Crop protection, Food, Feed and Flavor Chemicals

HISTIDINE HCL, N° CAS : 645-35-2 / 5934-29-2, Nom INCI : HISTIDINE HCL. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 211-438-9 (L) / -. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Hydrogen Fluoride; Etching Acid; AHF; Fluorohydric Acid; Fluoric acid; HF Acid; Acide Fluorhydrique (French); Acido Fluoridrico (Italian); Fluorowodor (Polish); Fluorwasserstoff (German); Fluorwaterstof (Dutch) CAS NO:7664-39-3

Peroxide; Hydrogen Dioxide; Albone; Inhibine; Perhydrol; Peroxan; Oxydol; Hydroperoxide; Hioxy; Dihydrogen Dioxide; Perossido Di Idrogeno (Italian); Peroxyde D'hydrogene (French); Wasserstoffperoxid (German); Aterstofperoxyde (Dutch) CAS NO: 7722-84-1

coconut flavor; artificial coconut flavor; natural coconut flavor; young coconut flavor; coconut flavor for confectionery; coconut flavor for pharmaceuticals; coconut flavor organic-compliant; coconut flavor powder

Cocos Nucifera Fruit Extract ;extrapone coconut (Symrise); phytoconcentrole coconut (Symrise); coconut extract; coconut kiinote ; toasted coconut (sri lankan) kiinote (Omega) cas no:8001-31-8

Ricinus Communis Extract ;ricinus communis root extract; castor root extract; extract of the roots of the castor, ricinus communis, euphorbiaceae cas no:8001-79-4

hyaluronic acid; synvisc; hyaluronic acid USP; luronitluronit; mucoitin ; sepracoat cas no: 9004-61-9

Sığır Kuyruğu Ekstrakt; Borago officinalis extract ;borago officinalis herb extract; extract of the herb, borago officinalis l., boraginaceae cas no:84012-16-8

Hodan oil is a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid that helps regulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, making it beneficial for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and eczema.
Derived from the seeds of the Borago officinalis plant, Hodan oil is one of the highest sources of GLA, which can support skin health, manage hormonal imbalances, and promote overall wellness.
Hodan oil's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties make it effective in treating a range of issues, from joint pain and skin disorders to respiratory infections and growth development in infants.

CAS Number: 9005-26-7
EC Number: 232-287-5
Molecular Formula: C18H30O2
Molar Mass: 278.43 g/mol

Synonyms: Borage Seed Oil, Starflower Oil, Borago Officinalis Oil, Borago Oil, Starflower Seed Oil, Borage Oil Extract, Borage Extract, Borago Officinalis Extract, Borage Essential Oil, Borage Oil Concentrate, Borage Infusion, Borage Lipid Extract, Starflower Lipid, Borage Oil Solution, Borage Oil Essence, Borago Oil Essence, Borage Oil Tincture, Borago Officinalis Seed Oil, Starflower Oil Extract, Borage Seed Extract

Hodan oil is a natural substance that provides high levels GLA, which is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).
Hodan oil’s derived from the seeds of the borage plant, which has the species name Borago officinalis and is indigenous to North Africa and Europe.

Hodan oil is not found in high amounts in the human diet.
Therefore, most people turn to supplements to provide Hodan oil's benefits, including both Hodan oil and evening primrose oil.

Hodan oil is a nutritional supplement which is rich in essential fatty acids that can regulate the body’s immune system and fight joint inflammation.
The available evidence suggests that borage seed oil may improve the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

Hodan oil contains very high levels of two types of polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acids, 20–26% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and linolenic acid (LA, which your body converts to GLA).
GLA is an essential fatty acid that’s important for maintaining a joint’s cell structure and function.

Your body converts Hodan oil into hormone-like substances called prostaglandins, which regulate your immune system and fight joint inflammation.
Hodan oil might also suppress inflammatory responses by directly acting on some inflammatory cells.

Other oils generally used in normal diet (like sunflower oil) only contain LA.
Hodan oil is the richest source of pure GLA.

Hodan oil also contains tannic, oleic and palmetic acid.
Hodan oil is used for skin disorders including eczema (atopic dermatitis), red, itchy rash on the scalp (seborrheic dermatitis), and a type of skin condition called neurodermatitis.

Hodan oil is also used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), swelling of the gums, stress, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), diabetes, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), alcoholism, pain and swelling (inflammation), asthma, and for preventing heart disease and stroke.
Hodan oil is sometimes added to infant formula in small amounts to provide fatty acids needed to promote development of preterm infants.

Borage flower and leaves are used for fever, cough, and depression.

Hodan oil is also used for a hormone problem called adrenal insufficiency, for "blood purification," to increase urine flow, to prevent inflammation of the lungs, as a sedative, and to promote sweating.
Hodan oil is also used to increase breast milk production and to treat bronchitis and colds.

Hodan oil is applied to the skin for red, itchy rash on the scalp of infants (seborrheic dermatitis) and is also used in a dressing to soften the skin.

In foods, borage is eaten in salads and soups.
In manufacturing, borage is used in skin care products.

Hodan oil contains the omega-6 fatty acid known as gamma-linolenic acid.
Hodan oil is also produced naturally in the body and thought to have anti-inflammatory activity.

Hodan oil also contains mucilage, a sticky mixture of plant sugars that can act as an expectorant to produce phlegm in patients with coughs.
Hodan oil has been promoted for rheumatoid arthritis, skin inflammation, diabetic nerve pain, menopausal symptoms, and gastrointestinal issues, but research shows only moderate support for its use to relieve rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.

Hodan oil, derived from the seeds of the plant, is a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (LA).
In herbal and traditional medicine, Hodan oil has been used to induce sweating, as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory, to promote lactation, to stimulate adrenal function, and as an alternative source to evening primrose oil for obtaining GLA.
Hodan oil has also been promoted to treat rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, diabetic neuropathy, menopause-related symptoms, and gastrointestinal disease.

Anti-inflammatory properties of Hodan oil have been attributed to its high GLA content.
Hodan oil also contains other fatty acids including linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, eicosenoic, and erucic acids.

GLA can be converted to the prostaglandin precursor dihomo-gama-linolenic acid.
DGLA can block transformation of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes and other prostaglandins.

GLA can increase cAMP levels which suppress synthesis of TNF-alpha, an inflammatory mediator linked to rheumatoid arthritis.
The mucilage constituent has an expectorant-like action and malic acid has a mild diuretic effect.
The tannin constituent may have mild astringent and constipating actions.

Hodan oil is an extract made from the seeds of the Borago officinalis plant.

Hodan oil is prized for its high gamma linolenic acid content.
Hodan oil’s thought that this fatty acid can help reduce inflammation tied to many diseases.

Hodan oil is one of the richest sources of essential fatty acids.
One of those fatty acids is gamma-linolenic acid, which helps nourish and hydrate the skin.
Hodan oil works well especially for those with sensitive or mature skin.

Borage, also known as starflower or bee flower, is a plant harvested mostly for its seeds.
Hodan oil’s an annual plant with coarse, hairy leaves.

Hodan oil grows 2 to 3 feet tall and has blue, star-shaped flowers.
The leaves and stems are a grey-green color.

In traditional medicine, borage is used as a sedative and a diuretic, and as a treatment for seizures and kidney disease.
The leaves are often used as dried herbs or tea.

Today, fresh borage is eaten and used as a garnish or in drinks.
The seeds are also pressed to make borage seed oil, which is used as a supplement.

Hodan oil is often used with evening primrose oil, but borage has more gamma-linoleic acid, or omega-6 fatty acid.

As a common herbal treatment in traditional medicine practices for hundreds of years, Hodan oil has numerous uses — ranging from treating skin flare-ups to lowering pain.
The most beneficial aspect of using Hodan oil, either topically on the skin or internally in capsule form, is that Hodan oil has strong anti-inflammatory effects.

Hodan oil is becoming increasingly popular as a natural anti-inflammatory supplement because it has one of the highest amounts of gamma-linolenic acid of all seed oils.
GLA is one type of omega-6 fatty acid that the body cannot make on its own, so we must get it from outside sources.

While to some degree we’re all able to convert other forms of omega-6 fatty acids (like the type found in nuts or seeds called conjugated linoleic acid) into GLA, Hodan oil’s preferable and more effective to consume it directly, including from dietary supplements.

Hodan oil is a natural substance that provides high levels GLA, which is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).
Hodan oil’s derived from the seeds of the borage plant, which has the species name Borago officinalis and is indigenous to North Africa and Europe.

Hodan oil is not found in high amounts in the human diet.
Therefore, most people turn to supplements to provide its benefits, including both Hodan oil and evening primrose oil.

Studies show that Hodan oil is made up of roughly 23 percent GLA, making it one of the richest sources. (As a comparison, evening primrose oil has about 9 percent)
This means that Hodan oil can be effective even when fewer capsules are taken daily, which also poses a lower risk for side effects.

Dietary supplements containing Hodan oil are thought to be helpful for treating inflammatory disorders because they help correct defective conversions of fats to metabolites, such prostaglandin E1.
When the body isn’t able to complete an important metabolic step that keeps certain enzymes at appropriate levels, it’s easier for inflammation, which is the root of most diseases, to dangerously increase over time.

Hodan oil is also thought to have circulation-boosting effects and a positive effect on metabolic processes.

Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs play an important role in fighting disease because together they help control the release of molecules that are responsible for the body’s inflammation responses (some being prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines called interleukins).

Due to Hodan oil's antioxidant properties and ability to fight inflammation, Hodan oil benefits include the ability to help treat a wide range of both short- and long-term illnesses, including:
PMS symptoms (including breast pain or tenderness, anxiety, and skin breakouts)
Bone loss and osteoporosis (especially when combined with bone-building supplements like omega-3 fish oils)
ADHD symptoms
Skin disorders, including eczema or atopic dermatitis
Menopause symptoms, including hot flashes and night sweats
Hormonal imbalances, including adrenal insufficiency
Ongoing fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis pain
Dealing with stress
Managing diabetes
Promoting breast-milk production
Respiratory distress (ARDS), bronchitis, colds, coughs and fevers
Alcoholism
Pain and swelling
Preventing heart disease and stroke

Several factors can interfere with your body’s production of Hodan oil from LA, including:
Ageing
Dietary deficiencies
Viral infections
Some diseases

Hodan oil benefits and uses:

Hodan oil is thought to hold promise for the following uses:
Inflammation
Acne
Breast pain
Cardiovascular disease
Eczema
Menopause
Rosacea
Arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Uses of Hodan oil:
Hodan oil is often used along with evening primrose or fish oil supplements to help manage inflammation and for their pain-reducing effects.
You might see these supplements sold together, such as in joint-supporting or anti-aging supplements.

Results can take several weeks up to several months to fully kick in, with some people needing up to six months for Hodan oil’s full pain-reducing benefits to become very noticeable.
In addition to being taken by mouth, Hodan oil is used on the skin to improve the skin’s barrier.
Hodan oil is also sometimes added to fortified infant formulas in order supply essential fats that assist in growth.

Cosmetic and Skincare Uses:

Moisturizer:
Hodan oil is used in lotions, creams, and serums to hydrate and soften the skin.
Helps maintain skin moisture and improve barrier function.

Anti-Inflammatory Treatment:
Incorporated into products for inflammatory skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and acne.
Reduces redness, irritation, and inflammation due to its high gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) content.

Skin Repair and Regeneration:
Added to products designed for skin repair and healing, such as after-sun care and wound healing treatments.
Supports skin regeneration and repair, improving overall skin texture and appearance.

Anti-Aging:
Included in anti-aging formulations to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Provides essential fatty acids that support skin elasticity and firmness.

Hydrating and Soothing:
Hodan oil is used in facial oils and masks for dry or sensitive skin.
Soothes and hydrates, leaving the skin feeling smooth and refreshed.

Anti-Cellulite:
Found in body lotions and creams targeting cellulite.
Hodan oil may improve skin texture and elasticity, helping to reduce the appearance of cellulite.

Health and Wellness Uses:

Dietary Supplement:
Available in capsule or liquid form for oral consumption.
Provides essential fatty acids, particularly GLA, which may support cardiovascular health, hormonal balance, and overall wellness.

Joint and Muscle Health:
Hodan oil is used in supplements or topical products for joint and muscle relief.
Hodan oil may help reduce inflammation and support joint health.

Hormonal Balance:
Included in supplements aimed at supporting hormonal balance.
Hodan oil may help manage symptoms associated with hormonal imbalances, such as menstrual discomfort.

Immune Support:
Incorporated into health supplements to bolster immune function.
Supports immune health through Hodan oil's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Hair Care Uses:

Hair Moisturizer:
Added to shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks.
Helps hydrate the scalp and improve hair texture, reducing dryness and brittleness.

Scalp Health:
Hodan oil is used in scalp treatments or oils.
Hodan oil may help soothe scalp irritation and support overall scalp health.

Benefits of Hodan oil:

Supplies Anti-Inflammatory Properties:
On top of supporting a healthy immune response, Hodan oil can have positive effects on cell death (apoptosis) of toxic cells.
Once it enters the body, Hodan oil is converted to a substance called dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA).
This acts as a precursor to prostaglandins and leukotriene compounds that the immune system produces.

DGLA is believed to lower inflammation because it inhibits leukotriene synthesis, which is partly responsible for raising autoimmune reactions and thrombotic effects.
People taking omega-3 fatty acids along with Hodan oil treatments seem to have even better results.

Has Antioxidant Properties that Help Fight Cancer:
Hodan oil is known to have anti-mutagenic properties and antioxidant capabilities that help fight the growth of cancerous cells.

In laboratory studies, Hodan oil has exhibited cytotoxic activities that significantly shorten the life span of toxic cells while prolonging the life span of the healthy host.
Hodan oil supplementation is also recommended for protecting DNA and because of its ability to lower underlying oxidative genetic damage that contributes to disease development.

Can Lower Arthritis Symptoms:
Hodan oil seems to work like a natural remedy for rheumatoid arthritis pain, especially when used in combination with other conventional painkilling medications.
There’s evidence that some people notice a decrease in joint pain, swelling and severity of tenderness following as little as six weeks of regular Hodan oil treatment.

Fights Eczema and Skin Disorders:
One of the most well-researched uses for Hodan oil is treating skin disorders like eczema and atopic dermatitis.

Hodan oil has been shown to help correct deficiencies in skin lipids (oils) that are caused by low levels of delta-6-desaturase activity.
Hodan oil can also restore a normal acidic skin pH and increased epidermal levels of enzymes that protect the skin.

When the skin can’t produce enough protective oils, the result is dysregulation of the immune system, increased inflammation and specific immune responses that result in skin flare-ups, including those typical of eczema and atopic dermatitis.

Because human skin can’t synthesize GLA from the precursors linoleic acid or arachidonic acid on its own, supplementing with Hodan oil helps act like a natural eczema remedy for people who are already too low in essential fatty acids critical to skin health.
While people with atopic dermatitis have most commonly used evening primrose for its beneficial fats, borage contains two to three times more GLA than evening primrose and therefore may be a better option.

While study results have been mixed, and not every study has shown that Hodan oil can improve eczema or atopic dermatitis in the majority of patients, certain people seem to respond more positively to treatment than others.
Some studies have found that people taking up to 720 milligrams daily of GLA for two months experienced significant improvements in health of the cutaneous skin barrier.

Helps Treat Respiratory Infections:
Hodan oil has been found to help improve the function of the lungs, including in people with inflamed respiratory infections and disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Hodan oil supplements taken in capsule form can help speed up healing time associated with coughs, the common cold or flu; reduce the length of time spent in the hospital or taking medications; and stop respiratory symptoms from worsening.

Aids Growth and Development:
There’s evidence that infants and premature babies receiving Hodan oil have better rates of growth and development.

Supplementing with omega-6s from Hodan oil (and beneficial omega-3 supplements) helps support development of the central nervous system and reduces risks associated with premature births.

Might Help Lower Fat Accumulation and Weight Gain:
There’s evidence that Hodan oil may contribute to less body fat accumulation compared to more refined fats.
Specifically, GLA results in more brown fat accumulation but less white fat.

This seems to be tied to an increase in gene expressions that control brown adipose tissue growth compared to white adipose tissue growth.
This is beneficial because scientists now believe that lean people tend to have more brown fat than overweight or obese people, and brown fat might act more like muscle than like white fat does.

Handling and Storage of Hodan oil:

Handling:

Precautions:
Avoid direct contact with skin and eyes. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles.
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large quantities to avoid inhalation of any fumes or vapors.
Follow good hygiene practices, such as washing hands after handling the oil.

Handling Practices:
Use clean, dry tools and containers when dispensing or transferring the oil.
Avoid contamination by keeping the oil covered and using clean utensils.

Storage:

Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Ideal storage temperature is between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F).
Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent oxidation and contamination.

Container:
Use airtight, light-resistant containers to protect the oil from light and air, which can lead to degradation.

Stability and Reactivity of Hodan oil:

Stability:
Hodan oil is generally stable under recommended storage conditions.
Ensure that the oil is protected from excessive heat, light, and air to maintain its quality.

Reactivity:

Conditions to Avoid:
Extreme temperatures, direct sunlight, and exposure to air.

Materials to Avoid:
Strong oxidizing agents and acids that may react with the oil.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Thermal decomposition may produce harmful fumes.

First Aid Measures of Hodan oil:

Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms persist or if there is difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
If irritation develops or persists, seek medical advice.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists or vision is affected.

Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth with water and do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional.
Seek medical attention immediately, especially if large quantities were ingested.

Fire Fighting Measures of Hodan oil:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use foam, dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or water fog.

Special Fire Fighting Procedures:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.
Cool containers with water spray to prevent bursting in case of fire.

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:
Combustible, may produce smoke or fumes when burning.
Ensure good ventilation in fire scenarios.

Accidental Release Measures of Hodan oil:

Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and safety goggles.
Avoid inhalation and contact with the skin.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent the oil from entering drains, water sources, or soil. Contain spills to avoid environmental contamination.

Cleanup Methods:
Absorb the oil with inert materials like sand or vermiculite.
Collect the absorbed material and place it in suitable, labeled containers for disposal.
Clean the affected area with soap and water, and ensure proper ventilation.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Hodan oil:

Occupational Exposure Limits:
No specific occupational exposure limits established for Hodan oil, but general good hygiene practices should be followed.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Respiratory Protection:
Not typically required under normal conditions; use if there is a risk of inhaling fumes or vapors.

Hand Protection:
Use gloves made of materials like nitrile or polyethylene to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or face shields if there is a risk of splashing.

Skin Protection:
Wear protective clothing if prolonged or repeated contact is anticipated.

Engineering Controls:
Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where Hodan oil is handled or used.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary to avoid the buildup of vapors or fumes.

Identifiers of Hodan oil:
Chemical Name: Hodan oil
INCI Name: Borago Officinalis Seed Oil
Common Names: Borage Seed Oil, Starflower Oil
CAS Number: 9005-26-7 (for Hodan oil)
EINECS Number: 232-287-5
Molecular Formula: Variable, as it is an oil mixture; primary components include GLA (C18H30O2), linoleic acid (C18H32O2), and oleic acid (C18H34O2)
Appearance: Typically a yellow to amber, clear to slightly cloudy liquid
Odor: Mild, characteristic of vegetable oils
Source: Extracted from the seeds of the Borago officinalis plant
Uses: Commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, and skin-repairing properties; also used in dietary supplements for its omega-6 fatty acids.

Properties of Hodan oil:
Color: Yellow to amber
Clarity: Clear to slightly cloudy
Scent: Mild, characteristic of vegetable oils
Viscosity: Typically low viscosity, oily liquid

Specific Gravity:
Range: Approximately 0.91 to 0.93 at 25°C

Refractive Index:
Range: Approximately 1.46 to 1.48 at 20°C

Acid Value:
Range: Typically ≤ 2.0 mg KOH/g

Peroxide Value:
Range: Typically ≤ 5.0 meq O₂/kg

Iodine Value:
Range: Approximately 130 to 150 g I₂/100 g

Saponification Value:
Range: Approximately 180 to 200 mg KOH/g

Fatty Acid Composition:

Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA):
Content: Approximately 20-26%

Linoleic Acid:
Content: Approximately 30-40%

Oleic Acid:
Content: Approximately 20-25%

Palmitic Acid:
Content: Approximately 10-15%

Stearic Acid:
Content: Approximately 1-3%

Additional Properties:

Moisture Content:
Range: Typically ≤ 0.5%

Free Fatty Acids:
Range: Typically ≤ 1.0%

Ash Content:
Range: Typically ≤ 0.1%

Microbiological Properties:

Total Plate Count:
Range: Typically ≤ 1000 CFU/g

Yeast and Mold Count:
Range: Typically ≤ 100 CFU/g

Pathogens:
Tested For: Absence of harmful bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus

Hombitan AFDC 101, also known as CI 77891 or titanium dioxide, is a mineral-origin opacifying agent with a narrow particle size distribution.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is an uncoated anatase grade pigment that is specifically designed to improve the opacity and uniform coverage of premium cosmetic products.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is produced using enhanced crystal size control technology, allowing for precise tuning of particle size and distribution to suit specific cosmetic applications.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is a white, natural, identical color additive that can be used alone or in combination with other color pigments.

CAS Number: 13463-67-7
EC Number: 236-675-5

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Foundations:
Hombitan AFDC 101 is used in the formulation of foundations to provide opacity, enhance coverage, and create a smooth, flawless finish on the skin.

Face Powders:
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Hombitan AFDC 101 is incorporated into primers to create a smooth canvas for makeup application, minimizing the appearance of pores and fine lines.

Face Serums:
Hombitan AFDC 101 can be added to face serums to provide a brightening effect and even out skin tone.

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Mascara:
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Hombitan AFDC 101 is used in nail polishes to provide whiteness, opacity, and color stability.

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Anti-aging Creams:
Hombitan AFDC 101 can be added to anti-aging creams to visually reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by reflecting light.

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Hombitan AFDC 101 is incorporated into facial masks to provide a brightening effect and even out skin tone.

Corrective Creams:
Hombitan AFDC 101 is used in corrective creams to visually correct skin discolorations, such as redness or sallowness.

Body Powders:
Hombitan AFDC 101 is added to body powders to improve their opacity, whiteness, and texture.

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Hombitan AFDC 101 can be used in setting powders to provide a matte finish and prolong the wear of makeup.

Shimmer Products:
Hombitan AFDC 101 is used in shimmer products, such as highlighters and body glitters, to enhance their reflective properties and create a luminous effect.

Hombitan AFDC 101 is a high-purity, uncoated anatase grade of titanium dioxide.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is a white, crystalline powder with excellent opacity and brightness.

Hombitan AFDC 101 exhibits a narrow particle size distribution for precise formulation control.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is specifically designed for use in cosmetic applications.
Hombitan AFDC 101 acts as an opacifying agent, enhancing the coverage and uniformity of cosmetic products.

Hombitan AFDC 101 offers superior whiteness and color stability in formulations.
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Hombitan AFDC 101 imparts a natural, flawless appearance to the skin when used as a colorant.
Hombitan AFDC 101 offers excellent light-scattering properties, contributing to a soft-focus effect in cosmetics.
Hombitan AFDC 101 helps to reduce the visibility of fine lines, wrinkles, and skin imperfections.

Hombitan AFDC 101 is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients and formulation systems.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is resistant to heat, making it suitable for use in products requiring thermal stability.
Hombitan AFDC 101 has good chemical stability, ensuring long-lasting performance in cosmetic formulations.

Hombitan AFDC 101 is compliant with industry standards for quality, environmental, and health and safety management.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is widely used in the cosmetics, beauty, and personal care industries for its reliable performance.

Hombitan AFDC 101 can be used alone or in combination with other color pigments to achieve desired cosmetic effects.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is a trusted choice for formulators seeking low nano content in their titanium dioxide grades.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is well-suited for formulating products that require a low nano particle fraction.

Hombitan AFDC 101 provides excellent coverage and opacity, minimizing the visibility of underlying skin tones.
Hombitan AFDC 101 offers versatility and flexibility in cosmetic formulation, supporting various product textures and finishes.
Hombitan AFDC 101 meets the increasing demand for high-quality, low nano content titanium dioxide in the cosmetics and personal care market.

DESCRIPTION

Hombitan AFDC 101, also known as CI 77891 or titanium dioxide, is a mineral-origin opacifying agent with a narrow particle size distribution.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is an uncoated anatase grade pigment that is specifically designed to improve the opacity and uniform coverage of premium cosmetic products.

Hombitan AFDC 101 is produced using enhanced crystal size control technology, allowing for precise tuning of particle size and distribution to suit specific cosmetic applications.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is a white, natural, identical color additive that can be used alone or in combination with other color pigments.

Hombitan AFDC 101 is particularly suitable for use in aqueous systems such as creams, as it disperses rapidly into formulations.
Hombitan AFDC 101 finds application in a range of high-end cosmetic products including foundations, eye shadows, face powders, and lipsticks.

The pigment is compliant with various regulations and standards, including ISO 9001 for quality management, ISO 14001 for environmental management, ISO 18001 for health and safety management, and ECOCERT/COSMOS standards.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is also compliant with kosher and halal requirements.

For cosmetic, beauty, and personal care product manufacturers seeking titanium dioxide grades with low nano content, Hombitan AFDC 101 is a suitable option.
Hombitan AFDC 101 is a super pure grade with a scientifically proven nano particle fraction of less than 10% by number, making it one of the lowest nano threshold anatase pigments in the TiO2 industry.

The unique advantage of Hombitan AFDC 101 is its low nano concentration levels, surpassing traditional anatase TiO2 pigments.
This proprietary process allows for greater control over crystal size and particle distribution, enabling precise engineering of TiO2 within specific nano particle parameters to meet formulation requirements.

In the cosmetics industry, Hombitan AFDC 101 can be used as a white, natural-identical mineral colorant.
Its quick and easy dispersibility makes it convenient to use, and it contributes to achieving a flawless finish in cosmetic formulations.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: TiO2
Molecular Weight: 79.88 g/mol
Appearance: White powder
Crystal Structure: Anatase
Particle Size Distribution: Narrow distribution
Opacity: High opacifying power
Whiteness: Excellent whiteness
Dispersion: Good dispersion in cosmetic formulations
Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions
Purity: High purity grade
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Insoluble in water and most organic solvents
Refractive Index: 2.7-2.9
Density: 3.9 g/cm³
Melting Point: 1,843 °C (3,349 °F)
Boiling Point: > 2,972 °C (> 5,382 °F)
pH Value (10% Suspension): 6-8
Oil Absorption: Low oil absorption
Heat Resistance: Good heat resistance
Chemical Stability: Chemically stable under normal conditions
Photostability: Stable under exposure to light
UV Absorption: Exhibits UV-absorbing properties
Refractive Properties: High refractive index for light reflection
Rheological Properties: Can modify the rheology of cosmetic formulations
Non-Toxic: Considered safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products

FIRST AID

Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove the person to fresh air immediately.
If the person is experiencing difficulty breathing, provide oxygen if available and seek medical attention.
If breathing has stopped, administer artificial respiration and seek immediate medical attention.

Skin Contact:

Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.

Eye Contact:

Rinse the eyes immediately with gently flowing water for at least 15 minutes, while holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if easily removable during rinsing.
Seek medical attention if eye irritation or discomfort persists.

Ingestion:

If Hombitan AFDC 101 is accidentally swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth with water and drink plenty of water to dilute the substance.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate protective equipment, including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or protective clothing, when handling Hombitan AFDC 101 to avoid direct skin and eye contact.

Ventilation:
Ensure proper ventilation in the working area to minimize the inhalation of dust or aerosols.

Avoid Inhalation:
Avoid breathing in the dust or aerosols generated during handling.
If necessary, use local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection to prevent inhalation.

Avoid Skin Contact:
Minimize skin contact by wearing suitable protective gloves and clothing.
In case of skin contact, promptly wash the affected area with soap and water.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or a face shield to protect the eyes from direct contact with the product.
In case of eye contact, rinse thoroughly with water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Prevent Contamination:
Take measures to prevent contamination of the product, such as using clean tools, containers, and equipment for handling and storage.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Hombitan AFDC 101. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Storage:

Store in a Cool, Dry Place:
Store Hombitan AFDC 101 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and other heat sources.

Temperature Control:
Maintain storage temperatures below 40°C (104°F) to ensure product stability.

Keep Containers Sealed:
Keep the original containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.

Compatibility:
Store away from incompatible materials, such as strong acids, oxidizing agents, and reactive substances.

Labeling:
Clearly label storage containers with the product name, batch number, and any relevant safety information.

Separate from Food and Beverages:
Store Hombitan AFDC 101 away from food, beverages, and animal feed to prevent accidental contamination.

Follow Regulations:
Comply with local regulations and guidelines for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of the product.

SYNONYMS

Titanium(IV) oxide
Titania
Titanium white
CI 77891
E171
Titanium dioxide rutile
Pigment white 6
Titanium dioxide anatase
Titanyl oxide
Titanium oxide
Titanium peroxide
Titania white
Titanium(IV) dioxide
Titanium dioxide (nano)
Tio2
Rutile titanium dioxide
Anatase titanium dioxide
White pigment
Titanium white pigment
Rutile white
Anatase white
Micronized titanium dioxide
Ultrafine titanium dioxide
Nano titanium dioxide
High purity titanium dioxide
Pigment white 4
Titanium dioxide (rutile grade)
Titanium oxide white
Anatase titania
Titanium dioxide (anatase grade)
Rutile titania
Titanium(IV) oxide pigment
White titanium dioxide
TiO2
Titanium(IV) dioxide
Titanium white pigment
Micronized titania
Rutile titanium white
Anatase titanium white
Rutile titanium(IV) dioxide
Anatase titanium(IV) oxide
Titanium dioxide nanopowder
High-performance titanium dioxide
Nano-sized titanium dioxide
Pure titanium dioxide
Ultra-white titanium dioxide
Bright white pigment
Titanium dioxide nanoparticle
High-opacity titanium dioxide
Transparent titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
White pigment PW6
Rutile titanium white pigment
Anatase titanium white pigment
Titanium dioxide powder
Ultrafine titania
Nano-sized titania
Micron-sized titanium dioxide
Fine-grade titanium dioxide
High-opacity white pigment
High-purity titanium white
Rutile titanium(IV) oxide
Anatase titanium(IV) dioxide
Titanium oxide white powder
Rutile titania pigment
Anatase titania pigment
Titanium dioxide dispersion
Nanostructured titanium dioxide
Rutile white pigment
Anatase white pigment
High-performance titania
Ultra-bright titanium dioxide
Fine particle titanium dioxide
Transparent titanium white
Highly reflective titanium dioxide

Homomenthyl Salicylate is a widely used chemical in sunscreens and skin care products with SPF.
Homomenthyl Salicylate is a potential endocrine disruptor and studies in cells suggest it may impact hormones.
In addition to direct health concerns following Homomenthyl Salicylate exposure, the chemical may also enhance the absorption of pesticides in the body.

CAS: 118-56-9
MF: C16H22O3
MW: 262.34
EINECS: 204-260-8

Homomenthyl Salicylate is an organic compound that belongs to a class of chemicals called salicylates.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
Homomenthyl Salicylate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.
Homomenthyl Salicylate can be used in water-resistance sunscreens.
Homomenthyl Salicylate is used for products with low and in combination with other UV filters which provide high sun protection factors.
Homomenthyl Salicylate is also an effective solubilizer for crystalline UV absorbers.

Homomenthyl Salicylate Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 161-165°C (12 torr)
Density: 1.05
Vapor pressure: 0.015Pa at 25℃
Refractive index: n20 1.516 to 1.518
Fp: 169 - 173℃
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly)
pka: 8.10±0.30(Predicted)
Form: neat
Color: Colourless
Odor: at 100.00?%. mild menthol
Water Solubility: BRN: 2731604
LogP: 6.27 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 118-56-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Homomenthyl Salicylate (118-56-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: Homomenthyl Salicylate (118-56-9)

Health Concerns
Endocrine Disruption: Homomenthyl Salicylate impacts the body’s hormone systems, and in particular, the estrogen system.
In human breast cancer cells, which grow and multiply in response to estrogen, Homomenthyl Salicylate exposure led to 3.5 times more cell growth and multiplication.
Some studies have identified the androgen and progesterone systems to be impacted by homosalate exposure.
The androgen and progesterone hormone systems are also affected by Homomenthyl Salicylate.
Although these findings have only been observed in cell cultures, caution should be exercised considering the role of these hormones in the regulation of development of reproductive organs.

The endocrine disrupting effects of Homomenthyl Salicylate are particularly concerning since homosalate and other cosmetic UV filters have been identified in human breast milk samples, and the estrogenic activity of Homomenthyl Salicylate has been observed in human placental tissues.
Gestation and infancy are both vulnerable periods of development when exposure to hormone-disrupting compounds can lead to adverse health effects.

Breast milk contamination may be quite common.
In one study of 54 mother-child pairs, 85.2% of the breast milk samples contained UV filters.
The mother’s use of UV filter-containing products during pregnancy and/or lactation was significantly correlated with the presence of these compounds in the milk.

Skin Absorption: Homomenthyl Salicylate is absorbed by the outer layer of the skin.
Commercially available sunscreens containing homosalate have been shown to enhance the amount of pesticides we absorb through our skin.
Increased absorption of the herbicide 2,4-D was found in mice wearing homosalate-containing sunscreens in combination with the potent insect repellent DEET.

Uses
Homomenthyl Salicylate used as a UV filter in various personal skin care formulations and cosmetics.
Homomenthyl Salicylate is a chemical uVB absorber included in the FDA’s Category I Sunscreen Chemical list.
Homomenthyl Salicylate's approved usage level is 4 to 15 percent by the FDA and 10 percent by the european union’s Cosmetic Directive.

Reactivity Profile
An ester and a phenol.
Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids.
Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products.
Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions.
Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.

