicted)
pKa: -3.67±0.18 (Predicted)
CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S

Molecular Weight: 190.17
EINECS: Not Available
MOL File: 17438-29-8.mol
CAS: 17438-29-8
MF: C6H6O5S
MW: 190.17
EINECS: Not Available
Mol File: 17438-29-8.mol
Product Name: Quinol sulfate
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.18 g/mol
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O

Synonyms: hydroquinone mono(hydrogen sulfate), quinol sulfate
Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O
Chemical Name: quinol sulfate
CAS Number: 17438-29-8
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.17400
Appearance: NA
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChIKey: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: O(S(=O)(=O)O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Canonical SMILES: O=S(=O)(O)OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1

Synonyms: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
CAS No.: 17438-29-8
MDL No.: MFCD19705194
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.17
Storage: 2-8 °C
Purity: 95.0%
CAS RN: 17438-29-8
Product Name: Quinol sulfate
Molecular Formula: C6H6O5S
Molecular Weight: 190.18 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)
InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O

Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1O)OS(=O)(=O)O
Other CAS RN: 61162-95-6, 17438-29-8
Related CAS: 61162-95-6 (sulfate, MF unknown)
Molecular Weight:190.18
XLogP3:0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:5
Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:189.99359446
Monoisotopic Mass:189.99359446
Topological Polar Surface Area:92.2
Heavy Atom Count:12
Complexity:221
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Compound Is Canonicalized:Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-General Advice:
If symptoms persist, call a physician.
*Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention.
*Skin Contact:
Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention.
*Ingestion:
Clean mouth with water and drink afterwards plenty of water.
Get medical attention.
*Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
Get medical attention.
-Self-Protection of the First Aider:
Use personal protective equipment as required.
-Notes to Physician:
Treat symptomatically.



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment as required.
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent product from entering drains.
Collect spillage.
-Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposal.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical, alcohol-resistant foam.
*Extinguishing media which must not be used for safety reasons:
No information available.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye Protection:
Tight sealing safety goggles Goggles.
*Hand Protection:
Protective gloves



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
Wear personal protective equipment/face protection.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
*Hygiene Measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE SULFATE:
-Reactivity:
None known, based on information available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under normal conditions.

Hydroviton Plus 2290 is easy to formulate, water-soluble compound.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an active ingredient that offers immediate and long-term hydration to the skin.


CAS Number: 7647-14-5, 69-79-4, 50-99-7, 9067-32-7, 97-59-6, 28874-51-3, 77-92-9, 5949-29-1, 57-48-7, 56-81-5, 57-13-6, 5343-92-0
INCI Name: Water (Aqua) (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Fructose (and) Urea (and) Citric Acid (and) Sodium Hydroxide (and) Maltose (and) Sodium PCA (and) Sodium Chloride (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Trehalose (and) Allantoin (and) Sodium Hyaluronate (and) Glucose



Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a colorless, clear liquid used in moisturizing and hair care products.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a colorless to light yellow clear liquid, odorless.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is easy to formulate, water-soluble compound.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an active ingredient that offers immediate and long-term hydration to the skin.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a smart blend of small hygroscopic molecules that penetrate the skin and restore the NMF.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an instant, long lasting moisturizer proven to deliver intense hair hydration and 72h skin moisturization.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 acts as a moisturizing agent. Offers instant, long lasting and intense effects to hair and skin (48 hours).
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is nature-inspired biomimetic synergistic complex with hyaluronic acid.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is skin friendly active: contains sugars & moisturizers naturally occurring in the skin.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 provides short-term and long-lasting moisturization for maximum skin hydration
72 hours of intense and continuous hydration.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 maintains and restores the water content in the epidermis by moisturizing and providing suppleness to the skin.
In addition, Hydroviton Plus 2290 improves the management of the skin's own moisture reserves.


Hydroviton Plus 2290 increases water content of hair by 51%.
Hydroviton Plus 2290 and Hydroviton Plus – clinically proven to increase skin hydration by 17% for up to 48 hours and by 10% for up to 72 hours after a single application.


In particular, Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a biomimetic complex which is able to penetrate and remain in the skin for a long time.
Based on a mixture of natural ingredients, Hydroviton Plus 2290 works through dual hydration methods combining small hygroscopic molecules (whose role is to restore the skin's ability to retain water) and polymers (which create a film on the skin's surface that protects against possible dehydration) ).


Hydroviton Plus 2290 is a long-lasting moisturizing complex, saturates the skin with highly hygroscopic substances that retain and bind water in the epidermis; plant ceramides - restore and supplement the natural lipids of the intercellular cement of the stratum corneum.


By sealing the cement, they prevent water from escaping from the epidermis (TEWL), moisturize and smooth; extracts from rosemary leaves, willow bark and birch - have astringent, bacteriostatic and smoothing properties.
They improve skin color and normalize the secretory activity of sebaceous glands; allantoin – moisturizes and soothes irritations.



HYDROVITON PLUS 2290 CONSISTS OF:
- Natural Moisturizing Factors (such as sodium lactate, lactic acid, urea, allantoin, sodium PCA, glycerin, Hydrolite 5).
Thanks to their hygroscopic properties, they retain moisture within the skin and help maintain skin elasticity.

- Natural Hydrating Sugars (such as D-Trehalose, Maltose & Fructose).
They offer excellent moisturizing benefits and thanks to their low molecular weight they are able to penetrate the skin.

- Hyaluronic acid
Water-soluble, Hydroviton Plus 2290 is used at room temperature and is preferably incorporated at the end of the production process.
1% to 4% is recommended for applications such as face and body moisturizers, baby care products, hand and foot products, after sun products , etc.

Clinical studies show that Hydroviton Plus 2290 prevents dehydration of the skin, increases its ability to retain water and prevents premature aging of the skin.

In addition, in just 2 hours of application Hydroviton Plus 2290 hydrates the surface layers and offers up to 72 hours of comfort to the skin with a +10% increase in hydration.



HOW TO USE HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
Hydroviton Plus 2290 is an intensive moisturiser that uplifts your skin with up to 72 hours hydration.



CLAIMS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
*Moisturizing Agents
*long-lasting
*moisturizing



BENEFITS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 increases skin hydration
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 lifts and tightens the appearance of skin
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 improves elasticity
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 boosts radiance
• Hydroviton Plus 2290 smooths the appearance of lines and wrinkles



INGEDIENTS OF HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
• Hydroviton Plus 2290: An instant, long lasting moisturiser proven to deliver 48-hour skin moisturisation.
• Hydroviton Plus 2290: Increases skin hydration by 17% for up to 48 hours and by 10% for up to 72 hours.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
CAS Number: 7647-14-5, 69-79-4, 50-99-7, 9067-32-7, 97-59-6, 28874-51-3, 77-92-9, 5949-29-1, 57-48-7, 56-81-5, 57-13-6, 5343-92-0
INCI Name: Water (Aqua) (and) Pentylene Glycol (and) Glycerin (and) Fructose (and) Urea (and) Citric Acid (and) Sodium Hydroxide (and) Maltose (and) Sodium PCA (and) Sodium Chloride (and) Sodium Lactate (and) Trehalose (and) Allantoin (and) Sodium Hyaluronate (and) Glucose



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROVITON PLUS 2290:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Hydroviton 24 is an advanced 24 hour moisturizing complex comprised of a synergistic blend of natural moisturizing factors.
Hydroviton 24 is non occlusive, so it allows skin to breathe and can be easily formulated into products.
Hydroviton 24 is also non-animal derived, preservative free, cost effective, light in color, and odorless in your formulation.

CAS: 50-70-4
MF: C6H14O6
MW: 182.17
EINECS: 200-061-5

Synonyms
Esasorb;Glucitol, D-;Gulitol;Hexahydric alcohol;Hydex 100 gran.206;Karion, sionit;L-gulitol;Liponic 70-NC

Hydroviton 24 acts as a moisturizer.
Hydroviton 24 is a synergistic blend of NMFs, humectants, hygroscopic substances, skin rejuvenators, skin protectants and penetration enhancer.
Hydroviton 24 is a non-animal derived and preservative free product.
Hydroviton 24 is dermatologically and toxicologically safe and can be easily formulated into products.
Hydroviton 24 provides 24 hours moisturizing effects demonstrated in vivo test.
Hydroviton 24 is used in skin care formulations.
Hydroviton 24 is China compliant.
A polyhydric alcohol, CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH, derived from glucose; Hydroviton 24 is isomeric with mannitol.
Hydroviton 24 is found in rose hips and rowan berries and is manufactured by the catalytic reduction of glucose with hydrogen.
Hydroviton 24 is used as a sweetener (in diabetic foods) and in the manufacture of vitamin C and various cosmetics, foodstuffs, and medicines.

Use
Hydroviton 24 is a liquid moisturizing factor and consists of a mixture of amino acid, sodium lactate, urea, allantoin and polyvalent alcohols.
Hydroviton 24 improves the natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the corneocytes of the stratum corneum for 24 h moisturized skin.
Hydroviton 24 is a non occlusive ingredient that allows skin to breathe.

Hydroviton 24 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 98-100 °C (lit.)
alpha: 4 º (per eur. pharm.)
Boiling point: bp760 105°
Density: 1.28 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: Vapor pressure: Refractive index: n20/D 1.46
FEMA: 3029 | D-SORBITOL
Fp: >100°C
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Form: liquid
pka: pKa (17.5°): 13.6
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 1.28
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 5 - 7 at 182 g/l at 25 °C
PH: 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Optical activity: [α]20/D 1.5±0.3°, c = 10% in H2O
Odor Type: caramellic
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.04
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.045
Merck: 14,8725
BRN: 1721899
Dielectric constant: 33.5（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
InChIKey: FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N
LogP: -4.67
CAS DataBase Reference: 50-70-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroviton 24 (50-70-4)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroviton 24 (50-70-4)

Uses
Hydroviton 24 is a humectant that is a polyol (polyhydric alcohol) produced by hydrogenation of glucose with good solubility in water and poor solubility in oil.
Hydroviton 24 is approximately 60% as sweet as sugar, and has a caloric value of 2.6 kcal/g.
Hydroviton 24 is highly hygroscopic and has a pleasant, sweet taste.
Hydroviton 24 maintains moistness in shredded coconut, pet foods, and candy.
In sugarless frozen desserts, Hydroviton 24 depresses the freezing point, adds solids, and contributes some sweetness.
Hydroviton 24 is used in low-calorie beverages to provide body and taste.
Hydroviton 24 is used in dietary foods such as sugarless candy, chewing gum, and ice cream.
Hydroviton 24 is also used as a crystallization modifier in soft sugar-based confections.

Production method
1. Pour the prepared 53% aqueous solution of glucose into the autoclave, adding the nickel catalyst of 0.1% the weight of glucose; after replacement of the air, add hydrogen at about 3.5MPa, 150 °C, and pH8.2-8.4; control the endpoint with residual sugar content being lower than 0.5%.
After precipitation for 5 min, put the resulting solution of sorbitol through ion exchange resin to obtain the refined product.
Material fixed consumption amount: hydrochloric acid 19kg/t, caustic 36kg/ t, solid base 6kg/t, aluminum-nickel alloy powder 3kg/t, orally administrated glucose 518kg/t, activated carbon 4kg/t.

2. Hydroviton 24 is obtained from the hydrogenation of glucose with the nickel catalyst at high temperature and high pressure after which the product is further refined through the ion exchange resin, concentrated,crystallized, and, separated to obtain the final product.

3. Domestic production of sorbitol mostly applied continuously or intermittently hydrogenation of refined glucose obtained from starch saccharification:
C6H12O6 + H2 [Ni] → C6H14O6
Pour the prepared 53% aqueous solution of glucose into the autoclave, adding the nickel catalyst of 0.1% the weight of glucose; after replacement of the air, add hydrogen at about 3.5MPa, 150 °C, and pH8.2-8.4; control the endpoint with residual sugar content being lower than 0.5%. After precipitation for 5 min, put the resulting solution of sorbitol through ion exchange resin to obtain the refined product.
The above-mentioned process is simple without the necessity of isolation before obtaining qualified products as well as without "three wastes" pollution.
However, for the starch, the yield is only 50%, and thus has a higher cost.
Introduction of new technology by direct hydrogenation on starch saccharification liquid can obtain a yield up to 85%.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is a compound that naturally occurs in certain fruits, beets, and sugarcane.
In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic Acid is odorless and colorless.


CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC Number: 201-180-5
MDL Number: MFCD00004312
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH



Glycollate, -Hydroxy Fatty Acid, Glycollic Acid, Glycocide, Caswell No. 470, Dexon (Polyester), Polyglycollic Acid, Glycolate, Poly(L-Glycolic Acid), Glycolic Acid, Glycolic Acid Homopolymer, Glycolic acid, Glycollic acid, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, 79-14-1, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolate, Polyglycolide, Caswell No. 470, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, HOCH2COOH, alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, HSDB 5227, NSC 166, Glycocide, GlyPure, BRN 1209322, NSC-166, EINECS 201-180-5, UNII-0WT12SX38S, MFCD00004312, GlyPure 70, 0WT12SX38S, CCRIS 9474, DTXSID0025363, CHEBI:17497, Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2, .alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid, GLYCOLLATE, DTXCID105363, NSC166, EC 201-180-5, 4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GOA, GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.), GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.], C2H3O3-, glycolicacid, C2H4O3, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Hydroxyethanoate, a-Hydroxyacetate, OceanBlu Barrier, OceanBlu Pre-Post, hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyaceticacid, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, HO-CH2-COOH, Hydroxyacetic acid solution, bmse000245, WLN: QV1Q, GLYCOLIC ACID [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI], GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, pari 30% Glycolic Acid Peel, pari 70% Glycolic Acid Peel, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), CHEMBL252557, GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD], Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent, HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB], BCP28762, Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), STR00936, Tox21_301298, s6272, AKOS000118921, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, CS-W016683, DB03085, HY-W015967, SB83760, CAS-79-14-1, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101, NCGC00160612-01, NCGC00160612-02, NCGC00257533-01, FT-0612572, FT-0669047, G0110, G0196, Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-19242, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, C00160, C03547, D78078, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, HYDROXYACETIC ACID, HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Q409373, J-509661, F2191-0224, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Z104473274, 287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material O7Z, Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolic acid, Glycolic Acid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, Aceticacid,hydroxy-, acidehydroxyacetique, hydroxyaceticacid, glycolic, AHA, 2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID, GLYCOLATE, glycolic, HYDROXYACETIC ACID, HOCH2COOH, GLYCOLLIC ACID, Glycolic acid 70%, GLYCOLIC ACID SIGMAULTRA, glycolate (hydroxyacetate), GLYCOLIC ACID, HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, A-Hydroxyacetate, A-Hydroxyacetic acid, Alpha-Hydroxyacetate, Alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycocide, Glycolate, Glycolic acid, Glycollate, Glycollic acid, GlyPure, GlyPure 70, Hydroxyacetate, Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoate, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Sodium glycolate, Sodium glycolic acid, α-Hydroxyacetate, α-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxy carboxylate, 2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoate, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, a-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI),



Hydroxyacetic Acid that cosmetic companies use tends to come from a laboratory rather than natural sources.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a constituent of sugar cane juice
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.


Hydroxyacetic Acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic Acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).
Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroxyacetic Acid comes from sugarcane.


Don't confuse Hydroxyacetic Acid with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an organic substance with the chemical formula C2H4O3.


Hydroxyacetic Acids are popular ingredients in skin care products.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is colorless and easily deliquescent crystal.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in hydrocarbons.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the only domestically produced hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is supplied in a 70% chloride-free solution resulting in low corrosivity, making it ideal for a versatile range of cleaning and industrial applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as hydroxy acetic acid, is one of the alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA’s).
These acids occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane and milk.


When used topically, Hydroxyacetic Acid can assist with the removal of dead skin cells helping to renew the skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the duality of alcohol and acid and decomposes when heated to boiling point.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.
Hydroxyacetic Acid in cosmetics: a regenerating glycol for the face and body.


Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroxyacetic Acids are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form is also available.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.


The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate the skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.
Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.


The AHAs also cover Hydroxyacetic Acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.
There are several names denoting Hydroxyacetic Acid: its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.


Hydroxyacetic Acid compound can also be found under the following names: hydroxyacetic acid, alpha-hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyethanoic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.


The salts or esters of glycolic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a routine essential.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be found amongst our exfoliating, fine line fighting beauty products – it’s nothing new but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t deserve a shoutout for being a damn powerhouse.
Various oligomers or polymers of lactic and/or Hydroxyacetic Acid (low molecular weight) have been prepared.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be determined via plant tissue coupled flow injection chemiluminescence biosensors, which can be used both as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane that can act like a water-binding agent.
Glycolic is the most researched and purchased type of alpha hydroxy acid on the market that has all its effects backed up by studies.
Hydroxyacetic Acid; chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid solution is a useful solution of acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an AHA, aka alpha hydroxy acid.


Some other acids that fall under the Hydroxyacetic Acid umbrella include lactic and citric acids.
Hydroxyacetic Acid’s are usually derived from natural sources; lactic from milk, citric from citrus and glycolic from sugarcane, pineapple, canteloupe or unripe grapes.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for synthesis.
The most useful synthesis use is for oxidation reduction esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic Acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.


In humans, Hydroxyacetic Acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic Acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.


Hydroxyacetic Acid’s are not only beneficial when applied topically but due to their molecular size (teeny tiny), they’re pretty good at getting under the skin and putting in the extra effort from the inside too.
You will commonly find Hydroxyacetic Acid in your cleansers, toners, exfoliants, and collagen stimulating products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is an α-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid solutions having concentration of 70% and pH range of 0.08 to 2.75 are widely employed as superficial chemical peeling agents.
This could make Hydroxyacetic Acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.


Hydroxyacetic Acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; glycolic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


Hydroxyacetic Acid and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic Acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Hydroxyacetic Acid; chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic Acid, is highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid 99% crystals reagent is a highly pure form of glycolic acid that is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is known for its ability to exfoliate and improve skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include Hydroxyacetic Acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used to evaluate the efficacy of glycolic peels treatment for all types of acne.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the fine synthesis of medicine and as a raw material of cosmetics and organic synthesis.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as an exfoliant if concentrated properly at 5%.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can help shed dead skin and renew surface skin, improving visible signs of ageing, such as uneven skin tone, sun damage, fine lines, rough or patchy skin, and vastly reduce the size of wrinkles.


To obtain all these benefits you will need a leave-on AHA exfoliator which is 5%-10% Hydroxyacetic Acid that is formulated at a pH level of 3-4 and then the product must be rinsed off thoroughly.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Facial care (exfoliating products, peelings, purifying creams and lotions, cleansing gels, radiance masks, eye contour creams, anti-imperfections care, beard creams, unifying care).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Body care (body milks, shower gels).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Hair care (anti-dandruff shampoos, purifying hair masks).
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroxyacetic Acid work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.


Due to Hydroxyacetic Acid's acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Hydroxyacetic Acid also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.
People use Hydroxyacetic Acid for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.
Uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Acid Cleaners, Concrete Cleaners, Food Processing, Hard Surface Cleaners, Leather-Dyeing and Tanning, Petroleum Refining, Textile, and Water Treatment.


Textiles uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: In addition to Hydroxyacetic Acid acne products, the chemical is an excellent product for the textile industry, where it is used for dyeing and tanning purposes.
The optimal pH range of Hydroxyacetic Acid is from 3.5-5.0.


Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroxyacetic Acid, will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions.
Food: One of the key Hydroxyacetic Acid benefits is that it works as a flavor enhancer and food preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often useful for dyeing and tanning, and is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is metabolized by cells in vitro to become oxalic acid which kills cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is synthesized many ways but is often isolated from sugarcane, pineapples and other acidic tasting fruits.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).


In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless crystalline solid.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for tattoo removal.


In E coli Hydroxyacetic Acid is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.
Additionally, Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the production of various chemicals, such as polymers and esters, and as a pH adjuster in various formulations.
Its high purity and effectiveness make Hydroxyacetic Acid a valuable tool in many applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid was once most commonly used as a chemical peel by dermatologists, this was because out of all AHAs, glycolic has the lowest molecular weight, meaning it has the ability to penetrate the skin even deeper than most other AHAs, making it more effective when it comes to reducing wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improving other skin conditions.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.


Typical use level of Hydroxyacetic Acid is between 1-20% (final concentration of glycolic acid).
For making a 10% AHA peel, use about 14.5% of Hydroxyacetic Acid, making a 5% AHA peel, use about 7.2%.
For home use, Hydroxyacetic Acid is not recommended to make AHA peels higher than 20% (equals about 28.5% of glycolic acid).


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.
Due to Hydroxyacetic Acid's acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Optimal pH range of Hydroxyacetic Acid is from 3.5-5.0.


Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroxyacetic Acid, will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has been used in the preparation of PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer (PLGA = poly(lactic/glycolic, PEG = polyethylene glycol).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer to create PLGA and other biocompatible copolymers.


Hydroxyacetic Acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic Acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic Acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic Acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.
Personal and Skincare Products uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic Acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic Acid.


Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
Water Treatment Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses Hydroxyacetic Acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.


Oil and Gas Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid: Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used for organic synthesis, etc
Industries: Adhesives | Building & Construction | Care Chemicals | Energy | Inks | Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul | Metal Processing & Fabrication | Transportation | Water Treatment


As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise Hydroxyacetic Acid's moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic Acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic Acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic Acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Formulations based on that acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroxyacetic Acid quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used in organic synthesis and printing and dyeing industry.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used for sterilization of soap.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be used as a complexing agent for electroless nickel plating to improve the coating quality, and can also be used as an additive for other electroplating or electroless plating


Available in various quantities, Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a dyeing and tanning agent, a flavoring agent and preservative, an intermediate for organic synthesis, etc.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is most commonly used for hyperpigmentation, fine lines and acne.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is mostly found in exfoliating products (peels), or in creams and lotions but at a much lower concentration. Hydroxyacetic Acid is obtained by synthesis.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an acid and should never be used undiluted.


This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be found at schools and kindergartens.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is classed as an advanced skincare ingredient and should not be used unless you understand the usage and applications of Glycolic Acid.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and Hydroxyacetic Acid is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions. Hydroxyacetic Acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy Hydroxyacetic Acid is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.


Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic Acid.


-Applications of Hydroxyacetic Acid:
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroxyacetic Acid.
Their application is very wide.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.


-Skin care uses of Hydroxyacetic Acid:
Dermatologists commonly use Hydroxyacetic Acid for acne treatment and other skin condition.
Hydroxyacetic Acid skin care products are made to safely penetrate skin to exfoliate skin, reduce scarring from acne and reduce wrinkling.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Research suggests that Hydroxyacetic Acid may help with the following:

*Acne:
Older research from 1999 examined the effect of a peel containing 70% Hydroxyacetic Acid on 80 females with acne.
The research found that it quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is of note, however, that this strength of Hydroxyacetic Acid is only available as a chemical peel.
Over-the-counter (OTC) Hydroxyacetic Acid products are not this strong.

*UV damage
Exposure to UV light can cause skin damage.
The visible signs of this include:
-sunspots,
-hyperpigmentation,
-wrinkles,

Health experts refer to this as photoaging.
A 2020 study notes that Hydroxyacetic Acid is an effective treatment for sun damage in the skin.
A 2018 paper also reports that Hydroxyacetic Acid has a protective effect against UVB rays, meaning it may help prevent photoaging.


*Lines and wrinkles:
Over time, the skin loses its plumpness and elasticity.
As a result, fine lines and wrinkles can form.
This is a natural process and not necessarily something a person needs to treat.
However, for those who choose to, Hydroxyacetic Acid may help.

According to a 2020 study, Hydroxyacetic Acid:
-increases skin levels of hyaluronic acid, a substance that helps keep the skin moisturized
-stimulates the production of collagen, the main structural protein in the skin
-increases fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation rates, which help with skin repair and regeneration
-improves quality of elastin, which promotes skin elasticity


*Warts:
Warts are small, hard growths on the skin that occur due to viruses.
An older 2011 study tested the effectiveness of a 15% Hydroxyacetic Acid treatment in 31 HIV-positive children with warts.
The results indicate that the treatment helped flatten and normalize the color of the warts, but Hydroxyacetic Acid only completely cleared them in 10% of the participants.
Other research from 2011 evaluated the effectiveness of a gel containing 15% Hydroxyacetic Acid and 2% salicylic acid in 20 people with warts.
The research found that the gel worked very well.



FUNCTIONS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*The 70% solution can be used as cleaning agent.
*The 99.5% Crystal can be used in the fine synthesis of medicine.
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as ingredient of cosmetics, adhesives, petroleum emulsion splitter, soldering paster and coatings.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid, CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic Acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroxyacetic Acid. What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing Hydroxyacetic Acid were developed.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.
Obviously, Hydroxyacetic Acid will not be produced immediately.

The production of Hydroxyacetic Acid is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroxyacetic Acid; however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).



OTHER TYPES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCLUDE:
*citric acid, which is present in citrus fruits
*malic acid, which is present in apples
*lactic acid, which is present in milk
Of these, Hydroxyacetic Acid has the smallest molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate deeper into the skin.



CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid'structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroxyacetic Acid is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that Hydroxyacetic Acid contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.



OCCURRENCE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic Acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.



HOW TO RECOGNISE HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The characteristics of that Hydroxyacetic Acid are as follows: it is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroxyacetic Acid decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
It is assumed that Hydroxyacetic Acid has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the following properties:
*Exfoliative:
As a chemical exfoliant, Hydroxyacetic Acid removes the outermost layer of skin cells and oil by dissolving them.
Unlike mechanical exfoliants, such as face scrubs and brushes, Hydroxyacetic Acid does not require harsh scrubbing.


*Humectant:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also a humectant, which means it attracts and binds water to skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic Acid does this by increasing the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are molecules that draw water in the skin.


*Antibacterial:
A 2020 study states that, at certain concentrations, Hydroxyacetic Acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria.


*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce some of the processes that cause visible signs of skin aging.
For example, Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce sun damage and increase collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin.
These substances give skin elasticity and structure.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.

Some of today's Hydroxyacetic Acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of Hydroxyacetic Acid's proton.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic Acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.



THE BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Exfoliates dead skin cells to reveal softer, smoother skin
- Hydroxyacetic Acid works by loosening the binding between dead skin cells, allowing them to slough off.

Reduces acne:
- by encouraging the shedding or peeling of cells on the skin's surface and lining the pores, Hydroxyacetic Acid prevents the formation of clogged pores—it also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Stimulates collagen production from within:
- Hydroxyacetic Acid's work on the skin's deeper layers to boost collagen production.
You will notice smooth skin almost immediately however Hydroxyacetic Acid can take a wee bit of time to notice an improvement in those fine lines and wrinkles.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic Acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



CHEMICAL, HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid, due to its OH group, reacts with hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, to give their respective monohaloacetic acid, in this case chloroacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.



PHYSICAL, HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a colorless solid, very soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is odorless.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Hydroxyacetic Acid can reduce the appearance of fine lines, irregular pigmentation, age spots & decreases enlarged pores
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel
*Hydroxyacetic Acid is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is often prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide, followed by re-acidification.
Cl-CH2COOH + 2 NaOH → OH-CH2COONa + NaCl + H2O
OH-CH2COONa + HCl → OH-CH2COOH + NaCl

Another route involves the reaction of potassium cyanide with formaldehyde.
The resulting potassium glycolate is treated with acid and purified.
Hydroxyacetic Acid was historically first prepared by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide.

This forms and ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid, which is hydrolyzed to glycolic acid by boiling it in sulfuric acid.
Hydrogenation of oxalic acid is another route.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.



INCORPORATING HYDROXYACETIC ACID INTO YOUR DAILY REGIME
All skin types can tolerate the use of Hydroxyacetic Acid; it’s best suited to acne-prone or oily skin



SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid and Lactic Acid are alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
They may be either naturally occurring or synthetic.
They are often found in products intended to improve the overall look and feel of the skin.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is the most widely used of out of the group and is usually manufactured from sugar cane.
Lactic acid, derived primarily from milk and its origins can be traced back to Cleopatra, who purportedly used sour milk on her skin.



WHAT IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
Glycolic Acid and Lactic Acid are naturally occuring organic acids also known as Alpha Hydroxy Acids or AHAs.
The salts of Hydroxyacetic Acid (Ammonium Glycolate, Sodium Glycolate), the salts of Lactic Acid (Ammonium Lactate, Calcium Lactate, Potassiu
Lactate, Sodium Lactate, TEA-Lactate) and the esters of Lactic Acid (Methyl Lactate, Ethyl Lactate, Butyl Lactate, Lauryl Lactate, Myristyl Lactate, Cetyl Lactate) may also be used in cosmetics and personal care products.
In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, and other skin care products, as well as in makeup, shampoos, hair dyes and colors and other hair care products.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic Acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and undergoes re-acidification. Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid also could synthesize this compound.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates a person’s skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils.
Hydroxyacetic Acid may also help boost collagen production, and support skin moisture.

Hydroxyacetic Acid can remove the very top layer of skin cells without the need for scrubbing, which can cause irritation.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is also useful in treatments for acne, hyperpigmentation, and the visible signs of aging.

However, as with all chemical exfoliants, using Hydroxyacetic Acid too frequently, at too high a concentration, or incorrectly can result in skin irritation or damage.



WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The water solubility of Hydroxyacetic Acid is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroxyacetic Acid reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.



OPINIONS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroxyacetic Acid and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroxyacetic Acid, designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of Hydroxyacetic Acid which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.



WHY IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroxyacetic Acid's effects can be noticed within a few days.
With that Hydroxyacetic Acid, the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroxyacetic Acid can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroxyacetic Acid.



HISTORY OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The name "Hydroxyacetic Acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic Acid" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic Acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic Acid (Glykolsäure).



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroxyacetic Acid a better option than mineral acids in such applications.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic Acid has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.

Hydroxyacetic Acid is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic Acid is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.



CHEMISTRY PROFILE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic Acid is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.



BIODEGRADABLE HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS AND BENEFITS:
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroxyacetic Acid, derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroxyacetic Acid has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.

In addition, biodegradable Hydroxyacetic Acid for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling point: 112 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 10 °C
pH value: 0.5 (700 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 27.5 hPa (25 °C)
Color: colorless liquid
Assay (acidimetric): 69.0 - 74.0 %
Density: (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.260 - 1.280
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 3 ppm
Refractive index (n 20°/D): 1.410 - 1.415
pH-value: 0.0 - 1.0

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone,
acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83

Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 10 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range 112 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,25 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information: No data available
Product name: Glycolic Acid
Other name: Hydroxyacetic Acid
EINECS: 201-180-5
Boiling Point: 112 °C
Purity: 99% White crystal; 70% Yellowish solution
Sample: Free
CAS number: 79-14-1
EC number: 201-180-5
Hill Formula: C₂H₄O₃
Chemical formula: HOCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 76.05 g/mol

HS Code: 2918 19 98
Boiling point: 100 °C (decomposition)
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C (decomposition)
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.00093 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)

refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s

Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: GLYCOLIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1-4
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: glycolic acid
FDA UNII: 0WT12SX38S
NIST Chemistry Reference: Acetic acid, hydroxy-(79-14-1)

EPA Substance Registry System: Glycolic acid (79-14-1)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Glycolic Acid
Melting Point: 10.0°C
Boiling Point: 113.0°C
Color: Yellow
Linear Formula: CH2OHCOOH
Formula Weight: 76.04
Percent Purity: 70%
Density: 1.2700 g/mL
Physical Form: Solution
Specific Gravity: 1.27
Chemical Name or Material: Glycolic acid, 70% in water

Chemical Formula: C2H4O3
Weight: Average: 76.0514
Monoisotopic: 76.016043994
InChI Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
CAS number: 79-14-1
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxyacetic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: glycolic acid
SMILES: OCC(O)=O
Water Solubility: 608 g/L
logP: -1
logP: -1
logS: 0.9

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.53
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3.6
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 3
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 57.53 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 14.35 m³•mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 6.2 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

Hydroxyacetic acid (or Glycolic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, deliquescent crystals that occur naturally as a component in sugarcane.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).

CAS Number: 79-14-1
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3
Molecular Weight: 76.05
EINECS Number: 201-180-5

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, it can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Hydroxyacetic acid, CH20HCOOH, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.

Hydroxyacetic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid, or glycolic acid, is a weak acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is sold commercially as a 70% solution.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in processing and dyeing textiles and Leather.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for cleaning, polishing, and soldering metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also known as 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.
The salts or esters of Hydroxyacetic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in the skincare and cosmetic industry due to its ability to exfoliate the skin, promote skin cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells on the surface of the skin, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily.
This process can help with various skin concerns, including acne, fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone.

Hydroxyacetic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).

Hydroxyacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.

This could make Hydroxyacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a potentially toxic compound.

Hydroxyacetic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, Hydroxyacetic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.

This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.
Hydroxyacetic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
Common side effects of Hydroxyacetic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.

Hydroxyacetic acid can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.

Hydroxyacetic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colourless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.

Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve, revealing the underlying skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is thought that this is due to the reduction of calcium ion concentrations in the epidermis and the removal of calcium ions from cell adhesions, leading to desquamation.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase.
This can suppress melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.

Acute doses of Hydroxyacetic acid on skin or eyes leads to local effects that are typical of a strong acid (e.g. dermal and eye irritation).
Glycolate is a nephrotoxin if consumed orally.
A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues.

Hydroxyacetic acid's renal toxicity is due to its metabolism to oxalic acid.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals.

Renal tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid does exhibit some inhalation toxicity and can cause respiratory, thymus, and liver damage if present in very high levels over long periods of time.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.

Hydroxyacetic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid.
Due to its capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5.

Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroxyacetic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

Many plants make Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acids role consumes significant amounts of energy.
In 2017 researchers announced a process that employs a novel protein to reduce energy consumption/loss and prevent plants from releasing harmful ammonia.

The process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is derived from sugar cane.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alphahydroxy acids in the skincare industry.

Other alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest sized molecules of all the alpha-hydroxy acids Because of these super tiny molecules, Hydroxyacetic acid can easily penetrate the skin.
This allows Hydroxyacetic acid to exfoliate the skin more effectively than other AHAs.