Synonyms
Homosalate
118-56-9
Homomenthyl salicylate
3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE
Coppertone
Heliopan
Heliophan
Filtersol ''A''
3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
m-Homomenthyl salicylate
(3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxybenzoate
Homosalatum
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
Caswell No. 482B
Homosalato
Homosalatum [INN-Latin]
Homosalato [INN-Spanish]
52253-93-7
NSC 164918
CCRIS 4885
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
Salicylic acid, m-homomenthyl ester
Metahomomenthyl salicylate
Homosalate [USAN:INN]
EINECS 204-260-8
MFCD00019377
Salicylic Acid 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl Ester
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076603
NSC-164918
kemester
UNII-V06SV4M95S
Homosalate [USAN:USP:INN]
V06SV4M95S
DTXSID1026241
Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
NCGC00091888-01
EC 204-260-8
DTXCID606241
Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester (8CI)
Filtrosol A
component of Coppertone
SR-05000001884
Homosalat
Kemester HMS
CAS-118-56-9
HOMOSALATE [MI]
Homosalate (USP/INN)
HOMOSALATE [INN]
Prestwick1_001090
Prestwick2_001090
Prestwick3_001090
HOMOSALATE [INCI]
HOMOSALATE [USAN]
HOMOSALATE [MART.]
HOMOSALATE [USP-RS]
HOMOSALATE [WHO-DD]
SCHEMBL16207
BSPBio_001140
SPECTRUM1505020
SPBio_003030
BPBio1_001254
CHEMBL1377575
CHEBI:91642
HOMOSALATE [USP IMPURITY]
3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate
HMS1571I22
HMS2093G22
HMS2098I22
HMS3715I22
HOMOSALATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Pharmakon1600-01505020
component of Coppertone (Salt/Mix)
HY-B0928
Tox21_111174
Tox21_202109
Tox21_303082
LS-600
NSC164918
NSC758908
s4572
AKOS015904082
Tox21_111174_1
CCG-213330
DB11064
NSC-758908
NCGC00091888-02
NCGC00091888-03
NCGC00091888-04
NCGC00091888-05
NCGC00091888-06
NCGC00091888-09
NCGC00257063-01
NCGC00259658-01
AS-10409
SY051923
SBI-0206787.P001
AB00514041
FT-0614020
Salicylic acid,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
T2278
Benzoic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
D04450
E78223
2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6-OCTACHLOROBIPHENYL
AB00514041_02
EN300-7381967
A921433
J-519754
Q2260189
SR-05000001884-1
SR-05000001884-2
BRD-A34751532-001-03-6
BRD-A34751532-001-04-4
2-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester
BENZOATE, 2-HYDROXY-, 3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL
Homosalate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Homosalate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Homopolymer maleic acid is a very efficient calcium carbonate antiscalant showing excellent performance in high temperature as well as high alkaline cooling water systems.
Due to Homopolymer maleic acid's good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Homopolymer maleic acid is used in water desalination plants.
Homopolymer maleic acid has better performance when combined with phosphonates than when phosphonates are used alone.

CAS Number: 26099-09-2
EC Number: 607-861-7
Molecular Formula: C4H4O4;HOOCCH=CHCOOH;C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.07g/mol

Synonyms: 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer, 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, homopolymer, Accent T 1107, Acumer 4200, Aron A 6510, Bel 200 premix, Belclene 200, Belclene 200LA, Belclene 710, Dequest P 9000, Dp 3328, Hpma, Hydrolized polymaleic anhydride, Hydrolysed Polymaleic Anhydride, Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride, Maleic acid homopolymer, Maleic acid polymer, Maleic acid, polymers, Nonpol PMA 50W, Nonpol PWA 50W, Polymaleic acid, PolymaleicacidAq, Sh 150, HPMA, Polymaleic acid, PolymaleicacidAq, Poly(maleic acid), POLY(MALEIC ACID), MALEIC ACID POLYMER, Maleic Acdi ( homopolymer ), Hydrolysed Polymaleic Anhydride, Hydrolized polymaleic anhydride, Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, (z)-2-butenedioic acid homopolymer

Homopolymer maleic acid is the homopolymer of Maleic acid.
Homopolymer maleic acid is a very efficient calcium carbonate antiscalant showing excellent performance in high temperature as well as high alkaline cooling water systems.

Homopolymer maleic acid is stable in presence of chlorine or other oxidizing biocides.
Due to Homopolymer maleic acid good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Homopolymer maleic acid is used in water desalination plants.
Homopolymer maleic acid does also perform as corrosion inhibitor when being combined with zinc salts.

Homopolymer maleic acid is a maleic acid homo polymer, with obvious threshold inhibition and crystal modification, and average molecular weight around 1000.
Homopolymer maleic acid is the superior calcium carbonate inhibitor in high hardness, high alkalinity, and high temperature severe water conditions and a multifunctional formulation support agent in industrial water systems and other related applications.

Homopolymer maleic acid is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems.

Homopolymer maleic acid has better performance when combined with phosphonates than when phosphonates used alone.
Homopolymer maleic acid is compatible with quaternary ammonium compounds, while not affected by chlorine or other oxidizing biocides under normal use conditions.

Homopolymer maleic acid is a polycarboxylic acid type organic compound, which is resistant to high temperature and can chelate calcium, magnesium, iron, etc. in water.
Good thermal stability, use PH range, wide water hardness, is an excellent scale inhibitor.

Homopolymer maleic acid, as a low-cost and excellent green water treatment agent, has become an important member of high-efficiency water-soluble scale inhibitor and dispersant.
Especially under harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature, high pH value, high alkalinity, high hardness, etc., Homopolymer maleic acid has a significant scale inhibition effect on calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc., which is not general polypropylene acids and other organic copolymerization The dispersant can reach.
At the same time, Homopolymer maleic acid has low toxicity, no carcinogenic and teratogenic effects, and is often used as a water treatment agent for circulating cooling water, low-pressure boiler water, and anti-scaling treatment for oilfield water injection, crude oil dehydration and other systems.

Homopolymer maleic acid is a polyelectrolyte, also known as anti-scale agent H-1, Homopolymer maleic acid, which is produced by maleic anhydride Polyhydrolysis or hydrolysis polymerization.
Homopolymer maleic acid is a brown-red viscous liquid at room temperature.

Easily soluble in water, each carbon atom on the polymer chain has a high potential charge.
Therefore, Homopolymer maleic acid polyelectrolyte properties are different from polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid.

When dropping with LiOH, NaOH, KOH or (CH3)4NOH, only half of the carboxyl group of the total acid is neutralized, and the properties are different from polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid.
When LiOH, NaOH, KOH or (CH3)4NOH curve is used, there is only one jump at the half-sum point.

Therefore, in terms of potentiometric titration, Homopolymer maleic acid is often regarded as a unit acid.
Homopolymer maleic acid and maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymers can be used to treat calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate powders.

The surface modification of calcium carbonate can improve the stability of calcium carbonate in organic or inorganic phase (system), improve the dispersibility of these powders in solution, and prevent the agglomeration of particles.
Homopolymer maleic acid is prepared by polymerization and hydrolysis of maleic anhydride under the action of a catalyst.
Homopolymer maleic acid is mainly used for scale and corrosion inhibition of steam locomotive boilers, industrial low-pressure boilers, internal combustion engine cooling water systems, seawater desalination, seawater potassium extraction, heat exchange systems, oil field oil pipelines and tank return systems.

Homopolymer maleic acid is a drug that inhibits the activity of maleate, hydrogen tartrate, and benzalkonium chloride.
Homopolymer maleic acid is used as an active inhibitor in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria.

Homopolymer maleic acid has been shown to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
The long-term toxicity studies on rats have shown no evidence of carcinogenicity or other adverse effects.
Homopolymer maleic acid has also been shown to bind to the rate constant for polymerase chain reactions, which may result in inhibition of bacterial growth.

Homopolymer maleic acid is the homopolymer of maleic acid.
Homopolymer maleic acid is very stable in presence of chlorine and other oxidizing biocides.

Homopolymer maleic acid has good scale inhibition and high temperature resistance properties.
Therefore, Homopolymer maleic acid can be used in the water desalination plants.

Homopolymer maleic acid is also an excellent calcium carbonate antiscalant upon high temperature and in the high alkaline cooling water systems.
In addition, Homopolymer maleic acid can be used in combination with zinc salts as a corrosion inhibitor.

Homopolymer maleic acid can also be used as concrete additive and for crude oil evaporation.
Homopolymer maleic acid can be manufactured through the polymerization of maleic anhydride I an aromatic hydrocarbon upon 60° to 200° C.

A relatively homogenous and easily synthesized polymer, Homopolymer maleic acid, was studied to ascertain Homopolymer maleic acid suitability as a model compound for humic substances.
Physical and chemical properties of Homopolymer maleic acid were measured by UV/VIS, Fourier-transform infrared, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, high pressure size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analyses to elucidate the structural characteristics of Homopolymer maleic acid and aquatic humic substances.

In terms of size, polydispersity, elemental composition, and infrared spectra, Homopolymer maleic acid most closely resembles fulvic acids derived primarily from terrestrial sources.
Molar absorptivity (measured at 280 nm) and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, however, show that Homopolymer maleic acid exhibits significantly less aromaticity than fulvic materials of similar size.

In general, terrestrially derived aquatic fulvic acids possess larger percentages of aromatic carbons than either Homopolymer maleic acid or the lacustrine and subsurface fulvic acids.
13C NMR spectra also show that aliphatic II and acetal carbons, present in several aquatic fulvic acids, are absent in Homopolymer maleic acid.

Furthermore, the carboxyl carbon content of Homopolymer maleic acid is significantly higher than that of all the humic materials used in this study.
Based on these results, Homopolymer maleic acid does not resemble a unique humic substance, but rather appears to possess chemical properties common to humic materials from diverse sources.

Applications of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Cooling water systems / industrial water treatment
Concrete additive
Water desalination
Crude oil evaporation

Uses of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Homopolymer maleic acid has high chemical stability and temperature resistance, and has obvious solubility limit effect when pH value is 8.3.
Homopolymer maleic acid can chelate calcium and magnesium plasma in water and has lattice distortion ability, which can improve the fluidity of sludge.

Homopolymer maleic acid is especially suitable for scale inhibition in high-temperature water systems such as boiler water.
Homopolymer maleic acid can be used as oil field water pipeline, circulating cooling water system and flash seawater desalination and other sediment inhibitors, scale inhibitors, etc., can also be used as a basic industrial detergent

Homopolymer maleic acid is efficient scale inhibitor.
Homopolymer maleic acid is mainly used in low-pressure boilers, industrial circulating cooling water systems, oil pipeline, crude oil dehydration and flash seawater desalination and other aspects of the scale inhibitor, and can be used as the main component of advanced cleaning agents, but also can be used as textile rinsing agent, reduces the ash content of textiles.

Homopolymer maleic acid still has good scale inhibition and dispersion effect on carbonate below 300 ℃, and the scale inhibition time can reach COOH.
Due to the excellent scale inhibition performance and high temperature resistance of Homopolymer maleic acid, Homopolymer maleic acid is widely used in the flash unit of seawater desalination and in the low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil dehydration, water transfer pipeline and industrial circulating cooling water.

In addition, Homopolymer maleic acid has a certain corrosion inhibition effect, and the effect of compound with zinc salt is better, which can effectively prevent the corrosion of carbon steel.
Homopolymer maleic acid is usually (1~15)× 10-6 and organic phosphate compound, for circulating cooling water, oil field water injection, crude oil dehydration treatment and low pressure boiler furnace treatment, Homopolymer maleic acid has a good effect of inhibiting scale formation and stripping old scale, and the scale inhibition rate can reach 98%.

Homopolymer maleic acid has better performance when combined with phosphonates than when phosphonates used alone.
Homopolymer maleic acid is compatible with quaternary ammonium compounds, while not affected by chlorine or other oxidizing biocides under normal use conditions.

Homopolymer maleic acid cocoa is used for scale inhibition of industrial circulating cooling water, oil field water pipelines and boiler water.
Desalination and scale prevention of seawater by flash evaporation.
And used as an ingredient in advanced cleaning agents.

The general dosage is 1-5PPM.
Homopolymer maleic acid can be used for oil field water pipelines, steam locomotive boilers, medium and low pressure boilers, seawater desalination, circulating cooling water, and scale inhibitor and dispersant.

Homopolymer maleic acid can also be used as a textile cleaning agent.
General dosage 2 × 10-6~10-5.

Homopolymer maleic acid is used as scale inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor in steam locomotive, industrial boiler water, cold water, and oil field water injection treatment.
Homopolymer maleic acid is a high-efficiency scale inhibitor, mainly used in low-pressure boilers, industrial circulating cooling water systems, oil field water pipelines, crude oil dehydration, etc.

Homopolymer maleic acid has high chemical stability and temperature resistance, and has obvious pH value when 8.3.
The solubility limit effect can chelate with calcium and magnesium plasma in water and have lattice distortion ability, which can improve the fluidity of sludge.

Homopolymer maleic acid is especially suitable for scale inhibition of high warm water systems such as boiler water.
Homopolymer maleic acid can be used as a sediment inhibitor, scale inhibitor, etc. for oilfield water pipelines, circulating cooling water systems, and flash evaporation seawater desalination.
Homopolymer maleic acid can also be used as an alkaline industrial cleaner with.

Properties of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Homopolymer maleic acid is a solvent-based maleic acid hopolymer, with obvious threshold inhibition and crystal modification, and average molecular weight around 1000.
Homopolymer maleic acid is the superior calcium carbonate inhibitor in high hardness, high alkalinity, and high temperature severe water conditions and a multifunctional formulation support agent in industrial water systems and other related applications.

Homopolymer maleic acid is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems.

Nature of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Homopolymer maleic acid is transparent liquid.
Homopolymer maleic acid is soluble in water, chemical stability and high thermal stability, decomposition temperature of 330.

50% of the aqueous solution is light yellow viscous liquid, density is greater than or equal to 1.
2g/cm3,pH value is 1~2.
Homopolymer maleic acid is a low molecular weight polyelectrolyte, non-toxic, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposition temperature above 330 ℃.

Preparation Method of Homopolymer maleic acid:
The polymerization was initiated in the presence of benzoyl peroxide with maleic anhydride as a raw material and toluene as a solvent.

Synthesis Method of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Add a certain amount of maleic anhydride and water to a 1000m four-mouth flask equipped with thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser and constant pressure drop funnel, and raise the temperature to 60 ℃.
After the maleic anhydride is completely dissolved, add an appropriate amount of catalyst and self-made auxiliary AXL, start the stirrer and raise the temperature to the set temperature at the same time, control a certain reaction temperature, and add the initiator within a certain period of time through a constant pressure drop funnel.
After dropping, continue the heat preservation reaction for 2h to obtain Homopolymer maleic acid products.

Production Method of Homopolymer maleic acid:
200 parts maleic anhydride, 80 parts water and one part catalyst are added into the kettle.
After heating and reflux, 100 parts of hydrogen peroxide are added dropwise at 100~120 ℃.

After the reaction, heat and reflux for 30 min to obtain a clear and transparent brown-yellow hydrolyzed product.
Using water as solvent and maleic acid rod as monomer in the presence of initiator for polymerization.
See hydrolyzed Homopolymer maleic acid rod for details.

Handling and storage of Homopolymer maleic acid:

Precautions for safe handling:
Ensure good ventilation of the work station. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Wear personal protective equipment.

Hygiene measures:
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using Homopolymer maleic acid.
Always wash hands after handling Homopolymer maleic acid.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/ 122 °F.
Protect from sunlight.

Store in original container or corrosive resistant and/or lined container.
Store in corrosive resistant container with a resistant inner liner.

Keep only in original container.
Store in a well-ventilated place.
Keep cool.

Incompatible materials:
Metals.

Shelf Life of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Under proper storage conditions, the shelf life is 12 months

Stability and reactivity of Homopolymer maleic acid:

Reactivity:
Homopolymer maleic acid is non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport.

Chemical stability:
Stable under normal conditions.

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No dangerous reactions known under normal conditions of use.

Conditions to avoid:
None under recommended storage and handling conditions.

Incompatible materials:
Strong bases.
Oxidizing agent.
May be corrosive to metals. metals.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced.

First Aid Measures of Homopolymer maleic acid:

After inhalation:
Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.

After skin contact:
Wash skin with plenty of water.

After eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.

If eye irritation persists:
Get medical advice/attention.

After ingestion:
Call a poison center/doctor/physician if you feel unwell.

Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed):

Symptoms/effects after eye contact:
Eye irritation.

Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary:
Treat symptomatically.

Fire-fighting Measures of Homopolymer maleic acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water spray.
Dry powder.

Foam.
Carbon dioxide.

Specific hazards arising from the chemical:

Reactivity:
Homopolymer maleic acid is non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport.

Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters:

Protection during firefighting:
Do not attempt to take action without suitable protective equipment.
Self-contained breathing apparatus.
Complete protective clothing.

Accidental release measures of Homopolymer maleic acid:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:

Emergency procedures:
Ventilate spillage area.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Protective equipment:
Do not attempt to take action without suitable protective equipment.

Environmental precautions
Avoid release to the environment.

Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:

Methods for cleaning up:
Take up liquid spill into absorbent material.

Other information:
Dispose of materials or solid residues at an authorized site.

Identifiers of Homopolymer maleic acid:
CAS No.:26099-09-2
Chemical Name: Homopolymer maleic acid
CBNumber: CB5491823
Molecular Formula: C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.07
MDL Number: MFCD00284278

Formula: (C4H4O4)n
CAS No.: 26099-09-2
EC No.: n/a

CAS No: [26099-09-2]
Product Code: FP45020
MDL No: MFCD00284278
Chemical Formula: (C4H4O4)n
Smiles: C(=C\C(=O)O)\C(=O)O
Density: 1.23 g/cm3
Flash Point: 100 °C
Storage: store at 10°C - 25°C, close container well
UN Number: UN3265
Pack Group: II
Class: 8

EC / List no.: 607-861-7
CAS no.: 26099-09-2

Properties of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Density: 1.18 (48% aq.)
Flash point: 95 °C
storage temp.: 2-8°C

Molecular Formula: C4H4O4;HOOCCH=CHCOOH;C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.07g/mol
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 116.010959g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.010959g/mol
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Complexity: 119
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Color/Form: Monoclinic prisms from water; White crystals from water, alcohol and benzene; Colorless crystals
Odor: Faint acidulous odor
Boiling Point: 275 °F at 760 mm Hg (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

Molecular Formula: C4H4O4
Molar Mass: 116.07
Density: 1.18 (48% aq.)
Flash Point: 95 °C
Storage Condition: 2-8°C

Specifications of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Appearance: Amber liquid
Solid content %: 48-52
pH (as it): 2.0 max
Density (20℃, g/cm3 ): 1.16-1.22

Related Products of Homopolymer maleic acid:
Dimethyl 2-Hydroxyisophthalate
2,6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxypyridine
1-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-methanediamine
(contains Tris(dimethylamino) Methane and N,N- Dimethylformamide Di-tert-butyl Acetal) (Technical Grade)
(E)-6,6-Dimethylhept-2-en-4-yn-1-ol
Dimethyl Chlorothiophosphate

Names of Homopolymer maleic acid:

Regulatory process names:
2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer

IUPAC names:
(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethylbutanedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer
2‐Butenedioic acid (2Z)‐, homopolymer
ACIDO POLIMALEICO
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride
POLY(MALEIC ACID)
Poly(maleic acid)
poly(maleic acid)
Polymaleic acid
Polymaleic acid
Polymaleic acid

Other names:
HPMA
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA)
MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHITE

Other identifier:
26099-09-2

Homosalate is an active sunscreen ingredient that protects skin from UVB rays, which leads to sun damage.
Homosalate is a colorless, transparent and viscous liquid.
Homosalate is well soluble in water.

CAS Number: 118-56-9
EC Number: 204-260-8
MDL number: MFCD00019377
Chem/IUPAC Name: Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester
Chemical formula: C16H22O3

SYNONYMS:
Homosalate, 118-56-9, Homomenthyl salicylate, Coppertone, 3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE, Heliopan, Heliophan, Filtersol ''A'', 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, m-Homomenthyl salicylate, Homosalatum, Homosalato, (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxybenzoate, Caswell No. 482B, Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, 52253-93-7, CCRIS 4885, NSC 164918, Metahomomenthyl salicylate, Salicylic acid, m-homomenthyl ester, EINECS 204-260-8, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, UNII-V06SV4M95S, Salicylic Acid 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl Ester, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076603, NSC-164918, V06SV4M95S, MFCD00019377, Homosalate [USAN], DTXSID1026241, EC 204-260-8, Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, NCGC00091888-01, Homosalatum (INN-Latin), Homosalato (INN-Spanish), HOMOSALATE (MART.), HOMOSALATE [MART.], HOMOSALATE (USP-RS), HOMOSALATE [USP-RS], Homosalate (USAN), DTXCID606241, Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester (8CI), HOMOSALATE (USP IMPURITY), HOMOSALATE [USP IMPURITY], HOMOSALATE (USP MONOGRAPH), HOMOSALATE [USP MONOGRAPH], Filtrosol A, component of Coppertone, SR-05000001884, Homosalat, Kemester HMS, CAS-118-56-9, Homosalate; Salicylic acid 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester; 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, Filtersol''A'', HOMOSALATE [MI], Homosalate (USP/INN), HOMOSALATE [INN], Prestwick1_001090, Prestwick2_001090, Prestwick3_001090, HOMOSALATE [USAN], HOMOSALATE [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL16207, BSPBio_001140, SPECTRUM1505020, SPBio_003030, BPBio1_001254, Sun Protection Facial SPF 50, CHEMBL1377575, CHEBI:91642, 3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, HMS1571I22, HMS2093G22, HMS2098I22, HMS3715I22, Pharmakon1600-01505020, 98.0%, mixture of cis and trans, component of Coppertone (Salt/Mix), HY-B0928, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexylsalicylate, Tox21_111174, Tox21_202109, Tox21_303082, NSC164918, NSC758908, s4572, AKOS015904082, Tox21_111174_1, CCG-213330, DB11064, NSC-758908, NCGC00091888-02, NCGC00091888-03, NCGC00091888-04, NCGC00091888-05, NCGC00091888-06, NCGC00091888-09, NCGC00257063-01, NCGC00259658-01, AS-10409, SY051923, SBI-0206787.P001, AB00514041, NS00009551, Salicylic acid,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, T2278, Benzoic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, D04450, E78223, AB00514041_02, EN300-7381967, A921433, J-519754, Q2260189, SR-05000001884-1, SR-05000001884-2, BRD-A34751532-001-03-6, BRD-A34751532-001-04-4, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester, Homosalate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Homosalate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 3,3,5-trimethycyclohexyl salicylate, HMS, HMS, HOMOMENTHYL SALICYLATE, Heliopan, 3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE, Benzoicacid,2-hydroxy-,3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylester, Homosalat, HELIOPHAN, omosalate, Coppertone, HOMOSALATE

Homosalate is a synthetic sunscreen ingredient and UVB protector.
Research indicates Homosalate is a weak hormone disruptor, forms toxic metabolites, and can enhance the penetration of a toxic herbicide.
Homosalate is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics and sunscreens as an ultraviolet (UV) filter, offering protection against sun-induced skin damage.

Apart from this, Homosalate enhances the overall stability of sunscreen formulations.
Homosalate is versatile and popular for its light, non-greasy texture, making it a preferred choice in various skincare products.
While effective in UVB protection, it is important to note that Homosalate primarily addresses shorter-wavelength UV rays, necessitating the combination with other sunscreen agents for broad-spectrum coverage against both UVA and UVB rays.

Additionally, Homosalate also goes by the name homomenthylsalicylate and has the chemical formula C16H22O3
Homosalate is an active sunscreen ingredient that protects skin from UVB rays, which leads to sun damage.
Homosalate is an FDA-approved sunscreen active ingredient that provides primarily UVB protection, stopping where the UVA range begins.

Homosalate’s internationally approved for use in sunscreens, up to a maximum concentration of 15%.
Turning to safety, studies have shown that homosalate has low penetration into skin, is not an endocrine disruptor, and is unlikely to provoke an allergic reaction on skin.

In vitro studies on breast cancer cells have shown that homosalate has cytotoxic effects; however, this does not apply to how sunscreen is used on skin, and the amounts shown to provoke this effect are much greater than what could be absorbed into the body from topical application.
Homosalate is an oil-soluble chemical sunscreen agent that protects the skin from UVB (295-315 nm) with a peak protection at 306 nm.

Homosalate is not a strong UV filter in and of itself (gives only SPF 4.3 protection at max. allowed 10% concentration) and it is not photostable (looses 10% of its SPF protection in 45 mins) so it always has to be combined with other sunscreens for proper protection.
Its big advantage, though, is that Homosalate is a liquid and is excellent for dissolving other hard to solubilize powder sunscreen agents, like the famous Avobenzone.

Homosalate is a colorless to pale yellow liquid
Homosalate is soluble in all relevant cosmetic oils
Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to a class of chemicals called salicylates.

Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer
Homosalate is a colorless, transparent and viscous liquid.

Homosalate is well soluble in water.
Homosalate is a UV filtering agent used especially in sunscreen products.
Homosalate provides protection against UVB (Ultraviolet B) rays and reduces the risk of sunburn by preventing the skin from being exposed to such rays.

The usage rate of Homosalate varies between 2% and 15% depending on the effect of the product and its interaction with other compounds.
Homosalate belongs to the class of chemicals known as salicylates and is organic.
You may see homosalate referred to alongside sunscreen because it shields the skin from sun exposure.

Homosalate is a synthetic.
Homosalate (Homomenthyl salicylate) is an organic compound used as a sunscreen to filter UV rays and protect the skin from sun damage.
Homosalate has anti-inflammatory activity.

Homosalate is an effective oil-soluble liquid UV-B absorber.
Homosalate is an excellent solubilizer for crystalline UV absorbers such as Avobenzone or Ethylhexyl Triazone.
Homosalate, or homomenthyl salicylate, is an organic compound in the salicylates class of chemicals.

Homosalate’s used in some sunscreens due to its UV-absorption properties, protecting against the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.
Homosalate is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreen and other skin care products to absorb and filter out UVB radiation.

Homosalate is a derivative of salicylic acid.
Homosalate is an oil-soluble chemical sun-blocking agent that absorbs UVB radiation.
However, homosalate degrades more quickly (losing 10% of SPF protection in 45 minutes) when exposed to higher UV light.

The mechanism of action of Homosalate is a process known as “photoprotection.”
This process involves the absorption of UV radiation by the Homosalate molecules, which causes them to undergo a structural change.
This structural change of Homosalate allows the molecules to absorb and filter out UVB radiation, protecting them from UV damage.

Homosalate has the ability to solubilize oxybenzone and avobenzone.
Because homosalate only covers the UVB spectrum, it is usually combined with avobenzone (a chemical UVA filter) to get broad-spectrum coverage.
Like most chemical sunscreens ingredients, homosalate absorbs into the skin — it does not sit on top of the skin like zinc oxide.

Homosalate is an organic compound used in some sunscreens.
Homosalate is made by the Fischer–Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, the latter being a hydrogenated derivative of isophorone.

Homosalate is an organic compound belonging to a class of chemicals known as salicylates.
Homosalate's a chemical sunscreen that shields the skin from sun exposure by absorbing UV light and converting it to heat so that it can't cause DNA damage to the skin cells.

There are plenty of other chemical sunscreen ingredients, but homosalate is incredibly common.
In fact, Homosalate's found in almost half of commercially-available sunscreens, notes Fincher.
Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to salicylates.

Homosalate is an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.

Homosalate is a common ingredient in many commercially available sunscreens.
There are no reported adverse effects from homosalate.
Homosalate appears as viscous or light yellow to slightly tan liquid or oil.

Homosalate ester is a benzoate ester and a member of phenols.
Homosalate is functionally related to a salicylic acid.
Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to salicylates.

Homosalate is an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.

Homosalate is a common ingredient in many commercially available sunscreens.
There are no reported adverse effects from homosalate.
Homosalate is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis with data available.

Homosalate is an organic sun filter (from carbon).
This filter mainly absorbs UVB radiation, which is responsible for tanning but also for sunburn and skin cancer.
Homosalate is a salicylate compound commonly used as an active ingredient in cosmetic sunscreens to reduce the photodegradation of other active sunscreen ingredients.

The SCCP has concluded that the use of homosalate at a maximum concentration of 10%w/w in cosmetic sunscreen does not pose a risk to the health of the consumer.
Homosalate is a liquid.
Homosalate is a homolog of menthyl salicylate.

Homosalate is a viscous or light yellow to slightly tan liquid or oil.
Homosalate is an ingredient used in sunscreens and fragrances.
Homosalate is a UV-absorber, filter, and a skin condition.

Homosalate absorbs UVB rays specifically.
Homosalate is a coumarin derivative that is used as an active ingredient in sunscreens.
Homosalate absorbs the radiation of UV light and transforms it into harmless heat.

Homosalate has been shown to be effective against skin cancer cells in vivo, but does not have any effect on the growth of bacteria.
Contained in 45% of U.S. sunscreens, Homosalate is used as a chemical UV filter.
The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage.

The hydrophobic trimethyl cyclohexyl group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.
Homosalate is an oil-soluble organic sunscreen used to protect the skin from UVB rays (295-315 nm), with peak protection at 306 nm.
Homosalate's an older, unstable sunscreen dating from 1978 (part of the reason why sunscreens need to be reapplied frequently is the instability of older chemical sunscreens).

As such, homosalate is not a powerful UV filter (it only offers SPF protection of 4.3 at a maximum permitted concentration of 10 %) and is not photostable (it loses 10 % of its SPF protection in 45 minutes), so it must always be combined with other sunscreens for adequate protection.
Homosalate also acts as a solvent for UV filters that are more difficult to dissolve, such as the well-known avobenzone.
Homosalate is an organic compound that forms an ester from salicylic acid, and appears as a yellowish-tan liquid or oil.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is used as a UV filter in various personal skin care formulations and cosmetics.
Homosalate is used UV screen, analgesic
Homosalate is a chemical uVB absorber included in the FDA’s Category I Sunscreen Chemical list.

Homosalate's approved usage level is 4 to 15 percent by the FDA and 10 percent by the european union’s Cosmetic Directive.
Applications of Homosalate in Personal Care Products: Homosalate functions as both a UV protector and a UV filter by absorbing UV rays.
Since the UVA-protecting range of homosalate is very narrow, it’s not used alone in sunscreens, but is often used with UVA filters such as avobenzone, where it can help improve stability.

Homosalate’s considered non-sensitizing and is most often seen in sunscreens rated SPF 30 and greater.
Interestingly, since homosalate is a salicylate ingredient just like salicylic acid, part of how it works to reduce signs of UV-triggered redness is from its calming benefit.

Some researchers speculate that this could mean people stay out in the sun longer since they won’t see their skin turn color, but since homosalate is never used alone and the redness-producing damage it offsets is a benefit, it’s not considered a valid concern.
Other studies have shown that homosalate suppresses the formation of a type of free radical known as singlet oxygen which is formed when skin is exposed to UV light.

Homosalate is a widely used chemical in sunscreens and skin care products with SPF.
Homosalate is a potential endocrine disruptor and studies in cells suggest it may impact hormones.
In addition to direct health concerns following homosalate exposure, the chemical may also enhance the absorption of pesticides in the body.

Cosmetic Applications of Homosalate: Sun care & after-sun products, hair care products, protective creams & lotions, liquid makeup products.
Cosmetics and personal care products containing UV filters are used worldwide to protect skin from UV rays, which is one of the factors that cause skin cancer and skin aging, and to maintain skin health.

Homosalate is used in cosmetics as a UV absorber to protect the skin from UV rays and as a stabilizer to prevent deterioration of product quality due to UV exposure.
Homosalate is used in sunscreens, skin care products, and so on.

Homosalate is also a potent antimicrobial agent and can be used for wastewater treatment.
The monosodium salt of homosalate is synthesized from gyrophoric acid and sodium salicylate by heating them together in the presence of water.
The resulting product can then be purified by crystallization or recrystallization methods.

Analytical methods for homosalate include synchronous fluorescence and anhydrous sodium sulfite precipitation with sulfuric acid.
Homosalate is used inhibition Assay (InhA), Functional Studies (Func).
Homosalate a powerful oil-soluble UV-B filter and anti-aging agent perfect for your skincare needs.

Designed to absorb UV-B rays effectively, Homosalate provides reliable protection while seamlessly incorporating into a wide range of products.
Not only does Homosalate safeguard your skin, but it also serves as an excellent solubilizer for other crystalline UV filters like butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane or ethyl hexyl triazone.

Ideal for formulating sunscreens, hand and face lotions, makeup creams, and hair care products, Homosalate offers versatility and efficacy across various applications.
With a shelf-life of 2 years, Homosalate ensures long-lasting quality and performance for your skincare routine.

Homosalate is an ingredient used in the formulation of sunscreen products.
Homosalate is also used in some eyebrow pencils, skincare, and lipsticks.
Homosalate is used mainly as a sunscreen ingredient, protecting the skin against UV rays.

Another way in which homosalate is used is to protect ingredients in other formulations from degrading or absorbing UV rays.
Homosalate does this by converting UV rays into less damaging infrared heat.
Homosalate is commercially used in as many as 45% of all chemical sunscreen products in the United States due to its ability to protect the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Being amongst one of the safe sunscreen ingredients for UVB protection, homosalate helps to prevent against sunburn and photo-damage that may lead to the formation of premature signs of aging (i.e., fine lines and wrinkles).
Moreover, use of homosalate in sunscreen products is considered non-toxic and presents no signs or evidence of causing negative side effects.

-Uses of Homosalate:
Sunscreens are used to protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun.
They help to prevent sunburn and premature aging (such as wrinkles, leathery skin).

Sunscreens also help to decrease the risk of skin cancer and also of sunburn-like skin reactions (sun sensitivity) caused by some medications (including tetracyclines, sulfa drugs, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine).
The active ingredients in sunscreens work either by absorbing the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing it from reaching the deeper layers of the skin, or by reflecting the radiation.

Wearing sunscreen does not mean that you can stay out longer in the sun.
Sunscreens cannot protect against all of the sun's radiation.
There are various types of sunscreens available in many forms (such as cream, lotion, gel, stick, spray, lip balm).

-Use of Homosalate in Personal Care
Homosalate is not a strong UV filter in and of itself (gives only SPF 4.3 protection at max. allowed 10% concentration).
This sunscreen agent, Homosalate, protects the skin from UVB (295-315 nm) with a peak protection at 306 nm.

Homosalate is a common chemical ingredient in some sunscreen and lip balm brands that protect the skin against harmful UVB radiation.
Homosalate can be combined with other sunscreens for wide-spectrum protection and has excellent dissolving properties for solid sunscreens.
In the U.S., homosalate is a Category 1 UV filter permitted for over-the-counter (OTC) human use.

BENEFITS OF HOMOSALATE:
There isn't a huge difference between the various chemical sunscreen ingredients, all of which work the same way.
The differences lay in terms of which specific UV rays they can absorb and protect against.

*UVB-blocker:
Homosalate, in particular, is a UVB-blocker, protecting against the UV damage that is known to cause skin cancer.
To that point, "since Homosalate has very limited efficacy against UVA rays, it needs to be combined with other agents to ensure complete protection in broad-spectrum.

*Broad-spectrum sunscreen ingredient:
Homosalate's this combination of chemical sunscreen ingredients, some of which work against UVA rays and some of which work against UVB rays, that will offer a larger range of protection so that a sunscreen can be called "broad-spectrum.

HOW IS HOMOSALATE PRODUCED?
Homosalate is produced through the Fischer–Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a hydrogenated derivative of isophorone.
The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage.
The hydrophobic trimethyl cyclohexyl group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.

HOW TO USE HOMOSALATE LOTION:
How to use Homosalate Lotion
Sunscreens are for use on the skin only.
Follow all directions on the product package.

If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Apply sunscreen generously to all exposed skin 30 minutes before sun exposure.
As a general guide, use 1 ounce (30 grams) to cover your entire body.

Reapply the sunscreen after swimming or sweating or drying off with a towel or if it has rubbed off.
If you are outside for long periods, reapply sunscreen every 2 hours.
If you are using the lip balm form, apply to the lip area only.

FUNCTIONS OF HOMOSALATE:
*UV Protector
Homosalate, when applied to the skin, absorbs UV rays, offering sun protection.
In addition to causing sunburn, UV radiation is a significant cause of premature skin aging and contributes to the development of melanoma and other forms of skin cancer.
Homosalate can also protect cosmetics and personal care products from deterioration by absorbing UV rays.

*UV Filter
As a chemical sunscreen, otherwise known as an organic UV filter, homosalate is an aromatic compound.
Its molecular structure is responsible for absorbing UVB energy.
Homosalate absorbs UVB rays, which produce excitation of the sunscreen chemical to a higher energy state.
Then, they return to the ground state and convert the absorbed energy into longer, lower energy wavelengths (heat).

WHY HOMOSALATE WORKS:
Homosalate prevents direct skin exposure to the sun by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
More specifically, Homosalate absorbs short-wave UVB rays and converts it to heat that presents it from causing DNA damage to skin cells.

FUNCTIONS OF HOMOSALATE:
*Masking :
Homosalate reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product
*Uv absorber :
Homosalate protects the cosmetic product from UV-light effects
*Uv filter :
Homosalate filters certain UV rays to protect the skin or hair from the harmful effects of these rays.

THE GOOD:
Homosalate protects the skin against UV damage, reducing the risk of sun-related skin cancers.
Homosalate also may help to reduce the likelihood of premature aging.

THE NOT SO GOOD:
There is some misunderstanding around the safety of this ingredient.
Despite the online blogs reporting otherwise, homosalate is considered to be safe in the approved concentrations.
The EU limits the concentration of homosalate to 10% in products.

WHO IS HOMOSALATE FOR?
All skin types except those that have an identified allergy to it.

SYNERGETIC INGREDIENTS:
Homosalate works well with most ingredients.

KEEP AN EYE ON:
Keep an eye out for the variety of products you can find homosalate in.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF HOMOSALATE?
The main benefit of homosalate is that it is able to protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun.
Sunscreens generally reduce the risk of skin cancers such as melanoma.
As well as this important benefit sunscreens can also reduce sun sensitivity that is often experienced by those on medications that increase your sensitivity to the sun such as tetracyclines, sulfa drug, and isotretinoin.

The other main benefit to sunscreens is that they also protect the skin from sunburn and premature aging.
Sun damage is one of the major contributing factors to premature aging, leading to more visible wrinkles, and fine lines.

Sunscreens work in either of two ways, the first is physical sunscreens like zinc and titanium dioxide, which reflect the sun’s rays preventing it from penetrating into the deeper layers of the skin where damage can be caused.

The issue with physical sunscreens is that they need to be applied in a thick layer that often leaves a white layer of product on the skin in order for the sunscreen to reflect the UV rays properly.
The other is a chemical sunscreen like homosalate which absorbs UV rays and transfers them into infrared heat.

PURPOSE OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is an organic compound used in some sunscreens.
Homosalate is an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol. Contained in 45% of U.S. sunscreens, Homosalate is used as a chemical UV filter.

TYPE OF INGREDIENT:
Chemical sunscreen

MAIN BENEFITS OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate absorbs UV rays, specifically UVB rays, to ward off damage to the skin cells' DNA known to cause cancer, says Fincher.

WHO SHOULD USE HOMOSALATE:
Everyone should use sunscreen daily; however, those with sensitive skin may prefer to opt for mineral-based sunscreens.

HOW OFTEN CAN YOU USE HOMOSALATE:
If you're using a sunscreen with homosalate, it can, and should, be used daily and even reapplied every two hours for maximum protection.

HOMOSALATE WORKS WELL WITH:
Homosalate's always paired with other chemical sunscreens such as avobenzone, octinoxate, and octisalate to ensure complete, broad-spectrum UV coverage.

HOMOSALATE DOES'T USE WITH:
There aren't any specific ingredients known to interact poorly with homosalate, but it (and other chemical sunscreens) can cause skin irritation for some.

WHAT PRODUCTS ID HOMOSALATE IN?
Homosalate is found in fragrances and sunscreens.

HOW TO TELL IF A PRODUCT HAS HOMOSALATE:
Be aware the homosalate may be listed on ingredient labels under other names including: heliopan; filtersol “a”; 3,3, 5-trimethyl-slicylate cyclohexanol; 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydrobenzoate; caswell no. 482b; 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate; ccris 4885; coppertone, homomenthyl salicylate, HMS, HS

WHERE IS HOMOSALATE FOUND?
Homosalate is an organic compound used in sunscreens, lip balm, moisturizers, and cosmetic creams.
Contained in 45% of U.S. sunscreens, Homosalate is used as a chemical UV filter.

AIR & WATER REACTIONS OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate will hydrolyze under basic conditions.
Homosalate is insoluble in water.

REACTIVITY PROFILE OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is an ester and a phenol.
Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids.

Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products.
Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions.
Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.

WHAT IS HOMOSALATE USED FOR?
Homosalate serves sunscreens and cosmetics primarily as a chemical UV filter.
Homosalate absorbs the UV rays, specifically UVB rays, that are known to cause sunburn and contribute to sun damage.
These harmful rays can also cause the skin to tan and sometimes lead to skin cancer.

Homosalate is a stable ingredient that works its magic against UV rays for longer durations.
Indirectly, Homosalate also acts as an anti-aging compound for the skin - maintaining its health and keeping it youthful.
However, Homosalate is not strong enough to be used independently and is often combined with other ingredients to maximize protection.

ORIGIN OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is an ester that is made by the esterification of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol and salicylic acid.
The latter has the ability to absorb UV rays and protect the skin from damage.
Homosalate appears as a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid and has a slight minty odor.
Homosalate is purified for use in the cosmetic industry.

WHAT DOES HOMOSALATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Uv absorber
*Uv filter

SAFETY PROFILE OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is generally considered safe for use when applied topically.
However, some concerns have been raised about its potential to penetrate the skin and disrupt hormone function, particularly when used in high concentrations.

While regulatory bodies permit Homosalate's use within specified limits, individuals with sensitive skin may choose alternative sunscreens.
Homosalate should be avoided by pregnant women and babies.
Additionally, Homosalate is a vegan and halal ingredient.
Homosalate has a shelf life of 2-3 years.

ALTERNATIVES OF HOMOSALATE:
*OCTOCRYLENE

OCCURRENCE OF HOMOSALATE IN COSMETICS
Homosalate is used as a UV filter in sunscreens and other cosmetics with UV protection (care products, decorative cosmetics)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON USE OF HOMOSALATE IN COSMETIC
Homosalate is a soluble organic UV-B filter.
Homosalate absorbs UV-B radiation from approximately 280 to 320 nm.
The maximum concentration of homosalate is 7.3 %.

FUNCTIONS OF HOMOSALATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*UV ABSORBER
Homosalate protects the cosmetic product from damage caused by UV light
*UV FILTER
Homosalate protects skin or hair from harmful UV radiation

HOMOSALATE AT A GLANCE:
*A globally approved UV filter
*Mostly protects within the UVB range
*Serves as a solvent for other UV filters, making them easier to work with
*Considered low risk for triggering an allergic reaction
*Often seen in sunscreens with higher SPF ratings

WHAT DOES HOMOSALATE DO TO SKIN?
Homosalate is used in sunscreens because it protects the skin from the harmful effects of the sun which can lead to skin cancer.
Homosalate acts a protective skin barrier that absorbs the UV light before it reaches your skin cells, preventing DNA damage.
This is why homosalate is popular in sunscreen and features in our superior range of Sun Protection products.

IS HOMOSALATE SAFE IN SUNSCREEN?
Homosalate, or homosalate sunscreen, is safe for your skin as long as its concentrations are below 10%, according to the European Commission.
As with all ingredients, overuse can create irritations and allergic reactions.
However, the European Chemicals Agency confirms that homosalate is authorised worldwide as it is biodegradable and doesn't have aquatic toxicity.

WHAT IS HOMOSALATE USED FOR IN PRODUCTS ?
We use homosalate in our sunscreen products in combination with all other sunscreens.
This sun filter, Homosalate, is a very good solvent for other filters, thus limiting the use of other oily compounds and limiting the greasiness and stickiness of products.

Homosalate is authorised worldwide.
Homosalate is biodegradable, does not bioaccumulate and has no known aquatic toxicity.

Homosalate's favourable environmental profile is confirmed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).
As with all our products, those containing homosalate are systematically subjected to a strict evaluation of their quality and safety for the consumer.
This is a fundamental principle that we apply throughout the world.

WHERE DOES HOMOSALATE COME FROM ?
Homosalate is a synthetic organic compound (based on carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) that absorbs UV rays.
Homosalate is a liquid oil soluble UVB sunscreen. Homosalate (other name is homomenthylsalicylate) is an organic compound, an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol

Sunscreen agent for mainly UVB protection.
Homosalate can be combined with other sunscreens.
Homosalate is excellent dissolving properties for solid sunscreens.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOMOSALATE:
Chemical formula: C16H22O3
Molar mass: 262.349 g·mol−1
Density: 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: < -20 °C
Boiling point: 181–185 °C (358–365 °F; 454–458 K)
Solubility in water: 0.4 mg/L
Appearance at 25°C: Clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid
Molecular Weight: 262.344 g/mol
Solubility at 20°C: Miscible in ethanol, isopropyl myristate, and paraffin oil.
Immiscible in propylene glycol and water (solubility of 0.4 mg/L).
UV Absorbance (E 1%/1cm): 170 - 180 (at 305 nm)

Specific Gravity: 1.049 – 1.053
Refractive Index (n 20/D, 20°C): 1.516 – 1.519
Acid Value (potentiometric filtration, mg KOH/g): 0.0 – 1.0 max
Odor: Characteristic, slight mint odor
Shelf Life: 2-3 years
Additional Information:
CBNumber: CB2203124
Molecular Formula: C16H22O3
Molecular Weight: 262.34
MDL Number: MFCD00019377
MOL File: 118-56-9.mol
Boiling Point: 161-165°C (12 torr)
Density: 1.05
Vapor Pressure: 0.015 Pa at 25°C
Refractive Index: n20 1.516 to 1.518

Flash Point: 169 - 173°C
Storage Temperature: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature
Solubility: Slightly soluble in chloroform and DMSO
pKa: 8.10±0.30 (Predicted)
Color: Colorless
Odor: Mild menthol at 100.00%
Water Solubility: BRN: 2731604
LogP: 6.27 at 25°C
FDA 21 CFR: 352.70
CAS DataBase Reference: 118-56-9
EWG's Food Scores: 2-4
FDA UNII: V06SV4M95S

NIST Chemistry Reference: Homosalate (118-56-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate (118-56-9)
CAS Number: 118-56-9
Molecular Formula: C16H22O3
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 262.35
InChI Key: WSSJONWNBBTCMG-UHFFFAOYNA-N
IUPAC Name: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
SMILES: CC1CC(CC(C)(C)C1)OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O
Category: Small Molecules
Description: Homosalate
Purity: 99.38%
SMILES: C(OC1CC(C)(C)CC(C)C1)(=O)C2=C(O)C=CC=C2
Formula: C16H22O3

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOMOSALATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOMOSALATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOMOSALATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Homosalate is a UV-absorber, filter, and a skin conditioner.
Homosalate absorbs UVB rays specifically.
Homosalate is found in fragrances and sunscreens.

CAS Number: 118-56-9
EC Number: 204-260-8
MDL number: MFCD00019377
Chemical formula: C16H22O3

3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, Homosalate, Homosalate, 118-56-9, Homomenthyl salicylate, Coppertone, 3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE, Heliopan, Heliophan, Eusolex, Filtersol ''A'', 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, m-Homomenthyl salicylate, Homosalatum, Homosalato, (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) 2-hydroxybenzoate, Caswell No. 482B, Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, 52253-93-7, CCRIS 4885, NSC 164918, Metahomomenthyl salicylate, Salicylic acid, m-homomenthyl ester, EINECS 204-260-8, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, UNII-V06SV4M95S, Salicylic Acid 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl Ester, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076603, NSC-164918, V06SV4M95S, MFCD00019377, Homosalate [USAN:USP:INN], DTXSID1026241, EC 204-260-8, Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, NCGC00091888-01, DTXCID606241, Salicylic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester (8CI), Filtrosol A, component of Coppertone, SR-05000001884, Homosalat, Kemester HMS, CAS-118-56-9, Homosalate, Salicylic acid 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, Filtersol''A'', HOMOSALATE [MI], Prestwick1_001090, Prestwick2_001090, Prestwick3_001090, HOMOSALATE [INCI], HOMOSALATE [USAN], HOMOSALATE [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL16207, BSPBio_001140, SPECTRUM1505020, SPBio_003030, BPBio1_001254, Sun Protection Facial SPF 50, CHEMBL1377575, CHEBI:91642, 3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, HMS1571I22, HMS2093G22, HMS2098I22, HMS3715I22, Pharmakon1600-01505020, >98.0%,mixture of cis and trans, component of Coppertone (Salt/Mix), HY-B0928, Tox21_111174, Tox21_202109, Tox21_303082, NSC164918, NSC758908,
s4572, AKOS015904082, Tox21_111174_1, CCG-213330, DB11064, NSC-758908, NCGC00091888-02, NCGC00091888-03, NCGC00091888-04, NCGC00091888-05, NCGC00091888-06, NCGC00091888-09, NCGC00257063-01, NCGC00259658-01, AS-10409, SY051923, SBI-0206787.P001, AB00514041, FT-0614020, NS00009551, Salicylic acid,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, T2278, Benzoic acid, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester, D04450, E78223, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6-OCTACHLOROBIPHENYL, AB00514041_02, EN300-7381967, A921433, J-519754, Q2260189, SR-05000001884-1, SR-05000001884-2, BRD-A34751532-001-03-6, BRD-A34751532-001-04-4, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester, Homosalate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Homosalate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 3,3,5-trimethycyclohexyl salicylate, HMS, HMS, HOMOMENTHYL SALICYLATE, Heliopan, 3,3,5-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXYL SALICYLATE, Benzoicacid,2-hydroxy-,3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylester, Homosalat, HELIOPHAN, omosalate, Coppertone, HOMOSALATE, heliopan, filtersol “a”, 3,3, 5-trimethyl-slicylate cyclohexanol, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydrobenzoate, caswell no. 482b, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate, ccris 4885, coppertone, homomenthyl salicylate, HMS, HS,

Homosalate is authorised worldwide.
Homosalate is biodegradable, does not bioaccumulate and has no known aquatic toxicity.
Homosalate's favourable environmental profile is confirmed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

Homosalate is a derivative of salicylic acid.
Homosalate is an oil-soluble chemical sun-blocking agent that absorbs UVB radiation.
However, homosalate degrades more quickly (losing 10% of SPF protection in 45 minutes) when exposed to higher UV light.

The mechanism of action of Homosalate is a process known as “photoprotection.”
This process involves the absorption of UV radiation by the Homosalate molecules, which causes them to undergo a structural change.
This structural change allows the molecules to absorb and filter out UVB radiation, protecting them from UV damage.

Salicylates are weaker UVB absorbers.
They have a long history of use but have been supplanted by more efficient PABA and cinnamate derivatives.
Salicylates are now generally used to augment other UVB absorbers.

Homosalate has the ability to solubilize oxybenzone and avobenzone.
Because homosalate only covers the UVB spectrum, it is usually combined with avobenzone (a chemical UVA filter) to get broad-spectrum coverage.
Like most chemical sunscreens ingredients, homosalate absorbs into the skin — it does not sit on top of the skin like zinc oxide.

Homosalate, or homomenthyl salicylate, is an organic compound in the salicylates class of chemicals.
Homosalate’s used in some sunscreens due to its UV-absorption properties, protecting against the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.

Homosalate is a synthetic UV filter used in sunscreen and other skin care products to absorb and filter out UVB radiation.
Homosalate is a coumarin derivative that is used as an active ingredient in sunscreens.
Homosalate absorbs the radiation of UV light and transforms it into harmless heat.

Homosalate has been shown to be effective against skin cancer cells in vivo, but does not have any effect on the growth of bacteria.
Homosalate is an ingredient used in sunscreens and fragrances.
Homosalate is a UV-absorber, filter, and a skin conditioner.

Homosalate absorbs UVB rays specifically.
Homosalate is found in fragrances and sunscreens.
Homosalate is an oil-soluble chemical sunscreen ingredient used to absorb UVB rays (the rays produce sunburns in the upper layer of skin).

Ironically Homosalate is a weak UV filter (at 10% concentration it is an SPF 4) and is not photostable (meaning it breaks down in sunshine).
Homosalate is synthetic.
On labels, homosalate might also be listed as Homomenthyl salicylate, or HMS.

Homosalate is an organic compound used in some sunscreens.
Homosalate is made by the Fischer–Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, the latter being a hydrogenated derivative of isophorone.

Homosalate appears as viscous or light yellow to slightly tan liquid or oil.
Homosalate is a benzoate ester and a member of phenols.
Homosalate is functionally related to a salicylic acid.

Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to salicylates.
Homosalate is an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.

Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.
Homosalate is a common ingredient in many commercially available sunscreens.
There are no reported adverse effects from Homosalate.

Homosalate is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis with data available.
Homosalate is a colorless, transparent and viscous liquid.
Homosalate is well soluble in water.

Homosalate is a UV filtering agent used especially in sunscreen products.
Homosalate provides protection against UVB (Ultraviolet B) rays and reduces the risk of sunburn by preventing the skin from being exposed to such rays.
The usage rate of varies between 2% and 15% depending on the effect of Homosalate and its interaction with other compounds.

Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to a class of chemicals called salicylates.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.

Homosalate is an organic compound that belongs to salicylates.
Homosalate is an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol.
Salicylates prevent direct skin exposure to the sun’s harmful rays by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.

Homosalate specifically absorbs short-wave UVB rays, which are associated with DNA damage and increased risk of skin cancer.
Homosalate is a common ingredient in many commercially available sunscreens.
There are no reported adverse effects from homosalate.

Homosalate is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics and sunscreens as an ultraviolet (UV) filter, offering protection against sun-induced skin damage.
Apart from this, Homosalate enhances the overall stability of sunscreen formulations.

It is versatile and popular for its light, non-greasy texture, making Homosalate a preferred choice in various skincare products.
While effective in UVB protection, it is important to note that Homosalate primarily addresses shorter-wavelength UV rays, necessitating the combination with other sunscreen agents for broad-spectrum coverage against both UVA and UVB rays.

Additionally, Homosalate also goes by the name homomenthylsalicylate and has the chemical formula C16H22O3.
Homosalate is a liquid oil soluble UVB sunscreen.
Homosalate (other name is homomenthylsalicylate) is an organic compound, an ester formed from salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a derivative of cyclohexanol Sunscreen agent for mainly UVB protection.

Homosalate can be combined with other sunscreens.
Homosalate is excellent dissolving properties for solid sunscreens.
Homosalate is an organic sun filter (from carbon).

This filter, Homosalate, mainly absorbs UVB radiation, which is responsible for tanning but also for sunburn and skin cancer.
"Homosalate is an organic compound belonging to a class of chemicals known as salicylates," explains Petrillo.
Homosalate's a chemical sunscreen that shields the skin from sun exposure by absorbing UV light and converting it to heat so that it can't cause DNA damage to the skin cells, he adds.

There are plenty of other chemical sunscreen ingredients, but Homosalate is incredibly common.
If you're using sunscreen every morning, there's a good chance that you're using the ingredient homosalate daily, without even knowing it.
Sunscreens fall into two camps: physical formulas (which rely on minerals such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide to sit on top of the skin and deflect rays) and chemical formulas (which rely on chemical ingredients that penetrate the skin and absorb UV rays before they can cause damage).

Homosalate is the main active in the latter, found in an array of chemical sunscreens.
Homosalate is an FDA-approved sunscreen active ingredient that provides primarily UVB protection, stopping where the UVA range begins.
Homosalate’s internationally approved for use in sunscreens, up to a maximum concentration of 15%.

Homosalate is an organic sun filter (from carbon).
This filter, Homosalate, mainly absorbs UVB radiation, which is responsible for tanning but also for sunburn and skin cancer.
Homosalate is authorised worldwide.

Homosalate is biodegradable, does not bioaccumulate and has no known aquatic toxicity.
Homosalate's favourable environmental profile is confirmed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).
As with all our products, those containing homosalate are systematically subjected to a strict evaluation of their quality and safety for the consumer.

This is a fundamental principle that we apply throughout the world.
Homosalate is a colorless to pale yellow liquid
Homosalate is soluble in all relevant cosmetic oils

Homosalate is an effective oil soluble liquid UV-B absorber.
Homosalate is an excellent solubilizer for crystalline UV absorbers such as Avobenzone or Ethylhexyl Triazone.
Homosalate is a homolog of menthyl salicylate.

Homosalate is viscous or light yellow to slightly tan liquid or oil.
Homosalate is non flammable
Homosalate is a liquid.
Homosalate is an active sunscreen ingredient that protects skin from UVB rays, which leads to sun damage.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOMOSALATE:
Applications of Homosalate in Personal Care Products: Homosalate functions as both a UV protector and a UV filter by absorbing UV rays.
Homosalate is an ingredient used in sunscreens and fragrances.
Homosalate is also a potent antimicrobial agent and can be used for wastewater treatment.

The monosodium salt of homosalate is synthesized from gyrophoric acid and sodium salicylate by heating them together in the presence of water.
The resulting product can then be purified by crystallization or recrystallization methods.
Analytical methods for homosalate include synchronous fluorescence and anhydrous sodium sulfite precipitation with sulfuric acid.

Homosalate acts as an effective UVB absorber with a UV absorbance (E 1%/1cm) of min. 170 at 305nm for various applications.
Homosalate is used for products with low and – in combination with other UV filters – high sun protection factors.
Homosalate is also an effective solubilizer for crystalline UV absorbers.

Homosalate can be used in water-resistance sunscreens.
Occurrence in cosmetics: Homosalate is used as a UV filter in sunscreens and other cosmetics with UV protection (care products, decorative cosmetics)
Homosalate is a derivative of salicylic acid.

Salicylic acid is used to remove the outer layer of skin and treat warts and acne.
Because homosalate only covers the UVB spectrum, it is usually combined with avobenzone (a chemical UVA filter) to get broad-spectrum coverage.
As most ingredients in chemical sunscreens homosalate works by absorbing into skin — it does not sit on top of skin like zinc oxide.

Contained in 45% of U.S. sunscreens, Homosalate is used as a chemical UV filter.
The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage.
The hydrophobic trimethyl cyclohexyl group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.

Homosalate is a common sunscreen ingredient.
Homosalate is used in cosmetics as a UV absorber to protect the skin from UV rays and as a stabilizer to prevent deterioration of product quality due to UV exposure.

In our products, Homosalate is used in sunscreens, skin care products, and so on.
Homosalate serves sunscreens and cosmetics primarily as a chemical UV filter.
Homosalate absorbs the UV rays, specifically UVB rays, that are known to cause sunburn and contribute to sun damage.

These harmful rays can also cause the skin to tan and sometimes lead to skin cancer.
Homosalate is a stable ingredient that works its magic against UV rays for longer durations.
Indirectly, Homosalate also acts as an anti-aging compound for the skin - maintaining its health and keeping it youthful.

However, Homosalate is not strong enough to be used independently and is often combined with other ingredients to maximize protection.
Since the UVA-protecting range of homosalate is very narrow, it’s not used alone in sunscreens, but is often used with UVA filters such as avobenzone, where it can help improve stability.

Homosalate’s considered non-sensitizing and is most often seen in sunscreens rated SPF 30 and greater.
Interestingly, since homosalate is a salicylate ingredient just like salicylic acid, part of how it works to reduce signs of UV-triggered redness is from its calming benefit.

Some researchers speculate that this could mean people stay out in the sun longer since they won’t see their skin turn color, but since homosalate is never used alone and the redness-producing damage it offsets is a benefit, it’s not considered a valid concern.
Other studies have shown that homosalate suppresses the formation of a type of free radical known as singlet oxygen which is formed when skin is exposed to UV light.

Cosmetic Applications of Homosalate: Sun care & after-sun products, hair care products, protective creams & lotions, liquid makeup products.
Homosalate is used as a UV filter in various personal skin care formulations and cosmetics.
Homosalate is used UV screen, analgesic

Homosalate is a chemical uVB absorber included in the FDA’s Category I Sunscreen Chemical list.
Homosalate's approved usage level is 4 to 15 percent by the FDA and 10 percent by the european union’s Cosmetic Directive.

-Use of Homosalate in Personal Care:
Homosalate is not a strong UV filter in and of itself (gives only SPF 4.3 protection at max. allowed 10% concentration).
This sunscreen agent, Homosalate, protects the skin from UVB (295-315 nm) with a peak protection at 306 nm.

Homosalate is a common chemical ingredient in some sunscreen and lip balm brands that protect the skin against harmful UVB radiation.
Homosalate can be combined with other sunscreens for wide-spectrum protection and has excellent dissolving properties for solid sunscreens.
In the U.S., homosalate is a Category 1 UV filter permitted for over-the-counter (OTC) human use.

-UV Protector uses of Homosalate:
Homosalate, when applied to the skin, absorbs UV rays, offering sun protection.
In addition to causing sunburn, UV radiation is a significant cause of premature skin aging and contributes to the development of melanoma and other forms of skin cancer.
Homosalate can also protect cosmetics and personal care products from deterioration by absorbing UV rays.

-UV Filter uses of Homosalate:
As a chemical sunscreen, otherwise known as an organic UV filter, homosalate is an aromatic compound.
Homosalate's molecular structure is responsible for absorbing UVB energy.
Homosalate absorbs UVB rays, which produce excitation of the sunscreen chemical to a higher energy state.
Then, they return to the ground state and convert the absorbed energy into longer, lower energy wavelengths (heat).

-Homosalate in Personal Care Products:
Homosalate is an oil-soluble chemical sun-blocking agent that absorbs UVB radiation.
Homosalate’s commonly used in formulations of high-SPF sunscreen products.

-Background information on use in cosmetics:
Homosalate is a soluble organic UV-B filter.
Homosalate absorbs UV-B radiation from approximately 280 to 320 nm.
The maximum concentration of homosalate is 7.3 %.

TYPE OF INGREDIENT:
Chemical sunscreen

MAIN BENEFITS OF HOMOSALATE::
Absorbs UV rays, specifically UVB rays, to ward off damage to the skin cells' DNA known to cause cancer.

WHO SHOULD USE HOMOSALATE:
Everyone should use sunscreen daily; however, those with sensitive skin may prefer to opt for mineral-based sunscreens.

HOW OFTEN CAN YOU USE HOMOSALATE:
If you're using a sunscreen with Homosalate, it can, and should, be used daily and even reapplied every two hours for maximum protection.

HOMOSALATE WORKS WELL WITH:
Homosalate's always paired with other chemical sunscreens such as avobenzone, octinoxate, and octisalate to ensure complete, broad-spectrum UV coverage.

DON'T USE WITH:
There aren't any specific ingredients known to interact poorly with homosalate, but it (and other chemical sunscreens) can cause skin irritation for some.

BENEFITS OF HOMOSALATE:
There isn't a huge difference between the various chemical sunscreen ingredients, all of which work the same way.
The differences lay in terms of which specific UV rays they can absorb and protect against.

*UVB-blocker:
Homosalate, in particular, is a UVB-blocker, protecting against the UV damage that is known to cause skin cancer.
To that point, "since Homosalate has very limited efficacy against UVA rays, it needs to be combined with other agents to ensure complete protection in broad-spectrum,".
(That homosalate isn't particularly photostable and needs to be combined with other ingredients to keep it stable as well.)

*Broad-spectrum sunscreen ingredient:
Homosalate's this combination of chemical sunscreen ingredients, some of which work against UVA rays and some of which work against UVB rays, that will offer a larger range of protection so that a sunscreen can be called "broad-spectrum,".

WHERE DOES HOMOSALATE COME FROM ?
Homosalate is a synthetic organic compound (based on carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) that absorbs UV rays.

WHY HOMOSALATE WORKS?
Homosalate prevents direct skin exposure to the sun by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light.
More specifically, Homosalate absorbs short-wave UVB rays and converts it to heat that presents it from causing DNA damage to skin cells.

FUNCTIONS OF HOMOSALATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*UV ABSORBER
Homosalate protects the cosmetic product from damage caused by UV light
*UV FILTER
Homosalate protects skin or hair from harmful UV radiation

IT AT A GLANCE OF HOMOSALATE:
*A globally approved UV filter
*Mostly protects within the UVB range
*Serves as a solvent for other UV filters, making them easier to work with
*Considered low risk for triggering an allergic reaction
*Often seen in sunscreens with higher SPF ratings

ORIGIN OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is an ester that is made by the esterification of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol and salicylic acid.
The latter has the ability to absorb UV rays and protect the skin from damage.
Homosalate appears as a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid and has a slight minty odor.
Homosalate is purified for use in the cosmetic industry.

WHAT DOES HOMOSALATE DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Uv absorber
*Uv filter

SAFETY PROFILE OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is generally considered safe for use when applied topically.
While regulatory bodies permit its use within specified limits, individuals with sensitive skin may choose alternative sunscreens.
Additionally, Homosalate is a vegan and halal ingredient.
Homosalate has a shelf life of 2-3 years.

ALTERNATIVES OF HOMOSALATE:
*OCTOCRYLENE

WHERE DOES HOMOSALATE COME FROM?
Homosalate is a synthetic organic compound (based on carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) that absorbs UV rays.

WHY IS HOMOSALATE USED?
Homosalate protects the skin from the sun's harmful effects, which can lead to skin cancer in the long-term.
Homosalate remains stable and therefore provides effective protection during exposure to the sun.

FUNCTIONS OF HOMOSALATE:
*Masking :
Homosalate reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product
*Uv absorber :
Homosalate protects the cosmetic product from UV-light effects
*Uv filter :
Homosalate filters certain UV rays to protect the skin or hair from the harmful effects of these rays.

HOW IS HOMOSALATE PRODUCED?
Homosalate is produced through the Fischer–Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, a hydrogenated derivative of isophorone.
The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage.
The hydrophobic trimethyl cyclohexyl group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.

WHERE DOES HOMOSALATE COME FROM?
Homosalate is a synthetic organic compound (based on carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) that absorbs UV rays.

WHAT IS HOMOSALATE USED FOR IN OUR PRODUCTS ?
We use homosalate in our sunscreen products in combination with all other sunscreens.
This sun filter is a very good solvent for other filters, thus limiting the use of other oily compounds and limiting the greasiness and stickiness of products.

AIR AND WATER REACTIONS OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate will hydrolyze under basic conditions. .
Homosalate is insoluble in water.

REACTIVITY PROFILE OF HOMOSALATE:
Homosalate is an ester and a phenol.
Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids.
Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products.
Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions.
Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.