Hydroxyacetic acid works by speeding up cell turnover It helps dissolve the bonds that hold skin cells together, allowing dead skin cells to slough off more rapidly than they would on their own.
Hydroxyacetic acid also stimulates your skin to create more collagen.
Collagen is the protein that gives skin its firmness, plumpness, and elasticity.

Hydroxyacetic acid is an incredibly popular treatment because of the many benefits it has for the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid has effective skin-renewing properties, so it is often used in anti-aging products.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help smooth fine wrinkles and improve the skin's tone and texture.

Hydroxyacetic acid plumps the skin and helps boost hydration levels.
Hydroxyacetic acid provides far greater solubility than silicafluorides or hydrofluosilicic acid.
Electrochemical Energy Systems permits higher concentrations of acid in solution than citric acid for greater neutralizing efficiency while avoiding salting or rust discoloration problems.

Hydroxyacetic acid reaches a final pH of 5-6 more quickly than silicafluorides, especially at lower wash temperatures.
High solubility means a lower possibility of damaged fabric—even if it’s ironed while wet.
Hydroxyacetic acid liquid doesn’t cake in storage and measures easily out of automatic dispensing equipment.

Hydroxyacetic acid fulfills many roles across a wide range of industries, thanks to its low odor and toxicity, biodegradability, phosphate-free composition, and ability to chelate metal salts.
A glycolate or glycollate is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.
(C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoHydroxyacetic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Hydroxyacetic acid).

They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways. The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a simple organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on adjacent carbon atoms in its chemical structure.
This gives it its acidic properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid is known for its exfoliating properties.

Hydroxyacetic acid penetrates the skin effectively due to its small molecular size, helping to remove dead skin cells and debris from the surface.
This can lead to a smoother, brighter complexion.
The use of Hydroxyacetic acid in skincare products is associated with several benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin texture, minimizing the appearance of pores, and fading hyperpigmentation and acne scars.

Hydroxyacetic acid can be used as part of an acne treatment regimen.
Hydroxyacetic acid helps to unclog pores, reduce the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promote the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.
Dermatologists often use Hydroxyacetic acid in chemical peels, which are cosmetic procedures designed to improve the skin's appearance.

When using products containing Hydroxyacetic acid, it's important to use sunscreen regularly because Hydroxyacetic acid can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.
Sun protection helps prevent sunburn and further skin damage.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be found in a range of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams.

The concentration of Hydroxyacetic acid in these products can vary, with higher concentrations generally being available in professional treatments.
While Hydroxyacetic acid can benefit many skin types, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with very sensitive or reactive skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid's essential to patch test and gradually introduce products containing Hydroxyacetic acid into your skincare routine to monitor how your skin responds.
Hydroxyacetic acid's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional.

Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: Hydroxyacetic acid
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105

Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.
For stronger treatments, Hydroxyacetic acid is also utilized in chemical peels available at the salon or dermatologist's office.
Light duty Hydroxyacetic acid peels up to 30% strength can be done by an esthetician at the salon or skin spa.

Stronger peels of up to 70% can be had at the dermatology office.
Skincare products contain other thoughtfully chosen ingredients to give a specific end result.
The Hydroxyacetic acid treatment you choose depends a lot on skin type and what end goals are.

Using low concentrations of Hydroxyacetic acid over long periods of time creates a cumulative effect; skin will look better the longer use.
For treating specific skin issues like noticeable sun damage, dark spots or acne marks, and deeper lines and wrinkles, or for marked improvement of the skin quickly, a professional peel is a good option.
But because peels deliver a higher percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid than daily use products they will be more irritating and have a greater chance of side effects.

When choosing any Hydroxyacetic acid treatment, the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid is just one factor.
A more acidic product will deliver a stronger and more effective treatment than a less acidic product, regardless of the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid.
So a product containing a low percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid but with a lower (i.e. more acidic) pH will be more effective than a high percentage but low acidity product.

Unfortunately, the vast majority of skincare products simply list the percentage of Hydroxyacetic acid used.
They are not required to list the pH, so it can make it difficult to compare products apples-to-apples.
Hydroxyacetic acid OTC products and professional peels have been around a long time and have a safe and effective track record.

Most skin types can use them without much trouble.
These aren't quite as irritating as leaveon Hydroxyacetic acid treatments and allow your skin to build up a tolerance without (hopefully) too much irritation.
While Hydroxyacetic acid is a wonderful skincare ingredient.

Hydroxyacetic acid is an Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA).
The word acid might scare, but Hydroxyacetic acid usually comes in lower concentrations for at-home use.

It works as an exfoliant to turn over dead skin cells and reveal new skin cells.
It’s also one of the smallest AHAs, meaning that it can penetrate deeply to give the best results.

Hydroxyacetic acid can be used in a skincare routine: as a face wash, as a toner, and as a mask.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water.

Hydroxyacetic acid is found in some sugar-crops.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most well-known and widely used alpha-hydroxy acids in the skincare industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroxyacetic acid enhances cleaning and descaling processes in oil field and petroleum refining applications.
This acid also provides metal complexing in a biodegradable form without adding undesirable biological or chemical oxygen demand to formulated products.

Hydroxyacetic acid's slower reactivity compared to mineral acids helps with acid finishing during well completion.
Desalting crude oil, well acidizing, and synthetic drilling mud also rely on Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid products for home use typically have lower concentrations (usually ranging from 5% to 20%), while professional treatments may use higher concentrations (up to 70% or more).
Professional treatments are performed by dermatologists or licensed skincare professionals.
When incorporating Hydroxyacetic acid into your skincare routine, it's important to start slowly and gradually increase usage to allow the skin to acclimate.

While Hydroxyacetic acid can be highly effective, it can also cause side effects, especially if used incorrectly or at high concentrations.
Potential side effects include redness, irritation, peeling, and dryness.
These side effects are usually temporary and can be minimized by following product instructions and using moisturizers as needed.

Hydroxyacetic acid is often combined with other skincare ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, and peptides to enhance its benefits and minimize potential irritation.
These combinations can be found in various skincare products to address specific skin concerns.
The pH level of Hydroxyacetic acid products is an important factor in their effectiveness.

Lower pH levels (more acidic) can enhance the exfoliating properties of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Many Hydroxyacetic acid products are formulated at an optimal pH to maximize their exfoliating effects.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in anti-aging skincare routines because it can help stimulate collagen production in the skin, leading to improved elasticity and a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles over time.

Individuals with certain skin conditions, such as eczema, rosacea, or open wounds, should exercise caution when using Hydroxyacetic acid products, as it can exacerbate these conditions.
Hydroxyacetic acid's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before use in such cases.
Before using any new skincare product containing Hydroxyacetic acid, it's a good practice to perform a patch test.

Apply a small amount of the product to a discreet area of skin (like the inner forearm) and wait to see if any adverse reactions occur before applying it to face or a larger skin area.
Results may not be immediate, and it may take several weeks to notice significant changes.

History Of Hydroxyacetic acid:
The name "Hydroxyacetic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic acid" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoHydroxyacetic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl Hydroxyacetic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (Glykolsäure).

Uses
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-Hydroxyacetic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.,

PolyHydroxyacetic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.

Hydroxyacetic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.

Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).

Hydroxyacetic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Hydroxyacetic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high Hydroxyacetic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyHydroxyacetic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used with hydrochloric or sulfamic acids to prevent iron precipitation in cleaning operations or water flooding.

Hydroxyacetic acid also effectively eliminates harmful deposits while minimizing corrosion damage to steel or copper systems.
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts more slowly and thus penetrates more deeply into formations before fully reacting.
That characteristic leads to enhanced worm holing, because Hydroxyacetic acid dissolves the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as hydrochloric acid without the resulting corrosion.

One of the primary uses of Hydroxyacetic acid in skincare is as an exfoliant.
Hydroxyacetic acid helps remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to treat acne by unclogging pores, reducing the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), and promoting the shedding of dead skin cells that can contribute to acne.

Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in anti-aging products to stimulate collagen production, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help fade dark spots, sunspots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation by promoting even skin tone.
Hydroxyacetic acid can improve skin texture, making it feel smoother and look more youthful.

Hydroxyacetic acid can minimize the appearance of enlarged pores.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in chemical peels, both at home and in dermatologist's offices or skincare clinics.
Chemical peels with Hydroxyacetic acid can be tailored to address various skin concerns, including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and acne scars.

These peels involve the application of a higher concentration of Hydroxyacetic acid to the skin, followed by exfoliation and skin rejuvenation.
In medicine, Hydroxyacetic acid has been used in wound care products to help promote the healing of minor cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used to manage keratosis pilaris, a common skin condition characterized by small, rough bumps on the skin, often found on the arms and thighs.

Some over-the-counter products containing Hydroxyacetic acid are used to soften and help remove calluses and corns on the feet.
In some hair care products, Hydroxyacetic acid may be included to help exfoliate the scalp, remove product buildup, and improve hair texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can help repair sun-damaged skin by promoting the shedding of damaged skin cells and stimulating the production of healthier, more youthful-looking skin.

Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in products designed for sun-damaged or aging skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be used to prevent and treat ingrown hairs, particularly in areas prone to razor bumps and irritation, such as the beard area in men.
Hydroxyacetic acid is sometimes combined with other skincare ingredients like salicylic acid, hyaluronic acid, and retinol to create more comprehensive skincare products that address multiple concerns, such as acne, aging, and hydration.

In addition to over-the-counter products, dermatologists and skincare professionals often use Hydroxyacetic acid in more concentrated forms for in-office treatments like chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
These treatments can provide more immediate and dramatic results but require professional oversight.

While Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly associated with facial skincare, it can also be used on other parts of the body to address issues like keratosis pilaris, rough skin on elbows and knees, and body acne.
Hydroxyacetic acid may be used to adjust the pH level of the product.
This can help optimize the effectiveness of other active ingredients.

Hydroxyacetic acid can also act as a humectant, meaning it can attract and retain moisture in the skin, which is beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin.
However, it's essential to use moisturizers alongside Hydroxyacetic acid products to prevent excessive dryness.
In industrial and household applications, Hydroxyacetic acid is sometimes used to remove stains and scale deposits, such as those caused by hard water, rust, or mineral buildup.

When using Hydroxyacetic acid-containing products in your skincare routine, be cautious about mixing them with other active ingredients, especially strong acids like salicylic acid or vitamin C.
Combining certain active ingredients can lead to skin irritation or reduce effectiveness, so it's advisable to consult with a skincare professional for guidance.

Safety Profile:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a strong acid that causes severe skin and eye irritation at high concentrations (70%).
Hydroxyacetic acid is harmful if swallowed, and inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract and lungs.

Synonyms
Hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Polyglycolide
Caswell No. 470
Kyselina glykolova
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
AI3-15362
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
C2H4O3
Glycocide
GlyPure
BRN 1209322
NSC-166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
0WT12SX38S
CCRIS 9474
DTXSID0025363
CHEBI:17497
Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
DTXCID105363
NSC166
EC 201-180-5
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID
GOA
Hydroxyacetic acid (MART.)
Hydroxyacetic acid [MART.]
C2H3O3-
glycolicacid
Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
HO-CH2-COOH
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
Hydroxyacetic acid [MI]
Hydroxyacetic acid (7CI,8CI)
Hydroxyacetic acid [INCI]
Hydroxyacetic acid [VANDF]
Hydroxyacetic acid, p.a., 98%
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
Hydroxyacetic acid [WHO-DD]
Hydroxyacetic acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB]
BCP28762
Hydroxyacetic acid, >=97.0% (T)
STR00936
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Hydroxyacetic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
HY-W015967
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Hydroxyacetic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Hydroxyacetic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Hydroxyacetic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Hydroxyacetic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Hydroxyacetic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5
Hydroxyacetic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Hydroxyacetic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
O7Z

Hydroxyacetic acid (or Glycolic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a colourless, odourless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.


CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC-Number: 201-180-5
Chemical Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH


Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form of Hydroxyacetic acid is also available.


Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.


Hydroxyacetic acid is a compound that naturally occurs in certain fruits, beets, and sugarcane.
In its pure form, Hydroxyacetic acid is odourless and colourless.
Hydroxyacetic acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
AHAs are popular ingredients in skin care products.


Other types of AHA include:
*citric acid, which is present in citrus fruits
*malic acid, which is present in apples
*lactic acid, which is present in milk


Of these, Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate deeper into the skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid; the chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid is found in some sugar-crops.


A glycolate is a salt or ester of Hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extract of sugar cane, sugar beet or grape.
However, 99% of AHAs used in cosmetics come from laboratory synthesis.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.
Hydroxyacetic acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.


Hydroxyacetic acid is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.


The salts or esters of Hydroxyacetic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).


Hydroxyacetic acid is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic acid can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a water-soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane.


Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the most widely used AHAs in skincare products.
AHAs are natural acids that come from plants.
They consist of tiny molecules that are very easy for your skin to absorb.
This makes them ideal for smoothing fine lines, improving skin texture, and other anti-aging uses.


Hydroxyacetic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroxyacetic acid, is highly soluble in water.
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.


Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.
AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.


Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.
The AHAs also cover Hydroxyacetic acid.
There are several names denoting Hydroxyacetic acid: its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.


Hydroxyacetic acid's structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroxyacetic acid is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that the substance contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.


Hydroxyacetic acid is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.
Hydroxyacetic acid is combustible but not considered a fire hazard.
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.


Hydroxyacetic acid 70% (cosmetic grade) is the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acid.
Due to its small size it is able to penetrate the skin, getting into the pores to clear out debris and unclog the pores.
This stimulates new growth of skin and removal of old, dead, dull skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).


Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroxyacetic acid comes from sugarcane.
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroxyacetic acid work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.


Don't confuse Hydroxyacetic acid with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroxyacetic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.


These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.


Outside of the human body, Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.
This could make Hydroxyacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.


Hydroxyacetic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroxyacetic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


Hydroxyacetic acid and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).


Hydroxyacetic acid is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.
Biodegradable Hydroxyacetic acid for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.


At this point you probably have already heard of Hydroxyacetic acid as it's a staple in the anti skin care world.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also one of the more popular alpha hydroxyl acids used in peeling skin care products.
This type of alpha hydroxyl acid works great at removing dead skin cells and promoting the growth of new collagen and elastin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid does this by creating microscopic tears in the cells and allowing the firming ingredients in your product to get to the inside of these tears and stimulate the collagen and elastin to grow.


If you are looking for a way to dramatically improve the texture of your skin, you may want to try a Hydroxyacetic acid serum or cream along with a regular application of a high quality cleanser.
Glycolic peels can be applied by using a soft washcloth with warm water.
Glycolic peels can leave your skin very dry so it's important that you only use a small amount.


Applying the product evenly and using a gentle buffing motion while scrubbing into the skin will result in the best results possible.
Be patient as this process may take up to an hour or two depending on how much you've applied.
As with any product you are applying to your skin you should always test a small area first.
If your skin doesn't immediately react to the cream then you may want to wait until you are ready to try it on a larger area of skin.


There are no serious side effects with either regular use or Hydroxyacetic acid peels so don't be afraid to use it as often as you like.
Applying your face only once or twice a day to treat problems with your skin will help you maintain great looking skin.
Remember to also follow the directions on the packaging for proper product use.


Hydroxyacetic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.


Hydroxyacetic acid is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.
Hydroxyacetic acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in adhesives and plastics.


Hydroxyacetic acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.


Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include Hydroxyacetic acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in various skin-care products.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.


Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).


Among other uses Hydroxyacetic acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.
Hydroxyacetic acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.


Hydroxyacetic acid is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.


Hydroxyacetic acid acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.


Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroxyacetic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.


Hydroxyacetic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high Hydroxyacetic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.


However, Hydroxyacetic acid is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.


Hydroxyacetic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroxyacetic acid quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.
This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.


Hydroxyacetic acid can also be found at schools and kindergartens.
Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroxyacetic acid 70% (cosmetic grade) is mainly used to improve the appearance and texture of the skin through chemical peel process.


Once applied to the skin Hydroxyacetic acid breaks down the lipids that hold the dead skin cells on the surface, speeding their removal, resulting in an improved appearance with fewer spots, refined pores, and a more even skin tone that is more radiant.
People use Hydroxyacetic acid for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.


Hydroxyacetic acid consists of tiny molecules that skin absorbs very well.
Hydroxyacetic acid protects collagen and helps your skin shed dead skin cells.
This process smooths and brightens your skin, keeps your pores clean, and prevents ingrown hairs and acne.
Hydroxyacetic acid is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses, Hydroxyacetic acid finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavouring agent and as a preservative.


Hydroxyacetic acid is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and it is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.


Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroxyacetic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.


Hydroxyacetic acid may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.


-Applications of Hydroxyacetic acid:
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroxyacetic acid.
Their application is very wide.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.


-Uses of Hydroxyacetic acid:
*Acid Cleaners
*Concrete Cleaners
*Food Processing
*Hard Surface Cleaners
*Leather-Dyeing and Tanning
*Petroleum Refining
*Textile
*Water Treatment


-Hydroxyacetic acid for Household and Industrial Use:
Hydroxyacetic acid (also known as hydroxyacetic acid) combines a unique set of properties that enables its use across a broad range of applications.
Many of these properties depend on Hydroxyacetic acid's very high affinity for calcium and manganese ions.


-Hydroxyacetic acid enhances cleaning products and increases the efficacy of the cleaning solution's other ingredients.
Offering relatively low corrosion rates with extremely low volatility and excellent ability to cut through hard water salts and scales, Hydroxyacetic acid is:
*Environmentally friendly
*Biodegradable
*Able to clean many surfaces, including concrete, mortar, and various metal
*Readily rinsable
*Completely dilutable
*Compatible with many formulation components


-Hydroxyacetic acid Applications:
*Personal and Skincare Products: ​
Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.
*Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products:
Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
*Water Treatment Applications:
Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.


-Hydroxyacetic acid Applications:
*Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment:
Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.
*Oil and Gas Applications:
Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID FEATURES AND BENEFITS:
*Molecular Size:
Glycolic has a low molecular weight that provides excellent penetration when used in cleaning formulations and personal care products.
*Functionality:
Glycolic has dual functional groups (COOH & OH) that make it act as an acid, descaler, and chelating agent for iron and heavy metals.
*Chemistry profile:
Glycolic acid is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroxyacetic acid is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroxyacetic acid a better option than mineral acids in such applications.

Hydroxyacetic acid is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.
Hydroxyacetic acid is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroxyacetic acid has the following properties:
*Exfoliative:
As a chemical exfoliant, Hydroxyacetic acid removes the outermost layer of skin cells and oil by dissolving them.
Unlike mechanical exfoliants, such as face scrubs and brushes, Hydroxyacetic acid does not require harsh scrubbing.

*Humectant:
Hydroxyacetic acid is also a humectant, which means it attracts and binds water to skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid does this by increasing the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are molecules that draw water in the skin.

*Antibacterial:
A 2020 study states that, at certain concentrations, Hydroxyacetic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic acid can reduce some of the processes that cause visible signs of skin aging.
For example, it can reduce sun damage and increase collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin.
These substances give skin elasticity and structure.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroxyacetic acid using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.

Glycolic acid, CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic acid is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.



CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
How to recognise Hydroxyacetic acid?
The characteristics of that substance are as follows:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroxyacetic acid decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
Hydroxyacetic acid is assumed that Hydroxyacetic acid has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a substance which should be used with particular caution, as it irritates skin, the eye mucosa and respiratory system organs.



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID FOR THE SKIN:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates the skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils.
Hydroxyacetic acid may also help boost collagen production, and support skin moisture.
Hydroxyacetic acid can remove the very top layer of skin cells without the need for scrubbing.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also useful in treatments for acne, hyperpigmentation, and the visible signs of aging.
However, as with all chemical exfoliants, using Hydroxyacetic acid too frequently, at too high a concentration.

Research suggests that Hydroxyacetic acid may help with the following:
*Acne
Older research from 1999 examined the effect of a peel containing 70% Hydroxyacetic acid on 80 females with acne.
The research found that Hydroxyacetic acid quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

It is of note, however, that this strength of Hydroxyacetic acid is only available as a chemical peel.
Over-the-counter (OTC) Hydroxyacetic acid products are not this strong.
Hydroxyacetic acid addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.



HISTORY OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The name "glycolic acid" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "glycolic acid" (acide glycolique).
Hydroxyacetic acid was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and glycolic acid (Glykolsäure).



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acids are formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroxyacetic acid.
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
It can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.

It can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.

Hydroxyacetic acid is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroxyacetic acid can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroxyacetic acid is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.



OCCURRENCE OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Plants produce Hydroxyacetic acid during photorespiration.
Hydroxyacetic acid is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.
Because photorespiration is a wasteful side reaction with regards to photosynthesis, much effort has been devoted to suppressing its formation.
One process converts glycolate into glycerate without using the conventional BASS6 and PLGG1 route; see glycerate pathway

Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic acid is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.



WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROXYACETIC ACID?
The water solubility of that powder is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroxyacetic acid reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.



PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroxyacetic acid.
What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing C2H4O3 were developed. It can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.

Obviously, Hydroxyacetic acid will not be produced immediately.
The production of that substance is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroxyacetic acid; however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).

Currently there is intensive work carried out on safe and ecological methods of producing hydroxyacetic acids.
Chemists have already developed several new patents, which made it possible to isolate this precious compound from arable crops such as grapevine or sugar cane.
These are highly promising technologies which reduce the consumption and emission of harmful compounds derived from manufacturing processes.



HOW HYDROXYACETIC ACID WORKS:
Hydroxyacetic acid has the smallest-sized molecules of all the AHAs.
This allows Hydroxyacetic acid to absorb into the skin and exfoliate it even better than other AHAs.
Hydroxyacetic acid works by speeding up cell turnover.
In other words, Hydroxyacetic acid dissolves the bonds that hold skin cells together.

In effect, your skin is able to shed dead skin cells more quickly than Hydroxyacetic acid would on its own.
Hydroxyacetic acid triggers your skin to make more collagen as well.
Collagen is the protein that makes skin firm, plump, and elastic.
Hydroxyacetic acid also gives your bones and connective tissues their strength.
Your skin makes less collagen as you age.

Collagen is also destroyed when you spend too much time in the sun.
Using Hydroxyacetic acid each day can help prevent the breakdown of collagen.
What Is Liquid Collagen?
What It Does for Your Skin
Hydroxyacetic acid is a very popular treatment for many reasons, including:1

*Anti-aging:
Hydroxyacetic acid smooths fine wrinkles and improves the skin's tone and texture.
*Hydration:
Hydroxyacetic acid plumps the skin and prevents it from getting dry.

*Sun damage:
Hydroxyacetic acid fades dark patches caused by sun damage and protects collagen from the sun.
*Complexion:
Hydroxyacetic acid brightens the skin when used regularly.

*Exfoliation:
Hydroxyacetic acid prevents ingrown hairs and makes pores appear smaller by helping the skin shed dead skin cells.
*Acne:
Hydroxyacetic acid cleans out pores to prevent comedones, blackheads, and inflamed breakouts.

Although many sources claim Hydroxyacetic acid gets rid of scars, this is one thing it simply can't do.
Hydroxyacetic acid can lighten dark patches left by acne or other wounds.
Hydroxyacetic acid may also soften the look of raised scars and pitted scars, but it will not make them go away.
A better treatment for scars is either a professional strength Hydroxyacetic acid peel or a different scar treatment altogether.



MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Hydroxyacetic acid is a common cosmetic ingredient, which is known for its properties as an exfoliative agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and keratolytic effects.
Reportedly, Hydroxyacetic acid has inhibitory effects on UV-induced skin tumorigenesis in the hairless mouse model.
Unfortunately, only a very limited number of studies demonstrate this property of Hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroxyacetic acid has the lowest molecular weight of all the alpha hydroxy acids, which renders it with the ability to penetrate skin very easily.
There have been two proposed mechanisms by which Hydroxyacetic acid functions.
The first theory is that Hydroxyacetic acid stimulates the epidermis to produce new cells by inducing a mild sub-clinical irritation.

The second theory suggests that Hydroxyacetic acid weakens the intercellular bonding of the corneocytes.
At low concentration (between 2% and 5%), Hydroxyacetic acid enhances progressive weakening of cohesion of the intercellular material (corneodesmosomes) of the stratum corneum, which results in a steady exfoliation of the outermost layers (known as the stratum disjunctum) causing desquamation.

The function of Hydroxyacetic acid is pH dependent.
It can exist as the free acid (protonated form) or glycolate ion (deprotonated form).
In solution, or in formulation, there is an equilibrium that exists between these two species equilibrium reaction between free Hydroxyacetic acid and the ionized form

The free acid form of the molecule (at low pH) is the most biologically active form.
In part, this is believed to stem from the ability of the free acid to more freely penetrate the skin.
The glycolate ion, which normally would be associated with a weak alkali metal, does not have the ability to penetrate into the skin as freely as the free acid form of the molecule.
Therefore, the free acid form has a greater degree of bioavailibity.



WHY IS HYDROXYACETIC ACID INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroxyacetic acid's effects can be noticed within a few days.
With Hydroxyacetic acid, the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroxyacetic acid can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroxyacetic acid.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroxyacetic acid and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroxyacetic acid, designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of hydrochloric acid which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.



BIODEGRADABLE HYDROXYACETIC ACID: OPINIONS AND BENEFITS
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroxyacetic acid, derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroxyacetic acid has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.



HYDROXYACETIC ACID IN COSMETICS:
a regenerating glycol for the face and body.
Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroxyacetic acids are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.
Formulations based on that Hydroxyacetic acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.



EFFECT OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Due to its small molecular size, Hydroxyacetic acid is able to penetrate very deep into the skin.
The powerful exfoliant gets rid of dead skin cells and hydrates the skin at the same time.
Hydroxyacetic acid strengthens the collagen fibers, stimulates cell regeneration, cleanses and minimizes pores and improves small lines and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid is also great for treating acne.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
Physical state: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 75 - 80 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 169 °C at 998 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: > 300 °C - (decomposition)
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: 6,149 mm2/s at 23 °C
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 300 g/l at 22 °C

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: < 0,3 at 25 °C
Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,0041 hPa at 25 °C
Density: 1,26 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents:
Methanol: > 1,402 g/l at 22 °C
Surface tension: 57 mN/m at 20 °C
Dissociation constant: 3,1 at 25 °C

Molecular Weight: 76.05
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: colorless crystals (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 79.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 265.57 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 264.00 °F. TCC ( 128.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -1.204 (est)
Soluble in: alcohol, water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Chemical formula : C2H4O3
IUPAC Name: Hydroxyacetic acid
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powdery solid
Odour: odourless
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility: soluble in water, ether, and alcohols, acetone, and acetic acid
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count : 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Acidity (pKa): 3.83
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.

solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Min. Purity Spec: 95%
Physical Form (at 20°C): Solid
Melting Point: 72-82°C
Boiling Point: 113°C
Flash Point: >300°C
Density: 1.49
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone, acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83
Boiling point: 100 °C
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.0041 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYACETIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .



SYNONYMS:
Hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroacetic acid
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
glycolic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Caswell No. 470
Glycocide
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
HOCH2COOH
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
Polyglycolide
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
GlyPure
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
AI3-15362
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
BRN 1209322
26124-68-5
Glycolic acid solution
NSC-166
Acetic acid, hydroxy-, homopolymer
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
0WT12SX38S
NSC166
CHEBI:17497
Polyglycollic acid
GOA
glycolicacid
Dexon (polyester)
Poly(glycolic acid)
Poly(L-glycolic acid)
Glypure 70 homopolymer
Glycolic acid homopolymer
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
Hydroxyacetic acid homopolymer
Hydroxyethanoate
a-Hydroxyacetate
CCRIS 9474
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, homopolymer
Glycolic Acid 70%
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
omega-Hydroxy fatty acid
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
Glycolic acid, polyesters
HO-CH2-COOH
DSSTox_CID_5363
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
WLN: QV1Q
EC 201-180-5
GLYCOLIC ACID
DSSTox_RID_77763
Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI)
DSSTox_GSID_25363
GLYCOLIC ACID
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%
GLYCOLIC ACID
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
GLYCOLIC ACID
DTXSID0025363
Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
Glycolic acid solution, 56-58%
BCP28762
Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T)
STR00936
ZINC4658557
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
Glycolic acid solution, puriss., 70%
HY-W015967
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
Glycolic acid, 66-70% aqueous solution
Glycolic acid solution, CP, 70% in H2O
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Glycolic acid solution, technical, ~55% in H2O
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Glycolic acid solution, high purity, 70 wt. % in H2O
Hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Glycolic acid solution, technical grade, 70 wt. % in H2O
Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard
2-Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
2-Hydroxyethanoic Acid-13C2
GlyPure-13C2
GlyPure 70-13C2
GlyPure 99-13C2
Glycocide-13C2
Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
Hydroxyethanoic Acid-13C2
NSC 166-13C2
α-Hydroxyacetic Acid-13C2
&alpha
-hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxy carboxylate
2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid
2-Hydroxyacetate
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
2-Hydroxyethanoate
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
a-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
2-Hydroxyacetate
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
a-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Glycocide
Glycolate
Glycolic acid
Glycollate
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyacetate
hydroxyacetic acid
Hydroxyethanoate
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Kyselina glykolova
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
Polyglycolic acid
Sodium glycolate
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
2-Hydroxyethanoate
Α-hydroxyacetate
Α-hydroxyacetic acid
GlyPure
GlyPure 70
Glycolic acid, 2-(14)C-labeled
Glycolic acid, 1-(14)C-labeled
Glycolic acid, potassium salt
Glycolic acid, monopotassium salt
Glycolic acid, calcium salt
Glycolic acid, monoammonium salt
Glycolic acid, monolithium salt
Glycolic acid, monosodium salt
Potassium glycolate

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is widespread in nature.

CAS: 79-14-1
MF: C2H4O3
MW: 76.05
EINECS: 201-180-5

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a salt or ester of glycolic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
In textile industry, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

Moreover, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.
The name "Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)" (acide glycolique).

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and glycolic acid (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, there by obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) (Glykolsäure).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated. It has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
In humans, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Glycolic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.

This could make Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Fp: 112°C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
Pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
Form: Solution
Color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid)(79-14-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) (79-14-1)

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Uses
In the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.

This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by glycolic acid.
As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise its moisture content is increased.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.

Preparation
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) is formic acid-free.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

Side effects
Common side effects of Glycolic acid include dry skin, erythema (skin redness), burning sensation, itching, skin irritation, and skin rash.
Hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid) can make the skin more sensitive in the sunlight, hence always use sunscreen and protective clothing before you step outdoors.

Synonyms
glycolic acid
2-Hydroxyacetic acid
hydroxyacetic acid
79-14-1
Glycollic acid
Hydroxyethanoic acid
Acetic acid, hydroxy-
glycolate
Polyglycolide
Caswell No. 470
Kyselina glykolova
alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
Kyselina hydroxyoctova
2-Hydroxyethanoic acid
HOCH2COOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101
HSDB 5227
NSC 166
Kyselina glykolova [Czech]
AI3-15362
Kyselina hydroxyoctova [Czech]
C2H4O3
Glycocide
GlyPure
BRN 1209322
NSC-166
Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-
EINECS 201-180-5
UNII-0WT12SX38S
MFCD00004312
GlyPure 70
0WT12SX38S
CCRIS 9474
DTXSID0025363
CHEBI:17497
Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2
.alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid
GLYCOLLATE
DTXCID105363
NSC166
EC 201-180-5
4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
GLYCOLIC-2,2-D2 ACID
GOA
GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.)
GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.]
C2H3O3-
glycolicacid
Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O
Biofix
Bondek
glycolsyre-
Hydroxyethanoate
SyntheSorb
a-Hydroxyacetate
Acido poliglicolico
hydroxy-acetic acid
2-Hydroxyaceticacid
alpha-Hydroxyacetate
a-Hydroxyacetic acid
26009-03-0
2-hydroxy acetic acid
2-hydroxy-acetic acid
Dexon TC 33
2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid
HO-CH2-COOH
Hydroxyacetic acid solution
bmse000245
D01HNP
UNII-H1IL6F7KB8
WLN: QV1Q
(C2-H2-O2)mult-
GLYCOLIC ACID [MI]
Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI)
GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI]
GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF]
Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%
Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI)
CHEMBL252557
GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD]
Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent
HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB]
Acido poliglicolico [INN-Spanish]
(C2-H4-O3)x-
BCP28762
Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T)
PHO 3836
STR00936
Tox21_301298
s6272
STL197955
AKOS000118921
Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
CS-W016683
DB03085
HY-W015967
LS-2184
SB83760
CAS-79-14-1
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101
NCGC00160612-01
NCGC00160612-02
NCGC00257533-01
FT-0612572
FT-0669047
G0110
G0196
Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
EN300-19242
Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%
C00160
C03547
D78078
Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID
Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration)
Q409373
J-509661
F2191-0224
Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid
Z104473274
287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13
Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
InChI=1/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5
Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%
Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID, N° CAS : 7400-08-0, Nom INCI : HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID, Nom chimique : 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid; 4-Coumaric acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-000-0, Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

hydroxyethyl cellulose; Cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether; Hydroxyethylcellulose; 2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose; Hyetellose; Natrosol; Cellosize cas no: 9004-62-0

Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic cellulose ether made through a series of chemical processes, with the natural polymer celluloses as raw materials.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic in the shape of white to off-white powders or granules.


CAS Number: 9004-62-0
MDL number: MFCD00072770
E number: E1525 (additional chemicals)


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be dissolved in water to form a transparent viscous solution.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has thickening, adhesion, dispersion, emulsification, film-formation, suspension, absorption, surface activity, salt tolerance, water retention, providing protective colloids and other properties.


Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) forms a non-ionic gel without the effect of electrolyte, suitable for formulations containing electrolyte.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic, water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose through a series of chemical and physical processes.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white to light yellowish, oderless and tastless powder, readily soluble in hot or cold water to form a viscous gel solution.


When pH in solution is within 2 to 12, the solution is quite stable.
Since Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) group is nonionic one in water solution, it won't be reacted with other anions or cations and insensitive to the salts.
But Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) molecule is capable of generating esterification, etherification and acetal reaction, so Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is possible to make it insoluble in water or improve its properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)also has good film-forming ability and surface activity.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a line of nonionic, water-soluble, cellulose based polymers from Dow.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is produced by treating reacting alkali-cellulose with ethylene oxide.