SAFETY OF HOMOSALATE:
Similar to other UV filter compounds, more Homosalate is absorbed into the uppermost stratum corneum (ie, the stratum disjunctum) of the face (25% of applied dose) versus back of volunteers.
This amounted to approximately two to three times the amount of sunscreen that was present in the superficial stratum corneum layers of the face compared with the back.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOMOSALATE:
Chemical formula: C16H22O3
Molar mass: 262.349 g·mol−1
Density: 1.05 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: < -20 °C
Boiling point: 181–185 °C (358–365 °F; 454–458 K)
Solubility in water: 0.4 mg/L
Hazards:
Flash point: 171 °C (340 °F; 444 K)
CAS Number:118-56-9
Molecular Weight:262.34
Beilstein:2731604
EC Number:204-260-8
MDL number:MFCD00019377
Molecular Weight: 262.34 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 5

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 262.15689456 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 262.15689456 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 19
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 324
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Freezing point: < -20 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 181 - 185 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 170,8 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: 402 °C at 1.004 - 1.023 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 85,1 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: 0,4 g/l at 25 °C slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: > 6 at 40 °C

Vapor pressure: ca.0,013 hPa at 20 °C
Density: No data available
Relative density: 1,05 at 20 °C
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Boiling Point: 181-185°C
Melting Point: <-20°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
CBNumber:CB2203124
Molecular Formula:C16H22O3
Molecular Weight:262.34
MDL Number:MFCD00019377
MOL File:118-56-9.mol

Boiling point: 161-165°C (12 torr)
Density: 1.05
vapor pressure: 0.015Pa at 25℃
refractive index: n20 1.516 to 1.518
Flash point: 169 - 173℃
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly)
pka: 8.10±0.30(Predicted)
color: Colourless
Odor: at 100.00?%. mild menthol
Water Solubility: BRN: 2731604
LogP: 6.27 at 25℃
FDA 21 CFR: 352.70
CAS DataBase Reference: 118-56-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 2-4
FDA UNII: V06SV4M95S
NIST Chemistry Reference: Homosalate(118-56-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate (118-56-9)

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOMOSALATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOMOSALATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection:
Not required; except in case of aerosol formation.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOMOSALATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Store at Room Temperature.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOMOSALATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the Lonicera species, known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is widely recognized for its ability to soothe irritated skin, fight infections, and protect against oxidative stress, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare, wellness, and traditional medicinal formulations.
This versatile extract offers both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, helping to maintain healthy skin, support immune function, and reduce inflammation.

CAS Number: 84603-62-3
EC Number: 283-290-3

Synonyms: Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract, Lonicera Extract, Lonicera Japonica Extract, Honeysuckle Herbal Extract, Japanese Honeysuckle Extract, Honeysuckle Phytocomplex, Lonicera Bioactive Extract, Lonicera Stem Active, Honeysuckle Flower Herbal Extract, Jin Yin Hua Extract

APPLICATIONS

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is extensively used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, helping to calm irritated and sensitive skin.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is favored in the creation of antimicrobial formulations, offering natural protection against bacterial and viral infections.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is utilized in the development of antioxidant-rich products, providing protection against oxidative stress and environmental damage.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is widely used in traditional medicinal formulations for its immune-boosting and antimicrobial benefits.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is employed in the formulation of anti-acne treatments, where it helps to reduce inflammation and fight acne-causing bacteria.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is essential in the creation of holistic wellness products designed to promote skin health, reduce inflammation, and support the immune system.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is utilized in the production of natural remedies for colds and flu, providing immune-boosting and antimicrobial benefits.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a key ingredient in soothing creams, where it helps to calm and relieve irritated skin.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is used in the development of anti-inflammatory supplements, providing natural relief from chronic inflammation and promoting overall wellness.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is applied in the formulation of face masks, providing antioxidant protection and soothing care for sensitive skin.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is employed in the creation of herbal teas, offering immune-boosting and detoxifying benefits for overall health.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is used in the production of body lotions, providing soothing relief for irritated and inflamed skin.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is widely utilized in the formulation of anti-aging products, offering antioxidant and skin-soothing benefits that support healthy aging.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a key component in the creation of holistic skincare formulations, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors while promoting skin healing.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is used in the production of daily-use skincare products, providing balanced antioxidant care and protection for all skin types.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is employed in traditional herbal medicine, where it is used for its detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is applied in the development of detox teas, offering benefits for cleansing the body and supporting immune function.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is utilized in the creation of wellness products designed to reduce inflammation and support skin healing.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is found in the formulation of antioxidant serums, providing skin-protecting and calming benefits for sensitive or irritated skin.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is used in the production of immune-boosting supplements, providing natural support for overall immune function and protection against infections.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a key ingredient in anti-inflammatory creams, offering relief from irritation and inflammation while promoting skin healing.

DESCRIPTION

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a natural botanical ingredient derived from the Lonicera species, known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is widely recognized for its ability to soothe irritated skin, fight infections, and protect against oxidative stress, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare, wellness, and traditional medicinal formulations.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract offers additional benefits such as promoting skin healing, supporting immune function, and reducing signs of aging.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is often incorporated into formulations designed to calm sensitive skin, reduce inflammation, and protect against environmental damage.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is recognized for its ability to enhance overall skin health by providing soothing, antimicrobial, and antioxidant benefits.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is commonly used in both traditional and modern wellness formulations, providing a reliable solution for maintaining healthy skin, supporting immune function, and reducing inflammation.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is valued for its ability to protect the skin from oxidative stress, making it a key ingredient in products that aim to improve skin resilience and overall health.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a versatile ingredient that can be used in a variety of products, including skincare, supplements, teas, and wellness beverages.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is an ideal choice for products targeting skin health, immune support, and inflammation reduction, providing natural and effective support for these concerns.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is known for its compatibility with other skin-soothing and immune-boosting ingredients, allowing it to be easily integrated into multi-functional formulations.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is often chosen for formulations requiring a balance between skin protection, antioxidant care, and antimicrobial action, ensuring comprehensive skin and immune health benefits.

Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract enhances the overall effectiveness of wellness products by providing natural support for skin health, immune function, and inflammation reduction.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is a reliable ingredient for creating products that offer noticeable improvements in skin clarity, irritation reduction, and immune function.
Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is an essential component in innovative skincare and wellness products that stand out in the market for their performance, safety, and ability to support skin health and immunity.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Formula: N/A (Natural extract)
Common Name: Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract (Lonicera spp. Extract)
Molecular Structure:
Appearance: Yellow to brown liquid or powder extract
Density: Approx. 1.00-1.05 g/cm³ (for powder)
Melting Point: N/A (powder form)
Solubility: Soluble in water and ethanol; insoluble in oils
Flash Point: >100°C (for powder)
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; no known reactivity issues
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Storage Temperature: Store between 15-25°C in a cool, dry place
Vapor Pressure: Low (for liquid extract)

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
If Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If skin irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
In case of eye contact, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation or redness persists.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing.

Ingestion:
If Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract is ingested, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
If the person is conscious, give small sips of water to drink.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote.
Provide supportive care.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles if handling large quantities.
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation when handling large amounts of Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract to control airborne concentrations below occupational exposure limits.

Avoidance:
Avoid direct contact with eyes and prolonged skin contact.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Contain spills to prevent further release and minimize exposure.
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, vermiculite) and collect for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Storage:
Store Honeysuckle Flower & Stem Extract in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (see SDS for specific details).
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.
Store away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and ignition sources.

Handling Cautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Use explosion-proof equipment in areas where dust or vapors may be present.

Perennial climbing vine that grows wild and also is cultivated extensively in several central European countries, North America, Brazil, and Australia.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract has shoots up to 10 m (33 ft.) in length, opposite leaves, greenish-yellow flowers (June to September), and ovoidal fruits surrounded by a calix.
The part used is the female flower catkins from the climbing vine and the (lupulin) glandular trichomes dried at 38°C maximum.

CAS: 8060-28-4
EINECS: 232-504-3

Synonyms
Hop, Humulus lupulus, ext.;Hops0.3%;Humulilupulifloresextractumasiccus;Hopfen, Humulus lupulus, Extrakt;HOPFENOEL DEUTSCH;HOPS SOLID EXTRACT;Einecs 232-504-3;Fema no. 2579;8060-28-4;Hop, Humulus lupulus, ext.;3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,6,6-tris(3-methylbut-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one;(1Z,4E,8Z)-4,8-dimethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undeca-1,4,8-triene;3,5,6-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(3-methylbut-;2-enyl)-2-(4-methylpent-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one;WOFBPYVSLWNDPQ-HCLWIVLTSA-N;3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,6,6-tris(3-methylbut-2-enyl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one;(4E,8E)-4,8-dimethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undeca-1,4,8-triene;3,5,6-trihydroxy-4,6-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2-(4-methylpent-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one

Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract has a bitter, tonic, aromatic flavor.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is present in hops in amounts of approximately 0.5%; yields after distillation range around 0.25%.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract exhibits different physical-chemical constants depending on the source.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract contains P-myrcene, dipentene, α- and p-caryophyllene, humulone, linalool, methyl nonyl ketone, and other substances.
Beef flavor is associated with hops; the bitter flavor is given by the resin, the flavor complex of the essential oil.
The derivatives are infusion (1.5%), fluid extract, tincture (20% in 40% ethanol), concrete, and absolute.
The main constituents of lupulin are a bitter resin containing humulone, lupulone, lactaric acid, cerotic acid, and ceryl alcohol.

Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract's botanical name is Humulus Lupulus.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is a dioecious plant (i.e., where male and female flowers are found on separate plants), has heart-shaped leaves, and grows to about 3-6 meters in height.
The male flowers are in small loose bunches, and the female flowers are leafy and cone-like catkins.
The female flowers are used for herbal medicine and brewing.

Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is a polyvalent herbal extract plus anti-irritants.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract contains extracts from fennel, hops, camomile, balm-mint, mistletoe and yarrow as well as urea and allantoin in a water-ethanol medium.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is unpreserved.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is recommended for use in aqueous and aqueous alcoholic herbal cosmetics (including bath and shampoo preparations) for sensitive and slightly irritated skin and scalps.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract may also be used for preventive care of skin and scalps/hair of all types.

Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract Chemical Properties
Boiling point: 400℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Density: 1[at 20℃]
Vapor pressure: 1.84hPa at 25℃
FEMA: 2578 | HOPS EXTRACT (HUMULUS LUPULUS L.)
Odor: at 100.00 %. woody green citrus malt tagette
Odor Type: woody
Water Solubility: 1.6mg/L at 20℃
LogP: 5.2 at 40℃

Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is an excellent ingredient for skin and hair care applications thanks to its antioxidant content.
In addition, Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract exhibits noticeable antibacterial activity and is effective against many harmful bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is a perfect natural ingredient for anti-acne preparations and deodorants.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract is used as a purifier in skin cleaners, lotions, toners, and gels.
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) Flower extract can also be used in shampoos, conditioners, and hair coloring products to add body to the hair.

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is one of the major flavonoids of the herb Epimedium, which has long been used in Tranditional Chinese Medicine to treat bone fracture and prevent osteoporosis.
Research has shown that Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract should be an effective component for the bone-strengthening activity of the herb Epimedium, and one of the possible mechanisms for this activity is to stimulate the proliferation and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is reported to prevent and treat sexual dysfunction related diseases and improve the use of vasoconstriction.

CAS: 489-32-7
MF: C33H40O15
MW: 676.66
EINECS: 610-440-0

Synonyms
Horny goat weed extract;ICARIINE;ICARRIN;epimedium extract;Epimedium herb Ext;Epimedium P.E;Icariin, froM EpiMediuM davidii Franch;Icariin Min 90%

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is used to prepare angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medicines, which can be used to treat hypertension-complicated coronary diseases.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is a member of the class of flavonols that is kaempferol which is substituted at position 8 by a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group and in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4', and 7 have been converted to the corresponding 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranoside, methyl ether, and beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively.
A phoshphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is obtained from several species of plants in the genus Epimedium and is thought to be the main active ingredient of the Chinese herbal medicine Herba Epimedii (yinyanghuo).
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract has a role as a bone density conservation agent, a phytoestrogen, an EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor and an antioxidant.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is a glycosyloxyflavone and a member of flavonols.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is a prenylated flavonol and the major bioactive compound found in Epimedium herb.

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: 223-225 ºC
Alpha: D15 -87.09° (in pyridine)
Boiling point: 948.5±65.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.55
RTECS: DJ2980500
storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility DMSO: soluble50mg/mL, clear, colorless to dark yellow
Form: Powder
pka: 5.90±0.40(Predicted)
Color: light yellow to yellow
λmax: 350nm(MeOH)(lit.)
Merck: 14,3617
Stability: Light Sensitive
InChIKey: TZJALUIVHRYQQB-XLRXWWTNSA-N
LogP: 1.736 (est)

Uses
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract has been used as a test material to investigate its, in vitro effect in promoting mouse hair follicle growth, which is assessed by vibrissae hair follicle (VHF) organ-culture model.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is also used as a hepatoprotective.

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract has been used:
in the preparation of topical treatment to determine its effects on the improvement of cutaneous wound healing in rats
to test its analgesic effects on lower back pain (LBP) in rats
as a potential treatment in osteoporosis condition in rats
to study its effects on palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle C2C12 myotubes
as a neuroprotective agent to study its effects on amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuronal insulin resistance in human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells

Biological Activity
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract exhibits inhibitory effects on cgmp-specific phosphodiesterase pde5 and camp-specific phosphodiesterase pde4 activities.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is a crucial regulator of camp/pka signaling.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract are encoded by 21 genes which can be sdivided into 11 families according to the substrate specificities and subcellular localization.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract are widely expressed in neurons.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract has been implicated in regulating some physiological processes such as smooth muscle relaxation and neuronal survival.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract has been associated with the darpp-32 signaling pathway and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Biochem/physiol Actions
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is a potent neuroprotective agent in neurodegenerative disorders and other disorders affecting the nervous system.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract elicits anti-aging properties in unfertilized oocytes against age-related damage.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract exerts anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties aiding protection in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated renal fibrosis in mouse model.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract also serves as an excellent antidiabetic and anti-atherosclerotic agent.
Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium) extract is an excellent anti-cancer agent.

Horse Chestnut extract is a natural Horse Chestnut extract made from whole plant.
Other parts, for example, the bark have been used as a yellow dye.
Horse Chestnut extract contains 20% of extract dissolved in water and glycerin.

CAS: 8053-39-2
EINECS: 232-497-7

Synonyms
Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, ext.;AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM (HORSE CHESTNUT) SEED EXTRACT;Aesculus hippocastanum extract;Dried extract;aesculus hippocastanum seed extract;aesculus hippocastanum fruit powder

Has soothing, anti-irritant and toning properties on the skin.
Widely used in products for aged and fragile skin but also for anti-blotchiness.
The fatty acids, proteins and short-chain sugars can help repair hair that is damaged by dyes, hair dryers and chemical treatments.
Widely used in hair care products as it does not cause buildup.

Horse Chestnut extract is a plant extract that provides anti-inflammatory, veinotonic and astringent effects for slimming treatments, anti-couperose creams and shampoos.
Horse Chestnut extract belongs to the Hippocastanaceae plant family.
Horse Chestnut extract contains triterpenoid saponins (notably aescin), coumarins and flavonoids.
Horse Chestnut extract is recommended for use in slimming treatment (anti-water retention) anti-couperose creams and shampoos.

Horse Chestnut extracts are used due to their anti-inflammatory, astringent and veinotonic effects for slimming treatment, anti-couperose creams and shampoos.
Horse Chestnut extract contains triterpenoid saponins (notably aescin), coumarins and flavonoids.
Beta-escin, the main active constituent, has anti-inflammatory properties
Horse Chestnut extract is a tree native to parts of southeastern Europe.
Horse Chestnut extract's fruits contain seeds that resemble sweet chestnuts but have a bitter taste.
Historically, Horse Chestnut extract seed extract was used for joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions.

Uses
In shampoos, skin care products, body and hand creams, lotions.
Horse Chestnut extract is a standardized extract obtained from the seeds of the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) tree that contains 90% escin.
Horse Chestnut extract is a mixture of saponins that is known to help maintain healthy blood circulation and strengthen the capillaries and veins, reducing cellulitis and spider veins.
Horse Chestnut extract inhibits enzymes such as hyaluronidase and collagenase, with potentially beneficial effects on the texture and appearance of the skin.
Horse Chestnut extract also has wound healing effects and anti-inflammatory properties and can be used in topical formulations such as creams, lotions or gels.

Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is derived from huge, tree-like plants that thrived 400 million years ago during the Paleozoic era.
A close relative of the fern, Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a nonflowering weed found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and North America.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a perennial (returns each year) with hollow stems and shoots that look like asparagus at first.

CAS: 71011-23-9
EINECS: 275-123-8

Synonyms
Equisetum arvense, ext.;EQUISETUM ARVENSE LEAF EXTRACT;Equisetum arvensi (horsetail), extract;Cattail ext.;horsetail water

As Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract dries, silica crystals that form in the stems and branches look like feathery tails and give the plant a scratching effect.
That accounts for Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract's historic use in polishing metal, particularly pewter.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is an extract in a medium of Glycerin / Water (50:50) of the sterile stem "Equisetum arvense L.".
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract has a number of flavonoids, including quercetin, isoquercetin, kaempferol (and its derivatives), galuteolin and equisetrin.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract provides water soluble silicon, easily absorbable by the organism, better than other galenic forms.

In humans, Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is involved in collagen synthesis and contributes consistence and hardness to structures such as bones, tendons, nails, hair, cartilage, cornea, etc.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract may be used in products for massage, skin restoring elasticity (striae, wrinkles), antiperspirants, hair lotions (hair loss) and cleansers.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract acts as an astringent and anti-irritant.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is an aqueous glycolic preparation derived from the plant Equisetum Arvense.
Possesses anti-cellulite properties.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is used in hair care, toiletries, surfactant water-based products, emulsions and aqueous-alcoholic products.

Horsetail is rich in silica.
Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is required to produce collagen, an essential component of the skin, blood vessels, joints, and other connective tissues.
That's why Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract is a popular supplement for hair, skin and nail health, as well as bones and joints.
The Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract belongs to the family of ferns and is known for its high antioxidant and mineral content.
In fact, one capsule contains 500 mg organic Horsetail Stem & Leaf extract which is equivalent to 2500 mg dried horsetail.

HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G = COLANYL BLUE B2G 131 = PHTHALOCYANINE BLUE

CAS Number: 147-14-8
EC-Number : 205-685-1
Molecular Formula : C32H16CuN8

Hostafine Blue B2G is Cu phthalocyanine which is a pigment dispersion of approx. 40% pigment based on nonionic dispersing and wetting agents, and on glycol.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a pigment dispersion of approx. 40% pigment and is based on nonionic dispersing and wetting agents and glycol.

The Colour Index of the basic pigment is Pigment Blue 15:3.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a binder free.
Hostafine Blue B2G is a dye.

Hostafine Blue B2G is a binder-free, aqueous pigment preparation based on nonionic and / or anionic wetting and dispersing agents as well as on propylene glycol.
Hostafine Blue B2G is aqueous, binder free pigment preparations that are based on non-ionic and/or anionic wetting and dispersing agents.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for wood stains.
Hostafine Blue B2G has an extremely low particle size, so its distribution gives very good gloss, transparency, and sedimentation properties in aqueous systems.

Hostafine Blue B2G offers superior fastness properties compared to dyes.
Hostafine Blue B2G provides high tinting strength and brilliance.
The extremly low particle size distribution gives very good gloss, transparency and sedimentation properties in aqueous systems.

Because of the excellent weathering fastness, Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for interior and exterior use.
Hostafine Blue B2G is used in emulsion paints, synthetic resign bound renderings, acrylic and polyester casting resins, latices and aqueous wood stains.

Hostafine Blue B2G pigment preparations are especially suitable for water-based transparent wood stains.
They can also be used for other applications such as aqueous emulsion paints, glass paints, water-colors, latex and water resistant inks, inks for fiber-tip fineliner and roller-tip pens.

Because of it's good durability, Hostafine Blue B2G can be used for interior and exterior use after adequate weathering tests.
Hostafine Blue B2G is used Emulsion paints, Synthetic resin bound renderings, Acrylic and polyester casting resins, Aqueous wood stains, Latices, and Acrylic and polyester casting resins

Hostafine Blue B2G is used decorative paints based on aqueous emulsion paints and plasters/renderings based on aqueous polymer dispersions.
Hostafine Blue B2G has a pourable and pumpable consistency and is suitable for dosing machines.
Hostafine Blue B2G is suitable for stationery, woodstains, latex, viscose fibres, detergents.

BENEFITS OF HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
*Ultra finely dispersed pigment preparations
*High tinting strength and brilliance
*Outstanding transparency
*Superior fastness properties compared to dyes
*Easy-to-handle liquid pigment preparation
*Highly consistent quality
*Low viscosity and very good sedimentation behaviour
*Preparation of ultrafinely dispersed pi pigments
*High tinting strength and brightness excellent transparency
*Excellent fastness properties compared to dyes
*Easy-to-handle liquid paint preparation highly consistent quality
*Binder-free aqueous pigment preparation for water-based decorative paints
*Manufactured without using alkyl phenol ethoxylated (APEO) additives
*Suitable for manual and automatic dispensing equipment
*Miscible in all proportions with each other pigment preparation of the Colanyl 100 range

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
Density [g/cm3]: 1.20
Viscosity [Pa*s]: < 2.0
Specific Surface: [m2/g] –
Pigment Content approx. [%]: 40
Water Content approx. [%]: 42
Appearance: Fluid
Molecular weight : 576,07 g/mol
pH: 6.7
Density: 1.26 g/ml
Color Index: Pigment Blue 153
Solids, by weight: %54
Grav. tinct. Strength [%]: 97-103
Vol. tinct. Strength [%]: 95-105

Density [g/cm3]: 1.19-1.26
Shade dH (*): +/- 0.5
Purity dC (*): +/- 0.8
Viscosity [Pa*s]: 0.3-1.3
Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point: 350 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: 356 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 0,0001 hPa at 20 °C
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Solubility in other solvents
Ethanol - insoluble

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Wash and dry hands.
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Precautions for safe handling:
Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAFINE BLUE B2G:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

SYNONYMS:
Copper(II) phthalocyanine
Pigment Blue 15
CuPc
COLANYL BLUE B2G 131
PHTHALOCYANINE BLUE

cas no: 100-97-0 1,3,5,7- Tetraazaadamantane; Ammonioformaldehyde; Aceto HMT; Aminoform; Ammoform; Cystamin; Cystogen; Esametilentetramina (Italian); Formamine; Formin; Hexaform; Hexamethylenamine; Urotropin; Hexamethyleneamine; Hexamethylenetetraamine; Hexamethylentetramin (German); Hexamethylentetramine; Hexilmethylenamine; HMT; Methamin; Methenamine; Resotropin; Uritone; Urotropine; Esametilentetramina (Italian); 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane;

Hexamethylenetetramine; Hexamine; 1,3,5,7- Tetraazaadamantane; Ammonioformaldehyde; Aceto HMT; Aminoform; Ammoform; Cystamin; Cystogen; Esametilentetramina (Italian); Formamine; Formin; Hexaform; Urotropin; Hexamethyleneamine; Hexamethylentetramin (German); Hexilmethylenamine; HMT; Methamin; Methenamine; Resotropin; Uritone; Urotropine; Esametilentetramina (Italian) CAS NO:100-97-0

hexyl laurate; Hexyl dodecanoate; Dodecanoic acid, hexyl ester; Hexyllaurat;Lauric acid hexyl ester; Einecs 251-932-1; Hexyl dodecanoat; Laurinsaeurehexylester cas no: 34316-64-8

2-Hexyl-1-decanol; 2425-77-6; 2-Hexyldecan-1-ol; 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl-; 2-Hexyldecyl Alcohol cas no: 2425-77-6

Hexyldecyl stearate; Octadecanoic acid, 2-hexyldecyl ester; 17618-45-0; Eutanol G 16S; 2-Hexyldecyl stearate cas no: 17618-45-0

HEXYLENE GLYCOL; 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; Diolane; Hexylene glycol; 2-Methylpentane-2,4-diol; 2-Metilpentano-2,4-diol; 2-Méthylpentane-2,4-diol; (+-)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 1,1,3-Trimethyltrimethylenediol; 2,4-Dihydroxy-2-methylpentane; 4-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; alpha,alpha,alpha'-Trimethyltrimethylene glycol; cas no: 107-41-5, 99113-75-4

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is convenient to use and can be processed cold.

CAS Number: 68187-32-6
EC Number: 269-087-2
MDL Number:MFCD08704367
Chem/IUPAC Name: L-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4

Glutamate Sodium, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, Glutamate Sodium CAS 68187-32-6, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 95% (Powder), N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts USP/EP/BP, Disodium 2-aminopentanedioate, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, dl-Glutamic acid sodium salt, Glutamate Sodium, Glutamic acid, sodium salt (1:2), L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, Natrium Glutamate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, sodium (4S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-keto-valerate, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Sodium glutamate (VAN), Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, l-Glutamicacid,N-cocoacylderivs., monosodiumsalts, SODIUMCOCOYLGLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure,N Kokosacylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, SodiumCocoylGlutamate95%(Powder), GlutamateSodium, Disodium 2-aminopentanedioate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamicacid,monosodiumsalt, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 95% (Powder), Glutamate Sodium, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, N-Cocoyl-L-glutamic acid,monosodium salt, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, L-Glutaminsure, N-Kokos-acylderivate, Mononatriumsalze, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Glutamate Sodium, Sodium CocoyI Glutamate, Sodium Cocooylglutamate, Sodium Lauryol Glycinate, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMINATE, Disodium2-aminopentanedioate, Glutamate SodiumCAS 68187-32-6, Sodium N-Coco acyl-L-Glutamate, Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 68187-32-6

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an anionic surfactant of amino acid series.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is very mild.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is rich and delicate, and has the function of stabilizing bubbles.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is especially suitable for no sulfate bath shampoo and cleansing formula, and has good compatibility.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a white solid, widely used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer and in the pharmaceutical industry as a component of drugs.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has the special property of being able to enhance the umami taste in food products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an anionic surfactant produced from L-Glutamic acid and plant-derived coconut fatty acid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is convenient to use and can be processed cold.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an ideal surfactant for the production of mild hair and body cleansing products, such as shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps, cleansing lotions and baby care products.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also exhibits characteristics such as good skin compatibility, biodegradability and pleasant feel on the skin.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) provides no irritation, no tears and no damage to skin lipids.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in special shampoos & bubble baths, cream & lotions, wet wipes and liquid soaps.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also used in ultra-mild formulations, hair styling and intimate cleansers.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) reduces formulation complexity due to its multi-functional properties: mildness, moisturization, and a pleasant skin feel.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is readily biodegradable and free of added preservatives.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is non flammable
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used as a food additive.
Most of our shampoos and toothpaste have a foaming quality to them.

This is achieved by adding certain ingredients to the formulations - and Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is one among them.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a vegetable-based surfactant that is light on the skin and hair and does not weigh them down.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also serves as an emulsifier - helping the ingredients to combine well and form a smooth texture.

The chemical formula of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is C5H8NNaO4.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be used as the main surfactant alone in the formula.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can also be used as an auxiliary surfactant and soap base, AES, etc.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is mainly used in hair and body care products such as shampoo, bath lotion, liquid soap, facial cleanser, and gentle baby care products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also suitable for home care products such as hand sanitizer, fruit and vegetable detergent, detergent, etc.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a mild taste and odor, which makes it ideal for use in skin-care and hair-care products.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is also gentle on the skin, making it suitable for use in products designed for people with sensitive skin.
In terms of applications, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in a wide range of products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and more.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate):cleansing agents and surfactants
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, pharmaceuticals and air care products.
Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.

Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, air care products and polishes and waxes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following areas: health services, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Other release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products and paper chemicals and dyes.

Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, fuels and oil and gas exploration or production products.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in the following areas: offshore mining.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.

Release to the environment of Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a preservative-free, mild, anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a plant-based and cold-processable co-emulsifier.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) gives an excellent skin feel in shower gels, facial and body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) shows good foaming behaviour and viscosity-reducing effect.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) contains no salt and no propylene glycol.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) exhibits surface and interfacial activity and reduces water & energy consumption at the end consumer level due to easy rinse-off.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a mild, sulfate free surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels and facial & body washes.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, Wet Wipe, Hair Styling, Cream, Lotion.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a plant-based, cold-processable co-emulsifier.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) offers characteristics such as good skin compatibility, biodegradability, a pleasant feel on the skin and free of preservatives.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate)exhibits no irritation, no tears and no damage to skin lipids.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in special shampoos & bubble baths, cream & lotions, wet wipes, liquid soaps, ultra-mild formulations, hair styling and intimate cleansers.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has an excellent conditioning effect to the skin, leaving moisturized feeling without tautness.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has an excellent conditioning effect to the hair.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is suitable for baby care products and sensitive skin.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used as a food additive.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is produced by the hydrolysis of casein and has been shown to have positive effects on brain functions as well as biochemical properties.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has been shown to reduce the activity of disease-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause diseases in humans.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an important intermediate for many industrial processes, such as wastewater treatment and the production of monosodium glutamate.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has been found to inhibit human cells from producing energy from glucose and other sugars, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild anionic surfactant based on a natural amino acid and coconut oil giving an excellent skin feel in shower gels and facial & body washes.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a very mild cleansing agent that lathers slightly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is derived from coconut fatty acid and glutamic acid, an amino acid.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) can be found in cleansers, acne products, body gels, and shampoos.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a magical ingredient that is light on skin and hair, while also providing multiple benefits when added to the formulations.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is used in a range of products such as shampoos, toothpaste, liquid soaps, etc.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is produced by the hydrolysis of casein and has been shown to have positive effects on brain functions as well as biochemical properties.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) also has been shown to reduce the activity of disease-causing bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause diseases in humans.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an important intermediate for many industrial processes, such as wastewater treatment and the production of monosodium glutamate.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a type of mild anionic surfactant that has become increasingly popular in recent years.

This organic compound, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate), is derived from natural sources, and is considered to be eco-friendly.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) appears as a pale yellow liquid that is free from sediments.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate)'s molecular formula is C18H32NNaO6.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is soluble in water, but only slightly soluble in alcohol.
Its melting point is not applicable as Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) exists in its liquid form.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is an organic compound that is derived from coconut oil and fermented sugar.

Density-wise, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a specific gravity of around 1.04 to 1.05 at 20°C.
Characteristics-wise, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is known for its ability to effectively clean and remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair, without drying them out.

When it comes to packaging and transportation, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is often stored in plastic or metal drums, and is transported in a safe and secure manner.
The manufacturing procedure for Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) involves the fermentation of sugar, which is then mixed with coconut oil and undergoes a series of chemical reactions.

In conclusion, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a highly useful and versatile organic compound that has a wide range of applications, particularly in the personal care industry.
With its gentle yet effective cleansing properties and eco-friendly nature, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is no wonder that this ingredient has become so popular in recent years.

Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a colorless to light yellow liquid amino acid surfactant synthesized by condensation of natural fatty acids and valley amino acid salts.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) plays a crucial role in improving the taste of various food products and is commonly used in the production of snacks, soups, sauces, and seasonings.

-Skin care:
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is a cleansing agent and a good emulsifier that leaves the skin gentler, cleaner, conditioned and smoother without being too harsh.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is effective for sensitive or oily skin types.

-Hair care:
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has foaming qualities to it.
When in formulations, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) forms a rich lather that feels good and does not irritate the hair or scalp.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) has a stabilizing effect on the bubbles, which means that they last longer before breaking down.

PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Cleansing
*Cold-processable
*Gentle to skin
*Preservative-free

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
1, the amount of foam, small irritation;
2, the product has the natural fragrance of coconut oil;
3, significantly reduce the defatting power of soap base;
4. Improve the foam form of soap base and the taut feeling after washing.

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is very mild to skin and eyes
*Buffer capacity at pH of skin
*Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) provides fine lather and smooth skin feel

CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics
*Emulsifiers > Co-emulsifiers
*wash-off / rinse
*bio-based
*preservative-free
*vegetal origin
*non-irritant
*vegan

ORIGIN OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is made by combining a coconut oil derivative with monosodium glutamate.
Apart from coconut oil derivative, palm kernel oil derivative is also used.
Further, monosodium glutamate is a substance that is obtained from either fruit sugars or fermented corn.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is thus good for the environment and also for the skin.

WHAT DOES HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Cleansing
*Emulsifying
*Foaming
*Smoothing
*Surfactant

SAFETY PROFILE OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is safe to be used on skin and hair.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) does not have any side effects when added up to the concentrations of 10%.
Contrary to the common misconception, Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) is gluten-free and is also safe for the environment.
Hostapon CGN (Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate) does not cause cancer and being derived from natural sources, is also vegan.

ALTERNATIVES OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
*Co-emulsifier
*Plant-based
*Cold-processable
*Pleasant skin feel
*Based on renewable materials
*Free of preservatives
*China compliant

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
CHEMICAL NAME: Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate
PRODUCT FUNCTION: Mild Surfactant
CHEMICAL TYPE: Glutamates
Boiling Point: 334°C
Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in: water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Boiling point: 229.81℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Density: 0.39[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.079Pa at 25℃
solubility: 1.946g/L in organic solvents at 20 ℃
pka: 0[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 87.8g/L at 37℃
LogP: 0.224 at 37℃
EWG's Food Scores: 1

FDA UNII: BMT4RCZ3HG
EPA Substance Registry System: L-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts (68187-32-6)
CAS NO:68187-32-6
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4
Molecular Weight: 191.09300
EINECS: 269-087-2
Product Categories: amino acid series
Mol File: 68187-32-6.mol
Melting Point: N/A
Boiling Point: 229.81℃[at 101 325 Pa]
Flash Point: N/A
Appearance: Clear to pale yellow liquid
Density: 0.39[at 20℃]
Vapor Pressure: 0.079Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: N/AStorage Temp.: N/A
Solubility: 1.946g/L in organic solvents at 20 ℃PKA: 0[at 20 ℃]
Water Solubility: 87.8g/L at 37℃

Product name: sodium cocoyl glutamate
CAS number: 68187-32-6
Molecular Formula: C5H9NO4Na
Grade: Cosmetic-grade
Appearance: White fine powder
Chemical Name: l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., monosodium salts
CAS Registry Number: 68187-32-6
PubChemID: 9794116
Molecular Weight: 169.11109
PSA: 106.28000
LogP: -2.70600
EINECS: 269-087-2(Monosodium)269-085-1
Molecular Formula: C5H7NNa2O4
CAS: 68187-32-6
MF: C5H9NO4?Na
EINECS: 269-087-2
Product Categories: amino acid series

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON CGN (SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-65 C is easy to handle and provides lubricity, rich and abundant lather.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is a fatty acid isethionate, sodium salt with free fatty.

CAS Number: 61789-32-0, 57-11-4
Product Type: Additive > Surfactants
Additive > Foaming agent
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl isethionate, Stearic acid

Hostapon SCI-65 C is a mild, anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is easy to handle and provides lubricity, rich and abundant lather.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is based on purified coconut oil and causes no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.