This reaction converts some of the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose polymer to hydroxyethyl groups.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white, free-flowing granular powder and is made by reacting ethylene oxide with alkali-cellulose.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer derived from cellulose in which ethylene oxide groups have been added to the hydroxyl groups.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) consists of two components: cellulose and hydroxyethyl side chain.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has many properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is like water retention, thickening, suspension, anti-microbial, high salt tolerance, and ion/PH insensitivity.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic, water soluble polymer used as a thickening agent for aqueous cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) will produce crystal clear gel products and thicken the aqueous phase of cosmetic emulsions.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be also be used to efficiently thicken shampoos, body washes and shower gels.
One of the problems normally associated with this and other water-soluble thickeners is the tendency of the particles to agglomerate or lump when first wetted with water.
The high-purity cosmetic grade of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) we offer is an R-grade, designed to be added to water without lumping, and thus greatly facilitating solution preparation.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also the most efficient grade of non-ionic thickener available from the manufacturer.
Hydration of the R-grade particles has been inhibited.
When the particles are added to water, they disperse without lumping, and following a predetermined delay, begin to dissolve.


This process permits the preparation of clear, smooth, viscous solutions in a short period of time by simply adding the R-grade to water and stirring until the polymer is completely dissolved to prevent settling of the particles.
The inhibition period, from the initial wetting to the start of dissolution, is referred to as the hydration time.


This hydration time can vary from 4-25 min.
Hydration time is markedly affected by two factors: pH and temperature of the water.
A higher temperature and a higher pH decrease the hydration time, but a too high temperature or pH can result in lumping.


So, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is recommended that it be added to room temperature water with a neutral pH.
Once hydrated, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be heated and the pH can be adjusted as may be needed.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an excellent thickening agent for cosmetic and personal care formulations.


This nonionic, water soluble polymer, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), offers efficient and cost-effective options for making crystal clear gel products.
Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) has an exceptional skin feel and is the perfect ingredient to make crystal clear serums for water soluble active ingredients.
Recommended Percentages of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):


For Building water phase Viscosity/Stability: 0.1%- 0.5%
For high viscosity crystal clear gel: 1.0%-3.0%
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) features good water retention and an excellent thickening effect.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s beneficial to various construction projects.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is derived from cellulose.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s nature's most abundant biopolymer in plants, wood, and cotton cell walls.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a white, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, which is often used as a thickener for methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose grades in industry agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is white or light yellowish powder.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is natural colloids derived from natural fiber.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water soluble, non-ionic, highly esterified hydroxyethyl cellulose powder.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides enhanced biostability, very high thickening and water retention, moderate foam stabilization and high solution clarity, gloss appearance, pigment compatibility and pseudoplasticity.


This grade of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is particularly well suited for use in interior paints and nonwovens.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether with delayed solubility to ensure a lump free solution in aqueous systems.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) exhibits high compatibility with other raw materials such as surfactant.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is easily dissolved in cold or hot water to give crystal-clear solutions of varying viscosities.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is nonionic cellulose ether and its solution are more tolerant to the presence of cations,anions and organic solvents.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is bio-degradable,non-toxic and environmental friendly natural product.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in cold or hot water to give clarified solution.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a a non-ionic, water-soluble polymer efficient thickening agent and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether with delayed solubility to ensure a lump free solution in aqueous systems.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) exhibits high compatibility with other raw materials such as surfactant.
Hydration time is affected by several factors- pH and temperature of the solution, and concentration level of the Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and the presence of alkalis like TEA, Sodium hydroxide (pH) solution.


Higher pH and higher temperatures DECREASE hydration time, but the higher pH and temperature adjustments too quickly may result in lumping.
It's recommended that the Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) be added to room temperature water, with a neutral pH.
Once hydrated, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be heated and the pH can be adjusted (typically using TEA) as needed.
(The inhibition period, from the initial wetting to the start of dissolution, hydration time, may vary from 5-25 min)



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a non-ionic thickening agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is easy to use and provides exceptional skin feel, viscosity and stability.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers efficient and cost-effective options for making crystal clear gel products.


Moreover, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) easily disperses into room temperature in water without clumping or forming fish-eyes.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is not an emulsifier and will not emulsify oils into water.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) finds application in formulating hair styling gels, cosmetic products and personal care formulations.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used in building materials, paints industry, petrochemicals, synthetic resin, ceramic industry, pharmaceutical, food, textile, agriculture, cosmetics, tobacco, ink, papermaking and other industries.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a cellulose ether that is primarily used as a thickener for water-based paint, ink, and adhesive formulations.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) grades are defined by their molecular weight or more specifically the viscosity of the aqueous solution that they produce at 2% by weight.
Solutions of low molecular weight Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) grades have a rheology that is near Newtonian and useful for applications that require a stable viscosity regardless of shear.


Solutions of high molecular weight Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), however, behave in a non-Newtonian manner and will have a pseudo-plastic rheology.
This pseudoplasticity makes high viscosity grades of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) an ideal thickener for latex paint applications where the paint must stay on the brush, yet flow out easily upon brushing.


In addition to its useful nature as a thickening agent, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) also provides the benefits of a suspension aid, binder, emulsifier, film former, emulsion stabilizer, dispersant, water retention aid, and protective colloid.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers narrow viscosity ranges, consistent viscosity reproducibility, and excellent solution clarities.


The applications for Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) range but in the industrial space it is primarily used for general thickening applications in latex paints, household cleaners and tape-joint compounds.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC) is a gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is non-ionic, water-soluble materials that provide good properties of thickening, suspending, binding, emulsify, film-forming, stabilize, disperse, retain water and etc.
And Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is widely used in coatings, construction, medicine, food, papermaking and polymer polymerization industry.


In medicine field, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose(MHEC) are frequently used with hydrophobic drugs in capsule formulations, to improve the drugs' dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has uses in the cosmetics and personal care industries as a gelling and thickening agent.


In pharmaceuticals, cellulose has been used as an adsorbent, glidant, drug solvent, and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is one of the main components of the personal lubricant brand known as K-Y Jelly.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also be found in household cleaning products.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is suitable for latex paint, oil drilling, adhesives, and personal care.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is mainly used in water-based products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) finds applications as a binder, film former, rheology modifer (thickener), adhesion promoter, dispersion stabilizer, extender and slumping reducer in numerous products including paints, inks, adhesives, cosmetics, personal care products, textiles, cements, ceramics and paper products.


One of the most important applications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and HMHEC are waterborne architectual coatings.
They are either used alone or in combination with other thickeners.
Infact, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is the most widely used thickener in exterior latex paints because it is compatible with many coating ingredients such as pigments, surfactants, emulsifiers, preservatives, and binders.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is characterized by the formation of viscous gels in water, useful for making paints, adhesives for construction, as well as in the paper and oil industry, among others.
With good water retention, thickening, suspension properties, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offers functional properties and enhance product performancein emulsion-based building materials.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) scientific research team specifically for the texture paint, latex paint development of a product, product thickening suspension effect is good, high water retention rate, a small amount of addition, low product unit price can reduce the production cost.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is recommended as thickening agent in water-based paint.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides excellent thickening efficiency, color development, open time, and superior resistance to biodegradation.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) also play a role in the emulsion, dispersion, stability and water retention.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has good rheological properties at different shear rates, and has good workability and leveling, not easy to drop, good splash and sag resistance.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer is a hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose, obtained by treating cellulose with sodium hydroxide and reacting with ethylene oxide.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymers are largely used as water-binder and thickening agent in many industry applications, that is, personal care products, pharmaceutical formulations, building materials, adhesives, etc., and as stabilizer for liquid soaps.


They are available as white free-flowing granular powders that easily dissolve in cold and hot water to give transparent solutions with varying viscosities depending on polymer concentration, type and temperature.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a non-ionic soluble cellulose ether, soluble in both cold and hot water, thickening, suspension, adhesion, emulsification, film formation, water retention, protective colloids and other properties, used in coatings.


The fluidity and color pigments, emulsion polymers, surfactants, emulsifiers, defoamers and preservatives are widely compatible with slip.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used to obtain the optimum hydration time to prevent agglomeration caused by accelerators greater than the optimal dissolution rate.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) powders consolidate many advantages and contribute to the construction field.


Specifically, they apply in paints and coatings, oil drilling, adhesives and sealants.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is widely used in cosmetics, cleaning solutions, and other household products. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose are frequently used with hydrophobic drugs in capsule formulations, to improve the drugs' dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids.


This process is known as hydrophilization.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also used extensively in the oil and gas industry as a drilling mud additive under the name
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as well in industrial applications, paint and coatings, ceramics, adhesives, emulsion polymerization, inks, construction, welding rods, pencils and joint fillers.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be one of the main ingredients in water-based personal lubricants.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also a key ingredient in the formation of large bubbles as it possesses the ability to dissolve in water but also provide structural strength to the soap bubble.


Among other similar chemicals, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is often used as slime (and gunge, in the UK).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a commonly used thickener in paint&coating formulations.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in paint&coating formulations to increase the viscosity of the paint and to improve its flow and leveling properties.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also be used to make crystal clear, water soluble hair styling gels.
In addition, Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) offers excellent functionality when used in the water phase of emulsions to build viscosity and stability.
However, Hydroxethyl Cellulose (HEC) is not an emulsifier and will not emulsify oils into water.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) include antiperspirants & deodorants, conditioners, body care, facial care, styling products, sunscreens, liquid soaps, shave gels and foams, wipes (baby and adult), makeup/mascara, AP/Deodorant solids, and lubricant gels.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a non-ionic cellulose thickener, usually to enhance viscosity, increase concentration by absorbing water, increase viscosity, increase stability, increase degradability, and increase gloss.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a thickener for a series of organic solvents.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in various formulations such as film formulations, emulsifiers, flow regulators, and anti-mildew.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is commonly used in the production of water-based resins, the production of interior paints, the adhesive industry, the polymerization of vinyl acetate, the copolymer lactate with vinyl acrylic acid, the hydraulic fracturing process, the production of nonwovens and detergents, cosmetics, Layering of tiles.


In the production of paper, in the production of pet bedding for the production of aqueous polymer emulsions based on ethylene-derived compounds, in the production of pharmaceuticals for the production of various creams and lotions, in the production of toothpaste, in the plastics industry.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) enhances the viscosity of drilling fluid.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) acts as a thickening and stabilizing agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used to thicken shampoos, gels, body washes, and add body and after feel to bubble baths, body care products, lotions and creams.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in broad range of applications includes cosmetic & personnel care, Paint & coating, oilfield, construction, etc.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a thickener,binder, stabilizer,film forming, protective colloids and suspending agent.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as adhesives, bonding aids, filling cement admixtures


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as coatings and optical brightener additives, coating polymers, filter control additives
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as wet strength enhancer, protective colloid, rebound and slip reducing agent, rheology control modifier
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a gelling and thickening agent in the development of biological structures for hydrophobic drugs.


Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in rinses, hair conditioner, hair gel and shaving products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a hydroxyethyl cellulose powder recommended for use in interior and exterior paints.


-Uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Construction uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC): Cement mortar, Concrete mix， Thickening
*Dyeing： Latex paint, polymer emulsifying, Thickening, water retention, retarding
*Papermaking：Sizing agent，Thickener, water-retaining
*Cosmetic：Toothpaste, shampoo, Detergent， Thickener, stabilizer
*Petroleum Oil：Drilling well, completing fluids，Water retention, Thickening，Control of fluid loss


-Recommended fields of application of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior paints
*Exterior paints


-Recommended Field Application of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior paints
*Solid paints
*Exterior paints
*Silicon resin paints
*Tinters
*Glazes


-Application properties of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is majnly recommended for ready mixed joint compounds (RMJC).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provroes a very creamy and easy wôrkability.
Usually Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used in combination with Tylose@ MHPC or MHEC grades to Typical data further improve the workability


-Uses of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*solubility
*thickening effect
*surface activity


-Typical recommended for thickening and hydration using Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).
Disperse Hydroxyethyl cellulose in solution, usually water, and by stir vigorously or using a blender.
Continue to hydrate the HEC in water until completely dissolved.
The thickening will be delayed, this is normal and how the product is designed to work. (Stir until all particles are dissolved.
This process allows the preparation of clear, smooth, viscous solutions in a short period of time by simply adding the R-grade to water and stirring until the polymer is completely dissolved to prevent settling of the particles.


-Aplications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
• Paint and coating thickener.
• Preparation of water-based latex paints.
• Preparation and synthesis of binder.
• Extraction of petroleum.
• Construction and building materials.
• Manufacture of paper.
• Binder.
• Adhesive.


-Applications of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Water-based paint
*Polymerization
*Cosmetics
*Others


-Application Field of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*Interior wall latex paint
*Exterior wall latex paint
*Real stone paint
*Texture paint



FEATURE OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) dissolves readily in both cold water and hot water.
*Aqueous solutions of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are stable and do not gel at either high or low temperatures.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a nonionic cellulose ether that remains chemically and physically stable over a wide pH range.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) shows excellent performance as athickener, as a water-retention agent, as a suspending and dispersing agent, and as a protective colloid.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be stored for log periods without degrading significantly, and in aqueous solutions its viscosity remains stable.
*Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a water-soluble polymer synthesized by the reaction of ethylene oxide with cellulose.
Aqueous solutions of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) have excellent characterisstics for applications as thickeners, water-retention agents, suspending and dispersing agents, and as protective colloids.
In the synthesis of hydroxyethylcellulose, the avarage number of moles of ethylene oxide that combines with each mole of cellulose (MS) is used as an index.
The value of MS in Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is controlled within 1.5 to 2.5.



PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
*Benefit from the non-anionic nature, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is high stable to broad range of salt, soluble and high resistance even in high brine concentration.
*High-performance thickening, efficient high viscosity build up
*Outstanding pseudoplasticity, Unique shear-thinning characteristic and viscosity reversible
*Film-forming agent, protective colloid action.
*Water retention,maintain water content at formulation
*Excellent compatibility to broad range of water soluble materials or ingredients



IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used as a non-ionic surface active agent.
In addition to thickening, suspending, adhesion, emulsifying, film-forming, dispersing, water-retaining and providing protective colloid properties, but also has the following properties.
1. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in hot or cold water, does not precipitate by heat or boiling, and enables it to have a wide range of solubility and viscosity characteristics, as well as non-thermal gelation;
2. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)’s non-ionic itself and can coexist with a wide range of other water-soluble polymers, surfactants, and salts, a fine colloidal thickener for the solution containing a high concentration of electrolytes;
3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)'s water retention capacity is twice as that of methyl cellulose, and it has better flow-regulating property;
4. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is stable in viscosity and prevented from mildew.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) enables the paint to have good can-opening effects and better leveling properties in construction.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a free-flowing powder or granules that range in color from white to slightly yellowish.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is odorless and tasteless and contains residual moisture determined by the conditions of production, as well as a small amount of residual salts.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can also contain other additives which, for example, regulate the solubility and dispersibility or purposefully influence the development of viscosity.
Depending on the field of application, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is offered in unmodified and modified form.
The most important properties of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC):
*solubility
*thickening effect
*surface activity



BENEFITS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is used as a high performance non-ionic thickener, water-retaining aid and rheological additive in all types of water-based paints and surface coatings, adhesives and many other water-based industrial products.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) gives these systems excellent rheological properties.
*Additional purification to reduce ash content Excellent salt tolerance
*Imparts slip and lubricity
*Ability to create clear formulations
*Stabilizes emulsion systems
*Surface-treated to aid incorporation into water
*Vegan suitable



PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an important non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose derivative.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a completely odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic white to light-yellow powder that readily dissolves in hot and cold water but is insoluble in most organic solvents.
When dissolved in water, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) forms a transparent viscous solution which has a non-Newtonian behavior.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) present in the side chains can be reacted with hydrophobic moities to modify the properties of HEC.
For example, attaching polyether chains onto the cellulose (alkoxylation) yields hydrophobically modified Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is an associative thickener that forms a reversible three-dimensional supramolecular network in solution through intra- and intermolecular associations of the hydrophobic groups.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is soluble in both cold and hot water, but under normal circumstances does not dissolve in most organic solvents.
When the pH value is within the range of 2-12, the change in viscosity is small, but if beyond this range, the viscosity will decrease.
The surface-treated Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be dispersed in cold water without agglomeration, but dissolution rate is slower, and generally it requires about 30 minutes.
With heat or adjusting the pH value to 8-10, it can be rapidly dissolved.



THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC) IS AS FOLLOWS:
1. Purify the cellulose.
2. Mix it with sodium hydroxide to form swollen alkaline cellulose.
3. Then react it with ethylene oxide.



SPECIFICATIONS OF HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) provides viscosity at 3,400-5,000 mPa s (cPs) at 1% in water.
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) melts and forms a gel at about 70 degrees and dissolves well at pH higher than 7 (use an alkali such as Triethanolamine helps to raise the pH value, after dissolving, can adjust the pH later)
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) can be used in formulations that are acidic down to pH 3 and alkaline up to pH 9.
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) has no smell



DRILL INTO BETTER OIL PRODUCTION:
Useful in different forms of oil production, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a family of nonionic, water-soluble polymers that can thicken, suspend, bind, stabilize, disperse, form films, emulsify, retain water and provide protective colloid action.
These unique materials can be used to prepare solutions with a wide range of viscosities – including moderate viscosities with normal colloidal properties to maximum viscosities with minimal dissolved solids.

In workover and completion fluids, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is a viscosifier.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) helps oil producers provide clear, low-solids fluids that help minimize damage to the formation.
Fluids thickened with Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) are easily broken with acid, enzymes or oxidating agents to maximize the potential for hydrocarbon recovery.
In fracturing fluids, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) materials act as carriers for proppant.

These fluids also can be broken down easily with acid, enzymes or oxidating agents.
Using the low-solids concept, drilling fluids that are formulated with Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) offer increased penetration rates with good borehole stability.
Property-inhibited fluids can be used in drilling medium-to-hard rock formations, as well as heaving or sloughing shales.
In cementing operations, Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) materials reduce hydraulic friction of the slurry and minimize water loss to the formation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
Appearance Form: powder
Color: beige
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical formula: variable
Molar mass: variable
Melting point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)
Appearance: white or similar to white powder
Moisture(%): Max. 8.0
PH: 6.0-8.5
Apparent Density: 0.30-0.50 g/ml

Type: Interior / Exterior / Solid Paints
Form: Powder
Appearance: white powder
Etherification: high etherification
Particle size: powder
Delayed solubility: yes
Biostability: yes
Viscosity level (according to Höppler): hydroxyethyl cellulose
Viscosity: 4200 - 5500 mPa-s
solution pH: 6-8.5
Moisture content (packed): <6%
Ash (calculated as Na2SO4): <6%
particle size: no more than 10%
Esterification (MS): 2.70
swelling time: 20 minutes.
Bulk densit: 0.45g/l
Lower explosion limits: 30 g/m³
Upper explosion limits:
Density (at 20 °C): 1,1-1,5 g/cm³
Water solubility: (at 20 °C) > 10 g/L

Partition coefficient: log POW < 0
Ignition temperature: > 460 °C
Auto-ignition temperature > 120 °C
Explosive properties The product is considered non-explosive.
Bulk density: 200 - 600 g/l
Conbustion class: 5
Smoulder temperature: 280 °C
pmax: 10 bar
KSt: < 200 bar*m/s
Dust explosion class: ST1
Minimum ignition energy: > 10 mJ
Physical state: Powder
Colour:Whitish
Odour: characteristic
Test method
pH-Value (at 20 °C): 6 - 8 10 g/l
Changes in the physical state
Melting point: n.a.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: n.a.
Flash point: n.a



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection in relation to its type
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (HEC):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available



SYNONYMS:
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether
Hydroxyethylcellulose
2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hyetellose
Natrosol
Cellosize
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
HS 100,000 YP2
Cellulose, 2 – hydroxyethyl ether
hydroxyethyl cellulose
Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose cas no: 9004-62-0
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose,2-hydroxyethylcelluloseether
ah15
aw15(polysaccharide)
aw15[polysaccharide]
bl15
cellosize
Hydroxyethyl cellulose – Viscosity 1500 ~ 2500
5-[6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyloxane-3,4-diol

HYDROXYETHYL ETHYLCELLULOSE, N° CAS : 9004-58-4, Nom INCI : HYDROXYETHYL ETHYLCELLULOSE, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion. Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. Noms français : ETHER D'HYDROXY-2 ETHYL CELLULOSE; ETHER D'HYDROXY-2 ETHYLCELLULOSE. Noms anglais : CELLULOSE ETHYL HYDROXYETHYL ETHER; CELLULOSE, ETHYL 2-HYDROXYETHYL ETHER; ETHYL 2-HYDROXYETHYL ETHER CELLULOSE; ETHYL HYDROXY ETHYL CELLULOSE; ETHYL HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE; ETHYLHYDROXY ETHYL CELLULOSE; ETHYLHYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE. Utilisation: Fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques et de laques

Hydroxyethyl Metacrylate (HEMA) Applications of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule's hydrophilic pendant group. Depending on the physical and chemical structure of the polymer, it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight. Because of this property, it was one of the first materials to be successfully used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses. When treated with polyisocyanates, poly(Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)) makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints. Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) Properties of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) is an inert, water-stable, nondegradable hydrogel with high transparency. The physical properties of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) (e.g., swelling, stiffness, rheology) can be tuned by varying cross-linking density, incorporating different chemistries through copolymerization, and introducing mesoscopic pores. Specifically, a reduction in cross-linking density results in a softer, more malleable hydrogel that may be better suited for soft tissue regeneration. Moreover, copolymerization with acetic acid, methylmethacrylate, or dextran can adjust the permanence, hydrophilicity, and cellular adhesion in vivo. Finally, the introduction of mesoscopic porogens can facilitate vascular ingrowth, improve cellular attachment, and overcome limited permeability. Although Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is considered nondegradable (which makes it ideally suited for long-term applications in vivo), degradable Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) copolymers have been fabricated by the integration of enzymatically susceptible monomers (e.g., dextran) or cross-linking agents. These degradable materials show promise for controlled release of pharmaceuticals and proteins. Applications of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Due to its excellent optical properties, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has primarily been used in ophthalmic applications under the generic names etafilcon A and vifilcon A. In addition, it has been examined for controlled release of proteins and drugs, engineering of cardiac tissue, axonal regeneration in spinal cord injury, and replacement of intervertebral discs. However, two limitations of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) are its propensity for calcification and the toxicity of the 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate monomers. Phase I testing of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for corneal prostheses (keratoprosthesis) revealed calcium salt deposition within 2.5 years after implantation. At the same time, residual Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) monomer can compromise the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, and leach into surrounding tissue with toxic effects Because 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is very important in macromolecular chemistry. This paper reviews the main properties of the polymers or copolymers prepared from it by summarizing the information published in articles or patients. The following plan is adopted: Preparation and purification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate Polymerization and copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and physical properties Chemical modifications of monomer Chemical modifications of poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and related copolymers Grafting reactions of polymer or copolymer Applications in biomedical fields The following abbreviations will be used: Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (rather than GMA, which is chiefly employed in medical journals) and Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for the corresponding polymers. EGDMA will be used for ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, an impurity synthesized in the preparation of monomer. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer. The monomer is soluble, its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water. This monomer is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, as well as polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids and lubricious coatings. As a co-monomer with other ester monomers, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer. The monomer is soluble, its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water. This monomer is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, as well as polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids and lubricious coatings. As a co-monomer with other ester monomers, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites. glycol methacrylate Technical grade: Purity %=min. 97; Acid Content %=max 1.5; EGDMA content %=max 0.2; Color=50 Because 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is very important in macromolecular chemistry. This paper reviews the main properties of the polymers or copolymers prepared from it by summarizing the information published in articles or patients. The following plan is adopted: Preparation and purification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate Polymerization and copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and physical properties Chemical modifications of monomer Chemical modifications of poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and related copolymers Grafting reactions of polymer or copolymer Applications in biomedical fields The following abbreviations will be used: Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (rather than GMA, which is chiefly employed in medical journals) and Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for the corresponding polymers. EGDMA will be used for ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, an impurity synthesized in the preparation of monomer. method is the reaction of ethylene oxide and methacrylic acid. The Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) prepared by these two methods contains impurities in various percentages: e.g., methacrylic acid results from a hydrolysis reaction of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and EGDMA coming from esterification between methacrylic acid or Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol. Since Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is a commercial product, it seems more useful to summarize the various purification procedures rather than the numerous works about industrial preparations because the commercial product contains EGDMA and methacrylic acid in monomer proportions. The main procedures use the solubility of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) in water or diethyl ether and its nonsolubility in hexane. EGDMA is soluble in hexane. Therefore, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is dissolved in four volumes of water and EGDMA is extracted with hexane. Then the aqueous solution of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is salted to complex methacrylic acid. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is extracted with diethyl ether, the solution is dried, and Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is distilled under vacuum. The elimination of methacrylic acid can also be carried out by soaking technical Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) with anhydrous sodium carbonate and extracting EGDMA with hexane. Then Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is extracted with diethyl ether and distilled as previously described. The use of ion-exchange resins (Amberlyst A 21) is a simple method of elimination of methacrylic acid but the yield is rather poor. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide has also been used for the elimination of methacrylic acid, but variations in the quality of the reagent often outweigh the value of the method. Lastly, extraction of EGDMA with hexane followed by the washing of a dilute solution of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) in water with sodium hydroxyde or sodium bicarbonate and the extraction of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) with chloroform gives, after drying and evaporation of chloroform, a product of high purity for the preparation of resins for optical microscopy. The purity of the monomer can be checked by using vapor-phase chromatography, liquid chromatography, or thin layer chromatography. Detailed distillation procedures to avoid polymerization of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have been described. Polymerization As for the majority of methacrylic derivatives, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) can be polymerized by radical initiators or by various methods (y-rays, UV, and plasma). When the monomer is purified (without EGDMA, which is a crosslinking product), a soluble polymer can be synthesized, but when the monomer contains even a low percentage of EGDMA, the prepared copolymers produce swollen gels in water and in many other solvents A summary of the main procedures of polymerization is given in Table 1. Syndiotactic Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has been synthesized by UV catalysis at - 40"C, and isotactic Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has been prepared through hydrolysis of poly(benzoxyethy1 methacrylate) which had been synthesized from the corresponding polymers with dibutyl lithium cuprate as catalyst. Physical Properties of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Because Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has numerous applications in biomedicine, its physical properties have been widely studied. Studies of Diffusion. The permeability of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), used as a membrane for oxygen, has been compared to other macromolecules. The diffusion of water through hydrogels of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), crosslinked with low percentages of EGDMA, has also been studied. The influence of the degree of crosslinking, the diffusion laws, the measurement of the equilibrium constant with water, and a structural study of swollen gels were recently published. Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties. These properties were summarized in two previous reviews. Composites with crosslinked Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have good elastic properties. The influence of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride on the elasticity of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has also been studied in relation to its use for optical lenses. Viscometry, Thermal, and Dielectric Properties, and NMR Characterizations. Because the Mark-Houwink parameters in many solvents are well known, the molecular weights of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) can be measured by viscosity. Lastly, in order to use the Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) in the biomedical field, the purification of polymer gel has been described. Copolymerization Reactions of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Copolymerization reactions of this monomer have been studied for its fundamental properties (determination of reactivity ratios, AlfreyPrice parameters) and its applications in various fields. Some examples of block copolymerization with styrene, 2- phenyl-1,2,3-dioxaphospholane, and with macromonomers of polyamine or polyurethane can be cited. Lastly, fundamental studies on the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and the determination of the composition of its copolymer have been made, and a model of the copolymerization of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and EDGMA was recently published. Because Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has a primary alcohol function a great number of nucleophilic reactions have been achieved and generally the modified monomer can be polymerized. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) AND RELATED COPOLYMERS A relatively low number of chemical modifications of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have been registered because chemical modifications of the corresponding monomer as well as its polymerization are easy to achieve. GRAFTING REACTIONS OF POLYMER AND COPOLYMER By using various techniques, the grafting of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and copolymers prepared with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) as a comonomer has been carried out with natural polymers such as cellulose, dextran, and starch. APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL FIELDS Because Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) can be easily polymerized, possesses a hydrophilic pendant group, and can form hydrogels, an increasing number of applications have been found in various biomedical fields. Although, as previously mentioned, a complete listing of the literature references appears impossible, we have tried to present the main areas of interest for Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), either when used alone or in combination with other chemical reagents. 7.1. Irritant and Toxic Effects First of all, the low toxicity of the monomer is widely accepted but few reports are available on the (potent) irritant effects of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA). Intradermal injection of crude Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) monomer at low concentrations in saline solution (-1%) was found to induce a very mild irritation in the rat, while higher concentrations (up to 20%) were associated with a pronounced reaction. Similar findings were observed with sodium benzoate (an end product of benzoyl peroxide degradation used as a polymerization initiator) emphasizing the irritant role of residues. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) gels implanted into muscles of rats were found to release residual irritant continuously but at a very low rate, thus inducing no cellular reaction. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) used at 0.01-1% concentrations was found to alter the fine structure of cultured cells with quantitative video microscopy. On the other hand, numerous clinical trials, listed hereafter within a specific organ description, have found minimal irritant reactions. Histological Embedding The use of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) in histological practice (i.e., the study of living tissues and cells at the microscopic level) was proposed by Rosenberg and Wichterle (1631. The hydrophilic properties of the monomer permit it to be used as a combined dehydrating agent for the tissues and as an embedding medium for electron microscopy. 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE 15 of pure Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) appeared difficult to section, and they had poor resistance under an electron beam. The quality of commercially available Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was reported to vary considerably up to 1965. Copolymers with n-butyl methacrylate or styrene were also found less satisfactory than the epoxy resins. During the last decade, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has found a new interest in light microscopy. An extensive review was made by Bennett et al. "1. Briefly, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) embedding is favored for light microscopy because: 1) The embedding duration is shorter than for classical methods. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was used to embed large and very large specimen. 2) Preservation of tissular and cellular structures is far superior to other classical methods. This is due to the adherence of tissue sections onto the microscopic glass slides and because the resin is not removed prior to staining. 3) Sectioning is easier and semithin sections (i.e., 2 to 3 pm in thickness) can be obtained on conventional microtomes with steel or Ralph's glass knives. Furthermore, once cut, the sections spread on water and do not shrink. 4) Numerous staining methods can be performed on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) sections. Classical stains (excepted those having a hydro-alcoholic vehicle which makes the section swell) have been reported to work well, sometimes after minor modifications. Enzymological studies can readily be done, and large amounts of enzymes are preserved. Calcified tissue enzymes have been demonstrated on undecalcified sections. At the present time, several Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-based commercial kits are available. However, the slow hydrolysis of the resin makes it difficult to obtain regular results; the regenerated methacrylic acid appears to combine with basic stains, and small amounts (1.5% or less) impair correct staining by strongly obscuring the background. Several purification methods specially devoted to histotechnology have been designed. Copolymerization with dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate was proposed to complex the carboxylic groups of methacrylic acid. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) alone was repeatedly found to be a poor medium for calcified tissues because the size of the molecule makes it difficult to infiltrate such tissues. Combined with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or various types of aikyl methacrylates or acrylates, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was shown to provide suitable embedding media. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is usually polymerized by a redox reaction (benzoyl peroxide and N,N‘-dimethyl aniline), and the method has been used to embed in the cold, thus preserving enzyme activities. MONTHEARD, CHATZOPOULOS, AND CHAPPARD they induce staining artifacts. Other initiators have also been proposed (barbiturate cyclo compounds, butazolidine). Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has been shown to produce better sections when small amounts of crosslinkers are used. We recently showed that Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) embedding is an inhomogeneous mechanism and that it varies according to the volume of monomer to be bulk polymerized. Dentistry Synthetic apatitic calcium phosphate cements were prepared with a Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogel containing tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was found to be a highly biocompatible and resorbable material for primary teeth endodontic filling. However, due to its hydrophilicity, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) appeared more useful in dentistry as a bonding reagent between dentine and other types of restorative resins; varying mixtures of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and glutaraldehyde were investigated. Other bonding complexes using Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have been reported for enamel and dentine. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was found to be a suitable vehicle for dentin self-etching primers (such as acidic monomers). Other clinical trials have been done with an antiseptic (chlorhexidine) entrapped in a Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/MMA copolymer membrane to develop a controlled release delivery system. However, Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was found unsuitable as a permanent soft lining material for covering the oral mucosa in denture-bearing areas. Immobilization of Molecules and Cells Immobilization implies the entrapment within a polymeric network of a definite "foreign" compound (i.e., an enzyme, a drug, a cell, . . .), whether it is simply confined or grafted onto the polymeric chains. The ability of various drugs to diffuse into polymers may be used in various types of biotechnologies such as membrane separation and drug delivery devices. The prediction of drug solubilities in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and other polymers has been studied. Immobilization of chloramphenicol in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels crosslinked with EGDMA was found to be released upon swelling of the gel in water; the diffusion obeyed Fick's second law. The kinetics of thiamine (vitamin B1) diffusion from previously loaded Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) beads was studied at 37.5"C in water. Theophyllin release from an amphiphilic composite made of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and polyisobutylene was studied from a kinetic point of view. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) membranes are favored as transdermal delivery systems for long-term constant drug delivery. Vidarabine (an antiviral agent) was entrapped to Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) membranes and used for transdermal patches: the blood-drug concentrations could be predicted and the permeability coefficient of the membranes could be adjusted by controlling hydration. Similar observations were obtained with progesteron. Nitroglycerin was also entrapped in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) membranes to provide a transdermal delivery system. Synthetic organ substitutes having the capacity to slowly release hormones have been designed: diffusivity of insulin through Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) membranes was studied. Because Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels are hardly degraded in vivo, it was found that entrapment of drugs (testosterone) in a blend of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/albumin resulted in a slowly degraded matrix with continuous release of the drug. Testicular prosthesis releasing testosterone have been done. Anticancer drugs have been extensively entrapped in matrices of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), thus providing a hard material which can be implanted into the tumor where it delivers higher amounts of drug in situ. 5- Fluorouracil was embedded in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/bisglycol acrylate copolymer in 3 mm diameter beads which could be implanted subcutaneously. Methotrexate and 3'3'-dibromoaminopterin were absorbed on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and used as local intratumoral implants in Gardner's lymphosarcoma of the C3H mouse. The effect of crosslinking on the swelling of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) gels (and the drug diffusion coefficient through these gels) has been explored. Finally, various substances have been immobilized in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) in order to prepare diagnostic tools. An antiserum-raised methotrexate was entrapped in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) during polymerization. The lyophilized powder was used for radioimmunoassay of this anticancer drug. The entrapment of immunoglobulins has been used for immunochemical studies. The Fc fragment of immunoglobulins has been grafted onto Separon Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) resins after periodate oxidation, thus providing immuno-affinity sorbents for the isolation of proteins. A dye, Cibracron Blue F3GA, was entrapped within the pores of a nylon/ Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) gel used for protein purification. Biocompatibility of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) Biocompatibility of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has been studied at the cell and tissue levels. Cell cultures on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-coated slides or on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels are used to investigate the intimate mechanisms of cellular compatibility. Implanting pieces of gel in an animal by a surgical procedure allows the study of the adverse reactions of the whole organisms against the resin. Because implantations in the eye or in direct contact with blood induces specific problems, these two aspects of the biocompatibility will be treated separately below. Cell Culture The hydrophilicity of the resin was primarily thought to be favorable for cell culture. Cellular adherence to Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has been recognized since 1975 when myoblasts from chicken embryos were cultured on polysiloxane grafted with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA). Spreading of cells of hamster kidney was found higher on modified Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) than on polystyrene due to the hydrophilic properties of the resin. Similar experiments done with endothelial cells of newborn cords have shown that cells first adhere to the hydrophilic substrate, then spread and proliferate. However, pure and unmodified Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) appears unable to support attachment and growth of mammalian cells. Implants Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is a suitable biomaterial for implantation because of its lack of toxicity and high resistance to degradation. Numerous composite biomaterials based on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and collagen blends have been used. By using various additives, the mechanical properties of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels can be adjusted to various biomedical applications. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/methacrylic acid copolymers were found more biocompatible than Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) alone which induces a giant cell inflammatory reaction when implanted. When collagen was entrapped in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) gels, their composites were found highly biocompatible when implanted subcutaneously in rats. Composites with a low collagen content were found to be better preserved in long-term implantation studies whereas those containing higher amounts of collagen exhibited calcification in the early stages, followed by full biodegradation. Calcification of a synthetic biomaterial implies poor biocompatibility. Although the chemical composition appears important, the macroscopic structure and surface characters of a Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) implant have been shown to play a key role. 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE 21 of calcification; in addition, hydrogels of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid copolymers were found to pick up large amounts of Ca2+ when exposed to aqueous solutions of calcium. This effect was taken into account when porous sponges of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) were compared to demineralized bone for inducing ectopic bone formation. Hydrogels of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have an excellent biocompatibility but present poor mechanical properties. The mechanical and hydration properties of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and other polyhydroxyalkyl methacrylate membranes have been studied. Composites of silicone rubber and fine particles of hydrated Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) were found to combine both advantages. Radiation grafting of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was done on polyurethane films (with good mechanical properties) and found to increase hydrophilicity and tolerance. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was grafted on polyether urethane area membranes used for hemodialysis; permeability and blood tolerance were improved but tensile strength was reduced. Hemodialysis membranes of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) crosslinked with ethylene dimethacrylate have been prepared. The interaction of urea (the end product of protein catabolism) with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels revealed that small amounts of methacrylic acid may dramatically increase the swelling properties of the gel. Prosthetic Vascular Implants and Blood Compatibility A very interesting property of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-based hydrogels is their high hemocompatibility. In the presence of blood, thrombus formation is delayed. Because blood is a complex milieu, in this paragraph we consider all the relationships of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) with blood cells, endothelial cells (i.e., the inner cells of the blood vessels), orland blood components. Due to the hydrophilicity of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), films of styrene-butadiene-styrene had a better blood compatibility when grafted with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA). Copolymers of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/styrene or Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/dimethyl siloxane suppress platelet adhesion and aggregation (and thus reduce thrombus formation) by the creation of hydrophilic/hydrophobic microdomains. Similar findings were obtained with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/polyethylene oxide and Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/ polypropylene oxide copolymers. A Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-polyamine copolymer was found to induce no blood platelet adherence or activation. Also, this copolymer was used to separate T from B lymphocytes subpopulations via its hydrophilic-hydrophobic microdomain compositio. Vascular tubes of polyethylene Blended with 14% Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have a very low thrombogeneity due to hydrophilization of the plastic. Radiation grafting of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone on silicone rubber was used to improve the hydrophilicity of artery-to-vein shunts and thus to reduce thrombus formation. A highly antithrombogenic polymer was prepared by immobilizing the fibrinolytic enzyme urokinase in a Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogel. Another important aspect of blood compatibility is the power of a biomaterial to activate the complement system. It is a complex system of plasma proteins activated in cascade and involved in the inflammation process. Intraocular lenses made of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) were found ineffective in vifro to activate the serum complement system (C3a, C4a, C5a). Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-grafted polyethylene tubes were not found to inactivate the complement. On the other hand, copolymers of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)/ethyl methacrylate were reported to activate the complement when the polymer contained 60% or more Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA). Low density lipoprotein adsorption on Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was found to be low due to the hydrophilicity of the resin. Particles of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) were used to study the phagocytic processes of macrophages and neutrophils. The hemocompatibility of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) has led to the development of a medical method used to remove endo or exo toxins from blood. Hemoperfusion takes advantage of activated charcoal to bind such toxics (barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants). Activated carbon particles have been encapsulated with Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) for the construction of hemoperfusion columns; heparinized blood is purified by adsorption of irrelevant toxic molecules onto the entrapped charcoal particles and the cleaned blood is then perfused to the patient. Composites of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA), PEG, and activated carbon were found useful for other blood perfusion applications. Another important application of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) is the occlusion of blood vessels in various organs and principally in tumors (which are always hypervascularized). Spherical particles of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) of regular shape were produced by suspension polymerization. When injected in a vessel close to the tumor, the small beads act as emboli and obliterate the smaller vessels. Thus tumor vascularization is stopped and endovascular embolization is followed by tumoral cell necrosis and size reduction of the tumor. The swelling in water of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) beads makes them suitable to close obliteration of vessels. Detailed procedures have been published for preparing such porous Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) beads of regular size suitable as artificial thrombi. Optical Lenses The main application of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels is the preparation of contact and intraocular lenses used after cataract extraction. Black pigmented Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) was used to prepare light-occluding lens after opthalmic surgery. Gentamicin-soaked contact lenses made of a 61.4% Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogel were found to retain bactericidal concentrations of the antibiotic up to 3 days of eye contact. Diffusion of oxygen through hydrophilic contact lens is necessary to avoid corneal oedema. With Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) lenses, this is obtained with a 33-pm thickness. Deep corneal stromal opacities were seen in Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) contact lenses and were related to chronic corneal anoxia. Deposits are sometimes observed within contact lenses. They occur after 12 months of daily lens wear and may be associated with vision decrement. The protein deposits on contact lenses vary according to the copolymer: With Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)Imethacrylic acid copolymers, lenses absorb large amounts of lysosyme, and Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) IMMA copolymer preferentially adsorbs albumin. Contact lenses of copolymers of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) with methacrylic acid or various silanes were found to adsorb less lysosyme than unsilanized lenses. Deposits of calcium in contact lens made of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) have been reported. Intraocular strips of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels containing small amounts (1.2-1.4%) of methacrylic acid were found to be favorably tolerated in vivo due to the high water and carboxylic group content. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) intraocular lens were found to be better tolerated than conventional amino-polyamide-base implants, but the presence of microvilli on corneal cells suggests the release of impurities from the resin. Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA)-based intraocular lenses were found to be well preserved after Nd:YAG laser surgery. Various drugs (chloramphenicol, pilocarpine, dexamethasone) were found to have a longer washout period when entrapped in intraocular lenses than in the human lens. The clinicobiological results of Hydroxyethyl metacrylate (HEMA) intraocular lenses were found to be the most favorable, with 92% of implanted patients recovering visual acuity.