Hostapon SCI-65 C imparts silky and soft skin after-feel and suitable for ultra mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-65 C exhibits excellent performance in areas such as foam density & stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Hostapon SCI-65 C offers mildness and good resistance to hard water.

Hostapon SCI-65 C is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.

Hostapon SCI-65 C imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-65 C acts as a surfactant.
Advantages of Hostapon SCI-65 C: gentleness, Improved foam structure, and Good resistance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is a fatty acid isethionate, sodium salt with free fatty.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, Syndet, Bar Soap.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used face and body care products such as cleansing lotions, facial cleansers and exfoliators.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used cosmetic and hygiene products for bathing.

Hostapon SCI-65 C is used shower gels and creams.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used hygiene products for hand washing and soaps.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used shampoos and hair conditioners.

Hostapon SCI-65 C is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-65 C is used in shower, liquid- & bar soap, shampoo and syndet.

-Other Applications of Hostapon SCI-65 C:
*Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners
*Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Wet wipe lotions
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps
*Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Hand wash
*Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance
*China compliant

PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Cleansing
*Hard water tolerance
*Gentle to skin
*Enables solid formulations

CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*foam quality
*vegan
*silky feel
*mildness
*bio-based
*softness
*lubrication
*non-irritant
*water-resistant / waterproof

ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
*mildness
*improved foam structure
*good resistance to hard water

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-65 C:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.

CAS Number : 61789-32-0
EC Number : 263-052-5
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
Chemical Name : Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salt
Chemical Formula : R-COOCH2CH2SO3Na / (R = C7-17 natural)

Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, SCI-75, Jordaponci, IGEPON AC-78, SODIUMCOCOISOTHIONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy), Sodiumcocoylisothionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate SCI, Sci Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate 85%, sodium cocoyl isethionate noodles, Sodium cocoyl isethionate fandachem, DISODIUM MANGANESE EDTA CONTENT 12.5, SODIUM 2-HYDROXYETHANE COFA SULFONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate, SCI powder / Sodium cocoyl isethionate, COCONUT OIL ACID ESTER OF SODIUM ISETHIONATE, coconutfattyacid,2-sulfoethylester,sodiumsalt, Fattyacids,coco,2-sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, fattyacids,coconutoil,sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, Fettsuren, Kokos-, 2-Sulfoethylester, Natriumsalze, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate cas 61789-32-0,

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P, characterized by CAS Number 61789-32-0, is a much-cherished mild surfactant boasting outstanding foaming capabilities and unparalleled cleansing attributes.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, foaming and excellent foam stabilizing anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also provides a rich, creamy lather, is based on vegetable fatty acids and is readily biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a top anionic powder surfactant,, very gentle and derived from all vegetable, renewable resources.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, anionic surfactant which gives high, dense and creamy foams making it suitable choice in the production of cream shampoos, body washes etc.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a foaming and cleansing ingredient. SCI leaves your skin feeling soft and silky.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a surfactant that is used in pharmaceutical preparations for skin care.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has good stability and activity index, and can easily be solubilized in water and ethanol.
Hostapon SCI-85 P’s a primary surfactant and it’s an ingredient for hair and skin care products, which is plant based and derived from fatty acids of coco-betaine.

Hostapon SCI-85 P in skin care and hair care is known for its mildness to the skin and hair and provides dense and luxurious foam.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is Biodegradeable.
Hostapon SCI-85 Pvis a gentle surfactant derived from coconut.

Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in a variety of cosmetic recipes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is known for its origins in environmentally-friendly source, coconut oil, Hostapon SCI-85 P prides itself as a sustainable and eco-respectful ingredient.

Chemical Structure of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Molecular Weight is 100.055 g/mol
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P offers a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.

This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).

Hostapon SCI-85 P grades are based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is the flake-version of the HOSTAPON SCI 85 series.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.

The SCI 85 family is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).
Hostapon SCI-85 P's an anionic surfactant with moisturizing and anti-static effects.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Appearance of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Solid, odorless white to off-white, and water-soluble
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a wonderful surfactant to work with and make products from.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is derived from natural coconut oil.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is naturally derived and biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild to the skin and eyes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.

Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a soft after feel to the skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on renewable material, silky skin feel, hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suitable for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a vegetable derived Palm Free gentle anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a plant-based, mild, anionic surfactant that gives high, dense and creamy foams.

Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure and has good tolerance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers silky skin feel, no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P produces an creamy lather and has a luxurious skin feel.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as foaming agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.

Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: cleansing agents, hair conditioning, and surfactants.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant. Offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has been shown to have antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals.

Hostapon SCI-85 P also has moisturizing properties, which may be due to the presence of glycerin and fatty esters.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be found in fruit extracts, such as mangoes and papaya.
Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.

Shower gel uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: adjust the pH value of the bath product ratio, significantly improve the dryness of the skin after washing with soap products, and make the skin moist and soft.
Easier to rinse off than other surfactants.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has excellent hard water resistance, extremely low toxicity and good biodegradability.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mainly used in the production of personal care products, such as soap, shower gel, facial cleanser, foam cleanser and bath liquid.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as cleansing agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in Soap bars, Liquid soap bases, Facial cleansers, Body cleansers, Bath Bombs and Shampoos.
Other Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps, Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.

Skin care uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners.
Toiletries uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.
Hostapon SCI-85 P surfactants are commonly used as syndet, semi syndet and soap bar ingredients and can be applied as sole surfactant for most products in bar form – bar soaps, bar conditioners, bath bombs and other cleansing bars.

Hostapon SCI-85 P’s also formulated in other personal care products such as hair conditioning, wet wipes, body washes and shower gels.
Hostapon SCI-85 P's hard water tolerant, easy to use and can be formulated in a wide variety of personal care products.
Hair shampoo products: Hostapon SCI-85 P can effectively reduce the residual amount of AES on the hair and avoid dandruff and hair loss on the scalp.

Soap uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: mixed with other fillers, pigments, essences or soap bases to prepare various moisturizing soaps.
Other applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: development of other gentle surface activity products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P, a mild surfactant of high grade, is crafted from coconut oil and is recognized for its exceptional foaming and cleansing capabilities.

Ideal for sensitive skin and infant products due to Hostapon SCI-85 P's low irritation likelihood.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Perfect for personal care items like shampoos, conditioners, body and facial cleansers, bar soaps, and baby products.
Praised for its low irritability, Hostapon SCI-85 P showcases exceptional suitability for sensitive skin products, including infants' care items.

Delivering optimal results in a variety of personal care formulations, Hostapon SCI-85 P stands as the surfactant of choice in shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, toothpastes, and bubble baths.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in: Shower Gel, Liquid soap, Shampoo, Synthetic detergents, and Bar soap.

Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Interestingly, its exceptional mildness and higher-than-usual performance make Hostapon SCI-85 P ideal for applications in sensitive skin care products, including but not limited to, baby soaps, lotions, and cleansers.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in products like soap, bath bombs, bubble bars, and shampoo.
Recommended usage rate of Hostapon SCI-85 P is 3%-20%
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in many applications.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is often referred to as Baby Foam due to it's gentleness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shampoos, Shower gels, Liquid Soap, Bubble baths, Foaming Shaving Soaps, Baby Products, Syndet bars, and Eye makeup remover.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is recommended for systems where low levels of fatty acid are needed; for example, shampoos, bath and shower gels and liquid soaps.

Hostapon SCI-85 P may need medium, even heat to disperse in certain surfactant systems.
The extra steps are really worth it for the excellent results.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant.

Hostapon SCI-85 P offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.
Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.
Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
A solid surfactant, Hostapon SCI-85 P is one of the most gentle anionic surfactants available and is a key ingredient in shampoo bars.

Hostapon SCI-85 P produces creamy abundant lather and has a luxurious skin feel.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners, Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, and Syndet, Bar Soap.
Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Wet wipe, Shampoo, shower, liq. soap, Hair styling, and Syndet, bar soap
Due to its excellent lathering, mildness and soft skin after-feel, Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in clear / pearlescent personal care products such as liquid soaps, shampoos, shower gels, facial cleansers.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet and combo bar formulations
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in special shampoos, hair-styling products, wet wipes and ultra-mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet, shower, liquid- & bar soap.

PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high purity, mild, high foaming anionic surfactant in powder form, with a large specific surface area, offering rapid dispersion / dissolution in formulations
*Hostapon SCI-85 P exhibits excellent foam density, foam stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Being hard water tolerant, Hostapon SCI-85 P leaves no soap scum
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is compatible with soaps and anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric surfactants
*Due to its anionic character, Hostapon SCI-85 P should not be used with cationic components like cationic surfactants, cationic dyes, etc.

PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Cleansing
*Foam boosting
*Gentle to skin
*Hard water tolerance
*Enables solid formulations

FUNCTION OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Mild Surfactant

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance

ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Forms dense, luxurious foam
*Mild and non-drying to skin
*Also acts as anti-static agent in shampoos
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Can be combined with other surfactants or used alone
*Soft and hard water tolerant

PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is therefore especially suitable for mild formulations (e. g. matching hand dishwash requirements) and provide the following features:
*Excellent foamer
*Hard water tolerant
*Limited water solubility
*Various physical forms
*Mild to skin and eyes
*Leaves no soap scum
*Rinses free from skin
*Easy to handle and use in all types of manufacturing processes

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Low toxicity, low irritability and biodegradable
*Mild and gentle on skin and eyes
*High tolerance for hard water
*Doesn’t leave any soap scum
*Rich lather and complete rinse-off
*Palm oil free.
*Produced from coconut sources.
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerant
*Good foam improver and stabilizer
*Very mild and non-drying
*Plant based
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Easy to handle and formulate

ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
- Plant-based
- Foam stability
- Silky skin feel
- Hard water tolerance

KEY BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Foam Stability,
*Plant-based

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water

CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*vegan
*foam quality
*creaminess/rich feel
*bio-based
*silky feel
*non-irritant

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Appearance / Nature : Powder
Colour : Off - white to pale yellow
Odour : Characteristic
pH (5% aqueous solution) : 5.0 - 7.0
Active matter, % by mass (Mol.wt.347), : 85 minimum
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
CAS No.: 61789-32-0
Other names: SCI
Coconut oil acid ester of sodium isethionate
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular weight: 1555.23182
Appearance: White granules
Activity(MW=343): 84.00Min
Free Fatty Acid (MW=213) (%): 3.00-10.00

pH(10% in demin.water): 5.00-6.50
Color(5% inisopropanol/water): 35Max.
Water: 1.50 Max.
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:water, 4.203e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI)
Synonyms: Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Molecular Weight: 157.13 g/mol
pH: Approximately 6.5
Therapeutic Uses: Ideal for Sensitive Skin applications
GHS Classification: Complies
Pharmacological Class: Surfactant

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hostapon SCI-85 P, characterized by CAS Number 61789-32-0, is a much-cherished mild surfactant boasting outstanding foaming capabilities and unparalleled cleansing attributes.

CAS Number : 61789-32-0
EC Number : 263-052-5
INCI/Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
Chemical Name : Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salt
Chemical Formula : R-COOCH2CH2SO3Na / (R = C7-17 natural)

Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Arlatone SCI, Coco fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Elfan AT 84G, Fatty acid esters, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodiumsalts, Fatty acids, coco, 2-sulfoethyl esters, sodium salts, Hostapon 85, Hostapon SCI 65, Hostapon SCI85, Hostapon SCI 85G, Igepon AC 78, Jordapon CI, Jordapon CI Prill, Jordapon CI-P, Sodium coco fatty acid isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, SCI-75, Jordaponci, IGEPON AC-78, SODIUMCOCOISOTHIONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy), Sodiumcocoylisothionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate SCI, Sci Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Sodium cocoyl isethionate 85%, sodium cocoyl isethionate noodles, Sodium cocoyl isethionate fandachem, DISODIUM MANGANESE EDTA CONTENT 12.5, SODIUM 2-HYDROXYETHANE COFA SULFONATE, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate, SCI powder / Sodium cocoyl isethionate, COCONUT OIL ACID ESTER OF SODIUM ISETHIONATE, coconutfattyacid,2-sulfoethylester,sodiumsalt, Fattyacids,coco,2-sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, fattyacids,coconutoil,sulfoethylesters,sodiumsalts, Fettsuren, Kokos-, 2-Sulfoethylester, Natriumsalze, Sodium 2-(nonanoyloxy)ethanesulfonate cas 61789-32-0,

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, foaming and excellent foam stabilizing anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also provides a rich, creamy lather, is based on vegetable fatty acids and is readily biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a top anionic powder surfactant,, very gentle and derived from all vegetable, renewable resources.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is Biodegradeable.
Hostapon SCI-85 Pvis a gentle surfactant derived from coconut.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be used in a variety of cosmetic recipes.

Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a foaming and cleansing ingredient. SCI leaves your skin feeling soft and silky.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a surfactant that is used in pharmaceutical preparations for skin care.
Hostapon SCI-85 P has good stability and activity index, and can easily be solubilized in water and ethanol.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is known for its origins in environmentally-friendly source, coconut oil, Hostapon SCI-85 P prides itself as a sustainable and eco-respectful ingredient.
Chemical Structure of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Molecular Weight is 100.055 g/mol

Appearance of Hostapon SCI-85 P is Solid, odorless white to off-white, and water-soluble
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a wonderful surfactant to work with and make products from.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is derived from natural coconut oil.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is naturally derived and biodegradable.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild to the skin and eyes.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is an excellent foamer in hard or soft water.

Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a soft after feel to the skin.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on renewable material, silky skin feel, hard water tolerance.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suitable for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P offers a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).
Hostapon SCI-85 P grades are based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is the flake-version of the HOSTAPON SCI 85 series.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactants available from Clariant.
The SCI 85 family is a high active form of sodium cocoyl isethionate (>84% active, available in flake, granular or powder form).

Hostapon SCI-85 P is based on purified coconut oil, a natural and renewable resource.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a plant-based, mild, anionic surfactant that gives high, dense and creamy foams.
Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure and has good tolerance to hard water.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers silky skin feel, no damage and irritation to sensitive skin.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P has excellent hard water resistance, extremely low toxicity and good biodegradability.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is mainly used in the production of personal care products, such as soap, shower gel, facial cleanser, foam cleanser and bath liquid.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as cleansing agent.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as foaming agent.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.
Cosmetic Uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: cleansing agents, hair conditioning, and surfactants.

Hostapon SCI-85 P has been shown to have antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals.
Hostapon SCI-85 P also has moisturizing properties, which may be due to the presence of glycerin and fatty esters.
Hostapon SCI-85 P can be found in fruit extracts, such as mangoes and papaya.

Shower gel uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: adjust the pH value of the bath product ratio, significantly improve the dryness of the skin after washing with soap products, and make the skin moist and soft.
Easier to rinse off than other surfactants.

Hair shampoo products: Hostapon SCI-85 P can effectively reduce the residual amount of AES on the hair and avoid dandruff and hair loss on the scalp.
Soap uses of Hostapon SCI-85 P: mixed with other fillers, pigments, essences or soap bases to prepare various moisturizing soaps.
Other applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: development of other gentle surface activity products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P, a mild surfactant of high grade, is crafted from coconut oil and is recognized for its exceptional foaming and cleansing capabilities.
Ideal for sensitive skin and infant products due to Hostapon SCI-85 P's low irritation likelihood.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Perfect for personal care items like shampoos, conditioners, body and facial cleansers, bar soaps, and baby products.

Praised for its low irritability, Hostapon SCI-85 P showcases exceptional suitability for sensitive skin products, including infants' care items.
Delivering optimal results in a variety of personal care formulations, Hostapon SCI-85 P stands as the surfactant of choice in shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, toothpastes, and bubble baths.

Interestingly, its exceptional mildness and higher-than-usual performance make Hostapon SCI-85 P ideal for applications in sensitive skin care products, including but not limited to, baby soaps, lotions, and cleansers.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in products like soap, bath bombs, bubble bars, and shampoo.

Recommended usage rate of Hostapon SCI-85 P is 3%-20%
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in many applications.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is often referred to as Baby Foam due to it's gentleness.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shampoos, Shower gels, Liquid Soap, Bubble baths, Foaming Shaving Soaps, Baby Products, Syndet bars, and Eye makeup remover.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is recommended for systems where low levels of fatty acid are needed; for example, shampoos, bath and shower gels and liquid soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P may need medium, even heat to disperse in certain surfactant systems.

The extra steps are really worth it for the excellent results.
Hostapon SCI-85 P acts as a mild anionic surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P offers conditioning and reduces greasiness.

Hostapon SCI-85 P provides rich, creamy foam to cleansing formulations with minimal impact on skin barriers to keep skin and scalp looking healthy and conditioned.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in personal cleansing, bath & shower products like bar and liquid soaps.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.

Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
A solid surfactant, Hostapon SCI-85 P is one of the most gentle anionic surfactants available and is a key ingredient in shampoo bars.
Hostapon SCI-85 P produces creamy abundant lather and has a luxurious skin feel.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild special surfactant.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in shower gels, special shampoos, mild cleansing lotions and liquid soaps as well as syndets and semisyndet soaps.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Toilet Soaps.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling) > Shampoos.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care) > Facial cleansing > Cleansing lotions & toners
Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care...) > Shower & bath > Shower gels & creams.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is used Shower, Liquid Soap, Shampoo, and Syndet, Bar Soap.
Applications of Hostapon SCI-85 P: Wet wipe, Shampoo, shower, liq. soap, Hair styling, and Syndet, bar soap
Due to its excellent lathering, mildness and soft skin after-feel, Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in clear / pearlescent personal care products such as liquid soaps, shampoos, shower gels, facial cleansers.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet and combo bar formulations
Hostapon SCI-85 P is used in special shampoos, hair-styling products, wet wipes and ultra-mild formulations.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is also used in syndet, shower, liquid- & bar soap.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum.

Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
Hostapon SCI-85 P is a mild, high-foaming, anionic surfactant suited for use in syndet bars, combo bars, liquid soaps and a variety of other personal care products.

Hostapon SCI-85 P is very mild to the skin and eyes and provides a rich and abundant lather with no soap scum due to its hard water tolerance. Hostapon SCI-85 P imparts a luxurious, silky skin after-feel and is very easy to handle and use.
This version format of Hostapon SCI-85 P is in Powder.

KEY BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Foam Stability,
*Plant-based

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P improves foam structure
*Hostapon SCI-85 P has good resistance to hard water

CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Surfactants / Cleansing Agents > Anionics > Isethionates
*vegan
*foam quality
*creaminess/rich feel
*bio-based
*silky feel
*non-irritant

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance

PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is a high purity, mild, high foaming anionic surfactant in powder form, with a large specific surface area, offering rapid dispersion / dissolution in formulations
*Hostapon SCI-85 P exhibits excellent foam density, foam stability, lime soap dispersion and surface activity.
Being hard water tolerant, Hostapon SCI-85 P leaves no soap scum
*Hostapon SCI-85 P is compatible with soaps and anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric surfactants
*Due to its anionic character, Hostapon SCI-85 P should not be used with cationic components like cationic surfactants, cationic dyes, etc.

ADVANTAGES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Feeling of silkiness of the skin
*Hard water resistance

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Forms dense, luxurious foam
*Mild and non-drying to skin
*Also acts as anti-static agent in shampoos
*Outstanding (sole) surfactant for bar soaps and syndets
*Can be combined with other surfactants or used alone
*Soft and hard water tolerant

PROPERTIES OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Hostapon SCI-85 P is therefore especially suitable for mild formulations (e. g. matching hand dishwash requirements) and provide the following features:
*Excellent foamer
*Hard water tolerant
*Limited water solubility
*Various physical forms
*Mild to skin and eyes
*Leaves no soap scum
*Rinses free from skin
*Easy to handle and use in all types of manufacturing processes

PERFORMANCE CLAIMS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Cleansing
*Foam boosting
*Gentle to skin
*Hard water tolerance
*Enables solid formulations

FUNCTION OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Mild Surfactant

BENEFITS OF HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
*Plant-based
*Foam stability
*Silky skin feel
*Hard water tolerance

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
Appearance / Nature : Powder
Colour : Off - white to pale yellow
Odour : Characteristic
pH (5% aqueous solution) : 5.0 - 7.0
Active matter, % by mass (Mol.wt.347), : 85 minimum
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
CAS No.: 61789-32-0
Other names: SCI
Coconut oil acid ester of sodium isethionate
Molecular Formula: C2Na6O47S20
Molecular weight: 1555.23182
Appearance: White granules
Activity(MW=343): 84.00Min
Free Fatty Acid (MW=213) (%): 3.00-10.00

pH(10% in demin.water): 5.00-6.50
Color(5% inisopropanol/water): 35Max.
Water: 1.50 Max.
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:water, 4.203e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Chemical Name: Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI)
Synonyms: Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
CAS Number: 61789-32-0
Molecular Formula: C2H5NaO4S
Molecular Weight: 157.13 g/mol
pH: Approximately 6.5
Therapeutic Uses: Ideal for Sensitive Skin applications
GHS Classification: Complies
Pharmacological Class: Surfactant

FIRST AID MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HOSTAPON SCI-85 P:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Tridecyl polyethylen glycol ether phosphoric acid ester (8 EO), acid form, about 80% mono ester; About 98 % Liquid Emulsifier for emulsion polymerization

HOSTAPHAT TBEP; 2-Butoxyethanol Phosphate (3:1); Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-butoxyethyl) Ester; Amgard TBEP; FMC-KP 140; Hostaphat B 310; Hostaphat TBEP; KP 140; Kronitex KP 140; NSC 4839; NSC 62228; Phosflex T-BEP; TBEP; TBXP; Tri(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate; Tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) Phosphate; Tris-2-Butoxyethyl Phosphate cas no: 78-51-3

Hostaphat TBEP HQ PHOSPHATE ESTER Hostaphat TBEP HQ is a phosphate ester used as plasticizer for polymer dispersions.

Houttuynia cordata extract is also known as Heartleaf and boasts a string of healthy skin benefits — it’s anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, astringent and has antibiotic-like properties, which means it works to prevent infections that may occur with acne and blemishes while calming active, angry spots at the same time.
Houttuynia cordata extract is rich in Quercetin, a plant pigment or flavonoid that has antioxidant properties.
Houttuynia cordata extract protects the body from free radicals and offers some serious soothing, restoring and anti-ageing effects too.

CAS: 164288-50-0
EINECS: 605-355-0

Synonyms
Houttuynia Cordata Extract is an extract of the herb, Houttuynia cordata, Saururaceae

Houttuynia cordata is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia.
Houttuynia cordata extract is eaten as a leaf vegetable, and also has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine, including as an attempted treatment for SARS (it didn’t really work).

The main active components in the plant are these fancy chemicals called flavonoids.
Houttuynia cordata extract specifically has a good amount of polyphenolic flavonoids, four common ones being quercetin, quercitrin, hyperoside, and rutin.
All of these exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.
Houttuynia cordata extract has also been shown to decrease damage from UVB rays, which is an added bonus.
One thing to keep in mind, though, is that the flavonoid content of Houttuynia cordata extract can depend on if the extract is taken from the roots or the leaves, as well as if it’s a water extraction or an alcohol extraction.

Another thing Houttuynia cordata extract contains are polysaccharides, i.e. big molecules from various sugar units (in this case it is galacturonic acid (29.4%), galactose (24.0%), rhamnose (17.2%), arabinose (13.5%), glucuronic acid (6.8%), glucose (5.3%), xylose (2.1%) and mannose (1.8%) ).
Polysaccharides and sugars in skincare are excellent humectants and skin hydrators, meaning they help the skin to hold onto water.

Houttuynia cordata extract acts as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-psoriatic agent.
Houttuynia cordata extract is an extract of the herb, houttuynia cordata.
Houttuynia cordata extract contains quercetin, quercitrin and hyperin as active compounds.
Houttuynia cordata extract treats wounds and skin diseases.
Houttuynia cordata extract finds application in formulating cosmetic products.
Houttuynia cordata extract is also known as chameleon plant, heartleaf, fishwort, and bishop’s weed.
The plant is cultivated as a vegetable and as a medicinal herb.
Scientific research supports traditional medicinal uses by showing its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