DESCRIPTION:

Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.

CAS Number: 868-77-9
EC Number 212-782-2
Molecular Weight: 130.14
Linear Formula: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2OH


SYNONYM(S) OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), Glycol methacrylate, HEMA,HEMA; hydroxyethylmethacrylate; glycol methacrylate; glycol monomethacrylate; hydroxyethyl methacrylate; ethylene glycol methacrylate; 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethanol,2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate,glycol methacrylate,HEMA,Historesin,hydroxyethyl methacrylate,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE,868-77-9,Glycol methacrylate,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,HEMA,Glycol monomethacrylate,Ethylene glycol methacrylate,2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate,2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol,2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate,Mhoromer,Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,Monomer MG-1,Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate,(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate,beta-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,NSC 24180,2-Hydroxyethyl methylacrylate,2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,PHEMA,CCRIS 6879,CHEBI:34288,Ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate,HSDB 5442,12676-48-1,EINECS 212-782-2,UNII-6E1I4IV47V,BRN 1071583,Monomethacrylic ether of ethylene glycol,6E1I4IV47V,DTXSID7022128,PEG-MA,1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate,NSC-24180,2-hydroxyethylmethylacrylate,ethyleneglycol monomethacrylate,DTXCID202128,.beta.-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema),EC 212-782-2,4-02-00-01530 (Beilstein Handbook Reference),NSC24180,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA),MFCD00002863,MFCD00081879,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (stabilized with MEHQ),Bisomer HEMA,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,ophthalmic grade,hydroxyethylmethacrylate,1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate),hydroxyehtyl methacrylate,hydroxylethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyetyl methacrylate,2-HEMA,Epitope ID:117123,2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate,2-hydroxyethyl(methacrylate),SCHEMBL14886,WLN: Q2OVY1&U1,2-methacryloyloxyethyl alcohol,BIDD:ER0648,CHEMBL1730239,CHEBI:53709,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 98%,2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate #,Tox21_200415,AKOS015899920,Methacrylic,Acid 2-Hydroxyethyl Ester,CS-W013439,DS-9647,HY-W012723,NCGC00166101-01,NCGC00166101-02,NCGC00257969-01,CAS-868-77-9,PD167321,SY279104,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [HSDB],2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate,low acid grade,1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl,2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [WHO-DD],M0085,NS00008941,EN300-98188,D70640,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(hema),technical grade,2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(5.9cp(30 degrees c)),2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,2-hydroxiethyl ester,A904584,Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(>200cp(25 degrees c)),Q424799,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, (stabilized with MEHQ),J-509674,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Stabilized with 250 ppm MEHQ,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, embedding medium (for microscopy),InChI=1/C6H10O3/c1-5(2)6(8)9-4-3-7/h7H,1,3-4H2,2H,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, >=99%, contains <=50 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor,2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, contains <=250 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor, 97%


Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), Normal Grade, in the form of a colorless, clear liquid, is an industrial solvent that can be used in automotive coatings and primers.
Because of its vinyl double bond, this product can copolymerize with other monomers to produce copolymers with hydroxy groups.


Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) has a role as a polymerisation monomer and an allergen.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is functionally related to an ethylene glycol and a methacrylic acid.


Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a hydroxyester compound and a resin monomer used in desensitizing dentin.
By applying 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate locally to sensitive teeth, sensitive areas in the teeth get sealed and block the dentinal tubules at the dentin surface from stimuli that cause pain.
This prevents excitation of the tooth nerve and relieves pain caused by tooth hypersensitivity.




Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is an ester of Methacrylic acid and is used as a raw material component in the synthesis of polymers.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) forms a homopolymer and copolymers.
Copolymers of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) can be prepared with (meth)acrylic acid and its salts, amides, and esters, as well as (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, and other monomers.

Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA), easily entering into the reaction of accession with a wide range of organic and inorganic substances, is used for the synthesis of organic low molecular weight substances.



Clear colorless, easily flowable liquid monomer with a pungent, sweet odor.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) comprises of a polymerizable methacrylate functional group in one end and a reactive hydroxyl group at the other end.
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) easily dissolves in water and has relatively low volatility.

Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-link sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance as well as contribute to low odor, color, and volatility.





SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate was first synthesized around 1925.
Common methods of synthesis are:[5]
reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.

Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
During polymerization of hydroxyethylmethacrylate, it works as crosslinking agent.[5]


PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents.
Its viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C[6] and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C.[3]
During polymerization, it shrinks by approximately 6%.[6]


APPLICATIONS OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
Contact lenses[edit]
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím[7] described its use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.
Because of this property, it was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Use in 3D printing
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.
It may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.[9]
When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride it forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.[10]

Other
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, hydroxyethylmethacrylate serves as an embedding medium.
When treated with polyisocyanates, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.


FEATURES & BENEFITS OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA)
Chemical resistance
Hydraulic stability
Flexibility
Impact resistance
Adhesion
Weatherability


APPLICATIONS AREAS:
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is used in the preparation of solid polymers, acrylic dispersions, and polymer solutions, which are used in various industries.

Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is applied in the production of:
Coating Resins
Automotive coatings
Architectural coatings
Paper coatings
Industrial coatings
Plastics
Hygiene products
Adhesives & Sealants
Textile finishes
Printing inks
Contact lens
Modifiers
Photosensitive materials
Additives for oil production and transportation








CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
Chemical formula C6H10O3
Molar mass 130.143 g•mol−1
Appearance Colourless liquid
Density 1.07 g/cm3
Melting point −99 °C (−146 °F; 174 K)[2]
Boiling point 213 °C (415 °F; 486 K)[2]
Solubility in water miscible
log P 0.50[1]
Vapor pressure 0.08 hPa
Molecular Weight
130.14 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
XLogP3
0.5
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
3
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
130.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
130.062994177 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
46.5Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
9
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
118
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
CAS number 868-77-9
EC index number 607-124-00-X
EC number 212-782-2
Hill Formula C₆H₁₀O₃
Chemical formula CH₂=C(CH₃)COOCH₂CH₂OH
Molar Mass 130.14 g/mol
HS Code 2916 14 00
Assay (GC, area%) ≥ 97.0 % (a/a)
Density (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.069 - 1.072
Identity (IR) passes test
Molecular Weight 130
Appearance Colorless transparent liquid
Odor Aromatic odor
Refractive Index (25℃) 1.451
Boiling Point (℃ 760mmHg) 205
Freezing Point (℃ 760mmHg) -12
Flash Point (℃) 107 (Cleveland open-cup flash test)
Viscosity (CP 25℃) 6.1
Solubility Readily soluble in water
Stability&
Reactivity Polymerize under sunlight and heat
Chemical Properties:
Purity
min. 98.0 %
Acid Value
max. 1.0 %
Water content
max. 0.3 %
Color APHA
max. 30
Physical Properties:
Appearance
colorless
Physical form
Liquid
Odor
Aromatic
Molecular weight
130.14 g/mol
Polymer Tg
Tg 25 °C
Tg
- 6 °C
Density
1.073 g/mL at 25°C
Boiling Point
211 °C
Freezing Point
- 12 °C
Flash point
96 °C
Melting Point
- 60 °C
Viscosity
6.8 (mPa.s) at 20 °C
Vapor Point
0.065 hPa
pH
4 (500 g/l in water)
Alternative names:
1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate); Glycol methacrylate; HEMA
Application:
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate is wide applications for drug delivery
CAS number :
868-77-9
Purity :
97%
Molecular weight :
130.14
Molecular Formula :
C 6 H 10 O 3


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE (HEMA):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.

Cellulose,2-hydroxyethylmethylether;'Tylose'® MH 300;Hydroxythyl Methyl Cellulose;HydroxythylMethylCellulose(Hemc);HEMC;HYDROETHYLMETHYL CELLULOSE (HEMC);METHYL HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE (20-40CPS: 2% IN WATER);Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (20-40mPa.s, 2% in Water at 20deg C) CAS NO:9032-42-2

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerized.


CAS Number: 868-77-9
EC Number: 212-782-2
Chemical formula: C6H10O3



SYNONYMS:
2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic Acid 2-Hydroxyethyl Ester, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, Acryester HISS, Acryester HO, Bisomer HEMA, Bisomer SR, Blemmer E, EB 109, Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate, Ethylene Glycol Monomethacrylate, GE 610, Glycol Methacrylate, Glycol Monomethacrylate, HEMA, HEMA 90, Light Ester HO, Light Ester HO 250, Mhoromer BM 903, Mhoromer BM 905, Monomer MG 1, NSC 24180, Rocryl 400, β-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid,2-methyl-,2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid,2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid,ester with glycol, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, Monomer MG 1, β-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Acryester HO, Rocryl 400, Light Ester HO, Bisomer SR, Mhoromer BM 903, NSC 24180, Blemmer E, Acryester HISS, Mhoromer BM 905, GE 610, HEMA, Light Ester HO 250, Bisomer HEMA, HEMA 90, EB 109 (monomer), EB 109, 2-HEMA, Kayarad 2-HEMA, Acryester HOMA, Light Ester HO 250M, EM 321, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Acryl Ester HO, Light Ester HO 250N, Visiomer HEMA 98, M 0085, JB 4 Plus, Visiomer HEMA 97, H 140643, 51026-91-6, 58308-22-8, 60974-06-3, 61497-49-2, 112813-65-7, 123991-13-9, 132051-71-9, 141668-69-1, 151638-45-8, 155280-45-8, 173306-28-0, 201463-85-6, 203300-24-7, 203497-53-4, 211862-46-3, 212555-08-3, 219840-96-7, 225107-31-3, 282528-79-4, 473256-73-4, 1136534-55-8, 1151978-80-1, 1184921-46-7, 1206159-39-8, 1260379-87-0, 1418001-98-5, 1449201-78-8, 2231343-05-6, 2242757-54-4, .beta.-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, homopolymer, 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, AC1L21KL, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, Ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol methacrylate gel, Glycol monomethacrylate, HEMA, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Hydroxymethacrylate gel, I14-11804, Methacrylic Acid 2-Hydroxyethyl Ester, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol monoester, Mhoromer, Monomer MG-1, Monomethacrylic ether of ethylene glycol, PEG-MA, PHEMA, POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, Poly(2-HEMA), Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)-omega-hydroxy-, Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), alpha-(2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propenyl)-omega-hydroxy-, Poly-hema, Polyglycol methacrylate, alpha-methacryloyl-omega-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene), beta-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate), poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, HEMA, GMA, HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, GLYCOL METHACRYLATE, ETHYLENE GLYCOL METHACRYLATE, BisoMer HEMA, N5-Methyl-L-glutamine, Hydroxyethyl Methacrylat, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), HEMA, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, HEMA, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, glycol methacrylate, glycol monomethacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl-2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-hydroxyethyl-2-methylpropenoate, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, beta-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, BISOMER HEMA, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate, glycol methacrylate, glycol monomethacrylate, HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, metacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, methacrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, methylpropenoic acid, hydroxyethyl ester, mhoromer, monomer MG-1, monomethacrylic ether of ethylene glycol, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, Bisomer HEMA, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, GMA, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, HEMA, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Mhoromer, Monomer MG-1, NSC 24180, «beta»-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, «beta»-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE, 868-77-9, Glycol methacrylate, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA, Glycol monomethacrylate, Ethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Mhoromer, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Monomer MG-1, Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate, (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, beta-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, NSC 24180, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, PHEMA, CCRIS 6879, CHEBI:34288, Ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate, HSDB 5442, 12676-48-1, EINECS 212-782-2, UNII-6E1I4IV47V, BRN 1071583, Monomethacrylic ether of ethylene glycol, 6E1I4IV47V, DTXSID7022128, PEG-MA, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate, NSC-24180, 2-hydroxyethylmethylacrylate, ethyleneglycol monomethacrylate, DTXCID202128, .beta.-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema), EC 212-782-2, 4-02-00-01530 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC24180, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), MFCD00002863, MFCD00081879, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (stabilized with MEHQ), Bisomer HEMA, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ophthalmic grade, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), hydroxyehtyl methacrylate, hydroxylethyl methacrylate, HEMA [INCI], 2-hydroxyetyl methacrylate, 2-HEMA, Epitope ID:117123, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl(methacrylate), SCHEMBL14886, WLN: Q2OVY1&U1, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl alcohol, BIDD:ER0648, CHEMBL1730239, CHEBI:53709, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 98%, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate #, Tox21_200415, AKOS015899920, Methacrylic Acid 2-Hydroxyethyl Ester, CS-W013439, DS-9647, HY-W012723, NCGC00166101-01, NCGC00166101-02, NCGC00257969-01, CAS-868-77-9, PD167321, SY279104, 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [HSDB], 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, low acid grade, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl, 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE [WHO-DD], M0085, NS00008941, EN300-98188, D70640, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(hema), technical grade, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(5.9cp(30 degrees c)), 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,2-hydroxiethyl ester, A904584, Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(>200cp(25 degrees c)), Q424799, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, (stabilized with MEHQ), J-509674, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Stabilized with 250 ppm MEHQ, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, embedding medium (for microscopy), InChI=1/C6H10O3/c1-5(2)6(8)9-4-3-7/h7H,1,3-4H2,2H, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, >=99%, contains <=50 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, contains <=250 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor, 97%, (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methylpropenoate), 212-782-2 [EINECS], 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester [ACD/Index Name], 868-77-9 [RN], Ethylene glycol methacrylate, Glycol methacrylate, Glycol monomethacrylate, HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, MFCD00002863 [MDL number], β-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, [868-77-9], 1,2-Ethanediol mono(2-methyl)-2-propenoate, 1,2-Ethanediol, mono(2-methyl)-2-propenyl, 103285-00-3 [RN], 10526753, 112813-65-7 [RN], 118601-61-9 [RN], 123991-13-9 [RN], 12676-48-1 [RN], 129997-87-1 [RN], 133184-08-4 [RN], 141668-69-1 [RN], 152824-98-1 [RN], 156932-46-6 [RN], 162774-76-7 [RN], 164916-20-5 [RN], 173306-28-0 [RN], 181319-32-4 [RN], 191219-71-3 [RN], 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 201463-85-6 [RN], 203300-24-7 [RN], 203497-53-4 [RN], 212555-08-3 [RN], 225107-31-3 [RN], 25249-16-5 [RN], 25736-86-1 [RN], 2-HYDROXY ETHYL METHACRYLATE, 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-methylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (stabilised with hydroquinone monomethyl ether), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 97%, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 97%, stabilized, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate|2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethanol, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-methylacrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, homopolymer, 4-02-00-01530 [Beilstein], 4-02-00-01530 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) [Beilstein], 51026-91-6 [RN], 58308-22-8 [RN], 60974-06-3 [RN], 61497-49-2 [RN], 82601-55-6 [RN], 97429-31-7 [RN], 98%, stabilized with MEHQ, Acryester HISS, Bisomer HEMA, EINECS 212-782-2, ethane-1,2-diol, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHACRYLATE, Ethylene glycol, monomethacrylate, GMA, β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, InChI=1/C6H10O3/c1-5(2)6(8)9-4-3-7/h7H,1,3-4H2,2H, Methacrylic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, Monomer MG-1, NCGC00166101-01, WLN : Q2OVY1&U1, β-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate



Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is soluble, its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, as well as polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbants for body fluids and lubricious coatings.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is soluble, its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a clear, colourless liquid with a sweet odour which is soluble in water.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an ester of methacrylic acid used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, which was one of the first materials to be used successfully in flexible contact lenses.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) copolymerizes readily with a wide range of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups provide improved adhesion to surfaces, hydrophilicity, resistance to corrosion, fogging, and abrasion, incorporate cross-link sites, and reduce odour, colour, and volatility.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the monomer that is used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule's hydrophilic pendant group.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a neutral hydrophilic monomer useful in UV curing polymer systems & durable high gloss coatings.
Other industrial applications of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) include nails, dental, hydrogels (such as contact lens), UV inks & adhesives.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) provides scratch, solvent & weather resistance, control of hydrophobicity &/or can introduce reactive sites.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is perhaps the most widely studied and used neutral hydrophilic monomer.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula H2C\dC(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerized.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) has a role as a polymerisation monomer and an allergen.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) derives from an ethylene glycol and a methacrylic acid.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a hydroxyester compound and a resin monomer used in desensitizing dentin.
By applying Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) locally to sensitive teeth, sensitive areas in the teeth get sealed and block the dentinal tubules at the dentin surface from stimuli that cause pain.


This bifunctional monomer, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), which contains both acrylate and hydroxyl functionality, is produced from the esterification of methacrylic acid by ethylene glycol or from ethylene oxide via a ring-opening process.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an ester of methacrylic acid, soluble in water and has relatively low volatility.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) copolymerizes easily with a variety of monomers, incorporates cross-link sites, imparts corrosion, fogging and abrasion resistance, and the hydroxyl group improves adhesion.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is also a key raw material for acrylic polyols.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)'s copolymers can be prepared with (meth)acrylic acid and its salts, amides, and esters, as well as with (meth)acrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, and other monomers.


This prevents excitation of the tooth nerve and relieves pain caused by tooth hypersensitivity.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), also known as ethylene glycol methacrylate or HEMA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as enoate esters.


These are an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R1C(R2)=C(R3)C(=O)OR4 (R4= organyl compound) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate).


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the monomer that is used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule’s hydrophilic pendant group.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an ester of methacrylic acid.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) easily dissolves in water, relatively low volatility, non-toxic and non-yellowing.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers, and the added hydroxyl groups improve adhesion to surfaces, incorporate cross-linking sites, and impart corrosion, fogging, and abrasion resistance, as well as contribute to low odour, colour, and volatility.
The Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is water soluble, while its homopolymer is water-insoluble but plasticized and swollen in water.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.
Technically Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is part of the human exposome.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the monomer that is used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule's hydrophilic pendant group.



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the methacrylic monomer for use in UV inks, adhesives, lacquers, dental materials, artificial nails, etc.
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) serves as an embedding medium.
When treated with polyisocyanates, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.


In biomedical applications, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids, and for lubricious coatings.
The Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in certain contact lenses where it has the additional advantage of being rigid and easy to shape with grinding tools when it is dry and then becomes flexible when it absorbs water.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers for adhesives, printing inks, coatings and metal applications.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is also widely used as reactive diluent and alternative to styrene in unsatured polyester (UPR).
Depending on the physical and chemical structure of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is useful as an embedding medium for light microscopy studies.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is useful as an embedding medium for light microscopy studies.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is water-soluble and polymerises at room temperature.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used as a macromonomer for the synthesis of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-poly(ε-caprolactone) (HEMA-PCL) by coordinated anionic ring opening polymerization (ROP).
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in UV-curable inks and coatings.


Because of this property, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was one of the first materials to be successfully used in the manufacture of flexible contact lenses.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is mainly used for hot curing acrylic coating, UV-curable acrylic materials, photosensitive coating, water soluble plating coating, adhesive, textile treatment agent, ester polymer, modifier polymer, and stem acid water reducing agent, etc.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in the manufacture of paint, car paint and primer with resin, polymer resin can be applied to the light, playing board, printing ink, gel (contact lenses) and tinned material coating, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and optical microscope (LM) embedding reagent, samples used for "sensitive antigen sites" of hydration.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is mainly used for resin and coating modification.
Plastic industry, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in the manufacture of containing active hydroxyl acrylic resin.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is also used in adhesives, artificial nails, dental materials and lacquers.


In dentistry, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is one of the main volatile acrylates along with methyl methacrylate.
Further, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used as a monomer in the synthesis of polymers for dental prosthetics and for geotechnical grouting in construction work.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is an ester of Methacrylic Acid and is used as a raw material in the synthesis of polymers.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) can form homopolymers and copolymers.
2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2-HEMA) is used in the preparation of solid polymers, acrylic dispersions, and polymer solutions used in various industries.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is often used to increase the hydrophobicity or surface adhesion of polymers and polymer-based materials such as specialty coatings, resins, adhesives, printing inks, and acrylic plastics.
As a co-monomer with other acrylic ester monomers, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in UV-curable inks and coatings.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is also used in adhesives, artificial nails, dental materials and lacquers.
In dentistry, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is one of the main volatile acrylates along with methyl methacrylate.


Main Applications of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate): Coating compounds, photosensitive resins, contact lens.
Application of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate): Adhesives, Adhesives-PSA, Automotive coatings, Coatings for Plastics, Emulsion Polymers, Metal Coatings, Radiation Cure, and Resins.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a monomer used in the synthesis of various polymers, and the polymer PHEMA of 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate is widely used in the synthesis of dental composite materials.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a well-known biocompatible product of high interest for medical applications in dentistry, bone cements, and biomaterials.


Further, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used as a monomer in the synthesis of polymers for dental prosthetics and for geotechnical grouting in construction work.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is mainly used in producing thermosetting coating, fiber treating agent, adhesive, light-sensitive resin and medical polymer material, etc.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers which in turn are used in a range of commercial applications such as adhesives, paint resins, performance products, reactive systems, printing inks, coatings for automotive, appliance, and metal applications and as an intermediate for chemical syntheses.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is the basis for many hydrogel products such as soft contact lenses, as well as polymer binders for controlled drug release, absorbents for body fluids and lubricious coatings.
As a co-monomer with other ester monomers, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) can be used to control hydrophobicity or introduce reactive sites.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) has a role as a polymerisation monomer and an allergen.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is functionally related to an ethylene glycol and a methacrylic acid.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a hydroxyester compound and a resin monomer used in desensitizing dentin.


By applying Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) locally to sensitive teeth, sensitive areas in the teeth get sealed and block the dentinal tubules at the dentin surface from stimuli that cause pain.
This prevents excitation of the tooth nerve and relieves pain caused by tooth hypersensitivity.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), Stabilized with 250 ppm MEHQ, also known as Hydroxyethyl methacrylate or HEMA, is used to make the polymer polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate which forms a hydrogel in water.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used adhesives & Sealants, Inks & Digital Inks, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Polyurethane coatings, UV Monomers, Coatings, Paints, Polymers, Resins.


Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), also known as HEMA, was the first monomer to be used to synthesize hydrogels for biomedical applications.
The water swelling properties of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) are enhanced by copolymerization with more hydrophilic monomers.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used in the synthesis of biologically functional poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) copolymers.


Also, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is used to prepare light responsive membranes of PHEMA, HEMA/ acrylamide based specific drug release hydrogel, and water soluble HEMA/methacrylic acid hydrogel for drug delivery.
Effects of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) on the migration of dental pulp stem cells (in vitro) may be studied.


-Contact lenses uses of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate):
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím described Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)'s use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.
Because of this property, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.


-Use of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) in 3D printing:
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.
When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.


-Optical lenses uses of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate):
The main application of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) hydrogels is the preparation of contact and intraocular lenses used after cataract extraction.
Also, the vision decrement associated with deposit accumulation on Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) contact lenses was assessed.


-Dentistry uses of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was found to be highly biocompatible and resorbable for primary teeth endodontic filling.
However, due to its hydrophilicity, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) appeared more useful in dentistry as a bonding reagent between dentine and other types of restorative resions.


-Contact lenses uses of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate):
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím described its use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight.
Because of this property, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.


-Use of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) in 3D printing:
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.
When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.


-Other use of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate):
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) serves as an embedding medium.
When treated with polyisocyanates, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a colorless transparent liquid, boiling point 95ºC (1333.22Pa), soluble in water, alcohol, ether, ester and other solvents



SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was first synthesized around 1925.
Common methods of synthesis are:
reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.
Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
During polymerization of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), it works as crosslinking agent.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)'s viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C.
During polymerization, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) shrinks by approximately 6%.



ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds



SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
*Enoate ester
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound



PREPARATION OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is a commercially important and widely used monomer.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is commonly prepared in a one-step reaction from methyl methacrylate or methacrylic acid.

Specifically, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) can be synthesized by the following two methods:
i. the first method involved the transesterification of ethylene glycol1;
ii. the second is the reaction between ethylene oxide and methacrylic acid2.

Several procedures were developed in order to remove the impurities in the production of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), such as soaking, extraction and ion-exchange.
As the major methacrylic derivative, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) can be polymerized by radical initiators or by various methods (γ-ray, UV, plasma, et. al).

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)'s primary –OH group allows the substitution reactions with the monomer or the corresponding polymer.
By adopting various techniques, the grafting of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)and copolymers prepared with HEMA as a comonomer has been performed with natural polymers such as cellulose, dextran, and starch.

In addition, synthetic polymers, polyethylene, polyurethanes, poly vinylic alcohol, blends of acrylic networks and polyvinylic alcohol, and polyesters also give grafting reactions whose aim is to improve the mechanical and physical properties of the initial products.

Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is inert, water-stable, and nondegradable with high transparency.
Because of its hydroxyethyl pendant groups, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is widely prepared in the form of hydrogel to manufacture soft contact lenses.

Hydrogels generally absorb a large amount of water, and this swelling is responsible for the rubbery and soft properties of hydrogel.
Hydrogels have found applications in environmental, biomedical, food, etc., fields.

The physical properties of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) (e.g., swelling, stiffness, and rheology) can be tuned by varying cross-linking density, incorporating different chemistries through copolymerization, and introducing mesoscopic pores.

Specifically, a reduction in cross-linking density results in a softer, more malleable hydrogel that may be better suited for soft tissue regeneration.
Moreover, copolymerization with acetic acid, methylmethacrylate, or dextran can adjust the permanence, hydrophilicity, and cellular adhesion in vivo.
Finally, the introduction of mesoscopic porogens can facilitate vascular ingrowth, improve cellular attachment, and overcome limited permeability.

Although Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is considered nondegradable (which makes it ideally suited for long-term applications in vivo), degradable pHEMA copolymers have been fabricated by the integration of enzymatically susceptible monomers (e.g., dextran) or cross-linking agents.
These degradable materials show promise for controlled release of pharmaceuticals and proteins.



SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) was first synthesized around 1925.
Common methods of synthesis are:

*reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
*esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.

Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
During polymerization of Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate), it works as crosslinking agent.



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents.
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate)'s viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C.
During polymerization, Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) shrinks by approximately 6%.



FUNCTION OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
*Abrasion Resistance
*Adhesion
*Cross-linker
*Low Color
*Low Odor
*Low Volatility
*Scratch Resistance



PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
*Chemical resistance
*hydraulic stability
*flexibility
*impact resistance
*adhesion
*weather resistance



IT IS APPLIED IN THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (glycol methacrylate) is applied in the productıon of Coating resins, automotive coatings, architectural coatings,
paper coatings, industrial coatings, Plastics, hygiene products, adhesives and sealants, textile processes, printing inks, contact lenses, modifiers, photosensitive materials, and additives for petroleum production and transportation.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
EC no: 212-782-2
CAS no: 868-77-9
HS code: 29161400
KH product code: 100392
Formula: C6H10O3
Melting point:-12 °C
Boiling point: 67 °C3.5 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1.073 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 5 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.01 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index: n20/D
Molecular Weight：130.14200
Exact Mass：130.14
EC Number：212-782-2
UNII：6E1I4IV47V

ICSC Number：1724
NSC Number：24180
DSSTox ID：DTXSID7022128
NCI Thesaurus Code：C47791
Color/Form：Clear mobile liquid
HScode：2916140000
PSA：46.53000
XLogP3：0.5
Appearance：Liquid
Density：1.034 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C
Melting Point：-12ºC
Boiling Point：67 °C @ Press: 3.5 Torr
Flash Point：64.043ºC
Refractive Index：1.441
Water Solubility：Solubility in water: miscible

Storage Conditions：2-8ºC
Vapor Pressure：0.01 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
Vapor Density：5 (vs air)
Experimental Properties：Heat of polymerization: 49.8 kJ/mole
Chemical Formula: C6H10O3
Molar Mass: 130.143 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.07 g/cm3
Melting Point: -99°C (-146°F; 174 K)
Boiling Point: 213°C (415°F; 486 K)
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Log P: 0.50
Vapor Pressure: 0.08 hPa



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE (GLYCOL METHACRYLATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

DESCRIPTION:

Hydroxylammonium sulfate [NH3OH]2SO4, is the sulfuric acid salt of hydroxylamine.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is primarily used as an easily handled form of hydroxylamine, which is explosive when pure.
Cyclohexanone oxime undergoes hydrolytic reaction with sulfuric acid to yield hydroxylamine sulfate.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) reacts with sulfur dioxide to afford sulfamic acid.

CAS Number, 10039-54-0
EINECS, 233-118-8
Linear Formula:(NH2OH)2 • H2SO4




SYNONYM(S) OF HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS):
Hydroxylammonium sulfate, HYDROXYLAMINE SULPHATE;HAS;HYDROXYLAMMONIUM SULPHATE;HYDROXYLAMMONIUM SULFATE;Hydroxyamine sulfate;Hydroxylammonium;Hydroxylammoniumsulfat;HuHAS1;amine suL;HA synthase,Hydroxylammonium sulfate,hydroxyazanium sulfate,Oxammonium sulfate,Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1),hydroxyazanium;sulfate; Hydroxylammonium sulfate,hydroxyazanium sulfate,Oxammonium sulfate,Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1),hydroxyazanium;sulfate,Hydroxylamine, sulfate,Bis(hydroxylamine) sulfate,Hydroxylamine neutral sulfate,bis(hydroxyazanium) sulfate,DTXSID2025424,49KP498D4O,bis(hydroxyammonium) sulfate,EINECS 233-118-8,Hydroxylammoniumsulfat,UN2865,Hydroxylamine, sulfate (2:1) (salt),LANASANE LAB,hydroxyl ammonium sulfate,hydroxyl ammonium sulphate,hydroxyl-ammonium sulphate,UNII-49KP498D4O,DTXCID505424,VGYYSIDKAKXZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L,HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE [MI],BIS(HYDROXYLAMMONIUM) SULFATE,HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE [INCI],Tox21_202730,NCGC00091929-01,NCGC00260278-01,CAS-10039-54-0,NS00082564,EC 233-118-8,Hydroxylamine sulfate [UN2865] [Corrosive],Q416490




Hydroxylamine sulphate (HAS) is a white crystalline compound containing nitrogen with the formula of (NH2OH)2.
H2SO4 and is therefore an ammonia (NH3) like compound.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is soluble in water and is hygroscopic in nature.


SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS):
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is prepared industrially via the Raschig hydroxylamine process, which involves the reduction of nitrite with bisulfite.
This initially gives hydroxylamine disulfonate, which is hydrolysed to hydroxylammonium sulfate:
It can also be obtained by the acid-base reaction of hydroxylamine with sulfuric acid:
2NH2OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH3OH)2SO4(aq)


APPLICATIONS OF HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS):
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is used in organic synthesis to convert aldehydes and ketones to oximes, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (e.g. esters) to hydroxamic acids, isocyanates to N-hydroxyureas and nitriles to amidoximes.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is also used to generate hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid from oleum or chlorosulfuric acid.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate is used in the production of anti-skinning agents, pharmaceuticals, rubber, textiles, plastics and detergents.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is a radical scavenger that terminates radical polymerization reactions and serves as an antioxidant in natural rubber.
(NH3OH)2SO4 is a starting material for some insecticides, herbicides and growth regulators.

Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used in photography as a stabiliser for colour developers and as an additive in photographic emulsions in colour film.

Decomposition:
At 120 °C, hydroxylammonium sulfate begins to decompose to sulfur trioxide, nitrous oxide, water, and ammonia[dubious – discuss]:
2(NH3OH)2SO4 → 2SO3 + N2O + 2NH3 + 5H2O

The reaction is exothermic above 138 °C, and is most exothermic at 177 °C.
Metals (especially copper, its alloys and its salts) catalyse the decomposition of hydroxylammonium sulfate.
The instability of this compound is mainly due to the hydroxylammonium ion's weak nitrogen to oxygen single bond.


USES OF HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS):
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used as a viscosity stabilizer for natural rubber, and as a non-contaminating short-stopper for synthetic rubber.
A derivative of Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is also used as a vulcanizer.
Its many properties, including selective reactivity to textile fiber functional groups, make it useful for applications such as dye improvers, textile discoloration inhibitors, and modifiers for acrylic fibers and cellulose.
Other uses include resin improvers, UV stabilizers, and polymerization catalysts.

Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used as a raw material for herbicides, insecticides, germicides, acaricides and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, carbamate, alkyl hydroxylamine, oxadiazole, and organophosphorous compounds, among others.

Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is also used as a raw material for germicides, CNS sedatives, antihistamines, sedatives, drugs for high blood sugar, wound infection inhibitors, diuretics, stimulants, blood coagulants, anti-malarial drugs, and diabetes drugs and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxime, and amide, among others.
Due to its ability to reduce hydroxylamine sulfate and form metal complexes, HAS is used as a metal surface treatment agent, precipitant for separating metal, metal extractant, and rust proofer.


Hydroxylamine sulfate may be used in the following:

Along with NaCl for reduction during the atomic absorption spectrophotometric quantification of mercury at ppb (parts-per-billion) levels in solution.
As one of the constituents during the preparation of a coloring solution, impregnated in a cellulose based monitoring tape for the sensitive detection of formaldehyde gas.
Simultaneous estimation of hydrarine and hydroxylamine in mixtures by titration with alkaline ferricyanide in presence of zinc sulfate.



Also hydroxylammonium sulfate, or HS, (NH2OH)2•H2S04 is colorless crystals that are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol.
The solution has a corrosive action on the skin.
Used as a reducing agent, photographic developer, purification agent for aldehydes and ketones, chemical synthesis, textile chemical, oxidation inhibitor for fatty acids, catalyst, in biological and biochemical research, for making oximes for paints and varnishes, and rustproofing.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate is a reducing agent in photography; catalyst, swelling agent, and copolymerization inhibitor in polymerization processes; in chemical synthesis; as a textile chemieal; as an oxidation inhibitor; in making oximes for paints and varnishes; in rustproofing; in nondiscoloring short -stoppers for synthetic rubbers; for unhairing hides; in biological and biochemical research; as a purification agent for aldehydes and ketones; converts aldehydes and ketones to oximes and acid chlorides to hydroxamic acids.


Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) may be used to prepare highly sensitive cellulose tape, used for the detection of formaldehyde gas.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) may be used in the quantitative determination of perchlorate in biological fluids by spectrophotometric methods .

Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) may be used As reducing agent in photography; in synthetic and analytical chemistry; to purify aldehydes and ketones.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) may be used As antioxidant for fatty acids and soaps.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) may be used As dehairing agent for hides.


Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is Used as to purify aldehydes and ketones; reagent for mercury and silver detection in water; reducing agent.


Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used as a viscosity stabilizer for natural rubber, and as a non-contaminating shortstopper for synthetic rubber.
A derivative of Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is also used as a vulcanizer.
Its many properties, including selective reactivity to textile fiber functional groups, make it useful for applications such as dye improvers, textile discoloration inhibitors, and modifiers for acrylic fibers and cellulose.

Other uses include resin improvers, UV stabilizers, and polymerization catalysts.
Due to its ability to reduce hydroxylamine sulfate and form metal complexes, Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used as a metal surface treatment agent, precipitant for separating metal, metal extractant, and rust proofer.
Hydroxylamine Sulfate (HAS) is used as a raw material for herbicides, insecticides, germicides, acaricides and other products in the form of derivatives of hydroxamic acid, hydroxy uric acid, carbamate, alkyl hydroxylamine, oxadiazole, and organophosphorous compounds, among others.


CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS):
Chemical formula, H8N2O6S
Molar mass, 164.14 g/mol
Appearance, white crystalline to fine product, slightly hygroscopic
Density, 1.88 g/cm3
Melting point, 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) decomposes
Solubility in water, 58.7 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Structure[1],
Crystal structure, Monoclinic
Space group, P21/c
Lattice constant, a = 7.932±0.002 Å, b = 7.321±0.002 Å, c = 10.403±0.003 Åα = 90°, β = 106.93±0.03°, γ = 90°
Formula units (Z), 4
Assay
99%
form
crystals
mp
170 °C (dec.) (lit.)
SMILES string
NO.NO.OS(O)(=O)=O
InChI
1S/2H3NO.H2O4S/c2*1-2;1-5(2,3)4/h2*2H,1H2;(H2,1,2,3,4)
InChI key
VRXOQUOGDYKXFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting point, 170 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point, 56.5℃
Density, 1.86
vapor pressure, 0.001Pa at 20℃
storage temp., -20°C
solubility, water: soluble(lit.)
form, Crystals
color, White
PH, 3.6 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility, 329 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive, Hygroscopic
Merck, 14,4828
Stability, Stable, but may be an explosion hazard - do not heat. May decompose explosively in the presence of alkalies. Air sensitive. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with copper, copper alloys, strong oxidising agents, strong bases, nitrites.
LogP, -1.031 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference, 10039-54-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances, HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE
FDA 21 CFR, 175.105
EWG's Food Scores, 2-5
FDA UNII, 49KP498D4O
EPA Substance Registry System, Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1) (10039-54-0)
CAS number, 10039-54-0
EC index number, 612-123-00-2
EC number, 233-118-8
Hill Formula, H₈N₂O₆S
Chemical formula, (HONH₃)₂SO₄
Molar Mass, 164.14 g/mol
HS Code, 2825 10 20
Density, 1.88 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point, 170 °C (decomposition)
pH value, 3.6 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density, 1100 kg/m3
Solubility, 587 g/l
Assay, ≥ 99 %
Chloride (Cl), ≤ 0.001 %
As (Arsenic), ≤ 0.00005 %
Cu (Copper), ≤ 0.0005 %
Fe (Iron), ≤ 0.0005 %
Hg (Mercury), ≤ 0.000001 %
Pb (Lead), ≤ 0.0005 %
Sulfated ash (residue on ignition), ≤ 0.1 %
Molecular Weight
164.14 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
4
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
6
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Exact Mass
164.01030715 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Monoisotopic Mass
164.01030715 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.2 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Topological Polar Surface Area
184Ų
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Heavy Atom Count
9
Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge
0
Computed by PubChem
Complexity
64.2
Computed by Cactvs 3.4.8.18 (PubChem release 2021.10.14)
Isotope Atom Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
3
Computed by PubChem
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes
Chemical Formula, (NH2OH)2-H2SO4
HX Concentration, 190-205 gm./lit.
Ammonium Sulphate, 400-440 gm./lit.
Acid Ratio, 1.15-1.20
pH, less than 1.0



SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE (HAS)
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

SYNONYMS Hydroxylammonium sulfate; Hydroxylamine, sulfate (2:1) (salt); bis(hydroxylamine) sulfate; hydroxylamine neutral sulfate; bis(hydroxylammonium) sulfate; Hydroxylamine sulfate;OXAMMONIUM SULFATE CAS NO. 10039-54-0

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a chemical compound with the formula NH3OHHSO4.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also known as hydroxylamine sulfate or oxammonium sulfate.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a salt that contains hydroxylamine, a derivative of ammonia, and sulfuric acid.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is commonly used in various industrial processes, such as in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other organic compounds.

CAS Number: 10039-54-0
EC Number: 233-118-8



APPLICATIONS


Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a crucial reducing agent in the pharmaceutical industry, aiding in the synthesis of various drugs, including antimalarials and antibiotics.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is an essential component in the production of agricultural chemicals, contributing to the formulation of pesticides and herbicides.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) finds use in the preparation of photographic developers, ensuring image stability during film processing.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) acts as a key ingredient in the creation of explosives, contributing to their synthesis.
Its application extends to the production of polymers and plastics, where it plays a role in the manufacturing process.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in the electroplating industry, facilitating the deposition of certain metals onto surfaces.

Water treatment processes utilize HAS as a reducing agent to eliminate certain contaminants.
Its role in dye production involves acting as a reducing agent in colorant synthesis.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in laboratories for various chemical analyses, including in redox reactions and experimental setups.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is utilized in the synthesis of oximes, which serve as intermediates in the creation of organic compounds.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) assists in the creation of specialty chemicals used in industries such as cosmetics and personal care products.

In the production of antioxidants, HAS is used as a reactant in specific formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the formulation of select pharmaceutical intermediates due to its reductive properties.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a stabilizer in the creation of certain explosives, contributing to their safe storage and handling.
Industries engaged in metallurgy use HAS to purify and extract certain metals from ores.
Its application in the synthesis of insecticides is integral to pest control strategies in agriculture.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) assists in the production of rubber chemicals, contributing to the manufacturing process.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the creation of color photographic materials, contributing to image development and stability.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the synthesis of various organic intermediates and compounds in the chemical industry.
Its use in the creation of antioxidants supports the preservation of various materials susceptible to oxidation.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the electronics industry.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the creation of chelating agents used in various industrial processes.

In the field of medicine, HAS plays a role in the synthesis of certain diagnostic agents.
Its application in the formulation of specialty chemicals extends to the creation of surfactants used in cleaning products.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is integral in several industrial processes due to its versatile reductive properties, finding application across diverse sectors.

In the creation of antioxidants, HAS is pivotal in protecting materials from oxidative degradation in various industries.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, aiding in the creation of cardiovascular and antitumor medications.

Its use in the production of agrochemicals supports advancements in crop protection and agricultural practices.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the synthesis of fragrance and flavor compounds.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a stabilizer in the manufacture of certain dyes, ensuring color stability and quality.
In the creation of rubber accelerators, HAS contributes to the enhancement of rubber production processes.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reductive properties make it vital in the formulation of antioxidants for food preservation.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is instrumental in the creation of intermediates used in the production of adhesives and sealants.

Its role in the synthesis of corrosion inhibitors supports the preservation of metals in various applications.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the creation of specialty chemicals used in the formulation of hair dyes and cosmetics.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the creation of catalysts used in various chemical reactions and industrial processes.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals for the textile industry, contributing to dye and pigment formulations.
Its utility in the production of herbicides supports weed control and agricultural productivity.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) assists in the creation of specialty chemicals for water treatment, aiding in purification processes.
In the field of biotechnology, HAS serves as a reagent in various research and experimental setups.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s involvement in the creation of imaging agents supports advancements in medical diagnostics.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the synthesis of chelating agents used in metal extraction and purification processes.
Its use in the production of antioxidants aids in preserving the quality of oils and fats.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the creation of chemical intermediates used in the formulation of surfactants for cleaning products.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reductive properties are harnessed in the creation of flame retardants for various materials.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the creation of pigments and colorants.
Its use in the synthesis of intermediates for the pharmaceutical industry supports drug development.

In the creation of specialty chemicals for the electronics industry, HAS aids in the formulation of certain compounds.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s involvement in the creation of antioxidants supports the preservation of cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is indispensable in various industrial processes due to its versatility and reductive capabilities, influencing numerous sectors and applications.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used in the synthesis of specialty chemicals crucial in the production of adhesives and sealants for various industries.
Its involvement in the creation of specialty chemicals supports advancements in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a stabilizer in the formulation of certain dyes, contributing to color quality and consistency.

In the field of agriculture, HAS aids in the creation of insecticides, supporting pest control strategies.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is involved in the creation of specialty chemicals used in the production of corrosion inhibitors for metal preservation.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) assists in the formulation of antioxidants, ensuring the protection of various materials susceptible to oxidation.
In the creation of rubber chemicals, HAS contributes to the enhancement of rubber manufacturing processes.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reductive properties are harnessed in the creation of intermediates used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the creation of fragrance and flavor compounds.
Its involvement in the production of agrochemicals supports advancements in agricultural practices and crop protection.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the creation of antioxidants crucial for preserving food quality and extending shelf life.
In the production of herbicides, HAS supports weed control strategies and agricultural productivity.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the synthesis of specialty chemicals used in the textile industry for dye and pigment formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a reagent in biotechnological research and experimental setups.

Its involvement in the creation of imaging agents supports advancements in medical diagnostics and imaging technologies.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is integral in the creation of chelating agents used in metal extraction and purification processes.
Its use in the synthesis of flame retardants supports the safety and fire resistance of various materials.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the formulation of specialty chemicals used in the creation of pigments and colorants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the synthesis of intermediates used in the formulation of surfactants for cleaning products.
In the electronics industry, HAS aids in the formulation of specialty chemicals for certain compounds.
Its involvement in the creation of antioxidants supports the preservation and stability of cosmetic formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is crucial in various industrial processes due to its versatility and influence across multiple sectors.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s use as a reducing agent is vital in various chemical reactions and processes.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the creation of specialty chemicals used in the production of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds.
Its applications across diverse industries highlight the compound's versatility and importance in numerous sectors.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, contributing to the production of vital medications.
In the agricultural sector, HAS is utilized in the formulation of pesticides, supporting crop protection and agricultural productivity.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) aids in the stabilization of images in photographic development processes, ensuring quality and consistency.

Its involvement in the creation of explosives contributes to their synthesis and stability in certain formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as an essential component in the production of polymers and plastics, influencing manufacturing processes.
Its application in electroplating processes contributes to the deposition of metals onto surfaces.
Water treatment processes utilize HAS as a reducing agent to eliminate specific contaminants.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is integral in dye production, acting as a reducing agent in the synthesis of various colorants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in laboratories for diverse chemical analyses and experimental setups.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the synthesis of oximes, essential intermediates in organic compound synthesis.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) assists in the creation of specialty chemicals used in industries such as cosmetics and personal care.
In the production of antioxidants, HAS is used as a reactant in specific formulations.
Its reductive properties are essential in the creation of pharmaceutical intermediates.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a stabilizer in the production of certain explosives, aiding in their safe storage and handling.
In metallurgical processes, HAS is used to purify and extract specific metals from ores.
Its role in the synthesis of insecticides is pivotal in pest control strategies.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is utilized in the creation of rubber chemicals, influencing manufacturing processes.
Its use in the creation of color photographic materials is crucial in image development and stability.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in the synthesis of organic intermediates and compounds in the chemical industry.
Its reductive properties are utilized in water treatment processes to eliminate contaminants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, influencing reaction rates.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reactivity necessitates cautious storage and handling protocols.
Its use in dye production is crucial for various industries reliant on colorants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) finds applications in diverse industrial processes, owing to its versatile reductive properties.
Understanding Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s properties is crucial for ensuring safe and effective use in various industrial and scientific contexts.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is pivotal in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, contributing to the production of crucial medications.
Its use in the agricultural sector involves the formulation of pesticides, supporting crop protection and agricultural productivity.

In photographic development, HAS stabilizes images, ensuring quality and consistency in printed materials.
Its involvement in the creation of explosives contributes to their synthesis and stability in certain formulations.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is an essential component in the production of polymers and plastics, influencing manufacturing processes.
Its application in electroplating processes contributes to the deposition of metals onto various surfaces.

Water treatment processes rely on HAS as a reducing agent to eliminate specific contaminants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s role in dye production involves acting as a reducing agent in the synthesis of various colorants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is employed in laboratories for diverse chemical analyses and experimental setups.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a critical role in the synthesis of oximes, which are essential intermediates in organic compound synthesis.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) contributes to the creation of specialty chemicals used in industries such as cosmetics and personal care.
In the production of antioxidants, HAS is a key reactant in specific formulations.
Its reductive properties are crucial in the creation of pharmaceutical intermediates.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a stabilizer in the production of certain explosives, aiding in their safe storage and handling.
In metallurgical processes, HAS is used to purify and extract specific metals from ores.
Its role in the synthesis of insecticides is pivotal in pest control strategies.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is utilized in the creation of rubber chemicals, influencing various manufacturing processes.
Its use in the creation of color photographic materials is crucial for image development and stability.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) finds applications in the synthesis of organic intermediates and compounds in the chemical industry.
Its reductive properties are effectively utilized in water treatment processes to eliminate contaminants.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, significantly influencing reaction rates.
Due to its reactivity, proper storage and handling protocols are essential for HAS.
Its use in dye production is vital for industries reliant on various colorants.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s versatile reductive properties are crucial for diverse industrial processes.
Comprehensive understanding of HAS's properties ensures its safe and effective use in various industrial and scientific contexts.



DESCRIPTION


Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a chemical compound with the formula NH3OHHSO4.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is also known as hydroxylamine sulfate or oxammonium sulfate.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a salt that contains hydroxylamine, a derivative of ammonia, and sulfuric acid.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is commonly used in various industrial processes, such as in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other organic compounds.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a versatile compound that's utilized in diverse applications, including as a reducing agent in chemical processes, as a stabilizer in photographic developers, and in certain agricultural formulations.
Its ability to undergo redox reactions makes it valuable in several chemical and industrial contexts.
However, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) should be handled with care due to its potential reactivity and the fact that it can be hazardous if not properly managed.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a crystalline compound with a white, granular appearance.
Its chemical structure comprises hydroxylamine molecules bonded with sulfate ions.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is known for its versatile utility as a reducing agent in various chemical reactions.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) finds application in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and antimalarial drugs.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is integral in the production of agricultural chemicals, aiding in the creation of pesticides and herbicides.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is a crucial ingredient in photographic developers, contributing to image stabilization during film development.
Due to its reactivity, HAS requires careful handling to prevent potential hazards.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) undergoes redox reactions, wherein it acts as both an oxidizing and reducing agent in different chemical contexts.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) has a characteristic odor, reminiscent of ammonia, due to its ammonia-based derivative.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) plays a role in the formation of explosives by serving as a component in their synthesis.
Its water-soluble nature allows for ease in dissolution and use in aqueous solutions.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) possesses hygroscopic properties, absorbing moisture from the air.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) has a relatively high melting point, indicating its stability under moderate heat conditions.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s versatility extends to applications in analytical chemistry and electroplating processes.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) serves as a precursor in the production of oximes, essential in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s properties are harnessed in industries for the creation of polymers and plastics.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) exhibits a high degree of stability when stored under recommended conditions.
Due to its potential reactivity, Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) demands cautious storage and handling protocols.
Its utility as a reducing agent extends to diverse industries, including those focused on dye production.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s use in laboratories aids in various chemical analyses and experimental setups.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) can act as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, influencing the rate of reaction without being consumed.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reductive properties find application in water treatment processes.

Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is subject to regulatory control due to its potential environmental and health impacts.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS)'s reactivity necessitates careful attention to its compatibility with other substances in various processes.
Understanding the properties and applications of Hydroxylammonium sulfate (HAS) is crucial for ensuring safe and effective utilization in diverse industrial and scientific contexts.



PROPERTIES


Chemical Formula: NH3OHHSO4
Molecular Weight: Approximately 164.14 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid or granules
Odor: Characteristic ammonia-like odor
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air
Melting Point: Around 170-175°C (338-347°F)
Density: Varies with crystalline form
Reactivity: Acts as a reducing agent in various chemical reactions
Stability: Relatively stable under recommended storage conditions
Redox Properties: Exhibits both oxidizing and reducing characteristics
Toxicity: Can be hazardous if ingested or inhaled; irritant to skin and eyes



FIRST AID


Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If inhaled, promptly move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Seek Medical Attention:
If respiratory symptoms persist or if there's difficulty in breathing, seek immediate medical attention.

Provide Oxygen:
If the person has difficulty breathing, administer oxygen if trained to do so and if available.

Keep Calm and Monitor:
Stay with the individual and monitor their breathing and vital signs until medical help arrives.


Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If HAS comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing immediately.

Rinse with Water:
Thoroughly rinse the affected skin area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.

Mild Soap Use:
Use mild soap to cleanse the area affected.

Seek Medical Help:
If irritation, redness, or other symptoms persist, seek medical attention.


Eye Contact:

Flush Eyes with Water:
If HAS contacts the eyes, immediately flush them with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.

Seek Medical Help:
Seek medical assistance or eye care professional immediately after rinsing.


Ingestion:

Do NOT Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.

Rinse Mouth:
If the individual is conscious, rinse their mouth and provide small sips of water.

Seek Medical Attention:
Immediately seek medical assistance or contact a Poison Control Center.

Provide Medical Information:
Provide the medical personnel with the chemical's name, its Safety Data Sheet, and the details of the exposure.



HANDLING AND STORAGE


Handling:

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE):
Wear appropriate protective gear, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles or a face shield, and a lab coat or protective clothing to minimize skin contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use fume hoods to minimize inhalation of fumes or vapors.

Handling Precautions:
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Prevent inhalation by using appropriate respiratory protection if working in an area with potential airborne exposure.
Prevent ingestion.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where HAS is being handled.

Spills and Leaks:
In case of spills, wear protective gear and contain the spill using absorbent materials.
Collect spilled material and dispose of it in accordance with local regulations.

Avoid Mixing:
Do not mix HAS with incompatible substances, such as strong acids or oxidizers, which might lead to hazardous reactions.

Storage Compatibility:
Store HAS away from incompatible materials and sources of heat or ignition.


Storage:

Storage Area:
Store HAS in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Ensure the storage area is equipped with adequate fire suppression equipment.
Keep the area secure and inaccessible to unauthorized personnel, especially if the compound is hazardous.

Temperature Conditions:
Store at ambient temperature (around 20-25°C or 68-77°F).
Keep away from extreme heat or direct sunlight to avoid degradation.

Containers:
Use tightly sealed containers made of suitable material that can withstand the chemical.
Glass or plastic containers may be appropriate.
Ensure containers are labeled clearly with the chemical name, hazard warnings, and handling instructions.

Separation and Segregation:
Store HAS away from acids, oxidizers, and other incompatible substances.

Handling Precautions:
During storage, regularly inspect containers for any signs of damage, leaks, or corrosion.
Replace damaged containers immediately.

Regulatory Compliance:
Adhere to local, regional, and national regulations regarding the storage of hazardous substances.
Comply with safety guidelines and laws.

Emergency Preparedness:
Have a spill containment kit and appropriate personal protective equipment readily available in the storage area.
Establish and communicate emergency procedures in case of accidental exposure, spills, or other emergencies.



SYNONYMS


Hydroxylamine sulfate
Oxammonium sulfate
Sulfate de hydroxylamine (in French)
Hydroxylammonium sulphate
Sulfuric acid hydroxylamine salt
Ammonium hydroxide sulfate
Hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulfate
Hydroxylammonium sulphate
Hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulphate
Hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate
Oxammonium hydrogen sulfate
Sulfuric acid oxammonium salt
Ammonium hydroxide hydrogen sulfate
Hydroxylamine bisulfate
Sulfate de hydroxylamine (French)
Sulfato de hidroxilamina (Spanish)
Hydroxylamine bisulphate
Ammonium hydroxylate sulfate
Hydroxylamine sulfuric acid salt
Hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulphate
Hydroxylamine sulphate
Ammonium hydroxide sulphate
Sulfuric acid hydroxylamine
Hydroxylammonium acid sulfate
Sulfate de l'hydroxylamine (French)
Hidroxilamina sulfato (Portuguese)
Hydroxylamine sulphuric salt
Sulfuric acid ammonium hydroxide
Hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulfuric acid
Bisulfate de hydroxylamine
Ammonium sulfate of hydroxylamine
Hydroxylamine acid sulfate
Sulfato de hidroxilammonio (Spanish)
Ammonium sulfate hydroxylamine
Hydroxylamine acid hydrogen sulfate
Sulfuric acid hydroxylamine salt
Hydroxylammonium bisulfate
Ammonium hydroxylamine sulfate
Hydroxylamine sulphuric acid salt
Hydroxylamine sulfate monohydrate
Sulfate d'hydroxylammonium (French)
Hydroxylammonium sulfuric acid
Ammonium hydroxylamine sulphate
Hydroxylamine hydrogen sulphate
Sulfate de l'hydroxylamine (French)
Hydroxylamine sulfuric acid salt
Bisulfate d'hydroxylamine (French)
Hydroxylammonium sulfate hydrate
Sulfuric acid ammonium hydroxylamine
Hydroxylamine acid sulfuric salt
Hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfuric acid
Sulfato de hidroxilamina (Portuguese)
Hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfuric salt
Sulfate d'hydroxylamine (French)
Ammonium hydroxylamine hydrogen sulfate
Hydroxylamine sulfate salt
Hydroxylammonium hydrogen sulphuric acid
Bisulfate de l'hydroxylamine (French)
Sulfate d'hydroxylamine (French)

Hydroxylammonium Sulfate, or HS, (NH2OH)2·H2S04 is colorless crystals that are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate has a corrosive action on the skin.
Used as a reducing agent, photographic developer, purification agent for aldehydes and ketones, chemical synthesis, textile chemical, oxidation inhibitor for fatty acids, catalyst, in biological and biochemical research, for making oximes for paints and varnishes, and rustproofing.

CAS: 10039-54-0
MF: H2O4S.2H3NO
MW: 164.14
EINECS: 233-118-8

Synonyms
Hydroxylammonium sulfate, Oxammonium sulfate, Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1), hydroxyazanium sulfate, hydroxyazanium;sulfate, Hydroxylamine, sulfate, Bis(hydroxylamine) sulfate, Hydroxylamine neutral sulfate, DTXSID2025424, 49KP498D4O, bis(hydroxyammonium) sulfate, EINECS 233-118-8, Hydroxylammoniumsulfat, UN2865, Hydroxylamine, sulfate (2:1) (salt), LANASANE LAB, hydroxyl ammonium sulfate, hydroxyl ammonium sulphate, hydroxyl-ammonium sulphate, bis(hydroxyazanium) sulfate, UNII-49KP498D4O, DTXCID505424, VGYYSIDKAKXZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L, HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE [MI], BIS(HYDROXYLAMMONIUM) SULFATE, HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE [INCI], Tox21_202730, NCGC00091929-01, NCGC00260278-01, CAS-10039-54-0, NS00082564, EC 233-118-8, Hydroxylamine sulfate [UN2865] [Corrosive], Q416490


Hydroxylammonium sulfate, also known as hydroxylamine sulfate, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula (NH2OH)2·H2SO4.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is a salt that plays a crucial role in various industrial applications.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is commonly utilized in chemical processes, particularly as a reducing agent and in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds.

As a versatile compound, hydroxylammonium sulfate finds application in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate reducing properties make it valuable in industries where controlled reduction reactions are necessary for the synthesis of specific compounds.

In addition to Hydroxylammonium sulfate role as a reducing agent, hydroxylammonium sulfate is employed in analytical chemistry, particularly in spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate ability to react with various substances makes it useful in the determination of certain compounds, enhancing its significance in laboratory procedures.

It's important to note that hydroxylammonium sulfate is considered corrosive and should be handled with care, adhering to proper safety protocols.
Due to its diverse applications, this compound continues to be a key component in the chemical industry, contributing to processes that drive advancements in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and materials science.

Hydroxylamine sulfate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 170 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point: 56.5℃
Density: 1.86
Vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 20℃
Storage temp.: -20°C
Solubility: water: soluble(lit.)
Form: Crystals
Color: White
PH: 3.6 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 329 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4828
Stability: Stable, but may be an explosion hazard - do not heat. May decompose explosively in the presence of alkalies. Air sensitive. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with copper, copper alloys, strong oxidising agents, strong bases, nitrites.
LogP: -1.031 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 10039-54-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroxylamine sulfate (2:1) (10039-54-0)

Uses
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is a reducing agent in photography; catalyst, swelling agent, and copolymerization inhibitor in polymerization processes; in chemical synthesis; as a textile chemieal; as an oxidation inhibitor; in making oximes for paints and varnishes; in rustproofing; in nondiscoloring short -stoppers for synthetic rubbers; for unhairing hides; in biological and biochemical research; as a purification agent for aldehydes and ketones; converts aldehydes and ketones to oximes and acid chlorides to hydroxamic acids.

Hydroxylamine sulfate may be used to prepare highly sensitive cellulose tape, used for the detection of formaldehyde gas.
Hydroxylammonium sulfate may be used in the quantitative determination of perchlorate in biological fluids by spectrophotometric methods.
As reducing agent in photography; in synthetic and analytical chemistry; to purify aldehydes and ketones. As antioxidant for fatty acids and soaps. As dehairing agent for hides.
Used as to purify aldehydes and ketones; reagent for mercury and silver detection in water; reducing agent.

Synthesis
Hydroxylammonium sulfate is typically synthesized through a two-step process involving the reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with a base followed by the addition of sulfuric acid.

Formation of Hydroxylamine Base:
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) is treated with a base, commonly sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Neutralization with Sulfuric Acid:
The resulting hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is then neutralized with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Crystallization and Isolation:
The product, hydroxylammonium sulfate, is obtained through crystallization. The crystals are then isolated from the reaction mixture.

HPAA; HPA; Belcor 575; 2-Hydroxy Phosphono Acetic Acid; CAS NO:23783-26-8

(2-Hydroxyethyl)(2-hydroxyhexadecyl)dimethylammonium chloride; HYDROXYCETYL HYDROXYETHYL DIMONIUM CHLORIDE

HYDROXYPROPYL DISTARCH PHOSPHATE; Hydroxypropyl di-starch phosphate; Hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate cas no: 53124-00-8

HYDROXYPROPYL GUAR, N° CAS : 68442-94-4 / 39421-75-5, Nom INCI : HYDROXYPROPYL GUAR, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 270-497-9 / - Ses fonctions (INCI) : Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques. Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion.Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a propylene glycol ether of methylcellulose in which both hydroxypropyl and methyl groups are bound to the anhydrous glucose ring of cellulose by ether linkages.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is synthesized from methyl cellulose by the action of alkali and propylene oxide.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a water soluble ether derivative of cellulose containing both methoxy and hydroxypropyl groups.