HPAA ABSTRACT Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. pylori in mice. H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA) is a surface-located (7, 14, 20) lipoprotein (25) that was initially described as a sialic acid binding adhesin, but supportive evidence is still lacking. It is recognized by antibodies from H. pylori-infected individuals (23, 39), and the expression of the HpaA protein has previously been found to be highly conserved among H. pylori isolates (9, 39). Furthermore, genomic studies (2, 32) show no significant sequence homologies of HpaA with other known proteins. Taken together, this makes HpaA a putative candidate as a vaccine antigen against H. pylori infection. In this study, we have constructed an HpaA mutant in the mouse-adapted H. pylori Sydney strain 1 (SS1) to examine the role of HpaA in colonization. Because of cotranscription, constructed gene mutations have the potential to cause polar effects, i.e., inhibiting expression of downstream genes in an operon. In addition, it has been shown that knocking out one gene can affect other genes in an unpredicted manner (30). Thus, when studying a mutant, proteomic analysis offers a convenient method to monitor changes in protein expression without prior knowledge of what those changes might be. The first aim of this study was to examine the overall protein profile, including the protein expression of the genes located downstream of hpaA, of the mouse-adapted SS1 strain and its isogenic HpaA mutant. This was achieved by a proteomic approach where whole-cell extracts of the bacteria were compared by DIGE analysis. We also combined subcellular fractionation and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis with nano-LC Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) (FT-ICR) MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses in order to compare the OMP profiles of the SS1 wild-type and mutant strains. To determine whether HpaA is essential for survival in the host, mice were infected with either H. pylori SS1 or the HpaA mutant strain, and the colonization levels MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of SS1 hpaA-negative/deficient mutant SS1(ΔhpaA). The hpaA mutant was originally constructed in H. pylori strain CCUG 17874 by a two-step amplification resulting in a 450-bp deletion of the hpaA gene (kindly provided by P. Doig et al., Astrazeneca Research Centre, Boston, MA) and insertion of a 1.4-kb kanamycin cassette (25). The mutation was transferred from H. pylori CCUG 17874 to the mouse-adapted SS1 strain by natural transformation. Five kanamycin-resistant transformants were analyzed by PCR with two HpaA-specific primers (forward primer, 5′-GGCGTAGAAATGGAAGCG-3′; reverse primer, 5′-CCCAAGCTTCATCAGCCCTTAAATACACG-3′) (21) to confirm that the kanamycin cassette was inserted in the hpaA gene, resulting in a larger PCR product than of that of the wild-type SS1 strain. One of the transformants with the correct insertion was further characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody HP30-1:1:6, specific for HpaA (9). This strain, SS1(ΔhpaA), was negative in the immunoblot. Strains and culture conditions. The mouse-adapted H. pylori strains SS1 (CagA+ VacA+ Ley) (19) and SS1(ΔhpaA) were used in all experiments and stored at −70°C as stock cultures. For preparation of antigens from SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA), the bacteria were grown on Colombia-Iso agar plates to confluence for 3 days under microaerophilic conditions (10% CO2, 6% O2, and 84% N2). SS1(ΔhpaA) was cultured in the same way as SS1 throughout the experiment, with the exception of the cultures being supplemented with 25 μg/ml kanamycin. Growth curves. SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA) were first grown on Colombia-Iso plates to confluence for 2 to 3 days and then resuspended in 2 ml Brucella broth (Difco Laboratories) to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.3 (1.5 × 109 bacteria/ml). Sixteen female C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with approximately 109 CFU of H. pylori SS1 or SS1(ΔhpaA) in Brucella broth under anesthesia (Isoflurane; Abbott Scandinavia Ab, Solna, Sweden) as previously described (27). Detection of H. pylori SS1 (wild type) and SS1(ΔhpaA) in infected mice. (i) Quantitative culture. The kinetics of SS1 in the colonization of mice have been well characterized, showing stable colonization between 2 and 8 weeks of infection (27). To determine the kinetics of colonization by SS1(ΔhpaA) in mice, animals were killed at various time points after infection (3 days, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks). The stomachs were removed and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove food residues. One half of the stomach was used for quantitative culture as previously described (27), and the other half was used for detection of H. pylori-specific genes by PCR. The stomach homogenates from the SS1(ΔhpaA)-infected mice were cultured on blood Skirrow plates both with and without kanamycin to examine if they had lost their antibiotic resistance during the gastric infection. RESULTS Comparison of the major proteome components in H. pylori strains SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA). To identify that no specific protein expression change had followed the construction of the HpaA mutant, we analyzed the proteome of H. pylori strain SS1 and its isogenic mutant by the 2-DE-based DIGE system. By use of cell lysis buffer compatible with the DIGE technology and isoelectric focusing at a pH interval of 3 to 10, over 800 distinct protein spots from each sample in the four replicates were detected by the DeCyder software and subsequent manual correction. The analysis of the expression profiles in strain SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant resulted in the identification of a minor number of spots (13) with a significantly changed level (P < 0.05). Of these spots, eight were found to be down-regulated and five spots were found to be upregulated in the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant (Fig. (Fig.1).1). For identification of proteins, one preparative gel was stained with Sypro ruby, and spots were digested in gel and analyzed by nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS. We successfully identified the proteins shown in Table Table1.1. Notably, the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains (Fig. (Fig.11 and and2).2). However, Omp18 (HP0796) was detected in neither the wild-type strain nor the mutant. Thus, to ascertain that the disruption of the hpaA gene had not affected the transcription of its downstream gene, omp18, an omp18-specific RT-PCR was performed on SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant strain, which showed that Omp18 was transcribed in both strains (data not shown). Detection of bacteria in infected mice. Colonization of H. pylori was detected both by quantitative culture and by H. pylori-specific PCR. To evaluate the colonization pattern for SS1(ΔhpaA), mice were infected with either SS1(ΔhpaA) or SS1 as a reference and then killed at various time points ranging from 3 days to 2 months. Mice infected with SS1 showed a massive colonization at all time points studied, but bacteria could not be detected in the stomachs of mice infected with SS1(ΔhpaA) either by culture (Fig. (Fig.5)5) or by H. pylori-specific PCR at any time point (data not shown). To ascertain that SS1(ΔhpaA) had not lost its kanamycin resistance during the colonization in the stomach, the bacteria were grown on plates with and without kanamycin. However, no bacteria could be detected after culture on plates without kanamycin either (data not shown). DISCUSSION Many colonization and virulence factors have been evaluated as protective antigens in immunization studies in animal models (17, 22). For a bacterial protein to be considered as a candidate vaccine antigen, it should preferably be conserved (i.e., present in all strains), secreted or surface localized, and immunogenic (i.e., capable of stimulating the immune system). HpaA fulfills all these criteria; the gene encoding HpaA is present in and expressed by all H. pylori isolates (9, 39), indicating that it is valuable for the bacterium. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected subjects mount serum antibody responses against HpaA, which decline after eradication of the bacterium (23, 37), and HpaA induces maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells, showing its immunogenicity (36). In addition, it has been shown that HpaA is expressed both intracellularly and on the bacterial surface (20, 25). To investigate the importance of HpaA in H. pylori infection, a previously described mutation of HpaA (25) was introduced into the mouse-adapted strain SS1, and the mutant strain was tested for its colonization ability and immunogenicity in a well-established animal model. In order to verify that the mutation had not caused any damage on downstream genes or second-site mutations, we performed 2-D DIGE analysis to examine the overall protein expression pattern of H. pylori strain SS1. All the detected protein spots in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were found in the mutant strain. However, 13 spots corresponding to 11 unique proteins showed small changes in expression levels in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain; of these, seven proteins were found to be down-regulated and four proteins were up-regulated. These identified proteins do not seem to be related on either the genetic or the functional level. In addition, it has been shown that minor changes in the protein expression level normally occur within a bacterial strain (35) (E. Carlsohn et al., unpublished data). The most important finding in the DIGE analysis of the wild type and its isogenic mutant was that the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains. It is well known that OMPs tend to be discriminated in standard 2-DE displaying total cell extract. This is due both to poor solubility and low expression levels of the proteins of interest, and it is therefore important to design an appropriate isolation procedure for this protein species. We performed subcellular fractionation of OMPs in combination with one-dimensional PAGE analysis and nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS analyses of tryptic peptides. By use of this novel approach, we identified over 20 outer membrane proteins and 8 flagella-associated proteins in both investigated strains. All OMPs present in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were also expressed in the mutant strain. The cotranscription of hpaA and the downstream gene omp18 has previously been described (20). It was therefore of interest to study the expression of the omp18 gene product in the constructed HpaA mutant to investigate possible polar effects on surrounding genes in the mutant. Unfortunately, the Omp18 protein was not detected in any of the strains. However, RT-PCR analysis of omp18 mRNA from the wild-type and mutant strains clearly showed that omp18 was transcribed in both strains, indicating that disruption of hpaA did not have any polar effects on its downstream genes (data not shown). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the Omp18 protein has never been detected, suggesting that it might not be translated but that it might only be present on the mRNA level. Because no major differences between the two strains could be detected, we proceeded to an animal model for evaluation of the physiological importance of HpaA. In vivo studies showed that while mice infected with the wild-type SS1 strain were heavily colonized, its isogenic mutant failed to colonize the mice at all time points examined. Thus, the fact that the mutant did not show significant differences in growth under laboratory conditions suggests that the observed phenotype is strictly in vivo dependent. HpaA was originally pointed out as a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, and several studies have tried to elucidate the function of HpaA in in vitro adhesion studies, but the results are not conclusive. For example, bacterial binding to gastric cell lines in vitro was not affected by an inactivated hpaA gene (25). However, epithelial cell lines have been demonstrated to respond quite differently to bacterial stimulations compared to freshly isolated epithelial cells (4). Furthermore, deletion of the hpaA gene did not influence the glycosphingolipid recognition pattern of the bacteria, as evaluated by binding of the bacteria to previously identified H. pylori-binding glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatograms (1). Thus, both the parent SS1 strain and the HpaA knockout mutant bound to lactosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, lactotetraosylceramide, and Leb-terminated glycosphingolipids (S. Teneberg et al., unpublished data). One may therefore speculate whether HpaA itself directly mediates receptor binding or whether it is involved in facilitating the adhesin transport and folding, or if it exerts regulatory functions. The role of HpaA needs to be elucidated in further investigations. In conclusion, we have shown that the disruption of the HpaA-encoding gene did not induce any major differences in the protein expression pattern in the mutant compared with the wild-type strain. We have also demonstrated that HpaA is essential for bacterial colonization in the gastric mucosa of mice, establishing for the first time a physiological role of HpaA in vivo. Abstract Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. ABSTRACT Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H. pylori in mice. H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA) is a surface-located (7, 14, 20) lipoprotein (25) that was initially described as a sialic acid binding adhesin, but supportive evidence is still lacking. It is recognized by antibodies from H. pylori-infected individuals (23, 39), and the expression of the HpaA protein has previously been found to be highly conserved among H. pylori isolates (9, 39). Furthermore, genomic studies (2, 32) show no significant sequence homologies of HpaA with other known proteins. Taken together, this makes HpaA a putative candidate as a vaccine antigen against H. pylori infection. In this study, we have constructed an HpaA mutant in the mouse-adapted H. pylori Sydney strain 1 (SS1) to examine the role of HpaA in colonization. Because of cotranscription, constructed gene mutations have the potential to cause polar effects, i.e., inhibiting expression of downstream genes in an operon. In addition, it has been shown that knocking out one gene can affect other genes in an unpredicted manner (30). Thus, when studying a mutant, proteomic analysis offers a convenient method to monitor changes in protein expression without prior knowledge of what those changes might be. The first aim of this study was to examine the overall protein profile, including the protein expression of the genes located downstream of hpaA, of the mouse-adapted SS1 strain and its isogenic HpaA mutant. This was achieved by a proteomic approach where whole-cell extracts of the bacteria were compared by DIGE analysis. We also combined subcellular fractionation and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis with nano-LC Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) (FT-ICR) MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses in order to compare the OMP profiles of the SS1 wild-type and mutant strains. To determine whether HpaA is essential for survival in the host, mice were infected with either H. pylori SS1 or the HpaA mutant strain, and the colonization levels MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of SS1 hpaA-negative/deficient mutant SS1(ΔhpaA). The hpaA mutant was originally constructed in H. pylori strain CCUG 17874 by a two-step amplification resulting in a 450-bp deletion of the hpaA gene (kindly provided by P. Doig et al., Astrazeneca Research Centre, Boston, MA) and insertion of a 1.4-kb kanamycin cassette (25). The mutation was transferred from H. pylori CCUG 17874 to the mouse-adapted SS1 strain by natural transformation. Five kanamycin-resistant transformants were analyzed by PCR with two HpaA-specific primers (forward primer, 5′-GGCGTAGAAATGGAAGCG-3′; reverse primer, 5′-CCCAAGCTTCATCAGCCCTTAAATACACG-3′) (21) to confirm that the kanamycin cassette was inserted in the hpaA gene, resulting in a larger PCR product than of that of the wild-type SS1 strain. One of the transformants with the correct insertion was further characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody HP30-1:1:6, specific for HpaA (9). This strain, SS1(ΔhpaA), was negative in the immunoblot. Strains and culture conditions. The mouse-adapted H. pylori strains SS1 (CagA+ VacA+ Ley) (19) and SS1(ΔhpaA) were used in all experiments and stored at −70°C as stock cultures. For preparation of antigens from SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA), the bacteria were grown on Colombia-Iso agar plates to confluence for 3 days under microaerophilic conditions (10% CO2, 6% O2, and 84% N2). SS1(ΔhpaA) was cultured in the same way as SS1 throughout the experiment, with the exception of the cultures being supplemented with 25 μg/ml kanamycin. Growth curves. SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA) were first grown on Colombia-Iso plates to confluence for 2 to 3 days and then resuspended in 2 ml Brucella broth (Difco Laboratories) to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.3 (1.5 × 109 bacteria/ml). Sixteen female C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with approximately 109 CFU of H. pylori SS1 or SS1(ΔhpaA) in Brucella broth under anesthesia (Isoflurane; Abbott Scandinavia Ab, Solna, Sweden) as previously described (27). Detection of H. pylori SS1 (wild type) and SS1(ΔhpaA) in infected mice. (i) Quantitative culture. The kinetics of SS1 in the colonization of mice have been well characterized, showing stable colonization between 2 and 8 weeks of infection (27). To determine the kinetics of colonization by SS1(ΔhpaA) in mice, animals were killed at various time points after infection (3 days, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks). The stomachs were removed and washed with phosphate-buffered saline to remove food residues. One half of the stomach was used for quantitative culture as previously described (27), and the other half was used for detection of H. pylori-specific genes by PCR. The stomach homogenates from the SS1(ΔhpaA)-infected mice were cultured on blood Skirrow plates both with and without kanamycin to examine if they had lost their antibiotic resistance during the gastric infection. RESULTS Comparison of the major proteome components in H. pylori strains SS1 and SS1(ΔhpaA). To identify that no specific protein expression change had followed the construction of the HpaA mutant, we analyzed the proteome of H. pylori strain SS1 and its isogenic mutant by the 2-DE-based DIGE system. By use of cell lysis buffer compatible with the DIGE technology and isoelectric focusing at a pH interval of 3 to 10, over 800 distinct protein spots from each sample in the four replicates were detected by the DeCyder software and subsequent manual correction. The analysis of the expression profiles in strain SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant resulted in the identification of a minor number of spots (13) with a significantly changed level (P < 0.05). Of these spots, eight were found to be down-regulated and five spots were found to be upregulated in the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant (Fig. (Fig.1).1). For identification of proteins, one preparative gel was stained with Sypro ruby, and spots were digested in gel and analyzed by nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS. We successfully identified the proteins shown in Table Table1.1. Notably, the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains (Fig. (Fig.11 and and2).2). However, Omp18 (HP0796) was detected in neither the wild-type strain nor the mutant. Thus, to ascertain that the disruption of the hpaA gene had not affected the transcription of its downstream gene, omp18, an omp18-specific RT-PCR was performed on SS1 and the SS1(ΔhpaA) mutant strain, which showed that Omp18 was transcribed in both strains (data not shown). Detection of bacteria in infected mice. Colonization of H. pylori was detected both by quantitative culture and by H. pylori-specific PCR. To evaluate the colonization pattern for SS1(ΔhpaA), mice were infected with either SS1(ΔhpaA) or SS1 as a reference and then killed at various time points ranging from 3 days to 2 months. Mice infected with SS1 showed a massive colonization at all time points studied, but bacteria could not be detected in the stomachs of mice infected with SS1(ΔhpaA) either by culture (Fig. (Fig.5)5) or by H. pylori-specific PCR at any time point (data not shown). To ascertain that SS1(ΔhpaA) had not lost its kanamycin resistance during the colonization in the stomach, the bacteria were grown on plates with and without kanamycin. However, no bacteria could be detected after culture on plates without kanamycin either (data not shown). DISCUSSION Many colonization and virulence factors have been evaluated as protective antigens in immunization studies in animal models (17, 22). For a bacterial protein to be considered as a candidate vaccine antigen, it should preferably be conserved (i.e., present in all strains), secreted or surface localized, and immunogenic (i.e., capable of stimulating the immune system). HpaA fulfills all these criteria; the gene encoding HpaA is present in and expressed by all H. pylori isolates (9, 39), indicating that it is valuable for the bacterium. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected subjects mount serum antibody responses against HpaA, which decline after eradication of the bacterium (23, 37), and HpaA induces maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells, showing its immunogenicity (36). In addition, it has been shown that HpaA is expressed both intracellularly and on the bacterial surface (20, 25). To investigate the importance of HpaA in H. pylori infection, a previously described mutation of HpaA (25) was introduced into the mouse-adapted strain SS1, and the mutant strain was tested for its colonization ability and immunogenicity in a well-established animal model. In order to verify that the mutation had not caused any damage on downstream genes or second-site mutations, we performed 2-D DIGE analysis to examine the overall protein expression pattern of H. pylori strain SS1. All the detected protein spots in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were found in the mutant strain. However, 13 spots corresponding to 11 unique proteins showed small changes in expression levels in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain; of these, seven proteins were found to be down-regulated and four proteins were up-regulated. These identified proteins do not seem to be related on either the genetic or the functional level. In addition, it has been shown that minor changes in the protein expression level normally occur within a bacterial strain (35) (E. Carlsohn et al., unpublished data). The most important finding in the DIGE analysis of the wild type and its isogenic mutant was that the trigger factor encoded by the tig gene located downstream of hpaA showed similar levels of expression in both strains. It is well known that OMPs tend to be discriminated in standard 2-DE displaying total cell extract. This is due both to poor solubility and low expression levels of the proteins of interest, and it is therefore important to design an appropriate isolation procedure for this protein species. We performed subcellular fractionation of OMPs in combination with one-dimensional PAGE analysis and nano-LC FT-ICR MS and MS/MS analyses of tryptic peptides. By use of this novel approach, we identified over 20 outer membrane proteins and 8 flagella-associated proteins in both investigated strains. All OMPs present in the wild-type strain, with the exception of HpaA, were also expressed in the mutant strain. The cotranscription of hpaA and the downstream gene omp18 has previously been described (20). It was therefore of interest to study the expression of the omp18 gene product in the constructed HpaA mutant to investigate possible polar effects on surrounding genes in the mutant. Unfortunately, the Omp18 protein was not detected in any of the strains. However, RT-PCR analysis of omp18 mRNA from the wild-type and mutant strains clearly showed that omp18 was transcribed in both strains, indicating that disruption of hpaA did not have any polar effects on its downstream genes (data not shown). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the Omp18 protein has never been detected, suggesting that it might not be translated but that it might only be present on the mRNA level. Because no major differences between the two strains could be detected, we proceeded to an animal model for evaluation of the physiological importance of HpaA. In vivo studies showed that while mice infected with the wild-type SS1 strain were heavily colonized, its isogenic mutant failed to colonize the mice at all time points examined. Thus, the fact that the mutant did not show significant differences in growth under laboratory conditions suggests that the observed phenotype is strictly in vivo dependent. HpaA was originally pointed out as a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, and several studies have tried to elucidate the function of HpaA in in vitro adhesion studies, but the results are not conclusive. For example, bacterial binding to gastric cell lines in vitro was not affected by an inactivated hpaA gene (25). However, epithelial cell lines have been demonstrated to respond quite differently to bacterial stimulations compared to freshly isolated epithelial cells (4). Furthermore, deletion of the hpaA gene did not influence the glycosphingolipid recognition pattern of the bacteria, as evaluated by binding of the bacteria to previously identified H. pylori-binding glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatograms (1). Thus, both the parent SS1 strain and the HpaA knockout mutant bound to lactosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, lactotetraosylceramide, and Leb-terminated glycosphingolipids (S. Teneberg et al., unpublished data). One may therefore speculate whether HpaA itself directly mediates receptor binding or whether it is involved in facilitating the adhesin transport and folding, or if it exerts regulatory functions. The role of HpaA needs to be elucidated in further investigations. In conclusion, we have shown that the disruption of the HpaA-encoding gene did not induce any major differences in the protein expression pattern in the mutant compared with the wild-type strain. We have also demonstrated that HpaA is essential for bacterial colonization in the gastric mucosa of mice, establishing for the first time a physiological role of HpaA in vivo. Abstract Infection with the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can give rise to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. All H. pylori strains express the surface-localized protein HpaA, a promising candidate for a vaccine against H. pylori infection. To study the physiological importance of HpaA, a mutation of the hpaA gene was introduced into a mouse-adapted H. pylori strain. To justify that the interruption of the hpaA gene did not cause any polar effects of downstream genes or was associated with a second site mutation, the protein expression patterns of the mutant and wild-type strains were characterized by two different proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis of whole-cell extracts and subcellular fractionation combined with nano-liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for outer membrane protein profiling revealed only minor differences in the protein profile between the mutant and the wild-type strains. Therefore, the mutant strain was tested for its colonizing ability in a well-established mouse model. While inoculation with the wild-type strain resulted in heavily H. pylori-infected mice, the HpaA mutant strain was not able to establish colonization. Thus, by combining proteomic analysis and in vivo studies, we conclude that HpaA is essential for the colonization of H.

Cellulose, 2-hydroxypropyl ether; oxypropylated cellulose; E463; hyprolose cas no :9004-64-2

HPMA This special volume is devoted to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers. It is an opportunity to review what was done and identify directions for future research. The HPMA development and data presented will be related mostly to the authors' laboratory, not to overlap with other author's contributions in this volume. The work done with HPMA copolymers as drug carriers, protein, and surface modifiers, and as synthetic components in smart hybrid biomaterials design has been summarized. More details and work from other laboratories may be found in the other chapters in this volume that cover more focused topics. The choice of HPMA for development as drug carrier was not random. Based on the detailed studies of the relationship between the structure of hydrophilic polymers and their biocompatibility [11-21], we have chosen N-substituted methacrylamides as our target because the α-carbon substitution and the N-substituted amide bond ensured hydrolytic stability of the side-chains. We synthesized a series of compounds trying to identify a crystalline monomer for easy purification and reproducible synthesis. The first crystalline N-substituted methacrylamide we succeeded to synthesize, HPMA, was chosen for future development [22,23]. 2.2. First HPMA copolymer drug and/or protein conjugates Macromolecules are internalized by cells via endocytosis and ultimately localize in the (enzyme rich) lysosomal compartment. Consequently, we developed HPMA copolymers containing enzymatically degradable bonds (Fig. 3) [34]. Oligopeptide side-chains were designed as drug attachment/release sites [35] and shown to be degradable in vivo [36]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f3.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 3 HPMA copolymers containing enzymatically cleavable bonds [30,34,37-45,47-49,55]. The first degradable polymer carriers based on HPMA were also reported at the Polymers in Medicine Microsymposium in the Prague in 1977 [52] and at conferences in Varna [53] and Tashkent [54]. We used the oxidized insulin B chain (it contains two amino groups at positions 1 and 29) to prepare branched, water-soluble HPMA copolymers by reacting insulin B-chain with HPMA copolymers containing side-chains terminated in p-nitrophenyl esters. The polymers were cleavable (Fig. 4), so we chose the sequence 23-25 (Gly-Phe-Phe) from the insulin B-chain (the bond originating at amino acid 25 is cleavable by chymotrypsin) and synthesized branched, soluble high molecular weight enzymatically degradable copolymers containing the Gly-Phe-Phe segments in crosslinks connecting primary chains [38]. The latter type of polymer carrier was evaluated in vivo in rats and it was shown that the branched polymer carrier is degradable and its molecular weight distribution decreases with time following i.v. administration [36]. These experiments demonstrated the possibility to manipulate the intravascular half-life of polymeric carriers based on HPMA. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f4.jpg Fig. 4 Branched HPMA copolymers containing the GFF degradable sequence in crosslinks; this sequence mimics the amino acid residues 23-25 of the insulin B chain [38,52]. 2.4. Validation of the targetability of HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates The choice and design of a targeting system has to be based on a sound biological rationale. The design of the first targetable HPMA copolymer was based on the observation [56] that small changes in the structure of glycoproteins lead to dramatic changes in the fate of the modified glycoprotein in the organism. When a glycoprotein (ceruloplasmin) was administered into rats, a long intravascular half-life was observed. However, when the terminal sialic acid was removed from ceruloplasmin, the asialoglycoprotein (asialoceruloplasmin) formed contains side-chains exposing the penultimate galactose units. The intravascular half-life of the latter was dramatically shortened due to the biorecognition of the molecule by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the hepatocytes. This receptor recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties [56]. To determine if one can mimic this process with a synthetic macromolecule, we synthesized HPMA copolymers with N-methacryloylglycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester and attached galactosamine by aminolysis [57]. These copolymers behaved similarly to the glycoproteins and were biorecognizable in vivo (Fig. 5). Their clearance from the bloodstream was related to the N-acylated galactosamine content (1-11 mol%) of the HPMA copolymer [57-59]. Separation of the rat liver into hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells indicated that the polymer is largely associated with hepatocytes, and density-gradient subcellular fractionation of the liver confirmed that the HPMA copolymers were internalized by liver cells and transported, with time, into the secondary lysosomes [59,60]. It was very important to find that HPMA copolymers containing side-chains terminated in galactosamine and anticancer drug adriamycin also preferentially accumulated in the liver, i.e., it appeared that non-specific hydrophobic interactions with cell membranes did not interfere with the biorecognition by hepatocytes [61]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f5.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 5 Validations of the targetability of HPMA copolymers. N-acylated galactosamine as the targeting moiety was chosen to mimic the glycoprotein-asialoglycoprotein system [57-59]. In parallel, efforts on the targetability of HPMA copolymer-antibody conjugates started. First HPMA copolymer conjugates with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibodies and anti-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) antibodies were evaluated. Targetable conjugates containing daunomycin were synthesized and in vitro experiments have shown two orders of magnitude enhanced cytotoxicity of the targeted conjugate (when compared to the nontargeted one) [62]. The targetability and activity of anti-Thy1.2 conjugates with HPMA copolymer-daunomycin conjugates was proven in vivo on a mouse model [63]. Anti-Thy1.2 antibodies were also efficient in targeting HPMA copolymer-photosensitizer (chlorin e6) conjugates [64]. 2.5. Early interdisciplinary collaborations At the beginning of the eighties, we started collaborations with coworkers from the biological field: John Lloyd and Ruth Duncan from the University of Keele in United Kingdom, and Blanka Říhová from the Institute of Microbiology in Prague. The collaboration with the Keele group was initiated by Helmuth Ringsdorf who gave a lecture at the 1977 Prague symposium (where Kopecek presented first HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates and biodegradable carriers based on HPMA). After the meeting Ringsdorf suggested to Lloyd to contact Kopecek because he thought that the collaboration would be beneficial for both. Kopecek met Lloyd in Dresden in July 1978 and they agreed on the evaluation of HPMA copolymer conjugates. First samples were synthesized (different side-chains terminated in p-nitroanilide as drug model) and evaluated at Keele for their cleavability by lysosomal enzymes [42,65] and their stability in blood plasma and serum [46]. More than 300 different polymer structures containing oligopeptide sequences were synthesized in the Prague laboratory [24,25,35,47], and biological properties of a number of them evaluated at Keele within a 10 year period [66,67]. The collaboration with Vladimír Kostka and coworkers from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague on the cleavability of peptide sequences in HPMA copolymers by cathepsin B [44, Fig. 4], the most important lysosomal cysteine proteinase, resulted in the identification of GFLG sequence, which is incorporated in all conjugates used in clinical trials. From the two fastest cleaving oligopeptides, GFLG and GFTA (see Fig. 3, example 5), we have chosen the GFLG sequence over the GFTA to avoid T; at that time we were worried about the potential immunogenicity. In 1978 Kopecek gave a lecture at the Institute of Microbiology in Prague. After the lecture he discussed with Říhová and the collaboration with her group on the immunogenicity/biocompatibility [69-72] and biorecognition (targeting) [62-64] of HPMA conjugates commenced. These collaborations resulted in the filing of "Polymeric drugs" patent application in 1985 [68]. Kopecek coined the name for the HPMA copolymers evaluated in clinical trials as PK1 and PK2(P for Prague, K for Keele) (Fig. 6). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc Object name is nihms159442f6.jpg Structures of PK1 and PK2, first HPMA copolymers evaluated in clinical trials [68]. Conjugate PK1 contains doxorubicin bound to HPMA copolymer via a tetrapeptide sequence stable in the blood stream but susceptible to enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis in the lysosomes. Conjugate PK2 contains in addition side-chains terminated in N-acylated galactosamine complementary to the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes. 3. HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates The early experiments provided the foundation for the development of HPMA copolymers as drug carriers. As in the majority of new scientific areas, the research initially focused on the accumulation of basic data on the structure-properties relationship. The summary of research in areas we consider important for the development of clinically relevant HPMA copolymer conjugates follows: HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates are nanosized (5-20 nm) water-soluble constructs. Their unique structural, physicochemical, and biological properties are advantageous when compared to low molecular weight drugs. The concept of targeted polymer-drug conjugates was developed to address the lack of specificity of low molecular weight drugs for cancer cells. The efficiency of extravasation into solid tumors depends on the concentration gradient between the vasculature and tumor tissue and time. Consequently, high molecular weight (long-circulating) polymer conjugates accumulate efficiently in tumor tissue [85] due to the EPR effect [79,100]. However, if they possess a non-degradable backbone, they may deposit and accumulate in various organs [18]. We have previously synthesized high molecular weight carriers by connecting HPMA chains via lysosomally degradable oligopeptide sequences [34] to form water-soluble branched conjugates [36,38-41,101-103]. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration to rats, the oligopeptide crosslinks were cleaved and the resulting lower molecular weight polymer chains were excreted into the urine [36]. These water-soluble copolymers were synthesized by crosslinking (short of gel point) of HPMA copolymer precursors (containing oligopeptide side-chains terminated in a reactive ester group) with diamines. Later, we designed a new, reproducible synthetic pathway for long-circulating HPMA copolymers [85,104]. New crosslinking agents were synthesized and high molecular weight copolymers prepared by crosslinking copolymerization. The composition of the monomer mixture, however, has to be such that at the end of the polymerization the system is short of the gel point (water-soluble). This method [104] is also suitable for the synthesis of HPMA copolymers, which contain, in addition to oligopeptide crosslinks, oligopeptide side-chains terminated in doxorubicin (DOX) (or other anticancer drugs). The influence of the molecular weight of such conjugates on their biological activity was evaluated [85]. Copolymerization of HPMA, a polymerizable derivative of DOX (N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl doxorubicin) and a crosslinking agent, N2,N5-bis(N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl) ornithine resulted in high molecular weight, branched, water-soluble HPMA copolymers containing lysosomally degradable oligopeptide sequences in the crosslinks as well as in side-chains terminated in DOX. Four conjugates with Mw of 22, 160, 895, 1230 kDa were prepared. Biodistribution of the conjugates and their treatment efficacy in nu/nu mice bearing s.c. human ovarian OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts were determined (Fig. 7). The half-life of conjugates in the blood was up to 5 times longer and the elimination rate from the tumor was up to 25 times slower as the Mw of conjugates increased from 22 to 1230 kDa. The treatment with HPMA copolymer-bound DOX possessing an Mw higher than 160 kDa inhibited the tumor growth more efficiently than that of 22 kDa or free DOX(p<0.02). The data clearly indicated that the higher the molecular weight of the conjugate the higher the treatment efficacy of human ovarian xenografts in nu/nu mice [85]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f7.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 7 Long-circulating HPMA copolymer-DOX (P-DOX) conjugates of different molecular weight (Mw). (A) Chemical structure of HPMA copolymer-doxorubicin conjugate containing glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine side-chains and N2,N5-bis(N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl)ornithine crosslinker [104]; (B) concentration of DOX in OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts in nu/nu mice after i.v. bolus of free DOX or P-DOX of different Mw; (C) growth inhibition of s.c. human ovarian OVCAR-3 carcinoma xenografts in nu/nu mice by long-circulating P-DOX conjugates. The mice received i.v. injection of 2.2 mg/kg DOX equivalent dose as P-DOX of different Mw [85]. We hypothesized that HPMA copolymer-bound DOX [P(GFLG)- DOX] (P is the HPMA copolymer backbone) would behave differently than free DOX during long term incubation with cancer cells. To verify the hypothesis, we have studied the effect of free DOX and P(GFLG)- DOX on the induction of multidrug resistance and changes in metabolism in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells during repeated cyclic (chronic) exposure [111]. Such experiments are of therapeutic relevance. The development of multidrug resistance during adaptation of sensitive human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells to free DOX and P(GFLG)-DOX was analyzed. Adaptation of sensitive A2780 cells to repeated action of free DOX augmented cellular resistance to DOX and finally led to the over-expression of the MDR1 gene. On the other hand, P(GFLG)-DOX induced neither the multidrug resistance with or without MDR1 gene expression, nor the adaptation of the sensitive A2780 cells to free DOX [111]. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f8.jpg Fig. 8 Effect of free DOX (squares) and HPMA copolymer-bound DOX (triangles) on the growth of sensitive A2780 and multidrug resistant A2780/AD human ovarian carcinoma xenografts in female nu/nu mice. Mice were treated i.p. 6 times over 3 weeks (1st and 4th day of each week) with the maximum tolerated dose of free DOX (5 mg/kg) and P(GFLG)- DOX (25 mg/kg). Circles - control tumor. Means±SE are shown [89]. Finally, we have demonstrated the advantages of targeted combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy using OV-TL16- targeted HPMA copolymer-DOX and HPMA copolymer-mesochlorin e6 conjugates. OV-TL16 antibodies are complementary to the OA-3 antigen (CD47) present on the majority of ovarian cancers. The immunoconjugates (Fig. 9) preferentially accumulated in human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 xenografts in nude mice with a concomitant increase in therapeutic efficacy when compared with non-targeted conjugates [83]. The targeted conjugates suppressed tumor growth for the entire length of the experiment (>60 days; unpublished data). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms159442f9.jpg Open in a separate window Fig. 9 Efficacy of combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy of OVCAR-3 xenografts in nude mice with non-targeted and OV-TL16 antibody-targeted HPMA copolymer conjugates. Therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy of HPMA copolymer-bound Mce6 (P(GFLG)-Mce6) and DOX (P(GFLG)-DOX) targeted with OV-TL 16 antibodies toward OVCAR-3 xenografts was compared to non-treated xenografts and non-targeted combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Equivalent doses of targeted combination therapy enhanced the tumor-suppressive effect as compared to non-targeted combination therapy. Dose administered: 2.2 mg/kg DOX equivalent and 1.5 mg/kg Mce6 equivalent. Irradiation for photodynamic therapy: 650 nm, 200 mW/cm2 18 h after administration [83, unpublished]. The combination index (CI) analysis was used to quantify the synergism, antagonism, and additive effects of binary combinations of free and HPMA copolymer-bound anticancer drugs, 2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl- 2-thienyl)furan (SOS), DOX, and mesochlorin e6 mono-ethylenediamine (Mce6) in anticancer effect toward human renal carcinoma A498 cells. The combination of SOS+DOX proved to be synergistic over all cell growth inhibition levels. All other combinations exhibited synergism in a wide range of drug effect levels [117]. Similarly, the targeted (using Fab′ of OV-TL16 antibody) and nontargeted targeted HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates, P(GFLG)-Mce6 and P(GFLG)-SOS, were evaluated against human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells. The observations that most combinations produced synergistic effects will be important for clinical translation [118]. In collaboration with Satchi-Fainaro's laboratory at the University of Tel Aviv a new therapeutic strategy for bone neoplasms using combined targeted polymer-bound angiogenesis inhibitors was developed [119]. The aminobisphosphonate alendronate (ALN), and the potent anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 were conjugated with HPMA copolymer. Using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, we synthesized a HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 conjugate bearing a cathepsin K-cleavable linker, a protease overexpressed in bone tissues. Free and conjugated ALNTNP- 470 demonstrated their synergistic anti-angiogenic and antitumor activity by inhibiting proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of endothelial and osteosarcoma cells. The bi-specific HPMA copolymer conjugate reduced vascular hyperpermeability and remarkably inhibited human osteosarcoma growth in mice by 96%. These findings indicate that HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 is the first narrowly dispersed anti-angiogenic conjugate synthesized by RAFT polymerization that targets both the tumor epithelial and endothelial compartments warranting its use on osteosarcomas and bone metastases (Fig. 10) [119]. Inhibition of MG-63-Ras human osteosarcoma growth in mice by HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP470 conjugate. (A) Structure of the conjugate; (B) effects of free (open triangles) or conjugated (closed triangles) ALN and TNP-470 on MG-63-Ras human osteosarcoma tumor growth compared to vehicle-treated group (closed squares) and dissected tumors images. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Data represent mean±S.E. (n=5 mice per group). Adapted from [119]. 3.4. Novel targeting strategies As discussed in 3.1, HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates accumulate passively in solid tumors as a result of the (molecular weight dependent) enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect [85]. Active targeting of HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates can be achieved with the incorporation of cancer cell-specific ligands, such as carbohydrates, lectins, antibodies, antibody fragments, and peptides, resulting in enhanced uptake of conjugates by cancer cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis with concomitant improvement of therapeutic efficacy [120,121]. Among different cancer targeting molecules, peptides are of particular interest. Enhanced peptide targeting efficiency can be achieved through multivalent interactions [122] between targets and HPMA copolymer-peptide conjugates containing multiple copies of peptides within a single polymer chain (Fig. 11) [123]. Multivalency effect in the biorecognition of HPMA copolymer-peptide-DOX conjugates. Inhibition of Raji B cell growth by exposure to HPMA copolymer-DOX (P (GFLG)-DOX) conjugate containing varying amount of targeting peptide, EDPGFFN-VEIPEF, per macromolecule. (A) Structure of conjugate; (B) inhibition of Raji B cell growth by P(GFLG)-DOX (no targeting peptide), P(GFLG)-DOX containing 1.9 mol% targeting peptide, and P(GFLG)-DOX containing 3.9 mol% targeting peptide. Adapted from [123]. Combinatorial approaches, such as phage display or synthetic peptide libraries, are suitable for the identification of targeting peptides. Overexpression of the CD21 receptor was found on lymphoblastoid cell lines such as Raji cells; consequently, we have used these techniques to identify targeting moieties for lymphomas [124,125]. With phage display, five distinctive peptides (RMWPSSTVNLSAGRR, PNLDFSPTCSFRFGC, GRVPSMFGGHFFFSR, RLAYWCFSGLFLLVC, and PVAAVSFVPYLVKTY) were identified as ligands of CD21 receptor. The dissociation constants of selected peptides were determined to be in the micromolar range [124]. Using a synthetic chemical combinatorial technique, one-bead one-compound (OBOC) method, we identified four heptapeptides (YILIHRN, PTLDPLP, LVLLTRE, and IVFLLVQ) as ligands for the CD21 receptor [125]. The dissociation constants were found to be similar to peptides selected by phage display. Importantly, the peptides retained their biorecognizability towards CD21 receptor after they were conjugated to HPMA copolymers and demonstrated a multivalency effect [125]. Several peptide-targeted HPMA copolymer- drug conjugates displayed anticancer activity [123,126,127]. The combinatorial chemistry approach (OBOC), when combined with a high-stringency screening method, is able to identify peptides with a picomolar affinity [128,129]. 3.4.1. Oral, colon-specific delivery of drugs The development of drug delivery systems capable of selective release of drug in the colon has received much attention. Site-specific delivery to the colon can be achieved by the exploitation of the microbial enzyme activities present predominantly in the colon. The colon has a concentration of microorganisms 5 orders of magnitude greater than the small intestine or stomach. Some of the enzymatic activity produced by microorganisms in the colon, e.g., azoreductase and glycosidase activities do not overlap with the enzymatic activities in the upper GI tract. The azoreductase activities have been studied in detail and used to convert low molecular weight prodrugs into active metabolites in the colon as well as to release active species from water-soluble polymeric carriers [130]. To achieve colon-specific delivery, a (aromatic amino group-containing) drug may be attached to HPMA copolymer side-chains via an aromatic azo bond cleavable by the azoreductase activities present in the colon [51,131-138]. For example, the release of 5-aminosalicylic acid bound to HPMA copolymers via an aromatic azo bond was demonstrated using Streptococcus faecium, an isolated strain of bacteria commonly found in the colon [131], the cecum contents of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits [133], and in human feces [133]. Recently, we concentrated on the oral delivery of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC). First, we attached 9-AC to HPMA copolymers through a spacer containing an aromatic azo bond and amino acid residues [134,135]. It was shown that the aromatic azo bond was cleaved first in vitro [134] and in vivo [135], followed by peptidase-catalyzed cleavage of the amino acid (dipeptide) drug derivative resulting in the release of free 9-AC. However, the cleavage of the peptide drug derivative was not fast enough to achieve high concentrations of free 9-AC in the colon. These results indicated that conjugates containing a spacer with a faster 9-AC release rate need to be designed. To this end, a monomer containing 9-AC, an aromatic azo bond and a 1,6- elimination spacer was designed and synthesized [51]. The combination of the colon-specific aromatic azo bond cleavage and 1,6- elimination reaction resulted in a fast and highly efficient release of unmodified 9-AC from the HPMA copolymer conjugate by cecal contents in vitro, with concomitant stability in simulated upper GI tract conditions. The conjugate possessed a favorable pharmacokinetics [136,137] and was effective in colon cancer models (Fig. 12) [138]. HPMA copolymer-9-aminocamptothecin conjugate. (A) Structure and scheme of release of unmodified 9-AC from HPMA copolymer-9-AC conjugates by a two-step process - rate controlling aromatic azo bond cleavage, followed by fast 1,6-elimination [51]; (B) survival curves of mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts treated by 9-AC and P-9-AC at a dose of 3 mg/kg of 9-AC or 9-AC equivalent [138]. 3.4.1.1. Targeting in the gastrointestinal tract Cell-surface glycoproteins reflect the stage of differentiation and maturity of colon epithelial cells. Diseased tissues, carcinomas and pre-cancerous conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, have altered glycoprotein expression when compared to healthy ones. Consequently, lectins may be used as targeting moieties for polymer-bound drugs [139-141]. Whereas WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) binds to healthy tissues, PNA (peanut agglutinin) binds to diseased tissues. We hypothesized that HPMA copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates could deliver therapeutic agents to diseased tissues by targeting colonic glycoproteins. We examined biorecognition of free and HPMA copolymer-conjugated WGA and PNA and anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen antibody binding in normal neonatal, adult and diseased rodent tissues, human specimens of inflammation and Barrett's esophagus. Neonatal WGA binding was comparable to the adult, with additional luminal columnar cell binding. PNA binding was more prevalent; luminal columnar cell binding existed during the first 2 1/2 weeks of life. WGA binding was strong in both normal and diseased adult tissues; a slight decrease was noted in disease. PNA binding was minimal in normal tissues; increases were seen in disease. Anti-TF antigen antibody studies showed that PNA was not binding to the antigen. The results suggest that HPMA copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates may provide site-specific treatment of conditions like colitis or Barrett's esophagus [141]. A wide variety of therapeutic agents may benefit by specifically directing them to the mitochondria in tumor cells. To design delivery systems that would enable a combination of tumor and mitochondrial targeting, novel HPMA copolymer-based delivery systems that employ triphenylphosphonium ions as mitochondriotropic agents [147] were developed [142]. Constructs were initially synthesized with fluorescent labels substituting for drug and were used for validation experiments. Microinjection and incubation experiments performed using these fluorescently-labeled constructs confirmed the mitochondrial targeting ability [148]. Subsequently, HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates were synthesized using a photosensitizer mesochlorin e6 (Mce6). Mitochondrial targeting of HPMA copolymer-bound Mce6 enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to non-targeted HPMA copolymer-Mce6 conjugates [142]. Minor modifications may be required to adapt the current design and allow for tumor site-specific mitochondrial targeting of other therapeutic agents. Novel HPMA copolymer-based delivery systems of this derivative were also synthesized [143]. After internalization of a HPMA copolymer-Cort-Mce6 conjugate (via lysosomally degradable GFLG spacer) by endocytosis, Cort-Mce6 was cleaved, translocated to the cytoplasm, bound to the GR, and translocated to the nucleus [143]. To verify that coupling of cortisol to Mce6 maintains the capacity to form a complex with the cytosolic GR resulting in nuclear localization, we investigated the subcellular fate of the modified drug. Cort-Mce6 was monitored in 1471.1 cells transfected with plasmid that expresses green fluorescent protein labeled glucocorticoid receptor (GFP-GR). Cortisol and Mce6 served as positive and negative controls, respectively. GR translocated to the nucleus after attachment of a glucocorticoid analog (e.g., cortisol). The fluorescent GFP label permits the movement of the GR to be monitored in real time. The data (Fig. 13) clearly indicated the time- and concentration-dependent nuclear localization of cortisol-Lys-Mce6 and cortisol. In contrast, cells incubated with Mce6 did not show any alteration in receptor localization following treatment [143]. We developed a novel method for the substitution of the 17-methoxy group of GDM to introduce a primary amino group that is useful for conjugation with targeting moieties and HPMA copolymer-based drug carriers [158]. HPMA copolymers containing different AR-GDM (AR=3-aminopropyl (AP), 6-aminohexyl (AH), and 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl (AP(OH)), attached via a lysosomally degradable GFLG spacer, were synthesized and characterized [159]. The cytotoxic efficacy of HPMA copolymer-AR-GDM conjugates depended on the structure of AR-GDM [160]. To verify the hypothesis that P(AP-GDM) [HPMA copolymer-17-(3-aminopropylamino)-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin conjugate] may change the gene expression profiles of low molecular weight GDM derivatives, 32P-macroarray analysis (Clonetech) was employed to evaluate the gene expression profiles in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells treated with GDM, AP-GDM and P(AP-GDM) at 2 times 50% cell growth inhibitory concentration (IC50). About 1200 genes related to cancer were evaluated at 6 h and 12 h and three-fold changes in expression were considered significant. Considerable similarities in gene expression profiles were found after AP-GDM and P(AP-GDM) treatments as demonstrated by the hierarchical clustering of the gene expression ratios [91]. However, the outcome was different when individual genes relevant to the mechanism of action of geldanamycin were analyzed. P(AP-GDM)-treated cells showed lower expression of HSP70 and HSP27 compared with AP-GDM up to 12 h. Possibly, internalization pathways and subcellular drug localization of P(AP-GDM), different from low molecular AP-GDM, may modulate the cell stress responses induced by AP-GDM. The results of 32P-macroarray were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting [91]. It is possible that internalization of HPMA copolymer-AP-GDM conjugate via endocytosis may circumvent interactions with external components of the cell, such as plasma membrane, which may be sensitive to stressors and environmental changes (Fig. 15). Similarly, we previously observed that A2780 cells treated with HPMA copolymer-DOX conjugate showed a down-regulation of the HSP70 gene more pronounced than that observed in the cells treated with free DOX [89]. These findings may suggest that conjugation of AP-GDM to HPMA copolymer may be able to modulate the cell stress responses induced by AP-GDM due to differences in its internalization mechanism, subcellular localization, and intracellular concentration gradients [91]. 3.7. Cancer: clinical trials HPMA copolymer-based macromolecular therapeutics have been developed considerably in the last 20 years - numerous conjugates have entered clinical trials for therapeutic validation in the last decade. These include HPMA copolymer-DOX [163-165], HPMA copolymer-DOX-galactosamine [166], HPMA copolymer-camptothecin [167], HPMA copolymer-paclitaxel [168], and HPMA copolymer-platinates [169]. Results from testing of some of these conjugates are promising; hopefully the FDA approval of a first macromolecular therapeutics will occur soon. In Section 4.1 we summarized our ideas on the design principles of second-generation conjugates with enhanced therapeutic potential. 3.8. HPMA copolymer conjugates in the treatment of non-cancerous diseases HPMA copolymer-drug conjugates may be used also for the treatment of diseases other than cancer. We designed bone-targeted HPMA copolymer-conjugated with a well-established bone anabolic agent (prostaglandin E1; PGE1) for the treatment of osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal diseases [50,170-175]. The biorecognition of the conjugates by the skeleton was mediated by an octapeptide of D-aspartic acid (D-Asp8) or alendronate [170,172]. This system has the potential to deliver the bone anabolic agent, PGE1, specifically to the hard tissues after systemic administration. Once bound to bone, the PGE1 will be preferentially released at the sites of higher turnover rate (greater osteoclasts activity) via cathepsin K (osteoclast specific) catalyzed hydrolysis of a specific peptide spacer and subsequent 1,6-elimination [50,176]. When given in anabolic dosing range, the released PGE1 will activate corresponding EP receptors on bone cells surface to achieve net bone formation. The main features of the design are HPMA copolymer backbone containing