CAS: 9004-65-3
MF: C3H7O*
MW: 59.08708
EINECS: 618-389-6

The degree of substitution is 1.08 to 1.83 with the hydroxypropyl groups as the minor constituent.
White to off-white fibrous powder or granules.
Soluble in water and some organic solvents.
Insoluble in ethanol, the aqueous solution has surface activity, forms a thin film after drying, and undergoes a reversible transition from sol to gel in turn by heating and cooling.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) are water soluble polymers derived from cellulose.
They are typically used as thickeners, binders, film formers, and water retention agents.
They also function as suspension aids, surfactants, lubricants, protective colloids, and emulsifiers.

In addition, solutions of these polymers thermally gel.
These polymers are prepared by reacting wood or cotton cellulose fibers with propylene oxide and methyl chloride in the presence of caustic soda.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has a methoxyl content of 28-30% and a hydroxypropoxyl content of 7-12%.
Hypromellose (INN), short for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), is a semisynthetic, inert, viscoelastic polymer used in eye drops, as well as an excipient and controlled-delivery component in oral medicaments, found in a variety of commercial products.
As a food additive, hypromellose is an emulsifier, thickening and suspending agent, and an alternative to animal gelatin.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)'s Codex Alimentarius code (E number) is E464.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) stands for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or hypromellose for short.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is the material from which most supplement capsules are made.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a clear, tasteless, vegetarian and vegan appropriate material.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is normally made by extraction from wood pulp.
Of course, there are plenty of other materials that supplement capsules can be made from.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is by far the most common, but bovine gelatine capsules are still used occasionally, or there are more unusual options, such as pullulan, which is made from a tapioca extract.
Once upon a time, almost all vitamin capsules were made from bovine gelatin.
As vegetarianism and sustainability became more popular, market trends moved away from gelatin based capsules.
Today most supplement products in the UK and European market would be made from HPMC.
Bovine gelatin tends to only be used in very lost cost products, or products where it would not matter that Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is not vegetarian, such as a collagen capsule.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a synthetic polymer that is quite popular in cosmetics and personal care products.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a highly versatile ingredient that serves as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer in formulations.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) can help in improving the texture and flow properties of products like lotions, creams and gels.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) also controls the release of active ingredients and acts as a film-forming agent, protecting the skin from environmental stressors.
In its raw form, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) appears as a white to off-white odorless powder or granule that is soluble in cold water but insoluble in organic solvents.
The chemical formula of Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is C56H108O30.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 225-230 °C
Density: 1.39
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear to very faintly turbid, faintly yellow
Form: powder
Color: White to cream
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Merck: 14,4842
Stability: Stable. Solid is combustible, incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) (9004-65-3)

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is propylene glycol ether of methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl and methyl combine with anhydrous glucose ring by ether bond.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is white or pale white cellulose powder or particles.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has different types of products, the methoxy and hydroxypropyl content ratio is different. It is white or gray fibrous powder or particles.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is soluble in water and some organic solvents and unsoluble in ethanol.
Aqueous solution has a surface activity, the formation of the film after drying, heated and cooled, in turn, from the sol to gel reversible transformation.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is an odorless and tasteless, white or creamy-white fibrous or granular powder.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is soluble in water (10 mg/ml).
However, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is very important to thoroughly disperse the particles in water with agitation before they will dissolve.
Otherwise, they will lump and form a gelatinous membrane around the internal particles, preventing them from wetting completely.
There are four dispersion techniques commonly used to prepare solutions of Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC): dispersion in hot water, dry blending, dispersion in non-solvent medium, and dispersion of surface-treated powders.

Chemistry
Hypromellose is a solid, and is a slightly off-white to beige powder in appearance and may be formed into granules.
The compound forms colloids when dissolved in water.
This non-toxic ingredient is combustible and can react vigorously with oxidizing agents.
Hypromellose in an aqueous solution, like methylcellulose, exhibits a thermal gelation property.
That is, when the solution heats up to a critical temperature, the solution congeals into a non-flowable but semi-flexible mass.

Typically, this critical (congealing) temperature is inversely related to both the solution concentration of Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and the concentration of the methoxy group within the Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) molecule (which in turn depends on both the degree of substitution of the methoxy group and the molar substitution).
That is, the higher the concentration of the methoxy group, the lower the critical temperature.
The inflexibility/viscosity of the resulting mass, however, is directly related to the concentration of the methoxy group (the higher the concentration is, the more viscous or less flexible the resulting mass is).

Uses
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) are water soluble polymers derived from cellulose.
They are typically used as thickeners, binders, film formers, and water retention agents.
They also function as suspension aids, surfactants, lubricants, protective colloids, and emulsifiers.
In addition, solutions of these polymers thermally gel.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has many excellent properties.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is presented below some examples of HPMC applications:
Food industry: stabilizers of emulsions and foams, as a replacement for fat, as a non-caloric bulking agentin foods, as a binder, among others.
Pharmaceutical industry: as a dispersing and thickening agent, film-coating of tablets, drug preparations,among others.
Cosmetics industry: hair shampoo, eye makeup, skin care preparations, among others.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a gum formed by the reaction of propylene oxide and methyl chloride with alkali cellulose.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) will gel as the temperature is increased in heating and upon cooling will liquefy.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) temperature ranges from 60°c to 90°c, forming semifirm to mushy gels.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is used in bakery goods, dressings, breaded foods, and salad dressing mix for syneresis control, texture, and to provide hot viscosity.
usage level ranges from 0.05 to 1.0%.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is used as an ophthalmic lubricant, an emulsifier and a thickening and suspending agent.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is widely used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) acts as a food additive.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)'s eye drops are known as artificial tears, which are used to relieve eye dryness and soreness.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) finds applications in various fields as emulsifier, film former, protective colloid, stabilizer, suspending agent, or thickener in foods.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent; tablet excipient; demulcent; viscosity increasing agent); hydrophilic carrier in drug delivery systems.
In adhesives, asphalt emulsions, caulking compounds, tile mortars, plastic mixes, cements, paints.

Indications
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) belongs to the group of medicines known as artificial tears.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is used to relieve dryness and irritation caused by reduced tear flow.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) helps prevent damage to the eye in certain eye diseases.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) may also be used to moisten hard contact lenses and artificial eyes.
In addition, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) may be used in certain eye examinations.

Use in whole grain breads
Agricultural Research Service scientists are investigating using the plant-derived HPMC as a substitute for gluten in making all-oat and other grain breads.
Gluten, which is present in wheat, rye, and barley, is absent (or present only in trace quantities) in oat and other grains.
Like gluten, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) can trap air bubbles formed by the yeast in bread dough, causing the bread to rise.

Use in construction materials
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is used primarily in construction materials like tile adhesives and renders where it is used as a rheology modifier and water retention agent.
Functionally Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is very similar to HEMC (hydroxy ethyl methyl cellulose) Trade names include Methocel and Walocel.
The global leading producer is now DuPont, formerly manufactured under Dow Wolff Cellulosics GmbH.

Ophthalmic applications
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) solutions were patented as a semisynthetic substitute for tear-film.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)'s molecular structure is predicated upon a base celluloid compound that is highly water-soluble.
Post-application, celluloid attributes of good water solubility reportedly aid in visual clarity.
When applied, a hypromellose solution acts to swell and absorb water, thereby expanding the thickness of the tear-film.
Hypromellose augmentation therefore results in extended lubricant time presence on the cornea, which theoretically results in decreased eye irritation, especially in dry climates, home, or work environments.
On a molecular level, this polymer contains beta-linked D-glucose units that remain metabolically intact for days to weeks.
On a manufacturing note, since hypromellose is a vegetarian substitute for gelatin, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is slightly more expensive to produce due to semisynthetic manufacturing processes.
Aside from Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)'s widespread commercial and retail availability over the counter in a variety of products, hypromellose 2% solution has been documented to be used during surgery to aid in corneal protection and during orbital surgery.

Excipient/tableting ingredient
In addition to its use in ophthalmic liquids, hypromellose has been used as an excipient in oral tablet and capsule formulations, where, depending on the grade, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) functions as controlled release agent to delay the release of a medicinal compound into the digestive tract.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is also used as a binder and as a component of tablet coatings.

Liquid Detergents
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and methyl cellulose are also water-soluble nonionic polymers.
They are compatible with inorganic salts and ionic species up to a certain concentration. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) can be salted out of solution when the concentration of electrolytes or other dissolved materials exceeds certain limits.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has a higher tolerance for salts in solution than methyl cellulose.
Both are stable over a pH range of 3 to 11.
Commercial water-soluble methyl cellulose products have a methoxy DS of 1.64 to 1.92.
A DS of lower than 1.64 yields material with lower water solubility.
The methoxy DS in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ranges from 1.3 to 2.
The hydroxypropyl MS ranges from 0.13 to 0.82.
Methyl cellulose and Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) polymers have a number of applications and are used as thickeners in latex paints,food products,shampoos,creams and lotions, and cleansing gels.
U.S.Patent 5,565,421 is an example of the use of Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) polymer to gel a light-duty liquid detergent containing anionic surfactants.

Product features
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is propylene glycol ether of methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl and methyl combine with anhydrous glucose ring by ether bond.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is white or pale white cellulose powder or particles.
The characteristics of cold water dissolution and hot water insoluble are similar with methyl cellulose.
Solubility in organic solvents is superior than water soluble, can be dissolved in anhydrous methanol and ethanol solution, also soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and ketones in organic solvents.
Soluble in water, its water solution has a surface activity, the formation of the film after drying, heated and cooled, in turn, from the reversible conversion of sol to gel.
Can be used alone in the cold drink, also can be used with other emulsifier, stabilizer.
To cold drink, the maximum amount is 1%.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and other water-soluble high weight compounds use mixture, become transparent, higher viscosity.
The gelation temperature of low viscosity products is higher than high viscosity of products. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)'s solution is stable at room temperature.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) has been widely used in petroleum chemical industry, papermaking, leather, textile printing and dyeing, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and other industries, and as the dispersing agent, thickening agent, adhesive, excipient, capsule, oil resistant coating and packing etc.

Methods of production
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is obtained by treatment of fibrous plant material with alkali, methyl chloride and propylene oxide.

1.The refined cotton cellulose with alkali treatment at 35-40 ℃ for half an hour, press, crushed the cellulose, aging at 35 ℃, so that the average degree of polymerization of alkali cellulose is in a desired range.
The alkali fiber into etherification reactor, followed by adding epoxy propane and methane chloride, etherification at 50-80 ℃ for 5h, the maximum pressure is about 1.8MPa.
The reaction products were produced by postprocessing (hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid, washing and drying).
The consumption of raw material of cotton pulp 1100kg/t, methyl chloride and propylene oxide 4300kg/t, solid alkali 1200kg/t, hydrochloride 30kg/t, oxalic acid 50kg/t.

2.100 kg refined cotton linters immersed in 45% solution, temperature is 35 to 40℃, time is 0.5 to 1 h, and then remove the press.
The pressure to weight is 2.7 times as the weight of lint, stop pressure.
Carry out the crushing.
At 35℃, aging for 16h.
In the reaction kettle, the chlorinated methane, propylene oxide were added into the reaction kettle.
At 80℃, the pressure was 1.8 MPa, the reaction time is 5 to 8 h, and the amount of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid were added to the hot water at 90℃.
Dewatering with centrifuge, washing to neutral, when the water content of the material is below to 60% , 130℃ of hot air flow dried to the moisture content is below 5%.
Finally, the finished product sieved by 20 mesh.

3. Prepared by cellulose, methyl chloride, and ethylene oxide.

Production Methods
A purified form of cellulose, obtained from cotton linters or wood pulp, is reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to produce a swollen alkali cellulose that is chemically more reactive than untreated cellulose.
The alkali cellulose is then treated with chloromethane and propylene oxide to produce methyl hydroxypropyl ethers of cellulose.
The fibrous reaction product is then purified and ground to a fine, uniform powder or granules.
Hypromellose can then be exposed to anhydrous hydrogen chloride to induce depolymerization, thus producing low viscosity grades.

Synonyms
SIS17
2374313-54-7
N'-Hexadecylthiophene-2-carbohydrazide
SIS-17
CHEMBL4777961
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
C21H38N2OS
SIS 17; SIS17
DTXSID701238689
BCP31156
EX-A6309
ZUD31354
BDBM50565135
MFCD32201127
s6687
AKOS037649020
BS-16273
HY-128918
CS-0102230
D70091
2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid, 2-hexadecylhydrazide

HYDROXYSTEARYL ALCOHOL, N° CAS : 2726-73-0, Nom INCI : HYDROXYSTEARYL ALCOHOL. Nom chimique : 1, 12-Ocatadecanediol. Classification : Alcool

Hypophosphorous acid, or Phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous acid is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
Hypophosphorous acid is used in articles, in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

CAS Number: 6303-21-5
EC Number: 228-601-5
Chemical Frmula: H3PO2
Molar Mass: 66.00 g/mol

Hypophosphorous acid is an ingredient to many etching solutions, such as solutions for etching of Al (Aluminum), GaAs (gallium arsenide), InP (indium phosphide), Ag (silver) or ZnO (zinc oxide).
Very hot concentrated phosphoric acid can also be used for etching of SiNx (silicon nitride).

Hypophosphorous acid is a phosphorus oxoacid and a powerful reducing agent.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name (also as "HPA") although Hypophosphorous acid official IUPAC name is Hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous acid is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights Hypophosphorous acid monoprotic character.
Salts derived from this acid are called hypophosphites.

HOP(O)H2 exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid and the major tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities and a high degree of structural diversity, rendering them a versatile tool in the development of new medicinal agents.

Hypophosphorous acid is an oxoacid of phosphorus.
Hypophosphorous acid chemical formula is H3PO2.

Hypophosphorous acid also known as Phosphinic acid is a phosphorous oxoacid and also acts as a good reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous acid is basically a colourless aqueous solution that is soluble in water, dioxin as well as in alcohol.

Hypophosphorous acid formula is H3PO2 is a neutral molecule with no spare charge on it.
Thus the oxidation number of the central atom phosphorus is +1 which can be described as follows.

As the whole charge on the H3PO2 molecule is zero.
Charge on a single hydrogen atom is one and there are three atoms present in the molecules that make Hypophosphorous acid 3.

Similarly, the valency of a single oxygen atom is (-2) and there are 2 oxygen atoms present in the molecule.
Thus the formula would be considering the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom as unknown as therefore represented as X.

1x31x3 + X +(−2)x2 (−2)x2 = 3 - 4 + X = -1 + X or, X = 1.

Hypophosphorous acid formula that has a more precise and descriptive presentation as HOP(O)H2 which is the actual Hypophosphorous acid chemical formula that actually represents the monoprotic characteristics by the later molecular formula.

HOP(O)H2 is in equilibrium with the minor structural formula of Hypophosphorous acid that is interconvertible like HP(OH)2.
The minor tautomers are referred to as Hypophosphorous acid and the major monomers are called Hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid compounds (phosphinates) are derivatives of Hypophosphorous acid H 2 P(O)(OH).
Hypophosphorous acid peptides (phosphinic pseudopeptides) are peptide isosteres where one peptide bond is substituted by the nonhydrolysable phosphinate moiety -P(O)(OH)-CH 2 - or -P(O)(OH)-.

This substitution represents a very convenient mimic of a substrate in the transition state for at least two distinct classes of hydrolytic enzymes, Zn-metalloproteinases and aspartic acid proteinases.

These proteins are mainly proteinases, however other types of proteins such as transferases, synthetases, ligases or even receptors are also discussed.
Genome sequencing projects have been identifying protein sequences faster than Hypophosphorous acid is possible to discover their functions.

The development of combinatorial chemistry in the past few years has boosted up the interest in the use of chemistry to address biological problems.
Phosphinates, especially in conjunction with combinatorial chemistry approaches, represent an extremely versatile tool in the search for proteome and Hypophosphorous acid function.

Hypophosphorous acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Hypophosphorous acid is used in articles, in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hypophosphorous acid (HPA), or Hypophosphorous acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous acid is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.

Hypophosphorous acid, or Hypophosphorous acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous acid is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane and alcohols.

The formula for this acid is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights Hypophosphorous acid monoprotic character.
Salts derived from this acid are called hypophosphites.

HOP(O)H2 exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid and the major tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid.

The formula for Hypophosphorous acid is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights Hypophosphorous acid monoprotic character.
Salts derived from Hypophosphorous acid are called hypophosphites.

HOP(O)H2 exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid and the major tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid is a phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group and via a double bond to an oxygen.J
Hypophosphorous acid has role antioxidant.

Hypophosphorous acid is a phosphorus oxoacid.
Hypophosphorous acid is conjugate acid of phosphinate.

Hypophosphorous acid is a powerful reducing agent with a molecular formula of H3PO2.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name although Hypophosphorous acid IUPAC name is dihydridohydroxidooxidophosphorus, or the acceptable name of Hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous acid is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights Hypophosphorous acid monoprotic character.
Salts derived from this acid are called phosphinates (hypophosphites).

In organic chemistry, H3PO2 best known for their use in the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN2+ to Ar-H.
When diazotized in a concentrated solution of Hypophosphorous acid, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes, selectively over alkyl amines.

Hypophosphorous acid (HPA) is also known as Hypophosphorous acid, hydroxy(oxo)-λ5-phosphane, oxo-λ5-phosphinous acid and oxo-λ5-phosphanol.
Hypophosphorous acid molecular formula is H3PO2 or HOP(O)H2.

Hypophosphorous acid is a hydroxy phosphine oxide or phosphorus oxyacid having a monobasic character.
Hypophosphorous acid is a low-melting colorless compound, which is highly soluble in alcohols, dioxane and water.

Hypophosphoric acid is a mineral acid with the formula H4P2O6, with phosphorus in a formal oxidation state of +4.
In the solid state Hypophosphorous acid is present as the dihydrate, H4P2O6·2H2O.
In hypophosphoric acid the phosphorus atoms are identical and joined directly with a P−P bond.

Isohypophosphoric acid is a structural isomer of hypophosphoric acid in which one phosphorus has a hydrogen directedly bonded to Hypophosphorous acid and that phosphorus atom is linked to the other one by an oxygen bridge to give a phosphorous acid/phosphoric acid mixed anhydride.
The two phosphorus atoms are in the +3 and +5 oxidation states, respectively.

Hypophosphorous acid is a phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group and via a double bond to an oxygen.
Hypophosphorous acid has a role as an antioxidant.

Hypophosphorous acid is a phosphorus oxoacid and a member of Hypophosphorous acids.
Hypophosphorous acid is a conjugate acid of a phosphinate.

Hypophosphorous acid is an important chemical product with wide applications in pharmaceuticals and electroless plating.

Free Hypophosphorous acid is prepared by acidifying aqueous solutions of hypophosphite ions, H2PO2−.
For example, the solution remaining when phosphine is prepared from the reaction of white phosphorus and a base contains the H2PO2− ion.
If barium hydroxide (BaOH) is used as the base and the solution is acidified with sulfuric acid, barium sulfate, BaSO4, precipitates, and an aqueous solution of Hypophosphorous acid results.

Ba2+ + 2H2PO2− + 2H3O+ + SO42− → BaSO4 + 2H3PO2 + 2H2O

The pure acid cannot be isolated merely by evaporating the water, however, because of the easy oxidation of the phosphoric acids (and elemental phosphorus) and Hypophosphorous acid disproportionation to phosphine and phosphorous acid.
The pure acid can be obtained by extraction of Hypophosphorous acid aqueous solution by diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O.

Pure Hypophosphorous acid forms white crystals that melt at 26.5 °C (79.7 °F).

The electronic structure of Hypophosphorous acid is such that Hypophosphorous acid has only one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and Hypophosphorous acid is thus a monoprotic oxyacid.
Hypophosphorous acid is a weak acid and forms only one series of salts, the hypophosphites.
Hydrated sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2 · H2O, is used as an industrial reducing agent, particularly for the electroless plating of nickel onto metals and nonmetals.

Applications of Hypophosphorous acid:
Hypophosphorous acid (and Hypophosphorous acid salts) are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals.
Hypophosphorous acid is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel.

This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial application of hypophosphites.
For this application Hypophosphorous acid is principally used as a salt (sodium hypophosphite).

Hypophosphorous acid is primarily used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous acid is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.

Hypophosphorous acid acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Also, Hypophosphorous acid serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.

Further, Hypophosphorous acid is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.
In addition to this, Hypophosphorous acid is used as bleaching agents for plastics, synthetic fibers, decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics.

Hypophosphorous acid is used as a pharmaceutical additive as antioxidant, as an ingredient of electroless plating solutions, for the retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals as a water treatment agent, as a meat preservative to prevent the discoloration of polymers and for the production of chemicals

Uses of Hypophosphorous acid:
Hypophosphorous acid is used as a chain transfer agent in aqueous polymerizations.
Hypophosphorous acid has color stabilizer function, antioxydant property and Hypophosphorous acid is also used as reducer or catalyst in multiple industries.

Hypophosphorous acid is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment, retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.
Hypophosphorous acid main use is for electroless plating, i.e. deposition of metal films from solution.

Hypophosphorous acid is majorly manufactured from Sodium Hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid is widely used as a reducing agent to reduce Cu, Hg and Ag etc. to verify impurities, such as Nb, As and Ta, etc.

Hypophosphorous acid is also used as a catalyst during esterification and in medicines, Hypophosphorous acid is used to detect tellurium and arsenic, etc
Hypophosphorous acid is used as a decolorizing or bleaching agent in plastics, chemicals and synthetic fibers.
Hypophosphorous acid is also used as a color stabilizer during the manufacturing of chemicals and plastics, including polyamides, nylon fibers, polyacrilonitrile, polyester fiber, epoxies, glycerols, fatty acid esters and alkyd resins.

Hypophosphorous acid is also used as a polycondensation and polymerization agent, reducing agent, an antioxidant and stimulant in pharmaceuticals, etc.
Thus, due to the wide areas of application of Hypophosphorous acid, Hypophosphorous acid consumption is expected to grow at a significant rate during the forecast period.

Hypophosphorous acid is used in various end use industries, such as building and construction, electronics and electrical, chemical and plastics, etc.
Thus, owing to the growing use of Hypophosphorous acid in various industries, Hypophosphorous acid sales is expected to increase, thereby propelling the growth of the global Hypophosphorous acid market during the forecast period.

Hypophosphorous acid is used as reducing agent for electroless plating.
Hypophosphorous acid can be used to prevent discoloration of phosphoric acid resin.

Hypophosphorous acid is used as esterification catalyst, the refrigerant.
Hypophosphorous acid is used to produce hypophosphite, sodium salts, manganese salts, iron salts are generally used as nourishing substances.

Hypophosphorous acid is used in medicine and as reducing agent, the determination of arsenic, tellurium and separation of tantalum, niobium and other reagents.
Hypophosphorous acid is strong reducing agent, Hypophosphorous acid can be used for the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.

Hypophosphorous acid can be used for the plating bath, pharmaceuticals, reducing agent, general reagents.
Hypophosphorous acid is strong reducing agent, Hypophosphorous acid can be used in making sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid is widely used as reducing agent, Ag, Cu, Ni, Hg and other metals are reduced to the corresponding metal, for the verification of As, Nb, Ta and other reagents, Hypophosphorous acid can be used for the preparation of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and other types of hypophosphite.

Bleaching Agent:
Hypophosphorous acid is used as a bleaching or decolorizing agent for plastics, synthetic fibers, and chemicals

Color Stabilizer:
Hypophosphorous acid is used as a decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics including: nylon fibers, polyamides, polyester fiber, polyacrilonitrile, alkyd rsins, epoxies, fatty acid esters, and glycerols.

Hypophosphite Salts:
Hypophosphorous acid is used in the production of Hypophosphite Salts (i.e., Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Iron, and Ammonium) which are in turn used in synthetic fibers as wetting dispersing, emulsifying, and anti-static agents.

Chemical Intermediate:
Hypophosphorous acid is used in organic synthesis and organo Hypophosphorous acid production.

Neturalizing Agent:
Hypophosphorous acid is used as a moderately strong monobasic acid.

Catalyst:
Hypophosphorous acid is a polymerization and polycondensation catalyst.

Wetting Agent:
Hypophosphorous acid is a as a wetting, dispersing, or emulsifying agent in electroplating.

Reducing Agent:
Hypophosphorous acid may be used for Hypophosphorous acid strong but slow reducing action.

Antioxidant:
Hypophosphorous acid may be used as an antioxidant.

Pharmaceutical:
Hypophosphorous acid may be used as a stimulant in pharmaceuticals.

Uses at industrial sites:
Hypophosphorous acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals and welding & soldering products.
Hypophosphorous acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Hypophosphorous acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hypophosphorous acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hypophosphorous acid can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in the production of articles.

Preparation and Availability of Hypophosphorous acid:
Hypophosphorous acid was first prepared in 1816 by the French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838).

The acid is prepared industrially via a two step process:

Firstly, elemental white phosphorus reacts with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides to give an aqueous solution of hypophosphites:
P4 + 4 OH− + 4 H2O → 4 H2PO−2 + 2 H2

Any phosphites produced in this step can be selectively precipitated out by treatment with calcium salts.

The purified material is then treated with a strong, non-oxidizing acid (often sulfuric acid) to give the free Hypophosphorous acid:
H2PO−2 + H+ → H3PO2

Hypophosphorous acid is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution.
Anhydrous acid cannot be obtained by simple evaporation of the water, as the acid readily oxidises to phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid and also disproportionates to phosphorous acid and phosphine.
Pure anhydrous Hypophosphorous acid can be formed by the continuous extraction of aqueous solutions with diethyl ether.

Preparation method of Hypophosphorous acid:
1. Phosphorus and barium hydroxide solution is heated, barium salt Ba (H2PO2) 2 • 2H2O can generate, sulfuric acid is added into Hypophosphorous acid barium solution, Ba2+ can precipitate:
Ba(H2PO2)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H3PO2

Hypophosphorous acid can be obtained by evaporating under reduced pressure and low temperature crystallization.
Due to in this process, the solubility of the barium salt is small, so the concentration of obtained Hypophosphorous acid is not high, industrial product should be purified by recrystallization.

2. the barium oxide (or lime) and solution of white phosphorus is heated together to form secondary barium phosphate (or calcium), and then reacts with sulfuric acid, Hypophosphorous acid is filtered, concentrated to obtain product, or sodium hypophosphite solution proceeds H-type ion exchange resin can derive product.
This method requires a large amount of resin, and resin regeneration and washing step is cumbersome, Hypophosphorous acid generally costs more than $ 7 per pound, Hypophosphorous acid is only suitable for small batch production, and not suitable for large-scale industrial applications.

3. Hypophosphorous acid is prepared by electrodialysis method, wherein the electrodialysis cell divides into three parts, they are anode chamber, raw material chamber and cathode chamber, the intermediate is separated by anionic membrane and cationic membrane, between two membranes sodium hypophosphite solution is placed (concentration of 100g/L~500g/L), anode chamber is dilute solution of Hypophosphorous acid 5g/L, anode chamber is dilute sodium hydroxide solution ( 5g /L), between the poles DC (3V~36V) is passed, anode releases oxygen, and generates secondary product of Hypophosphorous acid; cathode emits hydrogen, and generates secondary product of sodium hydroxide, the reaction time is 3~21h.

The reactions of anode chamber and cathode chamber are as follows:

Anode chamber:
H2O==H++OH-
2OH-==O2+2H2O+4e
H++H2PO2-==H3PO2

Cathode chamber:
H2O==H++OH-
2H++2e==H2
Na++OH-==NaOH

Electrodialysis method of preparation Hypophosphorous acid is simple and equipment investment is small, Hypophosphorous acid is suitable for mass production.

4. Starting from the industrial grade sodium hypophosphite, Cl-, SO42-anions which affect the quality indicators of Hypophosphorous acid are removed by precipitation, heavy metal ions are removed from the solution by forming sulfide, and then using strong acid cation exchange resin to obtain sodium secondary phosphate, high purity grade product can obtain.
The process can produce high-grade secondary phosphate, technically is feasible, the process is simple, easy operation, good product quality, Hypophosphorous acid can meet the needs of the electronics industry, defense industry and other high-tech fields.

5. Ion exchange resin method: about 70g of cation exchange resin wetted with water is packed into a glass tube with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid circulating about 15min, after thoroughly washed with water, high purity aqueous sodium hypophosphite aqueous solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) flows through it, the resin column is first washed with 50 ml, then with 25 rnl distilled water.
The effluent acid and washing is combined, Hypophosphorous acid is concentrated by evaporation in water bath.
The concentrated acid is placed in high vacuum with P205 dryer for dehydration, cooling and crystallization, filtration, recrystallization, to obtain Hypophosphorous acid product.

Hypophosphate salts:
Many hypophosphate salts are known, for example, K4P2O6·8H2O, Ca2P2O6·2H2O, K3HP2O6·3H2O, K2H2P2O6·2H2O, KH3P2O6.

On standing in air, hypophosphates tend to oxidise to pyrophosphates containing the P2O4−7 ion where P has a formal oxidation state of +5.
Hypophosphates are stable to alkali hydroxides.
In fused sodium hydroxide they convert rapidly to the orthophosphate containing PO3−4.

Structure of Hypophosphorous acid:
Hypophosphorus acid contains oxonium ions and is best formulated [H3O+]2 [H2P2O6]2−.
The acid is isostructural with the diammonium salt which contains the [HOPO2PO2OH]2− anion with a P−P bond length of 219 pm.

The HOPO2PO2OH2− anion in Na2H2P2O6·6H2O has a symmetric, staggered ethane-like structure with a P−P bond of length 219 pm.
Each phosphorus atom has two P−O bonds with length 151 pm, and a P−OH bond length of 159 pm.

Chemical Structure of Hypophosphorous acid:
A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together.
The Hypophosphorous acid molecule contains a total of 5 bond(s).
There are 2 non-H bond(s), 1 multiple bond(s), 1 double bond(s), and 1 hydroxyl group(s).

Formula of Hypophosphorous acid:
Hypophosphoric acid is a mineral acid with phosphorus in an oxidation state of +4.
Hypophosphorous acid has a chemical formula H4P2O6.

In the solid-state, Hypophosphorous acid exists as a dihydrate, H4P2O6.2H2O.
Hypophosphorous acid can be manufactured by reacting red phosphorus with sodium chlorite at room temperature.
In this short piece of article, let us discuss the hypophosphoric acid formula along with Hypophosphorous acid chemical structure, properties and uses.

Properties of Hypophosphorous acid:
The molecule displays P(═O)H to P–OH tautomerism similar to that of phosphorous acid; the P(═O) form is strongly favoured.

Hypophosphorous acid is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution and heating at low temperatures (up to about 90°C) prompts Hypophosphorous acid to react with water to form phosphorous acid and hydrogen gas.
H3PO2 + H2O → H3PO3 + H2

Heating above 110°C causes Hypophosphorous acid to undergo disproportionation to give phosphorous acid and phosphine.
3 H3PO2 → 2 H3PO3 + PH3

Chemical properties:
Hypophosphorous acid is deliquescent crystals or colorless oil.
Hypophosphorous acid is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and Hypophosphorous acid can be mixed in any proportion with water, ethanol, acetone.
In the air, Hypophosphorous acid easily deliquesce to syrupy liquid, and the aqueous solution is acidic.

Hypophosphorous acid is monobasic acid, in aqueous solution, Hypophosphorous acid is strong acid, Ka = 10-2 (25℃).
Hypophosphorous acid is relatively stable at room temperature.

Disproportionation reaction can proceed at 130℃, decompose into phosphine and phosphorous acid:
2H3PO2=H3PO4+PH3

Hypophosphorous acid has strong reduction, heavy metal salt solution can be restored to metals such as Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, such as:
4Ag+H3PO2+2H2)=4Ag+H3PO4+4H+

Hypophosphorous acid is weak oxidizer, Hypophosphorous acid can be reduced to phosphine, phosphine when encounters strong reducing agent.

Reactions of Hypophosphorous acid:

Inorganic:
Hypophosphorous acid can reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide:
H3PO2 + 2 Cr2O3 → 4 CrO + H3PO4

Inorganic derivatives:
Most metal-hypophosphite complexes are unstable, owing to the tendency of hypophosphites to reduce metal cations back into the bulk metal.
Some examples have been characterised, including the important nickel salt [Ni(H2O)6](H2PO2)2.

DEA List I chemical status:
Because Hypophosphorous acid can reduce elemental iodine to form hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated Hypophosphorous acid (and Hypophosphorous acid salts) as a List I precursor chemical effective November 16, 2001.
Accordingly, handlers of Hypophosphorous acid or Hypophosphorous acid salts in the United States are subject to stringent regulatory controls including registration, recordkeeping, reporting, and import/export requirements pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act and 21 CFR §§ 1309 and 1310.

Organic:
In organic chemistry, H3PO2 can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN+2 to Ar–H.
When diazotized in a concentrated solution of Hypophosphorous acid, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes.

Owing to Hypophosphorous acid ability to function as a mild reducing agent and oxygen scavenger Hypophosphorous acid is sometimes used as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions, where Hypophosphorous acid prevents the formation of colored impurities.

Hypophosphorous acid is used to prepare Hypophosphorous acid derivatives.

Production method of Hypophosphorous acid:
Ion exchange resin method: put about 70 g water-soluble cation exchange resins to fill into a glass tube.
Circulate with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid for about 15 min and wash sufficiently with water.

Have a high aqueous sodium hypophosphite solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) to flow through the resin column, followed by being washed first with 50 ml water, and then rinsing with 25 rnl distilled water.
The effluent acid and the washings were combined and concentrated by evaporation on a water bath.
The concentrated acid is send to the highly vacuum, P205 dryer for dehydration, followed by cooling crystallization, filtration and recrystallization to obtain the finished product of Hypophosphorous acid.

Handling and storage of Hypophosphorous acid:

Precautions for safe handling:
Handling in a well ventilated place.
Wear suitable protective clothing.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.

Use non-sparking tools.
Prevent fire caused by electrostatic discharge steam.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store the container tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place.
Store apart from foodstuff containers or incompatible materials.

Stability and reactivity of Hypophosphorous acid:

Reactivity:
Deliquescent.
Water soluble.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Hypophosphorous acid decomposes when heated into phosphoric acid and spontaneously flammable phosphine.
Hypophosphorous acid is oxidized by sulfuric acid with release of sulfur dioxide and sulfur.

Reacts explosively with mercury(II) oxide.
Reacts violently with mercury(II) nitrate.
Neutralizes bases in exothermic reactions.

First-aid measures of Hypophosphorous acid:

If inhaled:
Move the victim into fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

If not breathing, give artificial respiration and consult a doctor immediately.
Do not use mouth to mouth resuscitation if the victim ingested or inhaled the chemical.

Following skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a doctor.

Following eye contact:
Rinse with pure water for at least 15 minutes.
Consult a doctor.

Following ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Call a doctor or Poison Control Center immediately.

Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed:
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.

Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.

Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary:
no data available

Fire-fighting measures of Hypophosphorous acid:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Hypophosphorous acid without risk.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter Hypophosphorous acid.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

Specific hazards arising from the chemical:
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).

Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Containers may explode when heated.

Special protective actions for fire-fighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Accidental release measures of Hypophosphorous acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Avoid dust formation.
Avoid breathing mist, gas or vapours.

Avoid contacting with skin and eye.
Use personal protective equipment.

Wear chemical impermeable gloves.
Ensure adequate ventilation.

Remove all sources of ignition.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further spillage or leakage if Hypophosphorous acid is safe to do so.
Do not let the chemical enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Collect and arrange disposal.
Keep the chemical in suitable and closed containers for disposal.

Remove all sources of ignition.
Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment.
Adhered or collected material should be promptly disposed of, in accordance with appropriate laws and regulations.

Identifiers of Hypophosphorous acid:
CAS Number: 6303-21-5
ChEBI: CHEBI:29031
ChEMBL: ChEMBL2105054
ChemSpider:
10449263
10459437 (17O2)k
2342086 (2H3)
ECHA InfoCard: 100.026.001
KEGG: D02334
PubChem CID: 3085127 (2H3)
UNII: 8B1RL9B4ZJ
UN number: UN 3264
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90206211
InChI: InChI=1S/H3O2P/c1-3-2/h3H2,(H,1,2)
Key: ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/H3O2P/c1-3-2/h3H2,(H,1,2)
Key: ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYAQ
SMILES: O[PH2]=O

CAS Numbers (All): 6303-21-5
EC Number: 228-601-5
Linear Formula: H3PO2
MDL Number: MFCD02183592
Molar Mass: 66.0 g/mol
Synonyms: Hypophosphorous acid

Synonym(s): Hypophosphorous acid
Linear Formula: H3PO2
CAS Number: 6303-21-5
Molecular Weight: 66.00
MDL number: MFCD02183592
PubChem Substance ID: 329752159
NACRES: NA.21

Properties of Hypophosphorous acid:
Chemical formula: H3PO2
Molar mass: 66.00 g/mol
Appearance: colorless, deliquescent crystals or oily liquid
Density: 1.493 g/cm3[2]
1.22 g/cm3 (50 wt% aq. solution)
Melting point: 26.5 °C (79.7 °F; 299.6 K)
Boiling point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: miscible
Solubility: very soluble in alcohol, ether
Acidity (pKa): 1.2
Conjugate base: Phosphinate

Boiling point: 108 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 1.21 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: pH value: 1 (H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 30 hPa (20 °C)

vapor pressure: Quality Level: 200
form: liquid

concentration:
48-52% in NaOH (titration)
50 wt. % in H2O

pH: 1 (20 °C, 500 g/L)
density: 1.206 g/mL at 25 °C
SMILES string: O[PH2]=O
InChI: 1S/H3O2P/c1-3-2/h3H2,(H,1,2)
InChI key: ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling Point/Range: 108 °C.Decomposes on heating.
Color: Colorless
Concentration: 50.00%
Corrosivity: Corrosive to metals
Density: 1.210 - 1.260 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flashpoint: Not applicable
Form: Liquid
Grade: Reagent Grade
Incompatible Materials: Oxidizing agents. Bases. Corrosive in contact with metals. Decomposes by reaction with alkaline solutions.
Lower Explosion Limit: Not applicable
Melting Point/Range: < -25 °C
Partition Coefficient: no data available
Purity Percentage: 50.00
Purity Details: ~50.00%
Solubility in Water: completely miscible
Upper Explosion Limit: Not applicable
Vapor Pressure: 30 hPa (20 °C)
Viscosity: no data available
pH-Value: 1.0 (20 °C)
Product Line: Puriss. p.a.
Storage Temperature: Ambient

Molecular Weight: 65.996 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 65.98706633 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 65.98706633 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Complexity: 10.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Hypophosphorous acid:
Property: Value
Assay: 48.5 - 51.4 %
Density (D 20/4): 1.208 - 1.220
Arsenic (As): Max. 0.5 ppm
Barium (Ba): Max. 50 ppm
Calcium (Ca): Max. 50 ppm
Cadmium (Cd): Max. 1 ppm
Cobalt (Co): Max. 1 ppm
Chromium (Cr): Max. 1 ppm
Copper (Cu): Max. 1 ppm
Iron (Fe): Max. 10 ppm
Potassium (K): Max. 10 ppm
Magnesium (Mg): Max. 10 ppm
Manganese (Mn): Max. 1 ppm
Sodium (Na): Max. 2000 ppm
Nickel (Ni): Max. 1 ppm
Lead (Pb): Max. 1 ppm
Zinc (Zn): Max. 1 ppm
Chloride (Cl): Max. 200 ppm
Total S (as SO4): Max. 200 ppm
Phosphate, phosphite (as H3PO4): Max. 1 %

Assay (alkalimetric): ≥ 49.5 %
Phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid (as H₃PO₃): ≤ 2
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.015 %
Total sulfur (as SO₄): ≤ 0.02 %
As (Arsenic): ≤ 0.0005 %
Ba (Barium): ≤ 0.005 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.005 %
Cd (Cadmium): ≤ 0.0001 %
Cu (Copper): ≤ 0.0005 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.005 %
K (Potassium): ≤ 0.001 %
Mn (Manganese): ≤ 0.0005 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.10 %
Ni (Nickel): ≤ 0.0005 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.0005 %
Zn (Zinc): ≤ 0.0001 %

Structure of Hypophosphorous acid:
Molecular shape: pseudo-tetrahedral

Related compounds of Hypophosphorous acid:
Sodium hypophosphite
Barium hypophosphite

Related phosphorus oxoacids:
Phosphorous acid
Phosphoric acid

Names of Hypophosphorous acid:

Regulatory process names:
Hypophosphorous acid
hypophosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acid (VAN)
Hypophosphorus acid
Phosphine oxide, hydroxy-
Phosphinic acid
Phosphinic acid
phosphinic acid
Phosphonous acid (VAN)

IUPAC names:
hydroxy-oxophosphanium
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID
Hypophosphorous acid
hypophosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acid
Hypophosphorus Acid
phosphenous acid
Phosphinic acid
phosphinic acid
Phospinic Acid
Unterphosphorige Säure
Phosphinic acid

Trade names:
Hypophosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acid 50 %

Other names:
Hydroxy(oxo)-λ5-phosphane
Hydroxy-λ5-phosphanone
Oxo-λ5-phosphanol
Oxo-λ5-phosphinous acid
Phosphonous acid (for minor tautomer)

Other identifiers:
60062-19-3
6303-21-5

Synonyms of Hypophosphorous acid:
12164-97-5 [RN]
228-601-5 [EINECS]
hydroxyphosphanone
MFCD02183592 [MDL number]
Phosphenous acid [ACD/Index Name]
Phosphinic acid [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
phosphinic-acid
phosphorus dioxide
Phosphorus oxide (PO2)
10039-56-2 [RN]
15460-68-1 [RN]
60062-19-3 [RN]
68412-68-0 [RN]
68412-69-1 [RN]
7789-79-9 [RN]
HOPO
HPA
HPH2O2
hydrophosphorous acid
hydroxidooxidophosphorus
hydroxyl phosphine oxide
Hydroxyphosphine oxide
hypophosphite [Wiki]
HYPOPHOSPHITE ION
Hypophosphoric acid [ACD/Index Name]
Phosphine oxide, hydroxy-
PHOSPHINYLOXY
phosphorus(IV) oxide
Hypophosphorous acid [NF] [Wiki]
6303-21-5 [RN]
Acide phosphinique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
H2PO(OH) [Formula]
Hypophosphorous acid (VAN)
PH2(OH)O [Formula]
PH2O(OH) [Formula]
Phosphinic acid [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Phosphinsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
[PH2(OH)O]
[PH2O(OH)]
dihydridodioxophosphoric acid
dihydridohydroxidooxidophosphorus
dihydroxyphosphanium
dihydroxyphosphonium
H3PO2
HPA
hydrophosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acidmissing
MFCD02183592 [MDL number]
UNII-8B1RL9B4ZJ
次磷酸 [Chinese]

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colourless liquid.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is also known as "hypophosphite".


CAS Number: 6303-21-5
EC Number: 228-601-5
MDL Number:MFCD02183592
Chemical formula: H3PO2



SYNONYMS:
phosphinic acid 50%, phosphinic acid, dihydroxyphosphine, hypophosphorous acid 30% to 32% (as per nf specs) up to 80%, diphosphoric(iv) acid, hypophosphorous acid (hpa 50%), hypophosphorous acid, phosphonous acid, hydroxyphosphine oxide, hypophosphorous acid (hpa), hypophosporous acid, hypophosphoric acid, phosphine oxide, hydroxy-, hypophoaphoeous acid, hypophosphorous, hypophosphorous acid 50%, hypophosphorus acid,
Hypophosphorousacidcolorlessliq, phosphinic acid, Phosphinic acid, phosphenous acid, hydroxy(oxo)phosphonium, HPA, Hypophosphite Acid, PHOSPHINIC ACID, HYPOPHOSPHORUS ACID, HYPOPHOSPHORIC ACID, hypophosphorous, Hypophoaphoeous acid, Hypophosphorous acid 50%, Hypophosphorousacid,50%w/waq.soln., Dihydroxyphosphine, Hypophosphite Acid, phosphinic acid 50%, hypophosphorous, hypophosphorousacid(corrosiveliquid,acidic,inorganic,n.o.s.), Hypophosphorousacid50%, HYPOPHOSPHORIC ACID, HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID, HYPOPHOSPHORUS ACID, PHOSPHINIC ACID, Hypophoaphoeous acid, Phosphinic acid, Hydroxy(oxo)-λ5-phosphane, Hydroxy-λ5-phosphanone, Oxo-λ5-phosphanol, Oxo-λ5-phosphinous acid, Phosphonous acid (for minor tautomer), HPA, phosphinic acid, hypophosphorous, phosphenous acid, Hypophosphite Acid, Hypophosphorous acid, hydroxy(oxo)phosphonium, Hypophosphorousacidcolorlessliq, hypophosphorousacid(acidic,inorganic,n.o.s.)


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights its monoprotic character.


Salts derived from this acid are called hypophosphites.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), also known as Phosphinic Acid, is an inorganic compound.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid, which is moderately soluble in water.


There are several methods for preparation, the common industrial method for producing is ion exchange resin method and electrodialysis method.
The chemical properties of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), uses, toxicity, and production methods are edited by andy of Chemicalbook.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) has the general formula ofH4P2O6 and differs from the other oxy-phosphorous acids.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) has many peculiarities.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is formed along with phosphorous and phosphoric acids, when phosphorus is oxidized by moist air.
If white phosphorus is exposed to air, and sodium acetate is addedto the liquidwhich forms, the somewhat insoluble sodium hypophosphate, Na2H2P2O6·6H2O separates.


The sodium hypophosphate monohydrate, however, is very soluble and deliquescent at ～98.7 g/100 ml.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colourless liquid.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is also known as "hypophosphite".


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is colorless oil or deliquescence crystal , it is an important fine chemical product.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, moderately strong monoacid and a strong reducing agent, which could easily be oxidized in the air.
When exposed to strong heat or oxidant, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) will decompose into phosphine, phosphoric acid, phosphite acid and hydrogen.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), also known as “hypophosphite”, is a colorless oil or deliquescence crystal that is an essential fine chemical product.


With the chemical formula H3PO2, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a phosphorus oxyacid and a potent reducing agent.
Phosphinic acid is a phosphorus oxoacid composed of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently connected to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group through single bonds, as well as a double bond to an oxygen.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)’s a phosphorus oxoacid that belongs to the phosphinic acids family.
The conventional formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is H3PO2, but a more descriptive abbreviation is HOP(O)H2, which emphasizes its monoprotic nature.
Phosphoric acid is primarily used as a reducing agent in electroless plating to minimize resin discolouration.


The main tautomer HOP(O)H2 is in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2; the minor tautomer is sometimes referred to as Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), while the major tautomer is referred to as phosphinic acid.
There are numerous ways for preparation; the most prevalent industrial procedures are ion exchange resin and electrodialysis.


Because of the quick oxidation of the Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) to phosphoric acids (and elemental phosphorus) and its disproportionation to phosphine and phosphorous acid, the pure acid cannot be extracted simply by evaporating the water.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is also named dihydridohydroxidooxidophosphorus, phosphinic acid, or more commonly “HPA”.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a phosphorus oxoacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name (also as "Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)"), or the acceptable name of phosphinic acid.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a powerful reducing agent with a molecular formula of H3PO2.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name although Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)'s IUPAC name is dihydridohydroxidooxidophosphorus, or the acceptable name of phosphinic acid.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights its monoprotic character.


Salts derived from Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) are called phosphinates (hypophosphites).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group and via a double bond to an oxygen.


The parent of the class of phosphinic acids.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a white crystalline solid.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a monobasic acid forming the anion H2PO2 – in water.


The sodium salt, and hence Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), can be prepared by heating yellow phosphorus with sodium hydroxide solution.
The free acid and Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)'s salts are powerful reducing agents.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) appears as colorless oily liquid or deliquescent crystals with a sour odor.


Density of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 1.439 g / cm3.
Melting point of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 26.5°C.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.


The formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights its monoprotic character.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) sometimes exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), also known as phosphinic acid, is a colorless, oily, and corrosive liquid that is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) has the molecular formula H₃PO₂, a molar mass of 66 g/mol, and a density of 1.49 g/cm³.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a strong reducing agent with the molecular formula H 3 PO 2


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low melting compound, soluble in water, dioxane and alcohol.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) has many effects such as:
– Reducing agent.
– Antioxidants.
– Catalysts.
– Color stabilizers.
– Surfactants.


When heated, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) may decompose to produce toxic and/or corrosive fumes.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), also known as Phosphinic Acid, is an inorganic compound.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid, which is moderately soluble in water.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H₃PO₂.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H₃PO₂, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H₂, which highlights its monoprotic character.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights its monoprotic character.


Salts derived from this acid are called hypophosphites.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) also known as “hypophosphite”, is a colorless oil or deliquescence crystal with low melting, soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
HOP(O)H2 exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.


In some cases, the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.
As an important fine chemical product, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)'s main use is as a reducing agent for electroless plating, phosphoric prevents the discoloration of resins.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can also be used in the esterification reaction catalyst, the refrigerant, in particular for the production of high-purity product sodium hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a powerful reducing agent.


The formula of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights its monoprotic character.
Salts derived from this acid are called phosphinates (hypophosphites).



USES and APPLICATIONS of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is commonly used in the plastics, industrial, and pharmaceutical industries.
Also known as phosphinic acid and HPA, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a specialty chemical intermediate with applications in a wide variety of industries.
In commercial manufacturing, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is predominantly used as an intermediate for the production of electroless plating.


Other major applications include using Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) as a decolorizing agent for plastics and synthetic fibers, as a reagent in pharmaceutical formulations, and as a reducing intermediate to produce downstream chemical derivatives.
Owing to its ability to function as a mild reducing agent and oxygen scavenger Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is sometimes used as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions, where it prevents the formation of colored impurities.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used to prepare phosphinic acid derivatives.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) (and its salts) are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel.


This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial application of hypophosphites.
For this application Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is principally used as a salt.
Hypophosphorous acid is primarily used for electroless nickel plating.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Also, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.


Further, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.
In addition to this, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as bleaching agents for plastics, synthetic fibers, decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as reducing agent for electroless plating;
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be used to prevent discoloration of phosphoric acid resin;
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as esterification catalyst, the refrigerant;


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used to produce hypophosphite, sodium salts, manganese salts, iron salts are generally used as nourishing substances;
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in medicine and as reducing agent, the determination of arsenic, tellurium and separation of tantalum, niobium and other reagents.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is strong reducing agent, It can be used for the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be used for the plating bath.
Pharmaceuticals. reducing agent. general reagents.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is strong reducing agent, it can be used in making sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is widely used as reducing agent, Ag, Cu, Ni, Hg and other metals are reduced to the corresponding metal, for the verification of As, Nb, Ta and other reagents, it can be used for the preparation of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and other types of hypophosphite.


The main use is as reducing agent for electroless plating, phosphoric prevent discoloration of resins, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can also be used in the esterification reaction catalyst, the refrigerant, in particular for the production of high purity product sodium hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a bleaching agent.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as tetrabasic acid.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a wetting agent.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a stimulant in pharmaceutical agents.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) may also be utilized as an esterification reaction catalyst and a refrigerant, particularly for the manufacturing of sodium hypophosphite, a high purity product.
Because hypophosphites have a tendency to convert metal cations back to bulk metal, most metal-hypophosphite complexes are unstable.


Because Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is not absorbed, it is frequently added to soft drinks.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is occasionally employed as an additive in Fischer esterification processes, where it avoids the development of colored impurities, due to its capacity to operate as a moderate reducing agent and oxygen scavenger.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a reducing agent in electroless plating and to avoid phosphoric acid resin discoloration.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)’s a refrigerant and an esterification catalyst.
Hypophosphite is made from Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), and sodium salts, manganese salts, and iron salts are commonly utilized as nourishing ingredients.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)’s also utilized in medicine and as a reducing agent for arsenic, tellurium, and tantalum, niobium, and other reagent separation.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) may decrease a variety of transition metal ions (e.g., Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, and Pt), although it is most typically employed to reduce nickel.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) may be used to make sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate, and other hypophosphites since it is a powerful reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used primarily used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as bleaching agents for plastics, synthetic fibers, decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used incompatible with strong oxidizers, mercuric oxide, mercury(II) nitrate, metals and strong bases.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used to produce hypophosphite salts, sodium hypophosphite, calcium hypophosphite, manganese hypophosphite, and ferric hypophosphite, etc.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used for alkyd resin Antioxidant Moisturizer.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a stabilizer system, buffer solution, pH regulator in pharmaceutical products, Calcium supplementation drinking products; and as antioxidant agents.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used color stabilizers for chemicals and plastics.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in production of Hypophosphite Salts (Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Iron, and Ammonium) which are used in synthetic fibers as wetting dispersing, emulsifying, and anti-static agents.
Chemical intermediate: Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in organic synthesis and phosphinic acid production.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used catalyst, neutralizing agent, antioxidants.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used wetting agent, dispersing agent, emulsifiers in electroplating.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used for reducing agent.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used Adhesives & Sealants, Electroless Nickel Plating, Electronic Chemicals, Flavor & Fragrance, Household, Industrial & Institutional Chemicals, Industrial Chemicals, Inks & Digital Inks, Metal Working, Finishing & Flux, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemicals, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Reducing Agents, Surfactants & Emulsifiers, Textile Auxiliaries, Water Treatment & Pool Chemicals, Catalysts, Cements, Polymers.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a reducing agent for electroless plating;
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used for preventing the discoloration of phosphoric acid resin;
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a catalyst for esterification, refrigerant;


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used for the preparation of hypophosphite, its sodium salt, manganese salt, iron salt and so on are usually used as tonic drugs.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in medicine and as reducing agent, determination of arsenic, tellurium and separation of tantalum, niobium and other reagents.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a strong reducing agent for the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, hypophosphite and other secondary phosphates.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in an electroplating bath.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used Pharmaceutical.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used Reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used General reagents.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a strong reducing agent, used in the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium hypophosphite and other secondary phosphate


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is widely used as a reducing agent, can be Ag, Cu, Ni, Hg and other metals reduced to the corresponding metal, used As test As, Nb, Ta and other reagents, can also be used for the preparation of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and other kinds of hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as alkyd resin antioxidant color reducing agent.


Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used as a reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used the preparation of hypophosphite salts, such as sodium hypophosphite, calcium hypophosphite, manganese hypophosphite, iron hypophosphite and so on.


-Industrial Applications of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is primarily used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Also, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.


-Electroplating uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
One of the primary uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is in electroplating processes.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) serves as a reducing agent in the electroless plating of metals such as nickel, cobalt, and copper.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) facilitates the deposition of these metals onto various substrates, resulting in durable and corrosion-resistant coatings.


-Polymer Production of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
In the polymer industry, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is employed as a catalyst and chain transfer agent in the synthesis of various polymers.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) contributes to the polymerization process, leading to the formation of high-quality polymers with desirable properties such as flexibility and strength.


-Textile Industry uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) finds application in the textile industry as a bleaching agent for fabrics and fibers.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) helps remove impurities and brightens the color of textiles, resulting in vibrant and uniform finishes.


-Water Treatment:
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is also used in water treatment processes, particularly in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
As a reducing agent, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) reacts with metal ions, converting them into less harmful forms that can be easily precipitated and removed from the water.


-Pharmaceuticals:
In the pharmaceutical industry, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is utilized in the synthesis of certain drug compounds.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)'s reducing properties enable the conversion of functional groups, facilitating the production of pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients.


-Electroless Plating uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
As mentioned earlier, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a key component in electroless plating processes.
Electroless plating is an essential technique in various industries, providing a method for depositing a uniform layer of metal on different substrates without the need for an external power source.

This process is widely used in the electronics industry to manufacture printed circuit boards (PCBs) and semiconductor devices.
The deposition of thin metal layers on these substrates enhances electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and solderability.


-Pharmaceuticals uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
The pharmaceutical industry relies on Hypophosphorous acid(HPA) for its role as a stabilizing agent in the synthesis of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

The production of pharmaceuticals often involves complex chemical reactions, where the control of reaction conditions is critical to achieving high yields of the desired products.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)‘s stabilizing properties help prevent side reactions, ensuring that the synthesis proceeds smoothly, resulting in the production of high-quality drugs.


-Chemical Synthesis uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) plays a pivotal role in the manufacture of various chemicals, including plasticizers, flame retardants, and antioxidants.
Its reducing properties and compatibility with other compounds make Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) a preferred choice in several synthesis processes.
For example, in the production of flame retardants, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) serves as a reducing agent, enabling the conversion of metal compounds into flame-retardant additives used in various materials.


-Agriculture uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is used in agricultural applications as a source of phosphorous.
Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for plants, promoting healthy growth and improved crop yields.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)‘s water-soluble nature allows it to be easily absorbed by plants, ensuring efficient nutrient uptake.



PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
1. Reducing Agent
One of the most remarkable properties of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is its potent reducing capabilities.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) effectively reduces metal ions like copper, silver, and nickel to their respective lower oxidation states.

The reducing properties of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) make it a key component in various chemical processes, such as electroless plating and metal refining.
In electroless plating, the reduction of metal ions on the surface of substrates leads to uniform and high-quality metal coatings, which find applications in industries like electronics, automotive, and aerospace.


2. Stabilizing Agent
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) plays a crucial role as a stabilizing agent in certain chemical reactions.
Its ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent unwanted side reactions makes Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) highly valuable in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
For instance, during the synthesis of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), the presence of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can enhance the yield and purity of the desired product by inhibiting undesirable byproducts.


3. Water Treatment
Due to its ability to remove dissolved oxygen from water, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) finds extensive use in water treatment processes, particularly in boiler systems.
Oxygen in boiler feedwater can lead to corrosion of metal components, reducing the efficiency and lifespan of industrial equipment.
By reducing the oxygen content in water, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) minimizes the risk of corrosion, ensuring smoother operation and longer equipment life.


4. Polymer Industry
In the polymer industry, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is employed as a chain transfer agent during the production of acrylic polymers and polyesters.
This unique property allows manufacturers to control the molecular weight of polymers, leading to the synthesis of materials with desired physical and mechanical properties.

Additionally, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) acts as a stabilizing agent during the polymerization process, preventing unwanted side reactions and ensuring the production of high-quality polymers.



PRODUCTION OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838), a French scientist, created Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) for the first time in 1816.
A two-step technique is used to make Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) in the industrial setting: To begin, elemental phosphorus interacts with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides to form hypophosphites in an aqueous solution:
P4 + 4 OH− + 4 H2O → 4 H2PO−2 + 2 H2

Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, can be used to extract the pure acid from its aqueous solution. At 26.5 °C (79.7 °F), pure Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) generates white crystals that melt.
To obtain free Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), the purified material is treated with a strong, non-oxidizing acid (typically sulfuric acid):
H2PO−2 + H+ → H3PO2

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless oil or deliquescent crystal with a melting point of 26.5°C.
The specific gravity (relative density) of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 1.439 (solid, 19°C). HPA is typically delivered in a 50% aqueous solution.
Because Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) readily oxidizes to phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid, as well as disproportionates to phosphorous acid and phosphine, anhydrous acid cannot be created by simple evaporation of water.

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a monoprotic oxyacid because it contains just one hydrogen atom linked to oxygen in its electronic structure.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA)’s a weak acid that only produces one type of salt: hypophosphites.

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether, and it may be combined with water, ethanol, or acetone in any proportion.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) quickly deliquesces into a syrupy liquid in the air, and the aqueous solution is acidic.

Continuous extraction of aqueous solutions with diethyl ether can provide pure anhydrous Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a strong acid with a Ka = 10-2 (25°C) and is rather stable at ambient temperature; however, above 130°C, the disproportionation reaction can occur, resulting in the formation of phosphine and phosphorous acid:
2H3PO2 = H3PO4 + PH3



PREPARATION AND AVAILABILITY OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) was first prepared in 1816 by the French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is prepared industrially via a two step process: Firstly, elemental white phosphorus reacts with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides to give an aqueous solution of hypophosphites:

P4 + 4 OH− + 4 H2O → 4 H2PO−2 + 2 H2
Any phosphites produced in this step can be selectively precipitated out by treatment with calcium salts.
The purified material is then treated with a strong, non-oxidizing acid (often sulfuric acid) to give the free Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):

H2PO−2 + H+ → H3PO2
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution.

Anhydrous acid cannot be obtained by simple evaporation of the water, as the acid readily oxidises to phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid and also disproportionates to phosphorous acid and phosphine.
Pure anhydrous Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be formed by the continuous extraction of aqueous solutions with diethyl ether.



PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
The molecule displays P(═O)H to P–OH tautomerism similar to that of phosphorous acid; the P(═O) form is strongly favoured.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution and heating at low temperatures (up to about 90°C) prompts it to react with water to form phosphorous acid and hydrogen gas.

H3PO2 + H2O → H3PO3 + H2
Heating above 110°C causes Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) to undergo disproportionation to give phosphorous acid and phosphine.
3 H3PO2 → 2 H3PO3 + PH3



STABILITY OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is stable.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is incompatible with strong bases. Reacts violently with oxidizing agents, strong bases, mercury (II) nitrate and mercury (II) oxide.
Do not heat Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) above 100 C.



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless oily liquid or deliquescent crystal.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is soluble in hot water, ethanol, ether.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is soluble in cold water.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a strong reducing agent, used in the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium hypophosphite and other secondary phosphate



REACTIONS OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
*Inorganic:
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide:
H3PO2 + 2 Cr2O3 → 4 CrO + H3PO4

*Inorganic derivatives:
Most metal-hypophosphite complexes are unstable, owing to the tendency of hypophosphites to reduce metal cations back into the bulk metal.
Some examples have been characterised, including the important nickel salt [Ni(H2O)6](H2PO2)2.

*Organic:
In organic chemistry, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN+2 to Ar–H.
When diazotized in a concentrated solution of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), an amine substituent can be removed from arenes.



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless deliquescent crystals or oily liquid; sour odor; density 1.493 g/cm3;melts at 26.5°C; boils at 130°C; very soluble in water, alcohol and ether; den-sity of a 50% aqueous solution is 1.13 g/mL.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is deliquescent crystals or colorless oil. Melting point: 26.5℃.
The relative density (specific gravity) of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 1.439 (solid, 19℃).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and it can be mixed in any proportion with water, ethanol, acetone.

In the air, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) easily deliquesce to syrupy liquid, and the aqueous solution is acidic.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is monobasic acid, in aqueous solution, it is strong acid, Ka = 10-2 (25℃).

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is relatively stable at room temperature; disproportionation reaction can proceed at 130℃, decompose into phosphine and phosphorous acid:
2H3PO2=H3PO4+PH3

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) has strong reduction, heavy metal salt solution can be restored to metals such as Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, such as:
4Ag+H3PO2+2H2)=4Ag+H3PO4+4H+
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is weak oxidizer, it can be reduced to phosphine, phosphine when encounters strong reducing agent.



PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless oily or deliquescent crystals.
Melting Point of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 26.5 °c.
Relative density (specific gravity) of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is 1.439 (solid, 19 °c).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and with water, ethanol, acetone can be mixed in any ratio.

In the air, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is easy to deliquescence to slurry liquid, and the aqueous solution is acidic.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a monoacid, in aqueous solution, hypophosphorous acid is a strong acid, Ka = 10-2(25 ° C); Relatively stable at room temperature; 130 ° C disproportionation reaction, decomposition of phosphine and phosphorous acid: has a strong reduction, can make the heavy metal salt solution reduced to metal, such as Cu2 ,Hg2 ,Ag, such as: weak oxidant, encounter strong reducing agent itself is reduced to phosphine, phosphine.



PREPARATION METHOD OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
1. The phosphorus and barium hydroxide solution is heated to generate its barium salt Ba(H2PO2)2 · 2H2O.
Sulfuric acid is added to the barium hypophosphite solution to precipitate Ba2: Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be obtained by evaporation under reduced pressure and crystallization at low temperature.

In this method, due to the solubility of barium salt is small, the concentration of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is not high, and the industrial products are more recrystallized and purified.


2. Barium hypophosphite (or calcium) is obtained by co-heating barium oxide (or lime) solution with white phosphorus, then interacting with sulfuric acid, filtering and concentrating, alternatively, the sodium hypophosphite solution may be obtained by treatment with an H-type ion exchange resin.
This method requires a large amount of resin, and the regeneration and cleaning steps of the resin are cumbersome, making it generally more than $7 per pound.
It is only suitable for small batch production and cannot be applied on a large scale.


3. Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) was prepared by electrodialysis, in which the electrodialysis cell was divided into three parts: anode chamber, raw material chamber and cathode chamber, separated by anion membrane and cation membrane, sodium hypophosphite solution (concentration 100g/L ~ 500g/L) is placed between the two membranes.

The positive electrode chamber is 5g/L of dilute Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), and the negative electrode chamber is dilute sodium hydroxide solution (5g/L), after passing direct current between the two electrodes (3V ~ 36V), the positive electrode releases oxygen to generate Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA); The negative electrode releases hydrogen to generate by-product sodium hydroxide, and the reaction time is 3~21H.

The reactions of the positive electrode chamber and the negative electrode chamber are respectively as follows: the method of obtaining Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) by electrodialysis is simple and the equipment investment is small and suitable for large-scale production.


4. Starting from the industrial grade sodium hypophosphite, the anions such as Cl-and SO42-, which have great influence on the quality index of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA), are removed by precipitation, and the heavy metal ions are removed from the solution by forming sulfide precipitation, then the Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) was prepared by using strong acid cation exchange resin to remove sodium, and high purity grade products were obtained.
The method for preparing high-grade Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is technically feasible, simple in process, convenient in operation and good in product quality, and can meet the needs of high-tech fields such as electronic industry and national defense industry.



PREPARATION METHOD OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
1. Phosphorus and barium hydroxide solution is heated, barium salt Ba (H2PO2) 2 • 2H2O can generate, sulfuric acid is added into Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) barium solution, Ba2+ can precipitate:
Ba(H2PO2)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H3PO2

Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can be obtained by evaporating under reduced pressure and low temperature crystallization.
Due to in this process, the solubility of the barium salt is small, so the concentration of obtained Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is not high, industrial product should be purified by recrystallization.


2. the barium oxide (or lime) and solution of white phosphorus is heated together to form secondary barium phosphate (or calcium), and then reacts with sulfuric acid, it is filtered, concentrated to obtain product, or sodium hypophosphite solution proceeds H-type ion exchange resin can derive product.
This method requires a large amount of resin, and resin regeneration and washing step is cumbersome, it generally costs more than $ 7 per pound, it is only suitable for small batch production, and not suitable for large-scale industrial applications.


3. Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is prepared by electrodialysis method, wherein the electrodialysis cell divides into three parts, they are anode chamber, raw material chamber and cathode chamber, the intermediate is separated by anionic membrane and cationic membrane, between two membranes sodium hypophosphite solution is placed (concentration of 100g/L~500g/L), anode chamber is dilute solution of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) 5g/L, anode chamber is dilute sodium hydroxide solution ( 5g /L), between the poles DC (3V~36V) is passed, anode releases oxygen, and generates secondary product of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA); cathode emits hydrogen, and generates secondary product of sodium hydroxide, the reaction time is 3~21h.

The reactions of anode chamber and cathode chamber are as follows:
anode chamber:
H2O==H++OH-2OH-==O2+2H2O+4e
H++H2PO2-==H3PO2

cathode chamber:
H2O==H++OH-
2H++2e==H2
Na++OH-==NaOH
Electrodialysis method of preparation Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is simple and equipment investment is small, it is suitable for mass production.


4. Starting from the industrial grade sodium hypophosphite, Cl-, SO42-anions which affect the quality indicators of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) are removed by precipitation, heavy metal ions are removed from the solution by forming sulfide, and then using strong acid cation exchange resin to obtain sodium secondary phosphate, high purity grade product can obtain.

The process can produce high-grade secondary phosphate, technically is feasible, the process is simple, easy operation, good product quality, it can meet the needs of the electronics industry, defense industry and other high-tech fields.


5. Ion exchange resin method: about 70g of cation exchange resin wetted with water is packed into a glass tube with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid circulating about 15min, after thoroughly washed with water, high purity aqueous sodium hypophosphite aqueous solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) flows through it, the resin column is first washed with 50 ml, then with 25 rnl distilled water.

The effluent acid and washing is combined, it is concentrated by evaporation in water bath.
The concentrated acid is placed in high vacuum with P205 dryer for dehydration, cooling and crystallization, filtration, recrystallization, to obtain Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) product.



PRODUCTION METHOD OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Ion exchange resin method: put about 70 g water-soluble cation exchange resins to fill into a glass tube.
Circulate with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid for about 15 min and wash sufficiently with water.
Have a high aqueous sodium hypophosphite solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) to flow through the resin column, followed by being washed first with 50 ml water, and then rinsing with 25 rnl distilled water.