Huperzia Serrata extract is a naturally-occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata and in varying quantities in other food Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.
Huperzia Serrata extract has been investigated as a treatment for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, but a 2013 meta-analysis of those studies concluded that they were of poor methodological quality and the findings should be interpreted with caution.
Huperzia Serrata extract inhibits the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

CAS: 102518-79-6
MF: C15H18N2O
MW: 242.32
EINECS: 600-320-6

Synonyms
Huperzine-A1-5%;(5r-(5-alpha,9-beta,11e))-ydro-7-methyl;5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one,5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrah;HUPERIZINE;(-)-HUPERZINE A FROM HUPERZIA SERRATA;HuperziaSerrateP.E120786-18-7/;(5R,9R,E)-5-AMino-11-ethylidene-7-Methyl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-5,9-Methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one;(-)-Huperzine A (HupA)

Huperzia Serrata extract is also an antagonist of the NMDA-receptor.
Huperzia Serrata extract is commonly available over the counter as a nutritional supplement and marketed as a memory and concentration enhancer.
Huperzia Serrata extract is obtained from Huperzia serrata, which is the perennial fern.
Huperzia Serrata extract shows activities in antipyretic, hemostasis, and dehumidification and is used for the treatment in folk of pneumonia, lung abscess, hematemesis, hematochezia, traumatic injury, etc.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity.
Huperzia Serrata extract is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
Huperzia Serrata extract has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a nootropic agent.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a sesquiterpene alkaloid, a pyridone, a primary amino compound and an organic heterotricyclic compound.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a conjugate base of a huperzine A(1+).

Huperzia Serrata extract has also been noted to help induce lucid dreaming.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a natural plant alkaloid that extracted from the Chinese medicine Huperzia serrata under the genus Huperzia.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a potent, revisable and highly selective second generation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with the appearance of yellow to white crystalline powder, and is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in methanol and ethanol, slightly soluble in water, with high lipid solubility.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a small molecule that can well penetrate the blood brain barrier, and after entering the central nervous, it distributes more in the brain's frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus and areas that are closely related to learning and memory.
Huperzia Serrata extract has a strong inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) at a low dosage, significantly increasing the content of acetylcholine (Ach) in neural synaptic cleft in the distribution area, thus enhancing neuronal excitatory transmission, strengthening the excitement of learning and memory in the brain, thereby with the function of improving cognitive function, enhancing memory retention and promoting memory reproduction.
Huperzia Serrata extract is currently the most successful development of Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia) drugs.

Huperzia Serrata extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: 211-216oC
Alpha: D -147° (c = 0.36 in CH3OH) (Ayer); D24.5 -150.4° (c = 0.498 in MeOH) (Liu)
Boiling point: 505.0±50.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.20±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
Storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,2-8°C
Solubility: insoluble in H2O; ≥12.12 mg/mL in DMSO; ≥23.13 mg/mL in EtOH
Pka: 12.25±0.60(Predicted)
Form: Solid
Color: White to Almost white
optical activity: [α]/D -153±5°, c = 0.5 in methanol
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H18N2O/c1-3-11-10-6-9(2)8-15(11,16)12-4-5-14(18)17-13(12)7-10/h3-6,10H,7-8,16H2,1-2H3,(H,17,18)/b11-3+/t10-,15+/m0/s1
InChIKey: ZRJBHWIHUMBLCN-YQEJDHNASA-N
LogP: 0.833 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 102518-79-6(CAS DataBase Reference)

Appearance: white crystalline powder.
Bitter with hygroscopicity.
Solubility: easily soluble in chloroform, soluble in methanol and ethanol, and slightly soluble in water.
Melting point: 211–216°C.

Indications
Huperzia Serrata extract is a potent reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, stronger than physostigmine, neostigmine and Tacrine.
When used for myasthenia gravis, the effective rate reaches to 99%.
Clinical trials show that the product is suitable for benign memory disorders.
Huperzia Serrata extract can improve patients’ ability in directed memory, associative learning, image memory, meaningless figure recognition and portrait retrieval，and it also can enhance normal people’s ability in learning and memory.
Huperzia Serrata extract also can improve memory disorders that caused by dementia and organic pathologic changes in brain.

Clinically, Huperzia Serrata extract is applicable to the treatment of the following symptoms:
1. for the treatment and improvement of memory dysfunction in elder age, improving memory association function; for the memory deterioration caused by excessive use of the brain, improving work efficiency;
2. for memory function deterioration associated with neurasthenia;
3. for memory deterioration caused by cerebral vascular disorder;
4. for memory improvement of Alzheimer's disease, and it has significant effects on improving and restoring the patient's cognitive ability, memory function and abnormal emotion behaviors;
5. for the treatment of myasthenia gravis;
6. for improvement of disturbance of association, low cognitive function, memory deterioration that associated with schizophrenia;
7. for improvement of memory dysfunction associated with a variety of brain diseases and physical disorders.

Uses
Huperzia Serrata extract is a new drug for the treatment of benign memory disorders that can effectively prevent cerebral neurasthenia in the middle-aged and elderly, restore cranial nerve function, and activate cranial neurotransmitters.
Huperzia Serrata extract can not only inhibite the activity of cholinesterase, but also improve cognitive function and ability of learning and memory through a variety of pharmacological mechanisms like effecting the system of free radicals, reducing expression levels of somatostatin, intracellular [Ca2+], glutamic acid content and increase calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin messenger RNA (CaM mRNA).

Huperzia Serrata extract is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer disease that reversible alkaloid inhibitor of AChE which crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Huperzia Serrata extract reduces cell death induced by glutamate in primary cultures derived from forebrain, hippocampus, cortex and cere.
In China, Huperzia Serrata extract is approved for use in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Huperzia Serrata extract was classified as a dietary supplement by the FDA in 1997.
As a nutraceutical, Huperzia Serrata extract is available in American health food stores or via the Internet, labeled as a memory aid.

Pharmacology
Huperzia Serrata extract has the ability to enhance learning and memory, improve spatial memory, and can be used for age-related dementia, vascular dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Compared with the current anti-AD drugs, Huperzia Serrata extract can go through the blood-brain barrier, with a high oral bioavailability and longer time inhibition on AChE.
As a highly selective AChE reversible inhibitor, Huperzia Serrata extract can inhibit AChE, reduce acetylcholine hydrolysis, and improve the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap.
This inhibition is reversible, lasts for a long time, shows no drug dependence if repeated administration, and does not induce significant liver toxicity.
X-ray diffraction results show that the direct binding of huperzine A to AChE active sites inhibits the binding of AChE to its substrate.
In addition to the potent inhibition on AChE, Huperzia Serrata extract only shows a weak inhibitory effect on the butyrylcholinesterase; also protects neurons by inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing somatostatin, reducing the content of glutamate, decreasing the increased intracellular calcium, and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis; further improves AD-related cognitive function and reduces the symptoms of AD patients.

Huperzia Serrata extract is extracted from Huperzia serrata.
Huperzia Serrata extract is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier.
Huperzia Serrata extract is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the neurotransmitter ACh and other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters.
The structure of the complex of Huperzia Serrata extract with acetylcholinesterase has been determined by X-ray crystallography (PDB code: 1VOT; see the 3D structure).

Huperzia Serrata extract has been investigated as a possible treatment for diseases characterized by neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease, and there is some evidence from small-scale studies that Huperzia Serrata extract can benefit cognitive functioning, global clinical status, and ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) among individuals with the disease.
In a 2016 systematic review of systematic reviews, Huperzia Serrata extract was associated with a standardized mean difference of 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95-2.02) compared to placebo on measures of ADL among people with dementia, but the evidence was very low-quality and uncertain.
In a 2022 umbrella review, Huperzia Serrata extract was associated with broad benefits to dementia patients' cognitive functioning, but the degree of heterogeneity in measurements and outcomes of the reviewed studies indicated publication bias toward Huperzia Serrata extract benefit.

Phoenix Dactylifera Fruit Extract; date fruit extract; ; date palm fruit extract ; palma major fruit extract ; phoenix excelsior fruit extract; phoenix iberica fruit extract cas no:90027-90-0

Kayın Ağacı Ekstrakt ;Betula Pendula Twig Extract ; betula pseudopendula twig extract; betula talassica twig extract; betula verrucosa twig extract; birch twig extract (betula pendula) cas no:85940-29-0

Hüsnü Yusuf Çiçeği Ekstrakt; Zizyphus Jujuba Fruit Extract ; jujube fruit extract cas no:90045-99-1

Hyaluronan (abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronan is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronan (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.

CAS Number: 9004-61-9
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical Formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol

Hyaluronan is a humectant a substance that retains moisture and Hyaluronan is capable of binding over one thousand times Hyaluronan weight in water.
Hyaluronan is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronan used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.

As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including Hyaluronan (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.

Hyaluronan is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronan acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.

Different forms of Hyaluronan are used for cosmetic purposes.
Hyaluronan might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.

People also commonly take Hyaluronan by mouth and apply Hyaluronan to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronan throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronan is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.

Hyaluronan (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronan throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronan (abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronan is unique among glycosaminoglycans as Hyaluronan is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial Hyaluronan averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.

The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.

As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronan contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.
Hyaluronan is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule, and is believed to play a role in virulence.

Hyaluronan, derived from the name hyalos meaning glass, is found in the human body.
Hyaluronan is known for its structural ability to hold approximately a thousand times as much water as itself.

Thanks to this feature, Hyaluronan has an important place in the healthy movement of muscles and bones.
At the same time, the decrease in Hyaluronan in the structure of the skin, which is the largest organ of our body, can cause skin dryness and wrinkles.
Hyaluronan application for the skin is among Hyaluronans frequently used as anti-aging.

Hyaluronan occurs naturally in the body but can be produced from animal sources or bacteria.
Hyaluronan can be found in various forms such as powder, tablet and liquid for oral intake.

In addition, there are also cream, ointment and serum types to be applied to the skin.
Additionally, Hyaluronan can be recommended as eye drops to relieve eye dryness during eye surgery or contact lens use.

Hyaluronan may sound intimidating many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces but science shows us Hyaluronan brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronan is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.

In fact, our bodies produce Hyaluronan naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.
Hyaluronan also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So Hyaluronan works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the Hyaluronan can hold over 1,000 times Hyaluronan weight in water.

Hyaluronan is a completely transparent, non-adhesive, water-soluble and grease-free acid mucopolysaccharide.
Hyaluronan molecular weight is between a few hundred thousand to millions, and Hyaluronan makes up the dermis layer of the skin.

Hyaluronan unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties has many important physiological functions inside the body, such as lubricating joints, adjusting vascular permeability, adjusting proteins, diffusing and transporting water electrolytes, and promoting wound healing.
Hyaluronan has a unique water retention effect and has the best known natural moisturizing properties, making Hyaluronan the ideal natural moisturizer.

Hyaluronan is an essential drug in ophthalmic “sticky surgeries”.
Hyaluronan is used in cataract surgery, in which Hyaluronan sodium salt remains in the anterior chamber to maintain depth in the anterior chamber and ensure a clear surgical view.

Hyaluronan reduces the occurences of postoperative inflammation and complications, thus improving the vision-correcting effects of the surgery.
Hyaluronan is also used in complicated retinol detachment surgery.

Hyaluronan has a low molecular weight and is considered the ideal natural moisturizing agent, so Hyaluronan is used as an additive in high-end makeup and as a moisturizer in creams, gels, lotions, masks, and serums.
Hyaluronan is also used medically as a moisturizer to improve moisture retention and lubrication, and Hyaluronan also expands capillaries and improves skin health.
For example, Hyaluronan with a low molecular weight can be used as a lubricant in surgeries (such as knee surgery), while those with high molecular weight can be used as surgical lubricant and as a substitute for vitreous in ophthalmic surgery.

Hyaluronan is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found throughout the body’s connective tissue.
Glycosaminoglycans are simply long unbranched carbohydrates, or sugars, called polysaccharides.

Hyaluronan is the main component of what gives your skin structure, and is responsible for that plump and hydrated look.
Hyaluronan plays a pivotal role in the wound healing process, and decreases as we age making us more susceptible to sagging and wrinkles.

Hyaluronan can help increase the moisture content in your skin, which can have various skin benefits, including reducing the appearance of wrinkles and improving wound healing, among others.

Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.

Youthful skin retains Hyaluronan turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to Hyaluronan high content of water.
Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture.

The key molecule involved in skin moisture is Hyaluronan that has unique capacity in retaining water.
There are multiple sites for the control of Hyaluronan synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of Hyaluronan metabolism.

The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan receptors responsible for many of the functions of Hyaluronan are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression.
Understanding the metabolism of Hyaluronan in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of Hyaluronan with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.

There are 2 types of Hyaluronan:

Micro Molecular Hyaluronan:
In this type of Hyaluronan, the molecules consist of low-weight micro molecules.
With their micro size, they can penetrate down to the epidermis layer of the skin, penetrate under the skin and repair any damage there.

Micromolecular Hyaluronan can act under the tissue and moisturize the skin from within.
This type of molecule can promote the natural production of Hyaluronan under the skin.

Macro Molecular Hyaluronan:
This Hyaluronan can be described as high molecular weight.
Hyaluronan usually does not go under the skin.

Due to this feature, Hyaluronan can make repairs on the skin surface.
Additionally, Hyaluronan is effective in moisturizing the skin surface and gaining elasticity.

Uses of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a naturally derived, non immunogenic, non adhesive glycosaminoglycan that plays a prominent role in various wound healing processes, as Hyaluronan as Hyaluronan is naturally angiogenic when degraded to small fragments.
Hyaluronan promotes early inflammation which is critical for initiating wound healing, but then moderates later stages of the process, allowing matrix stabilization and reduction of long term inflammation.
Hyaluronan is a main source for pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic application.

Hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan component.
Hyaluronan occurs naturally in the dermis.

Hyaluronan is thought to play a critical role in healthy skin by controlling the physical and biochemical characteristics of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronan also regulates general skin activity, such as water content, elasticity, and the distribution of nutrients.

Hyaluronan water-absorption abilities and large molecular structure allow the epidermis to achieve greater suppleness, proper plasticity, and turgor.
Hyaluronan is a natural moisturizer with excellent water-binding capabilities.

In a solution of 2 percent Hyaluronan and 98 percent water, the Hyaluronan holds the water so tightly that Hyaluronan appears to create a gel.
However, Hyaluronan is a true liquid in that Hyaluronan can be diluted and will exhibit a liquid’s normal viscous flow properties.

When applied to the skin, Hyaluronan forms a viscoelastic film in a manner similar to the way Hyaluronan holds water in the intercellular matrix of dermal connective tissues.
This performance and behavior suggests that Hyaluronan makes an ideal moisturizer base, allowing for the delivery of other agents to the skin.

Manufacturers claim that the use of Hyaluronan in cosmetics results in the need for much lower levels of lubricants and emollients in a formulation, thereby providing an essentially greaseless product.
Furthermore, Hyaluronan ability to retain water gives immediate smoothness to rough skin surfaces and significantly improves skin appearance.
For the benefits of Hyaluronan to be realized in a cosmetic, Hyaluronan needs to be applied on a regular basis as Hyaluronan is broken down in skin within 24 to 48 hours of application.

Some people use Hyaluronan to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronan may help wounds heal, too.

Some doctors also use Hyaluronan to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.

The skin contains about half of the Hyaluronan in the body.
Hyaluronan binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.

Levels of Hyaluronan in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.
Taking Hyaluronan or using cosmetic products that contain Hyaluronan may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.

Use for Animal Health of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is used in treatment of articular disorders in horses, in particular those in competition or heavy work.
Hyaluronan is indicated for carpal and fetlock joint dysfunctions, but not when joint sepsis or fracture are suspected.

Hyaluronan is especially used for synovitis associated with equine osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronan can be injected directly into an affected joint, or intravenously for less localized disorders.

Hyaluronan may cause mild heating of the joint if directly injected, but this does not affect the clinical outcome.
Intra-articularly administered medicine is fully metabolized in less than a week.

According to Canadian regulation, hyaluronan in HY-50 preparation should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.
In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected.

Medical uses:
Hyaluronan has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronan could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronan improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Hyaluronan has been used to treat dry eye.
Hyaluronan is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Hyaluronan is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronan is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.

Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, Hyaluronan is used as a soft tissue filler due to Hyaluronan bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.

Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.
Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, Hyaluronan fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.

Uses Area of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses Hyaluronan has in your body.

Here are just a few of the benefits of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan helps things move smoothly.
Hyaluronan helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

Hyaluronan prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
Hyaluronan helps keep things hydrated.

Hyaluronan is very good at retaining water.
A quarter-teaspoon of Hyaluronan holds about one and a half gallons of water.

That’s why Hyaluronan is often used for treating dry eyes.
It’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

Hyaluronan makes your skin flexible.
Hyaluronan helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
Hyaluronan is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.

Sources of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.

Benefits of Hyaluronan:

Promotes healthier, more supple skin:
Hyaluronan supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronan is a compound found naturally in the skin, where Hyaluronan binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease Hyaluronan amounts in the skin.
Taking Hyaluronan supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with Hyaluronan can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, Hyaluronan serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject Hyaluronan fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful.

Can speed wound healing:
Hyaluronan also plays a key role in wound healing.
It’s naturally present in the skin, but Hyaluronan concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.

Hyaluronan helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.
In some older studies, applying Hyaluronan to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.

Hyaluronan also has antibacterial properties, so Hyaluronan may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.
What’s more, it’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on Hyaluronan serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether Hyaluronan supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of Hyaluronan found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.

Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated:
Hyaluronan is also found in the joints, where Hyaluronan keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronan supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronan can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.

Some research shows that pairing oral Hyaluronan supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots.

Soothe acid reflux symptoms:
New research shows Hyaluronan supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.

Hyaluronan may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.
One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped Hyaluronan heal much faster than when no treatment was used.

Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.

Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.

Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since Hyaluronan is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.

Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% Hyaluronan have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.
Contact lenses that contain slow-release Hyaluronan are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.

In addition, Hyaluronan eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, Hyaluronan is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral Hyaluronan was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical Hyaluronan alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral Hyaluronan supplements on eye health.

Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of Hyaluronan supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that Hyaluronan supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of Hyaluronan can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.

Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.

While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, Hyaluronan has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.
It’s unclear why Hyaluronan helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that Hyaluronan helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making Hyaluronan less sensitive to pain.

Studies have not yet determined whether oral Hyaluronan supplements can increase amounts of Hyaluronan in the bladder enough to have the same effects.

The benefits of Hyaluronan can be listed as follows:

Skin:
When Hyaluronan comes to Hyaluronan, the first thing that comes to mind is the skin.
Humidity decreases over time in the human body.

Lack of moisture can also cause wrinkles and other signs of aging, especially on the skin.
At this point, Hyaluronan has an important place in terms of giving the skin a vibrant appearance due to Hyaluronan water retention feature and ensuring the healing of wounds and skin blemishes.

Muscle and Joint:
Muscles and joints need intra-articular fluid to maintain their structural health.
Hyaluronan retains water and helps muscles and joints move smoothly and protects cartilage.

Eyelash:
Eye fluid naturally contains Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan supports the natural health of the eye.

Hyaluronan is effective in protection.
At the same time, drops containing Hyaluronan may be recommended to treat dry eyes caused by lens use and some eye operations.

Although Hyaluronan has many benefits, a specialist should be consulted, especially in case of disease or damage.
A specialist doctor can recommend the form and treatment of Hyaluronan that is most suitable for the person.

Other Benefits:
anti-aging
moisturizing
wound healing
anti-wrinkle
increases skin elasticity
can treat eczema
can treat facial redness

Physiological Function of Hyaluronan:
Until the late 1970s, Hyaluronan was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, Hyaluronan is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, Hyaluronan is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronan is an important component of articular cartilage, where Hyaluronan is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of HAPLN1 (Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (Hyaluronan resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of hyaluronan in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of hyaluronan in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the hyaluronan-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.

Hyaluronan is also a major component of skin, where Hyaluronan is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronan becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much hyaluronan and increase the rate of Hyaluronan degradation.
Hyaluronan degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.

While Hyaluronan is abundant in extracellular matrices, hyaluronan also contributes to tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and proliferation of cells and participates in a number of cell surface receptor interactions, notably those including Hyaluronan primary receptors, CD44 and RHAMM.
Upregulation of CD44 itself is widely accepted as a marker of cell activation in lymphocytes.

Hyaluronan's contribution to tumor growth may be due to Hyaluronan interaction with CD44.
Receptor CD44 participates in cell adhesion interactions required by tumor cells.

Although hyaluronan binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence hyaluronan degradation products transduce their inflammatory signal through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, or both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages and dendritic cells.
TLR and hyaluronan play a role in innate immunity.

There are limitations including the in vivo loss of Hyaluronan limiting the duration of effect.

Over the past 2 decades there was considerable evidence presented that unraveled the functional role of Hyaluronan in molecular mechanisms and indicated the potential role of Hyaluronan for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for many diseases.

Functions of Hyaluronan include the following: hydration, lubrication of joints, a space filling capacity, and the framework through which cells migrate.
The synthesis of Hyaluronan increases during tissue injury and wound healing and Hyaluronan regulates several aspects of tissue repair, including activation of inflammatory cells to enhance immune response and the response to injury of fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Hyaluronan also provides the framework for blood vessel formation and fibroblast migration that may be involved in tumor progression.
The correlation of Hyaluronan levels on the cell surface of cancer cells with the aggressiveness of tumors has also been reported.

The size of Hyaluronan appears to be of critical importance for Hyaluronan various functions described above.
Hyaluronan of high molecular size, usually in excess of 1,000 kDa, is present in intact tissues and is antiangiogenic and immunosuppressive, whereas smaller polymers of Hyaluronan are distress signals and potent inducers of inflammation and angiogenesis.

Wound repair:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronan has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronan effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that Hyaluronan may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronan combines with water and swells to form a gel, making Hyaluronan useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; Hyaluronan effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.

Granulation:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
Hyaluronan typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size Hyaluronan heals.

Hyaluronan is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronan-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronan as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.

Cell migration:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronan provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronan and cell surface Hyaluronan receptors.
Hyaluronan forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by Hyaluronan degradation or blocking Hyaluronan receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronan synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronan is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

Skin healing:
Hyaluronan plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronan also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of Hyaluronan properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronan free-radical scavenging function, and Hyaluronan role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronan is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronan in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally Hyaluronan has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronan-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of Hyaluronan in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronan content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronan content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
Hyaluronan has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronan contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronan receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronan also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronan is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.

Receptors of Hyaluronan:
There is a variety of proteins that bind Hyaluronan, called hyaladherins, which are widely distributed in the ECM, the cell surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Those that attach Hyaluronan to the cell surface constitute Hyaluronan receptors.

The most prominent among these receptors is the transmembrane glycoprotein “cluster of differentiation 44” (CD44) that occurs in many isoforms, which are Hyaluronanss of a single gene with variable exon expression.
CD44 is found on virtually all cells, except red blood cells, and regulates cell adhesion, migration, lymphocyte activation and homing, and cancer metastasis.

The receptor for Hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is another major receptor for Hyaluronan, and Hyaluronan is expressed in various isoforms.
RHAMM is a functional receptor in many cell types, including endothelial cells88 and in smooth muscle cells from human pulmonary arteries37 and airways.

The interactions of Hyaluronan with RHAMM control cell growth and migration by a complex network of signal transduction events and interactions with the cytoskeleton.
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is a potent stimulator of cell motility, elicits the synthesis and expression of RHAMM and Hyaluronan, and thus initiates locomotion.

Structure of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronan can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length.

Polymers of Hyaluronan can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.
The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and Hyaluronan purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronan also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.

Hyaluronan is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of Hyaluronan component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.

Hyaluronan in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.
While Hyaluronan is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, Hyaluronan does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the Hyaluronan molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.

Biological Synthesis:
Hyaluronan is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronan is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize Hyaluronan.

Hyaluronan synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.
There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.

Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.

Fasciacyte:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.

Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.

Fasciacytes produce hyaluronan, which regulates fascial gliding.

Biosynthetic Mechanism of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronan is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.
The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make Hyaluronan negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making Hyaluronan valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Hyaluronan consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronan.
There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronan polymer.

For an Hyaluronan capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because Hyaluronan polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronan.
Hyaluronan precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main Hyaluronan precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronan.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.

UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronan via hasA (Hyaluronan synthase).

Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with Hyaluronan to form glucosamine-1-P.
hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts Hyaluronan into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step: Two disaccharides form Hyaluronan:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronan via hasA (Hyaluronan synthase), completing the synthesis.

Chemistry and Physicochemical Properties of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is a non-sulphated GAG and is composed of repeating polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by a glucuronidic β (1→3) bond.
In aqueous solutions Hyaluronan forms specific stable tertiary structures.

Despite the simplicity in Hyaluronan composition, without variations in Hyaluronan sugar composition or without branching points, Hyaluronan has a variety of physicochemical properties.
Hyaluronan polymers occur in a vast number of configurations and shapes, depending on their size, salt concentration, pH, and associated cations.

Unlike other GAG, Hyaluronan is not covalently attached to a protein core, but Hyaluronan may form aggregates with proteoglycans.
Hyaluronan encompasses a large volume of water giving solutions high viscosity, even at low concentrations.

Degradation of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.

The degradation products of hyaluronan, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.
In addition, recent studies showed hyaluronan fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.

Hyaluronan can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.

Tissue and cell distribution of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is widely distributed, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.
In humans, Hyaluronan is most abundant in the skin accounting for 50% of the total body Hyaluronan the vitreous of the eye the umbilical cord and synovial fluid but Hyaluronan is also present in all tissues and fluids of the body, such as skeletal tissues heart valves the lung the aorta the prostate tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis.
Hyaluronan is produced primarily by mesenchymal cells but also by other cell types.

Etymology of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because Hyaluronan was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of Hyaluronan.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in Hyaluronic acid polyanionic form, Hyaluronan is most commonly referred to as hyaluronan.

History of Hyaluronan:
Hyaluronan was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).
Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for ophthalmic surgery.

Native Hyaluronan has a relatively short half-life (shown in rabbits) so various manufacturing techniques have been deployed to extend the length of the chain and stabilise the molecule for Hyaluronan use in medical applications.
The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of free-radical scavenging molecules such as sorbitol, and minimal stabilisation of the Hyaluronan chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised Hyaluronan) are all techniques that have been used to preserve Hyaluronan shelf life.

In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
Hyaluronan was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.

The name "hyaluronan" is also used for a salt.

Research of Hyaluronan:
Due to Hyaluronan high biocompatibility and Hyaluronan common presence in the extracellular matrix of tissues, hyaluronan is used as a biomaterial scaffold in tissue engineering research.
In particular, research groups have found hyaluronan's properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine may be improved with cross-linking, producing a hydrogel.

Crosslinking may allow a desired shape, as well as to deliver therapeutic molecules into a host.
Hyaluronan can be crosslinked by attaching thiols (see thiomers)(trade names: Extracel, HyStem), hexadecylamides (trade name: Hymovis), and tyramines (trade name: Corgel).
Hyaluronan can also be crosslinked directly with formaldehyde (trade name: Hylan-A) or with divinylsulfone (trade name: Hylan-B).

Due to Hyaluronan ability to regulate angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells to proliferate in vitro, hyaluronan can be used to create hydrogels to study vascular morphogenesis.