The effluent acid and the washings were combined and concentrated by evaporation on a water bath.
The concentrated acid is send to the highly vacuum, P205 dryer for dehydration, followed by cooling crystallization, filtration and recrystallization to obtain the finished product of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA).



REACTIVITY PROFILE OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) decomposes when heated into phosphoric acid and spontaneously flammable phosphine.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is oxidized by sulfuric acid with release of sulfur dioxide and sulfur. Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) reacts explosively with mercury(II) oxide.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) reacts violently with mercury(II) nitrate.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) neutralizes bases in exothermic reactions.



PURIFICATION METHODS OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Phosphorous acid is a common contaminant of commercial 50% Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA).
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) by evaporating about 600mL in a 1L flask at 40o, under reduced pressure (in N2), to a volume of about 300mL.

After the solution was cooled, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) was transferred to a wide-mouthed Erlenmeyer flask which was stoppered and left in a Dry-ice/acetone bath for several hours to freeze (if necessary, with scratching of the wall).

When the flask was then left at ca 5o for 12hours, about 30-40% of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) liquefied, and was again filtered.
This process was repeated, then the solid was stored over Mg(ClO4)2 in a vacuum desiccator in the cold.
Subsequent crystallisations from n-butanol by dissolving it at room temperature and then cooling in an ice-salt bath at -20o did not appear to purify it further.

The free acid forms deliquescent crystals m 26.5o and is soluble in H2O and EtOH.
The NaH2PO2 salt can be purified through an anion exchange resin



PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
*Chemical:
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide:
H3PO2 + 2 Cr2O3 → 4 CrO + H3PO4
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a powerful chemical compound with a wide range of industrial applications.

From its role as a reducing agent to its use in various chemical processes, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a versatile substance that plays a crucial role in many industries.
In this comprehensive guide, we explore the myriad uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) and its significance in modern manufacturing and production processes.



REACTIONS OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is miscible with water in all proportions and a commercial strength is 30% H3PO2.
Hypophosphites are used in medicine.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a powerful reducing agent, e.g., with copper sulfate forms cuprous hydride Cu2H2, brown precipitate, which evolves hydrogen gas and leaves copper on warming; with silver nitrate yields finely divided silver; with sulfurous acid yields sulfur and some hydrogen sulfide; with sulfuric acid yields sulfurous acid, which reacts as above; forms manganous immediately with permanganate.



PREPARATION OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) may be prepared by various methods:

1. Boiling white phosphorus with calcium hydroxide:
P4 + 4Ca(OH)2 + 8H2O → 4Ca(H2PO2)2 + 4H2
The calcium salt is soluble in water.
Treatment with sulfuric acid yields the Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):
(H2PO2)2Ca + H2SO4 → 2H3PO2 + CaSO4

The product mixture is filtered to remove insoluble CaSO4.
The aqueous solu-tion of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is concentrated under reduced pressure.
Concentrated baryta water may be used instead of calcium hydroxide.


2. By treating sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2with an ion-exchange resin.
The sodium salt may be produced by boiling white phosphorus with a solutionof sodium hydroxide, a reaction similar to (1) above.
PH3 + 2I2 + 2H2O → H3PO2 + 4HI

The above method may be considered safer than that involving heating whitephosphorus with an alkali.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) must be stored below 50°C.
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is sold commerciallyas an aqueous solution at various concentrations.



PRODUCTION METHODS OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is formed by reaction of barium hypophosphite and sulfuric acid, and filtering off barium sulfate.
By evaporation of the solution in vacuum at 80 °C, and then cooling to 0°C, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) crystallizes.



PREPARATION OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
White phosphorus is carefully added to hot aqueous solution of an alkaline hydroxide, like NaOH or even Ca(OH)2.
This produces hypophosphite salts.
P4 + 4 OH− + 4 H2O → 4 H2PO−2 + 2 H2
The hypophosphite salt is then treated with a strong, non-oxidizing acid to give the free Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA):

H2PO−2 + H+ → HOP(O)H2
Anhydrous acid cannot be obtained by simple evaporation of the water, as the acid ready oxidizes to phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid, as well as disproportionates to phosphorous acid and phosphine.
Pure anhydrous Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) however, can be obtained by the continuous extraction of its aqueous solution with diethyl ether.



PROPERTIES OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
*Chemical
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide:
H3PO2 + 2 Cr2O3 → 4 CrO + H3PO4
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a powerful chemical compound with a wide range of industrial applications.

From its role as a reducing agent to its use in various chemical processes, Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a versatile substance that plays a crucial role in many industries.
In this comprehensive guide, we explore the myriad uses of Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) and its significance in modern manufacturing and production processes.

*Physical
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is a colorless, deliquescent solid at standard conditions, that readily melts above 26.5 °C and due to its strong hygroscopicity, it cannot be solidified again without decomposition in open air.



AVAILABILITY OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) is sold by chemical suppliers, as 50% aq. solution.
Because Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) can reduce elemental iodine to form hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated Hypophosphorous Acid (HPA) (and its salts) as a List I precursor chemical and thus cannot be acquired by the hobby chemist.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
Physical state: Clear, liquid
Color: Colorless
Odor: Not available
Melting point/freezing point: Not available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: Not available
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: Not available
Flash point: Not available
Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition temperature: Not available
pH: 1.0 at 500 g/L at 20 °C
Viscosity: Not available
Water solubility at 20 °C: Soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water - Not available

Vapor pressure: Not available
Density: 1.206 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Relative density: Not available
Relative vapor density: Not available
Particle characteristics: Not available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing properties: None
Other safety information: Not available
Chemical Name: Diphosphoric Acid
CAS Number: 6303-21-5
HSN Code: 28111920
Appearance: White Solid
Chemical Formula: H4P2O6

Molar Mass: 161.98 g/mol
Melting Point: 54 °C
Solubility in Water: Soluble
Density: 1.200-1.265 g/ml
Storage: Keep in a ventilated and dry place.
Chemical formula: H3PO2
Molar mass: 66.00 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless, deliquescent crystals or oily liquid
Density:
1.493 g/cm3 (solid)
1.22 g/cm3 (50 wt% aqueous solution)
Melting point: 26.5 °C (79.7 °F; 299.6 K)
Boiling point: 130 °C (266 °F; 403 K) decomposes
Solubility in water: Miscible
Solubility: Very soluble in alcohol, ether

Acidity (pKa): 1.2
Conjugate base: Phosphinate
Molecular shape: Pseudo-tetrahedral
Flash point: Non-flammable
Other Information:
CAS Number: 6303-21-5
Molecular Weight: 63.980501 g/mol
Melting Point: -25 °C
Boiling Point: 108 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 1.21 g/cm3 (20 °C)
pH value: 1 (H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 30 hPa (20 °C)
Packaging: Plastic bottle
Specific Gravity: 1.2700
Quantity: 500 mL
Chemical Name or Material: Hypophosphorous acid



FIRST AID MEASURES of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B:
Non-combustible



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPA):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also known as "hypophosphite" It is colorless oil or deliquescence crystal, it is an important fine chemical product.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a powerful reducing agent with a molecular formula of HO2P.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, a monobasic oxyacid, is also referred to as phosphinic acid.

CAS Number: 6303-21-5
Molecular Formula: HO2P
Molecular Weight: 63.980501
EINECS Number: 228-601-5

14097-15-5, phosphenous acid, Hypophosphite ion, Phosphinate, Hypophosphorus acid, hydroxyphosphanone, Phosphine oxide, hydroxy-, Phosphinic acid, ion(1-), 15460-68-1, HOPO, UNII-238U65NZ04, DTXSID4043808, NSC-41904, 238U65NZ04, 68412-69-1, UNII-6A37X7BT86, EINECS 270-204-4, EINECS 270-206-5, hydroxidooxidophosphorus, dihydridodioxophosphate(1-), dihydridodioxidophosphate(1-), [P(O)OH], CHEMBL2105054, DTXCID2023808, CHEBI:29198, CHEBI:36363, DTXSID50165673, HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID [MI], ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M, GQZXNSPRSGFJLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N, 6A37X7BT86, NSC41904, PH2O2(-), HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID [WHO-DD], Hypophosphorous Acid, Phosphinic Acid, PH2O2, FT-0626449, Phosphinic acid, for synthesis, 49.5-50.5%, J-521481, Q3305467, Q27116796, Q27117120, Phosphinic acid, puriss. p.a., 49.5-50.5% (alkalimetric), Phosphinic acid, puriss., meets analytical specification of NF, 30-32

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, also known as phosphinic acid, is a chemical compound with the formula HO2P.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a phosphorus oxyacid and is structurally similar to phosphoric acid (H3PO4) but has one less oxygen atom.
The chemical structure of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade consists of a central phosphorus atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl group (-OH).

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade participates as a reducing agent for the conversion of aromatic and aliphatic diselenides to the corresponding selenols.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade undergoes oxidation in the presence of Ce(IV) and a strong acid to afford cerium(IV) hypophosphite complex ions.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name although its IUPAC name is dihydridohydroxidooxidophosphorus, or the acceptable name of phosphinic acid.

The main use Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is as reducing agent for electroless plating, phosphoric prevent discoloration of resins, it can also be used in the esterification reaction catalyst, the refrigerant, in particular for the production of high purity product sodium hypophosphite.
There are several methods for preparation, the common industrial method for producing is ion exchange resin method and electrodialysis method.
The formula for Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights its monoprotic character.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula HO2P.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane and alcohols.
The formula for Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is generally written HO2P, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights its monoprotic character.

Salts derived from this acid are called phosphinates (hypophosphites).
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is an inorganic compound, and its technical grade typically refers to a product that is not of the highest purity.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade chemicals may contain impurities or have variations in composition compared to higher-grade, more pure forms.

The Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is suitable for certain applications where high purity is not critical.
This acid has the general formula ofH4P2O6 and differs from the other oxy-phosphorous acids.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has many peculiarities.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is formed along with phosphorous and phosphoric acids, when phosphorus is oxidized by moist air.
If white phosphorus is exposed to air, and sodium acetate is addedto the liquidwhich forms, the somewhat insoluble Hypophosphorous acid technical grade.
The sodium hypophosphate monohydrate, however, is very soluble and deliquescent at ～98.7 g/100 ml.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a phosphorus oxoacid and a powerful reducing agent.
Inorganic chemists refer to the free acid by this name (also as "HPA") although its official IUPAC name is phosphinic acid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is generally written H3PO2, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2 which highlights its monoprotic character.
Salts derived from this acid are called hypophosphites.
HOP(O)H2 exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.

Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid technical grade and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also known as "hypophosphite" It is colorless oil or deliquescence crystal , it is an important fine chemical product.
The main use is as reducing agent for electroless plating, phosphoric prevent discoloration of resins, it can also be used in the esterification reaction catalyst, the refrigerant, in particular for the production of high purity product sodium hypophosphite.

There are several methods for preparation, the common industrial method for producing is ion exchange resin method and electrodialysis method.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade colorless deliquescent crystals or oily liquid; sour odor; density 1.493 g/cm3;melts at 26.5°C; boils at 130°C; very soluble in water, alcohol and ether; den-sity of a 50% aqueous solution is 1.13 g/mL.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless, odorless liquid at room temperature and is typically found in a solution form.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid technical grade and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a mineral acid with phosphorus in an oxidation state of +4.

In the solid-state, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade exists as a dihydrate, H4P2O6.2H2O.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be manufactured by reacting red phosphorus with sodium chlorite at room temperature.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has strong reduction, heavy metal salt solution can be restored to metals such as Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, such as: 4Ag+H3PO2+2H2)=4Ag+H3PO4+4H+.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is weak oxidizer, it can be reduced to phosphine, phosphine when encounters strong reducing agent.
The molecule displays P(═O)H to P–OH tautomerism similar to that of phosphorous acid; the P(═O) form is strongly favoured.
In this short piece of article, let us discuss the Hypophosphorous acid technical grade formula along with its chemical structure, properties and uses.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a powerful reducing agent with a molecular formula of HO2P.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade appears as colorless oily liquid or deliquescent crystals with a sour odor.
Inhalation of vapors irritates or burns the respiratory tract.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade liquid and vapors may irritate or burn eyes and skin.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, a monobasic oxyacid, is also referred to as phosphinic acid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade participates as a reducing agent for the conversion of aromatic and aliphatic diselenides to the corresponding selenols.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade undergoes oxidation in the presence of Ce(IV) and a strong acid to afford cerium(IV) hypophosphite complex ions.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, 30 Percent (w/v) Solution (DEA List I Chemical) - Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, also known as Phosphinic Acid, is an inorganic compound.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid, which is moderately soluble in water.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula H3PO2.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane and alcohols.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H2, which highlights its monoprotic character.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade exists in equilibrium with the minor tautomer HP(OH)2.
Sometimes the minor tautomer is called Hypophosphorous acid technical grade and the major tautomer is called phosphinic acid.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols.
A Hypophosphorous acid technical grade that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group and via a double bond to an oxygen.
The parent of the class of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade appears as colorless oily liquid or deliquescent crystals with a sour odor.
Inhalation of vapors irritates or burns the respiratory tract.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is miscible with water in all proportions and a commercial strength is 30% HO2P.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade are used in medicine.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a powerful reducing agent, e.g., with copper sulfate forms cuprous hydride Cu2H2, brown precipitate, which evolves hydrogen gas and leaves copper on warming; with silver nitrate yields finely divided silver; with sulfurous acid yields sulfur and some hydrogen sulfide; with sulfuric acid yields sulfurous acid, which reacts as above; forms manganous immediately with permanganate.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade also known as phosphonic acid is a phosphorous oxoacid and also acts as a good reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is basically a colourless aqueous solution that is soluble in water, dioxin as well as in alcohol.
The Hypophosphorous acid technical grade formula which is the same for phosphinic acid formula is H3PO2 is a neutral molecule with no spare charge on it.

Thus the oxidation number of the central atom phosphorus is +1 which can be described as follows.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a white crystalline solid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a monobasic acid forming the anion H2PO2 – in water.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a colorless liquid, soluble in water, ethanol and diethyl ether.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a strong reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade gets easily oxidized.
Heated to 130℃, it breaks into phosphorous acid and phosphine.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade reacts explosively with oxidant.
Also, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.

In addition to this, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as bleaching agents for plastics, synthetic fibers, decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has the differs from the other oxy-phosphorous acids.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has many peculiarities.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is formed along with phosphorous and phosphoric acids, when phosphorus is oxidized by moist air.
If white phosphorus is exposed to air, and sodium acetate is addedto the liquidwhich forms, the somewhat insoluble sodium hypophosphate,Na2H2P2O6·6H2Oseparates.

The sodium hypophosphate monohydrate, however, is very soluble and deliquescent at ～98.7 g/100 ml.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is deliquescent crystals or colorless oil.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and it can be mixed in any proportion with water, ethanol, acetone.

In the air, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade easily deliquesce to syrupy liquid, and the aqueous solution is acidic.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is monobasic acid, in aqueous solution, Hypophosphorous acid is strong acid, Ka = 10-2 (25℃); it is relatively stable at room temperature; disproportionation reaction can proceed at 130℃, decompose into phosphine and phosphorous acid: 2H3PO2=H3PO4+PH3

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, 30 Percent (w/v) Solution (DEA List I Chemical) - Spectrum solutions utilize the highest quality raw materials appropriate to your product.
Most raw materials meet or exceed the specifications established by the American Chemical Society.
Where appropriate, many finished products are traceable to NIST Standard Reference Materials.

Manufacturing, quality control testing, and packaging are all performed in Spectrum's own facilities.
Record keeping and sample retention of all produced lots ensure product consistency and complete traceability.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is colorless crystalline, hygroscopic, deliquescent, cautic.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is soluble in water and alcohol, slowly oxidized to orthophosphoric acid in air and decomposes to orthophosphoric acid and phosphine if heated to 180°C.
In organic chemistry, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN+2 to Ar–H.
When diazotized in a concentrated solution of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes.

Owing to its ability to function as a mild reducing agent and oxygen scavenger it is sometimes used as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions, where it prevents the formation of colored impurities.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used to prepare phosphinic acid derivatives.
Most metal-hypophosphite complexes are unstable, owing to the tendency of hypophosphites to reduce metal cations back into the bulk metal.

Some examples have been characterised, including the important nickel salt [Ni(H2O)6](H2PO2)2.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can reduce elemental iodine to form hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated Hypophosphorous acid technical grade (and its salts) as a List I precursor chemical effective November 16, 2001.
Accordingly, handlers of hypophosphorous acid or its salts in the United States are subject to stringent regulatory controls including registration, recordkeeping, reporting, and import/export requirements pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act and 21 CFR §§ 1309 and 1310.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is deliquescent crystals or colorless oil. Melting point: 26.5℃.
The relative density (specific gravity): 1.439 (solid, 19℃).
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and it can be mixed in any proportion with water, ethanol, acetone.

In the air, it easily deliquesce to syrupy liquid, and the aqueous solution is acidic.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is monobasic acid, in aqueous solution, Hypophosphorous acid is strong acid, Ka = 10-2 (25℃); it is relatively stable at room temperature; disproportionation reaction can proceed at 130℃, decompose into phosphine and phosphorous acid: 2H3PO2=H3PO4+PH3

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has strong reduction, heavy metal salt solution can be restored to metals such as Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, such as: 4Ag+H3PO2+2H2)=4Ag+H3PO4+4H+
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is weak oxidizer, it can be reduced to phosphine, phosphine when encounters strong reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a weak acid composed of phosphorous and hydrogen.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is an important chemical intermediate in organic synthesis and is used in a variety of industrial applications.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also known as phosphinic acid and is a colorless, odorless liquid with a melting point of -31°C.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade was first prepared in 1816 by the French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838).

The acid is prepared industrially via a two step process: Firstly, elemental white phosphorus reacts with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides to give an aqueous solution of hypophosphites:
P4 + 4 OH− + 4 H2O → 4 H2PO−2 + 2 H2
Any phosphites produced in this step can be selectively precipitated out by treatment with calcium salts.

The purified material is then treated with a strong, non-oxidizing acid (often sulfuric acid) to give the free hypophosphorous acid: H2PO−2 + H+ → H3PO2HPA is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution.
Anhydrous acid cannot be obtained by simple evaporation of the water, as the acid readily oxidises to phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid and also disproportionates to phosphorous acid and phosphine.
Pure anhydrous Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be formed by the continuous extraction of aqueous solutions with diethyl ether.

The molecule displays P(═O)H to P–OH tautomerism similar to that of phosphorous acid; the P(═O) form is strongly favoured.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is usually supplied as a 50% aqueous solution and heating at low temperatures (up to about 90°C) prompts it to react with water to form phosphorous acid and hydrogen gas.

H3PO2 + H2O → H3PO3 + H2
Heating above 110°C causes hypophosphorous acid to undergo disproportionation to give phosphorous acid and phosphine.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade also known as phosphonic acid is a phosphorous oxoacid and also acts as a good reducing agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is basically a colourless aqueous solution that is soluble in water, dioxin as well as in alcohol.

The hypophosphorous acid formula which is the same for phosphinic acid formula is H3PO2 is a neutral molecule with no spare charge on it.
Thus the oxidation number of the central atom phosphorus is +1 which can be described as follows.

Melting point: -25 °C
Boiling point: 108 °C (759.8513 mmHg)
Density: 1.206 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: storage temp.: no restrictions.
pka: pK1 1.1.
form: hygroscopic crystals or colorless oily liquid
color: Colorless
Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Merck: 13,4894
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong bases. Reacts violently with oxidizing agents, strong bases, mercury (II) nitrate and mercury (II) oxide. Do not heat above 100 C.

A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to two hydrogens and a hydroxy group and via a double bond to an oxygen.
The parent of the class of phosphinic acids.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade a white crystalline solid.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a monobasic acid forming the anion H2PO2 – in water.
The sodium salt, and hence the acid, can be prepared by heating yellow phosphorus with sodium hydroxide solution.
The free acid and its salts are powerful reducing agents.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is miscible with water in all proportions and a commercial strength is 30% H3PO2.
Hypophosphites are used in medicine.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a powerful reducing agent, e.g., with copper sulfate forms cuprous hydride Cu2H2, brown precipitate, which evolves hydrogen gas and leaves copper on warming; with silver nitrate yields finely divided silver; with sulfurous acid yields sulfur and some hydrogen sulfide; with sulfuric acid yields sulfurous acid, which reacts as above; forms manganous immediately with permanganate.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel.
This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial application of hypophosphites.

For this application it is principally used as a salt (sodium hypophosphite).
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade a white to yellowish crystalline powder.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in chemical reactions as a reducing agent

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be synthesized from phosphorous acid and hydrogen peroxide, or from phosphorous pentoxide and water.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can also be produced by the reaction of phosphorus with sulfuric acid or by the oxidation of phosphite.
The most common method for the synthesis of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is the reaction of phosphorus with sulfuric acid.

This reaction produces a solution of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade and phosphoric acid.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also known as hydrogen phosphite because of its chemical structure, which includes the hydrogen ion (H+) bonded to the phosphite ion (H2PO2-).
The term "hypophosphorous" refers to the fact that it has one less oxygen atom than phosphorous acid (H3PO3).

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is compatible with certain metals and is often used for metal surface treatments and electroless plating.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can provide a uniform and adherent metal coating on surfaces, which is valuable in applications such as printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is widely used in industries that require precision metal deposition, such as the electronics industry for making electrical connections and in the automotive industry for coating parts to improve their corrosion resistance.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade participates in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, where it can donate electrons to other substances.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can act as a reducing agent, helping to convert higher-valence metal ions to lower-valence states.
This property is valuable in a variety of chemical transformations.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can react with atmospheric oxygen over time, leading to the formation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and water.
Therefore, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade should be stored in airtight containers to minimize this decomposition.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade finds applications in analytical chemistry for its ability to stabilize certain compounds and act as a reducing agent in various analytical methods, such as in the determination of various metals in complex samples.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is commercially available in various concentrations, often as an aqueous solution.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be written as H3PO2, which represents its molecular formula, indicating the presence of three hydrogen atoms, one phosphorus atom, and two oxygen atoms.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is formed by reaction of barium hypophosphite and sulfuric acid, and filtering off barium sulfate.

By evaporation of the solution in vacuum at 80 °C, and then cooling to 0°C, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade crystallizes.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in a variety of scientific research applications.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in organic synthesis as a reagent for the preparation of a wide range of organic compounds.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also used as a catalyst in the synthesis of polymers and other materials.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has also been used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, especially in the synthesis of antibiotics.
In addition, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the synthesis of dyes, pigments, and other materials.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has been studied for its biochemical and physiological effects.
In animal studies, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor properties.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has also been shown to have an effect on the immune system, as it has been found to increase the production of interferon gamma, a cytokine involved in the regulation of the immune system.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has several advantages for use in laboratory experiments.
The concentration can range from relatively dilute solutions to more concentrated forms, depending on the intended application.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a relatively inexpensive reagent, and it is widely available.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also relatively stable and has a low toxicity.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade could be used in the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pigments.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade could also be used in the development of new materials, such as polymers and nanomaterials.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade could also be used in the development of new catalysts for organic synthesis.
Finally, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade could be used in the development of new biotechnologies, such as gene editing and gene therapy.
However, there are some limitations to its use in laboratory experiments.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a strong acid and can be corrosive, so it must be handled with care.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also a highly reactive reagent and can react with other compounds, so it must be used with caution.
There are several potential future directions for the use of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also known as phosphinic acid, hydroxy-phosphane, oxo-phosphinous acid, and oxo-phosphanol.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a hydroxy phosphine oxide, having monobasic character.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade has a low-melting point and colorless compound, which is highly soluble in alcohol, dioxane, and water.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is majorly manufactured from sodium hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as a reducing agent to reduce copper, mercury, and silver, and to verify impurities such as niobium, arsenic, and tantalum.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also used as a catalyst during esterification reactions in medicines.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as a decolorizing or bleaching agent in the paint & coating industry.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is also used for reducing arene-diazonium salts.

However, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can penetrate the eyes and skin and cause blisters and inflammation upon contact.
Thus, due to the health risks associated with Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, its production and consumption is expected to be limited, restraining the growth of the market during the forecast period.

Preparation method:
Phosphorus and barium hydroxide solution is heated, barium salt Ba (H2PO2) 2 • 2H2O can generate, sulfuric acid is added into Hypophosphorous acid technical grade barium solution, Ba2+ can precipitate:
Ba(H2PO2)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H3PO2
Hypophosphorous acid can be obtained by evaporating under reduced pressure and low temperature crystallization.

Due to in this process, the solubility of the barium salt is small, so the concentration of obtained Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is not high, industrial product should be purified by recrystallization.
The barium oxide (or lime) and solution of white phosphorus is heated together to form secondary barium phosphate (or calcium), and then reacts with sulfuric acid, it is filtered, concentrated to obtain product, or sodium hypophosphite solution proceeds H-type ion exchange resin can derive product.
This method requires a large amount of resin, and resin regeneration and washing step is cumbersome, it generally costs more than $ 7 per pound, it is only suitable for small batch production, and not suitable for large-scale industrial applications.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is prepared by electrodialysis method, wherein the electrodialysis cell divides into three parts, they are anode chamber, raw material chamber and cathode chamber, the intermediate is separated by anionic membrane and cationic membrane, between two membranes sodium hypophosphite solution is placed (concentration of 100g/L~500g/L), anode chamber is dilute solution of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade 5g/L, anode chamber is dilute sodium hydroxide solution ( 5g /L), between the poles DC (3V~36V) is passed, anode releases oxygen, and generates secondary product of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade; cathode emits hydrogen, and generates secondary product of sodium hydroxide, the reaction time is 3~21h.

The reactions of anode chamber and cathode chamber are as follows:
anode chamber: H2O==H++OH-2OH-==O2+2H2O+4eH++H2PO2-==H3PO2
cathode chamber: H2O==H++OH-2H++2e==H2Na++OH-==NaOH

Electrodialysis method of preparation Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is simple and equipment investment is small, it is suitable for mass production.
Starting from the industrial grade sodium hypophosphite, Cl-, SO42-anions which affect the quality indicators of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade are removed by precipitation, heavy metal ions are removed from the solution by forming sulfide, and then using strong acid cation exchange resin to obtain sodium secondary phosphate, high purity grade product can obtain.

The process can produce high-grade secondary phosphate, technically is feasible, the process is simple, easy operation, good product quality, it can meet the needs of the electronics industry, defense industry and other high-tech fields.
Production Process of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade from Industrial Sodium Hypophosphite.
Ion exchange resin method: about 70g of cation exchange resin wetted with water is packed into a glass tube with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid circulating about 15min, after thoroughly washed with water, high purity aqueous sodium hypophosphite aqueous solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) flows through it, the resin column is first washed with 50 ml, then with 25 rnl distilled water.

The effluent acid and washing is combined, it is concentrated by evaporation in water bath.
The concentrated acid is placed in high vacuum with P205 dryer for dehydration, cooling and crystallization, filtration, recrystallization, to obtain hypophosphorous acid product.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade may be prepared by various methods:

Boiling white phosphorus with calcium hydroxide:
P4 + 4Ca(OH)2 + 8H2O → 4Ca(H2PO2)2 + 4H2
The calcium salt is soluble in water.

Treatment with sulfuric acid yields thehypophosphorous acid:
(H2PO2)2Ca + H2SO4 → 2H3PO2 + CaSO4
The product mixture is filtered to remove insoluble CaSO4.

The aqueous solu-tion of hypophosphorous acid is concentrated under reduced pressure.Concentrated baryta water may be used instead of calcium hydroxide.
By treating sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2with an ion-exchange resin.The sodium salt may be produced by boiling white phosphorus with a solutionof sodium hydroxide, a reaction similar to (1) above.
PH3 + 2I2 + 2H2O → H3PO2 + 4HI

The above method may be considered safer than that involving heating whitephosphorus with an alkali.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade must be stored below 50°C.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is sold commerciallyas an aqueous solution at various concentrations.

Production method:
Ion exchange resin method: put about 70 g water-soluble cation exchange resins to fill into a glass tube.
Circulate with 5 mol/L hydrochloric acid for about 15 min and wash sufficiently with water.
Have a high aqueous sodium hypophosphite solution (15 g/60 ml H2O) to flow through the resin column, followed by being washed first with 50 ml water, and then rinsing with 25 rnl distilled water.

The effluent acid and the washings were combined and concentrated by evaporation on a water bath.
The concentrated acid is send to the highly vacuum, P205 dryer for dehydration, followed by cooling crystallization, filtration and recrystallization to obtain the finished product of hypophosphorous acid.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is formed by reaction of barium hypophosphite and sulfuric acid, and filtering off barium sulfate.
By evaporation of the solution in vacuum at 80 °C, and then cooling to 0°C, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade crystallizes.

Uses:
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as reducing agent for electroless plating.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used to prevent discoloration of phosphoric acid resin;
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as reducing agent for electroless plating.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used to prevent discoloration of phosphoric acid resin.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as esterification catalyst, the refrigerant.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used to produce hypophosphite, sodium salts, manganese salts, iron salts are generally used as nourishing substances.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in electroless nickel plating, where it helps deposit a layer of nickel onto various surfaces without the need for an electrical current.
This process is widely used in industries such as electronics and automotive manufacturing.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used to remove dissolved oxygen from water in industrial applications, as oxygen can corrode equipment and pipelines.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as a reducing agent in the production of certain polymers, such as polyamides (nylon) and polyurethanes.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade may be employed in the synthesis of some pharmaceutical compounds.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade (and its salts) are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals.

Further, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in medicine and as reducing agent, the determination of arsenic, tellurium and separation of tantalum, niobium and other reagents.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is strong reducing agent, It can be used for the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used for the plating bath, Pharmaceuticals, reducing agent, general reagents.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is strong reducing agent, it can be used in making sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is widely used as reducing agent, Ag, Cu, Ni, Hg and other metals are reduced to the corresponding metal, for the verification of As, Nb, Ta and other reagents, it can be used for the preparation of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and other types of hypophosphite.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as esterification catalyst, the refrigerant;
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used to produce hypophosphite, sodium salts, manganese salts, iron salts are generally used as nourishing substances;
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in medicine and as reducing agent, the determination of arsenic, tellurium and separation of tantalum, niobium and other reagents.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is strong reducing agent, It can be used for the preparation of sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used for the plating bath. Pharmaceuticals. reducing agent. general reagents.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is strong reducing agent, it can be used in making sodium hypophosphite, calcium phosphate and other hypophosphite.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is widely used as reducing agent, Ag, Cu, Ni, Hg and other metals are reduced to the corresponding metal, for the verification of As, Nb, Ta and other reagents, it can be used for the preparation of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and other types of hypophosphite.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is primarily used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment and retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.

In addition to this, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as bleaching agents for plastics, synthetic fibers, decolorizing agent and for color stabilization during the manufacture of chemicals and several plastics.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel.

This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial application of hypophosphites.
For this application Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is principally used as a salt (sodium hypophosphite).
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can reduce metal ions from higher oxidation states to lower oxidation states, making it valuable in processes involving the purification of metals, metal recovery from solutions, and the synthesis of metal complexes.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is commonly used as a reducing agent in various chemical processes.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can reduce metal ions to their elemental states.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a key component in electroless nickel plating baths, where it helps to reduce metal ions and facilitate the deposition of metal coatings on surfaces.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the textile industry for bleaching and reducing agents in the manufacture of certain dyes.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade may be used in water treatment processes.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the synthesis of certain organic compounds.
In organic and inorganic synthesis, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used to reduce or stabilize certain compounds.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be a component in the synthesis of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is utilized in analytical chemistry techniques.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can reduce metal ions to facilitate their detection and quantification, particularly in colorimetric and titrimetric analysis methods.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as a reducing agent in the production of certain polymers, such as polyamides (commonly known as nylon) and polyurethanes.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade was used as a reducing agent to stabilize and develop photographs.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used in chemical etching processes to selectively remove metal layers from surfaces, leaving behind desired patterns or designs.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade and its salts can serve as catalysts in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in some dyeing and printing processes in the textile industry.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is primarily used for electroless nickel plating.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is involved in the reduction of arenediazonium salts.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade acts as an additive in Fischer esterification reactions.
Also, it serves as a neutralizing agent, antioxidant, catalyst in polymerization and poly condensation, and wetting agent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is widely used as a reducing agent in chemical processes.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can effectively reduce metal ions to their elemental states.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is a key component in electroless nickel plating baths.
The acid acts as a reducing agent, facilitating the deposition of a thin, uniform layer of nickel on surfaces without the need for an external power source.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the textile industry as a reducing agent and bleaching agent in the production of certain dyes and fabrics.
In some cases, Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is employed in water treatment processes for its reducing properties.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceutical intermediates.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is utilized in the photographic industry for the production of certain photographic chemicals.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is employed in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and intermediates.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is involved in polymerization reactions and the production of polymers.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade may be used in analytical chemistry for specific reducing reactions.
This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial application of hypophosphites.

For this application Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is principally used as a salt (sodium hypophosphite).
One of the primary applications of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is in electroless plating, where it is used to deposit metal coatings (typically nickel) onto various surfaces without the need for an external electrical current.
This process is crucial in industries like electronics, where Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used for PCB manufacturing, and in the automotive industry for coating components with corrosion-resistant metal layers.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, discoloration of polymers, water treatment, retrieval of precious or non-ferrous metals.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is main use is for electroless plating, i.e. deposition of metal films from solution.
In organic chemistry, H3PO2 best known for their use in the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN2+ to Ar-H.

When diazotized in a concentrated solution of Hypophosphorous acid technical grade, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes, selectively over alkyl amines.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is employed in water treatment to remove dissolved oxygen from water.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can be used as the raw material of phosphate and phosphonate, reductive agent, nylon whitening agent and anti-oxidant, stablizer for plastics, organo-phosphorus pesticide intermediate and chemical reagent.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade can also be used as fertilizer additive in agroculture industry.

Toxicity:
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is non-combustible.
But when contacts with the hole H agent, it will cause fire. When meets oxidizing agent, violent reaction and combustion can proceed.
When Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is heated to high, it can decompose into highly toxic phosphine gas, or even explode.

Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is corrosive.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade is often added into soft drinks, and because it is not absorbed.
Hypophosphorous acid technical grade splashes into the eyes or contacts skin, plenty of water is used to washed.

Production operators should wear protective clothing and other protective clothing.
Production equipment should be sealed, workshop should be ventilated well.

Health Hazard:
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.

Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Fire Hazard:
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.