Identifiers of Hyaluronan:
CAS Number:
9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
ChEBI: CHEBI:16336
ECHA InfoCard: 100.029.695
EC Number: 232-678-0
UNII: S270N0TRQY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90925319 DTXSID7046750, DTXSID90925319

EC / List no.: 232-678-0
CAS no.: 9004-61-9

CAS No.: 9004-61-9
Chemical Name: Hyaluronan
CBNumber: CB1176690
Molecular Formula: C14H22NNaO11
Molecular Weight: 403.31
MDL Number: MFCD00131348

Properties of Hyaluronic acid:
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Solubility in water: Soluble (sodium salt)

storage temp.: −20°C
solubility: H2O: 5 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Lyophilized Powder
color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MAKUBRYLFHZREJ-IUPJJCKZNA-M
SMILES: [C@@H]1(O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@H]([C@H](O)O[C@@H]2C(=O)[O-])O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1NC(=O)C.[Na+] |&1:0,2,3,5,6,9,15,18,21,r|
LogP: -6.623 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 9004-61-9
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: HYALURONIC ACID (NON-ANIMAL STABILIZED) (B7SG5YV2SI)
HYALURONIC ACID (S270N0TRQY)
NCI Drug Dictionary: hyaluronic acid
ATC code: D03AX05,M09AX01,R01AX09,S01KA01,S01KA51
EPA Substance Registry System: Hyaluronic acid (9004-61-9)

Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 12
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 194Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Complexity: 576
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 10
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compound of Hyaluronan:
D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (monomers)

Names of Hyaluronan:

Regulatory process names:
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid

IUPAC names:
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
(2Z,4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-2-[amino(hydroxy)methylidene]-4,
[-4)GlcA(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-]n
Hyaluronic acid
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan

Systematic IUPAC name:
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Other identifier:
9004-61-9

Synonyms of Hyaluronan:
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM
acid hyaluronic
Hyaluronic acid powder
aluronic acid、HA
Hyaluronate Acid
HYALURONIC ACID (SODIUM HYALURONATE)
Hyaluronic acid, bovine vitreous humor
Mucoitin
Sepracoat
hyaluronicaci
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 3,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 10,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 25,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 50,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 100,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 350,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,000,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,500,000
BP-29024
BP-29025
BP-29026
BP-29027
BP-29028
BP-29029
BP-29030
BP-29031
Hyaluronic acid
57282-61-8 [RN]
Hyaluronate Tetrasaccharide
NAG-(3-1)GCU-(4-1)NAG-(3-1)GCU

Hyaluronate (abbreviated HA; conjugate base Hyaluronan), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronate is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronate (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.

CAS Number: 9004-61-9
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical Formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol

Hyaluronate is a humectant a substance that retains moisture and Hyaluronate is capable of binding over one thousand times Hyaluronate weight in water.
Hyaluronate is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.
Hyaluronate used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.

As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including Hyaluronate (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.

Hyaluronate is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronate acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.

Different forms of Hyaluronate are used for cosmetic purposes.
Hyaluronate might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.

People also commonly take Hyaluronate by mouth and apply Hyaluronate to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Hyaluronate is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronate throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronate is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.

Hyaluronate (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid also known as Hyaluronic acid or Hyaluronan is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found Hyaluronate throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronate (abbreviated HA; conjugate base Hyaluronan), also called Hyaluronic acid, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronate is unique among glycosaminoglycans as Hyaluronate is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial Hyaluronate averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.

The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of Hyaluronate in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.

As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronate contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.
Hyaluronate is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule, and is believed to play a role in virulence.

Hyaluronate, derived from the name hyalos meaning glass, is found in the human body.
Hyaluronate is known for its structural ability to hold approximately a thousand times as much water as itself.

Thanks to this feature, Hyaluronate has an important place in the healthy movement of muscles and bones.
At the same time, the decrease in Hyaluronate in the structure of the skin, which is the largest organ of our body, can cause skin dryness and wrinkles.
Hyaluronate application for the skin is among Hyaluronates frequently used as anti-aging.

Hyaluronate occurs naturally in the body but can be produced from animal sources or bacteria.
Hyaluronate can be found in various forms such as powder, tablet and liquid for oral intake.

In addition, there are also cream, ointment and serum types to be applied to the skin.
Additionally, Hyaluronate can be recommended as eye drops to relieve eye dryness during eye surgery or contact lens use.

Hyaluronate may sound intimidating many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces but science shows us Hyaluronate brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronate is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.

In fact, our bodies produce Hyaluronate naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.
Hyaluronate also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So Hyaluronate works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the Hyaluronate can hold over 1,000 times Hyaluronate weight in water.

Hyaluronate is a completely transparent, non-adhesive, water-soluble and grease-free acid mucopolysaccharide.
Hyaluronate molecular weight is between a few hundred thousand to millions, and Hyaluronate makes up the dermis layer of the skin.

Hyaluronate unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties has many important physiological functions inside the body, such as lubricating joints, adjusting vascular permeability, adjusting proteins, diffusing and transporting water electrolytes, and promoting wound healing.
Hyaluronate has a unique water retention effect and has the best known natural moisturizing properties, making Hyaluronate the ideal natural moisturizer.

Hyaluronate is an essential drug in ophthalmic “sticky surgeries”.
Hyaluronate is used in cataract surgery, in which Hyaluronate sodium salt remains in the anterior chamber to maintain depth in the anterior chamber and ensure a clear surgical view.

Hyaluronate reduces the occurences of postoperative inflammation and complications, thus improving the vision-correcting effects of the surgery.
Hyaluronate is also used in complicated retinol detachment surgery.

Hyaluronate has a low molecular weight and is considered the ideal natural moisturizing agent, so Hyaluronate is used as an additive in high-end makeup and as a moisturizer in creams, gels, lotions, masks, and serums.
Hyaluronate is also used medically as a moisturizer to improve moisture retention and lubrication, and Hyaluronate also expands capillaries and improves skin health.
For example, Hyaluronate with a low molecular weight can be used as a lubricant in surgeries (such as knee surgery), while those with high molecular weight can be used as surgical lubricant and as a substitute for vitreous in ophthalmic surgery.

Hyaluronate is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found throughout the body’s connective tissue.
Glycosaminoglycans are simply long unbranched carbohydrates, or sugars, called polysaccharides.

Hyaluronate is the main component of what gives your skin structure, and is responsible for that plump and hydrated look.
Hyaluronate plays a pivotal role in the wound healing process, and decreases as we age making us more susceptible to sagging and wrinkles.

Hyaluronate can help increase the moisture content in your skin, which can have various skin benefits, including reducing the appearance of wrinkles and improving wound healing, among others.

Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.

Youthful skin retains Hyaluronate turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to Hyaluronate high content of water.
Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture.

The key molecule involved in skin moisture is Hyaluronate that has unique capacity in retaining water.
There are multiple sites for the control of Hyaluronate synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of Hyaluronate metabolism.

The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize Hyaluronate and Hyaluronate receptors responsible for many of the functions of Hyaluronate are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression.
Understanding the metabolism of Hyaluronate in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of Hyaluronate with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.

There are 2 types of Hyaluronate:

Micro Molecular Hyaluronate:
In this type of Hyaluronate, the molecules consist of low-weight micro molecules.
With their micro size, they can penetrate down to the epidermis layer of the skin, penetrate under the skin and repair any damage there.

Micromolecular Hyaluronate can act under the tissue and moisturize the skin from within.
This type of molecule can promote the natural production of Hyaluronate under the skin.

Macro Molecular Hyaluronate:
This Hyaluronate can be described as high molecular weight.
Hyaluronate usually does not go under the skin.

Due to this feature, Hyaluronate can make repairs on the skin surface.
Additionally, Hyaluronate is effective in moisturizing the skin surface and gaining elasticity.

Uses of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a naturally derived, non immunogenic, non adhesive glycosaminoglycan that plays a prominent role in various wound healing processes, as Hyaluronate as Hyaluronate is naturally angiogenic when degraded to small fragments.
Hyaluronate promotes early inflammation which is critical for initiating wound healing, but then moderates later stages of the process, allowing matrix stabilization and reduction of long term inflammation.
Hyaluronate is a main source for pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic application.

Hyaluronate is a glycosaminoglycan component.
Hyaluronate occurs naturally in the dermis.

Hyaluronate is thought to play a critical role in healthy skin by controlling the physical and biochemical characteristics of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronate also regulates general skin activity, such as water content, elasticity, and the distribution of nutrients.

Hyaluronate water-absorption abilities and large molecular structure allow the epidermis to achieve greater suppleness, proper plasticity, and turgor.
Hyaluronate is a natural moisturizer with excellent water-binding capabilities.

In a solution of 2 percent Hyaluronate and 98 percent water, the Hyaluronate holds the water so tightly that Hyaluronate appears to create a gel.
However, Hyaluronate is a true liquid in that Hyaluronate can be diluted and will exhibit a liquid’s normal viscous flow properties.

When applied to the skin, Hyaluronate forms a viscoelastic film in a manner similar to the way Hyaluronate holds water in the intercellular matrix of dermal connective tissues.
This performance and behavior suggests that Hyaluronate makes an ideal moisturizer base, allowing for the delivery of other agents to the skin.

Manufacturers claim that the use of Hyaluronate in cosmetics results in the need for much lower levels of lubricants and emollients in a formulation, thereby providing an essentially greaseless product.
Furthermore, Hyaluronate ability to retain water gives immediate smoothness to rough skin surfaces and significantly improves skin appearance.
For the benefits of Hyaluronate to be realized in a cosmetic, Hyaluronate needs to be applied on a regular basis as Hyaluronate is broken down in skin within 24 to 48 hours of application.

Some people use Hyaluronate to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronate may help wounds heal, too.

Some doctors also use Hyaluronate to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.

The skin contains about half of the Hyaluronate in the body.
Hyaluronate binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.

Levels of Hyaluronate in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.
Taking Hyaluronate or using cosmetic products that contain Hyaluronate may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.

Use for Animal Health of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is used in treatment of articular disorders in horses, in particular those in competition or heavy work.
Hyaluronate is indicated for carpal and fetlock joint dysfunctions, but not when joint sepsis or fracture are suspected.

Hyaluronate is especially used for synovitis associated with equine osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronate can be injected directly into an affected joint, or intravenously for less localized disorders.

Hyaluronate may cause mild heating of the joint if directly injected, but this does not affect the clinical outcome.
Intra-articularly administered medicine is fully metabolized in less than a week.

According to Canadian regulation, Hyaluronate in HY-50 preparation should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.
In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected.

Medical uses:
Hyaluronate has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronate could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronate improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Hyaluronate has been used to treat dry eye.
Hyaluronate is a common ingredient in skin care products.

Hyaluronate is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronate is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.

Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, Hyaluronate is used as a soft tissue filler due to Hyaluronate bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.

Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.
Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, Hyaluronate fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.

Uses Area of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses Hyaluronate has in your body.

Here are just a few of the benefits of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate helps things move smoothly.
Hyaluronate helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

Hyaluronate prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
Hyaluronate helps keep things hydrated.

Hyaluronate is very good at retaining water.
A quarter-teaspoon of Hyaluronate holds about one and a half gallons of water.

That’s why Hyaluronate is often used for treating dry eyes.
It’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

Hyaluronate makes your skin flexible.
Hyaluronate helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
Hyaluronate is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.

Sources of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.

Benefits of Hyaluronate:

Promotes healthier, more supple skin:
Hyaluronate supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronate is a compound found naturally in the skin, where Hyaluronate binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease Hyaluronate amounts in the skin.
Taking Hyaluronate supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with Hyaluronate can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, Hyaluronate serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject Hyaluronate fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful.

Can speed wound healing:
Hyaluronate also plays a key role in wound healing.
It’s naturally present in the skin, but Hyaluronate concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.

Hyaluronate helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.
In some older studies, applying Hyaluronate to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.

Hyaluronate also has antibacterial properties, so Hyaluronate may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.
What’s more, it’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on Hyaluronate serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether Hyaluronate supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of Hyaluronate found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.

Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated:
Hyaluronate is also found in the joints, where Hyaluronate keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronate supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronate can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.

Some research shows that pairing oral Hyaluronate supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots.

Soothe acid reflux symptoms:
New research shows Hyaluronate supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.

Hyaluronate may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.
One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of Hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped Hyaluronate heal much faster than when no treatment was used.

Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a Hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.

Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.

Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since Hyaluronate is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.

Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% Hyaluronate have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.
Contact lenses that contain slow-release Hyaluronate are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.

In addition, Hyaluronate eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, Hyaluronate is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral Hyaluronate was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical Hyaluronate alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral Hyaluronate supplements on eye health.

Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of Hyaluronate supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that Hyaluronate supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of Hyaluronate can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.

Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.

While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, Hyaluronate has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.
It’s unclear why Hyaluronate helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that Hyaluronate helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making Hyaluronate less sensitive to pain.

Studies have not yet determined whether oral Hyaluronate supplements can increase amounts of Hyaluronate in the bladder enough to have the same effects.

The benefits of Hyaluronate can be listed as follows:

Skin:
When Hyaluronate comes to Hyaluronate, the first thing that comes to mind is the skin.
Humidity decreases over time in the human body.

Lack of moisture can also cause wrinkles and other signs of aging, especially on the skin.
At this point, Hyaluronate has an important place in terms of giving the skin a vibrant appearance due to Hyaluronate water retention feature and ensuring the healing of wounds and skin blemishes.

Muscle and Joint:
Muscles and joints need intra-articular fluid to maintain their structural health.
Hyaluronate retains water and helps muscles and joints move smoothly and protects cartilage.

Eyelash:
Eye fluid naturally contains Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate supports the natural health of the eye.

Hyaluronate is effective in protection.
At the same time, drops containing Hyaluronate may be recommended to treat dry eyes caused by lens use and some eye operations.

Although Hyaluronate has many benefits, a specialist should be consulted, especially in case of disease or damage.
A specialist doctor can recommend the form and treatment of Hyaluronate that is most suitable for the person.

Other Benefits:
anti-aging
moisturizing
wound healing
anti-wrinkle
increases skin elasticity
can treat eczema
can treat facial redness

Physiological Function of Hyaluronate:
Until the late 1970s, Hyaluronate was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, Hyaluronate is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, Hyaluronate is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronate is an important component of articular cartilage, where Hyaluronate is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to Hyaluronate in the presence of HAPLN1 (Hyaluronate and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (Hyaluronate resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of Hyaluronate in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of Hyaluronate in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the Hyaluronate-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.

Hyaluronate is also a major component of skin, where Hyaluronate is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronate becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much Hyaluronate and increase the rate of Hyaluronate degradation.
Hyaluronate degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.

While Hyaluronate is abundant in extracellular matrices, Hyaluronate also contributes to tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and proliferation of cells and participates in a number of cell surface receptor interactions, notably those including Hyaluronate primary receptors, CD44 and RHAMM.
Upregulation of CD44 itself is widely accepted as a marker of cell activation in lymphocytes.

Hyaluronate's contribution to tumor growth may be due to Hyaluronate interaction with CD44.
Receptor CD44 participates in cell adhesion interactions required by tumor cells.

Although Hyaluronate binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence Hyaluronate degradation products transduce their inflammatory signal through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, or both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages and dendritic cells.
TLR and Hyaluronate play a role in innate immunity.

There are limitations including the in vivo loss of Hyaluronate limiting the duration of effect.

Over the past 2 decades there was considerable evidence presented that unraveled the functional role of Hyaluronate in molecular mechanisms and indicated the potential role of Hyaluronate for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for many diseases.

Functions of Hyaluronate include the following: hydration, lubrication of joints, a space filling capacity, and the framework through which cells migrate.
The synthesis of Hyaluronate increases during tissue injury and wound healing and Hyaluronate regulates several aspects of tissue repair, including activation of inflammatory cells to enhance immune response and the response to injury of fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Hyaluronate also provides the framework for blood vessel formation and fibroblast migration that may be involved in tumor progression.
The correlation of Hyaluronate levels on the cell surface of cancer cells with the aggressiveness of tumors has also been reported.

The size of Hyaluronate appears to be of critical importance for Hyaluronate various functions described above.
Hyaluronate of high molecular size, usually in excess of 1,000 kDa, is present in intact tissues and is antiangiogenic and immunosuppressive, whereas smaller polymers of Hyaluronate are distress signals and potent inducers of inflammation and angiogenesis.

Wound repair:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronate has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronate effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that Hyaluronate may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronate combines with water and swells to form a gel, making Hyaluronate useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; Hyaluronate effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.

Granulation:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
Hyaluronate typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size Hyaluronate heals.

Hyaluronate is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronate-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronate as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.

Cell migration:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronate provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronate and cell surface Hyaluronate receptors.
Hyaluronate forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by Hyaluronate degradation or blocking Hyaluronate receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronate synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronate is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

Skin healing:
Hyaluronate plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronate also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of Hyaluronate properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronate free-radical scavenging function, and Hyaluronate role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronate is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronate in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally Hyaluronate has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronate-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of Hyaluronate in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronate content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronate content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
Hyaluronate has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronate contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronate receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronate also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronate is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.

Receptors of Hyaluronate:
There is a variety of proteins that bind Hyaluronate, called hyaladherins, which are widely distributed in the ECM, the cell surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Those that attach Hyaluronate to the cell surface constitute Hyaluronate receptors.

The most prominent among these receptors is the transmembrane glycoprotein “cluster of differentiation 44” (CD44) that occurs in many isoforms, which are Hyaluronatess of a single gene with variable exon expression.
CD44 is found on virtually all cells, except red blood cells, and regulates cell adhesion, migration, lymphocyte activation and homing, and cancer metastasis.

The receptor for Hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM) is another major receptor for Hyaluronate, and Hyaluronate is expressed in various isoforms.
RHAMM is a functional receptor in many cell types, including endothelial cells88 and in smooth muscle cells from human pulmonary arteries37 and airways.

The interactions of Hyaluronate with RHAMM control cell growth and migration by a complex network of signal transduction events and interactions with the cytoskeleton.
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is a potent stimulator of cell motility, elicits the synthesis and expression of RHAMM and Hyaluronate, and thus initiates locomotion.

Structure of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronate can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length.

Polymers of Hyaluronate can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.
The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and Hyaluronate purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronate also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.

Hyaluronate is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of Hyaluronate component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.

Hyaluronate in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.
While Hyaluronate is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, Hyaluronate does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the Hyaluronate molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.

Biological Synthesis:
Hyaluronate is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen Hyaluronate by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronate is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize Hyaluronate.

Hyaluronate synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.
There is feedback inhibition of Hyaluronate synthesis by low-molecular-weight Hyaluronate (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.

Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield Hyaluronates, in a patented process producing human-grade product.

Fasciacyte:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces Hyaluronate-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.

Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.

Fasciacytes produce Hyaluronate, which regulates fascial gliding.

Biosynthetic Mechanism of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronate is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.
The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make Hyaluronate negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making Hyaluronate valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Hyaluronate consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by Hyaluronate synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronate.
There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronate polymer.

For an Hyaluronate capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because Hyaluronate polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronate.
Hyaluronate precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main Hyaluronate precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronate.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.

UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronate via hasA (Hyaluronate synthase).

Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with Hyaluronate to form glucosamine-1-P.
hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts Hyaluronate into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step: Two disaccharides form Hyaluronate:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronate via hasA (Hyaluronate synthase), completing the synthesis.

Chemistry and Physicochemical Properties of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is a non-sulphated GAG and is composed of repeating polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by a glucuronidic β (1→3) bond.
In aqueous solutions Hyaluronate forms specific stable tertiary structures.

Despite the simplicity in Hyaluronate composition, without variations in Hyaluronate sugar composition or without branching points, Hyaluronate has a variety of physicochemical properties.
Hyaluronate polymers occur in a vast number of configurations and shapes, depending on their size, salt concentration, pH, and associated cations.

Unlike other GAG, Hyaluronate is not covalently attached to a protein core, but Hyaluronate may form aggregates with proteoglycans.
Hyaluronate encompasses a large volume of water giving solutions high viscosity, even at low concentrations.

Degradation of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.

The degradation products of Hyaluronate, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight Hyaluronate, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.
In addition, recent studies showed Hyaluronate fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.

Hyaluronate can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.

Tissue and cell distribution of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is widely distributed, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.
In humans, Hyaluronate is most abundant in the skin accounting for 50% of the total body Hyaluronate the vitreous of the eye the umbilical cord and synovial fluid but Hyaluronate is also present in all tissues and fluids of the body, such as skeletal tissues heart valves the lung the aorta the prostate tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis.
Hyaluronate is produced primarily by mesenchymal cells but also by other cell types.

Etymology of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because Hyaluronate was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of Hyaluronan.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in Hyaluronic acid polyanionic form, Hyaluronate is most commonly referred to as Hyaluronate.

History of Hyaluronate:
Hyaluronate was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first Hyaluronate biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).
Other biomedical companies also produce brands of Hyaluronate for ophthalmic surgery.

Native Hyaluronate has a relatively short half-life (shown in rabbits) so various manufacturing techniques have been deployed to extend the length of the chain and stabilise the molecule for Hyaluronate use in medical applications.
The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of free-radical scavenging molecules such as sorbitol, and minimal stabilisation of the Hyaluronate chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised Hyaluronate) are all techniques that have been used to preserve Hyaluronate shelf life.

In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
Hyaluronate was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.

The name "Hyaluronate" is also used for a salt.

Research of Hyaluronate:
Due to Hyaluronate high biocompatibility and Hyaluronate common presence in the extracellular matrix of tissues, Hyaluronate is used as a biomaterial scaffold in tissue engineering research.
In particular, research groups have found Hyaluronate's properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine may be improved with cross-linking, producing a hydrogel.

Crosslinking may allow a desired shape, as well as to deliver therapeutic molecules into a host.
Hyaluronate can be crosslinked by attaching thiols (see thiomers)(trade names: Extracel, HyStem), hexadecylamides (trade name: Hymovis), and tyramines (trade name: Corgel).
Hyaluronate can also be crosslinked directly with formaldehyde (trade name: Hylan-A) or with divinylsulfone (trade name: Hylan-B).

Due to Hyaluronate ability to regulate angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells to proliferate in vitro, Hyaluronate can be used to create hydrogels to study vascular morphogenesis.

Identifiers of Hyaluronate:
CAS Number:
9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
ChEBI: CHEBI:16336
ECHA InfoCard: 100.029.695
EC Number: 232-678-0
UNII: S270N0TRQY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID90925319 DTXSID7046750, DTXSID90925319

EC / List no.: 232-678-0
CAS no.: 9004-61-9

CAS No.: 9004-61-9
Chemical Name: Hyaluronan
CBNumber: CB1176690
Molecular Formula: C14H22NNaO11
Molecular Weight: 403.31
MDL Number: MFCD00131348

Properties of Hyaluronate:
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n
Solubility in water: Soluble (sodium salt)

storage temp.: −20°C
solubility: H2O: 5 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Lyophilized Powder
color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MAKUBRYLFHZREJ-IUPJJCKZNA-M
SMILES: [C@@H]1(O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@H]([C@H](O)O[C@@H]2C(=O)[O-])O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1NC(=O)C.[Na+] |&1:0,2,3,5,6,9,15,18,21,r|
LogP: -6.623 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 9004-61-9
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: HYALURONIC ACID (NON-ANIMAL STABILIZED) (B7SG5YV2SI)
HYALURONIC ACID (S270N0TRQY)
NCI Drug Dictionary: hyaluronic acid
ATC code: D03AX05,M09AX01,R01AX09,S01KA01,S01KA51
EPA Substance Registry System: Hyaluronic acid (9004-61-9)

Molecular Weight: 425.38 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 12
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 425.15332530 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 194Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 29
Complexity: 576
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 10
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compound of Hyaluronate:
D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (monomers)

Names of Hyaluronate:

Regulatory process names:
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid

IUPAC names:
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
(2Z,4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-2-[amino(hydroxy)methylidene]-4,
[-4)GlcA(β1-3)GlcNAc(β1-]n
Hyaluronic acid
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan

Systematic IUPAC name:
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Other identifier:
9004-61-9

Synonyms of Hyaluronate:
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM
acid hyaluronic
Hyaluronic acid powder
aluronic acid、HA
Hyaluronate Acid
HYALURONIC ACID (SODIUM HYALURONATE)
Hyaluronic acid, bovine vitreous humor
Mucoitin
Sepracoat
hyaluronicaci
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 3,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 10,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 25,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 50,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 100,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 350,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,000,000
Hyaluronic Acid, MW 1,500,000
BP-29024
BP-29025
BP-29026
BP-29027
BP-29028
BP-29029
BP-29030
BP-29031
Hyaluronic acid
57282-61-8 [RN]
Hyaluronate Tetrasaccharide
NAG-(3-1)GCU-(4-1)NAG-(3-1)GCU

Hyaluronic acid is a substance produced by our bodies to hydrate skin.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant — a substance that retains moisture — and it is capable of binding over one thousand times its weight in water.
Hyaluronic acid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/; abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.

CAS Number: 9004-61-9
31799-91-4 (potassium salt)
9067-32-7 (sodium salt)
EC Number: 232-678-0
Chemical formula: (C14H21NO11)n

Hyaluronic Acid is also created in labs for skin-care products that offer a plethora of benefits, such as strengthening the skin barrier and visibly reducing fine lines and wrinkles.
Hyaluronic acid can also be found in dermal fillers that help smooth, sculpt, and add volume to the face.

Hyaluronic Acid’s best to speak to your doctor and see if the injectable is right for you and your skin goals.
Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
Hyaluronic acid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/; abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.

Hyaluronic Acid is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial HA averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.
The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.

Hyaluronic acid is also a major component of skin, where it is involved in repairing tissue.
When skin is exposed to excessive UVB rays, Hyaluronic Acid becomes inflamed (sunburn), and the cells in the dermis stop producing as much hyaluronan and increase the rate of its degradation.

Hyaluronan degradation products then accumulate in the skin after UV exposure.
Technically, Hyaluronic Acid’s a group of sugar molecules called polysaccharides, according to a past study.
Over time, your body’s stores of hyaluronic acid decline.

Age is one reason, research shows, but environmental factors — such as smoking and air pollution — also accelerate this process, according to another past study.
The good news is that topical products that feature hyaluronic acid, whether as part of the ingredients list in a moisturizer or as the star of a serum, can help rebuild those depleted stores.

Hyaluronic acid attracts and binds to water molecules and increases the water content of the skin.
Hyaluronic acid is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found hyaluronic acid throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.

Hyaluronic (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid — also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate — is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally.
Scientists have found hyaluronic acid throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.
Hyaluronic acid is a substance that occurs naturally in the body.

Hyaluronic Acid's primary function is to trap water inside tissue cells.
Hyaluronic acid also has many medical and commercial uses.

Hyaluronic Acid is available in a variety of forms, including:
*dietary supplements
*face creams
*serums
*eye drops
*injections

Hyaluronic acid may sound intimidating – many of us wouldn't dream of putting acid on our faces – but science shows us it's brilliant in skincare.
Hyaluronic acid is a gel-like substance that has the unique ability to retain moisture.
In fact, our bodies produce it naturally to keep our skin soft and supple.

Hyaluronic acid's also found in our eyes, joints, and connective tissue.
So it works wonderfully as an anti-aging component in face creams and serums, as the hyaluronic acid can hold over 1,000 times it's weight in water.
We produce less and less hyaluronic acid as we age. From around the age of 25, the skin's own production of hyaluronic acid slowly decreases.

That means the skin loses moisture more quickly, and it loses volume.
Fine lines form and finally the first wrinkles appear.
Hyaluronic acid—also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate—is a molecule that’s found throughout the body.

Hyaluronic Acid is found naturally in the skin, connective tissue, joint fluid, umbilical cord, and inside the eye.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant, meaning it binds to water to make a jelly-like liquid that helps lubricate and protect these body parts.
Hyaluronic Acid is also manufactured in a variety of forms, including pills and serums.

Healthcare providers can also administer hyaluronic acid through injections.
Chemists generally make hyaluronic acid by fermenting bacteria, but the substance can also be sourced from the tissue of the fleshy red combs that sit atop rooster heads.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues.
People also commonly take hyaluronic acid by mouth and apply it to the skin for UTIs, acid reflux, dry eyes, wound healing, aging skin, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Different forms of hyaluronic acid are used for cosmetic purposes. Hyaluronic acid might also affect the way the body responds to injury and help to decrease swelling.
Hyaluronic acid has been used to treat dry eye.

Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in skin care products.
Hyaluronic acid is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronic Acid is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.

Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, hyaluronic acid is used as a soft tissue filler due to its bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using hyaluronidase.
Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.

Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, hyaluronic acid fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.

Hyaluronic acid is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of its component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.
Hyaluronic acid in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.

While it is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, hyaluronic acid does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the hyaluronic acid molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.

Some people use hyaluronic acid to promote skin health and fight signs of aging.
Hyaluronic Acid may help wounds heal, too.
Some doctors also use hyaluronic acid to relieve joint pain in people with arthritis.

The skin contains about half of the hyaluronic acid in the body.
Hyaluronic acid binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and supple.
Levels of hyaluronic acid in the skin significantly decrease as people age, which can lead to dehydrated skin and wrinkles.

Taking hyaluronic acid or using cosmetic products that contain it may improve skin hydration and reduce signs of aging.
Hyaluronic Acid is a humectant — a substance that retains moisture — and it is capable of binding over one thousand times its weight in water.
Hyaluronic Acid is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.

Hyaluronic Acid is used in beauty and skincare products is primarily made by bacteria in a lab via a process called biofermentation.
As we age, the production of key substances in the skin, including hyaluronic acid (along with collagen and elastin) decreases.
As a result, our skin loses volume, hydration, and plumpness.

Hyaluronic Acid is used Lotions, potions, and injectable
Hyaluronic Acid has many positive attributes: it is generally well tolerated; it does not frequently cause allergic reactions or irritate sensitive skin; and it is safe to use on the skin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

For individuals with dry skin, or for those who crave a more dewy, moisturized feel to their skin during the cooler months, a serum or moisturizer containing Hyaluronic Acid can be a great choice.
But keep in mind that Hyaluronic Acid will provide hydration on a surface level, not deep within the skin.

Hyaluronic acid injection is used to treat knee pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) in patients who have already been treated with pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen) and other treatments that did not work well.
Hyaluronic acid is similar to a substance that occurs naturally in the joints.

Hyaluronic acid supplements can be safely taken by most people and provide many health benefits.
Hyaluronic acid is well known for its skin benefits, especially alleviating dry skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and speeding up wound healing.

Hyaluronic Acid can also help relieve joint pain in people with osteoarthritis.
Other notable applications include hyaluronic acid eye drops to relieve dry eye and inserting hyaluronic acid directly into the bladder via catheter to reduce pain.

Overall, hyaluronic acid is a beneficial supplement for a variety of conditions, especially those related to skin and joint health.
The body naturally produces hyaluronic acid, which helps lubricate our tissues.
Hyaluronic Acidplays a role in skin health, wound healing, bone strength, and many other other bodily systems or functions.

Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronan, is a clear, gooey substance that is naturally produced by your body.
The largest amounts of Hyaluronic Acid are found in your skin, connective tissue, and eyes.
Hyaluronic Acid's main function is to retain water to keep your tissues lubricated and moist.

Hyaluronic acid has a variety of uses.
Many people take it as a supplement, but Hyaluronic Acid’s also used in topical serums, eye drops, and injections.
Hyaluronic Acid works by acting like a lubricant and shock absorber in the joints and helps the joints to work properly.

-Possibly Effective for:
*Dry eye:
Using eye drops containing hyaluronic acid seems to help relieve dry eye symptoms.
*Leg sores caused by weak blood circulation (venous leg ulcer).
Using a gauze containing hyaluronic acid seems to reduce the size of sores and promote healing.

-Medical uses of Hyaluronic acid:
Hyaluronic acid has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of Hyaluronic Acid could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight Hyaluronic Acid improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.

WHAT DOES HYALURONIC ACID DO FOR YOU?
Hyaluronic acid is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses it has in your body.
Here are just a few of the benefits of hyaluronic acid:
*Hyaluronic Acid helps things move smoothly.
*Hyaluronic acid helps your joints work like a well-oiled machine.

*Hyaluronic Acid prevents pain and injury from bones grinding against each other.
*Hyaluronic Acid helps keep things hydrated.
*Hyaluronic acid is very good at retaining water.

*A quarter-teaspoon of hyaluronic acid holds about one and a half gallons of water.
*That’s why hyaluronic acid is often used for treating dry eyes.
*Hyaluronic Acid’s also used in moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments and serums.

*Hyaluronic Acid makes your skin flexible.
*Hyaluronic acid helps skin stretch and flex and reduces skin wrinkles and lines.
*Hyaluronic acid is also proven to help wounds heal faster and can reduce scarring.

HOW IS HYALURONIC ACID MADE?
Hyaluronic acid is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria.
Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.

IS HYALURONIC ACID SAFE?
Yes.
Research shows that hyaluronic acid is safe to use.
Reactions or adverse effects from hyaluronic acid are rare, and it’s safe to use if you’re pregnant or nursing.

SOURCES OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken comb, and from Streptococci.

BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronic Acid is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.

The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize HA.
Hyaluronic acid synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.

There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.
Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.

STRUCTURE OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronic acid can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length. Polymers of hyaluronic acid can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.

The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and hyaluronic acid purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronic acid also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.

HISTORY OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid was first obtained by Karl Meyer and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye.
The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Pharmacia, and approved for use in eye surgery (i.e., corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair retinal detachment).

Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for ophthalmic surgery.
In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery.
It was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID?
The key benefit of hyaluronic acid is hydration and that unbelievable ability to retain moisture.
To understand how important moisture is for the skin, you have to first know that dehydrated skin — when the top layer of skin doesn’t have enough water — appears dry, rough, and flaky, Marchbein says.

It’s not just a matter of aesthetics.
Dry skin can be dangerous.
Poorly hydrated skin is unable to maintain an appropriately intact skin barrier, leaving the skin more vulnerable to damage from external and environmental sources.

Skin hydration is important because hydrated skin looks more plump, healthier, and more vibrant.
According to some research, skin aging is associated with loss of skin moisture, and hyaluronic acid is the key ingredient when it comes to combating or reversing these signs.

WHEN SHOULD I TALK TO MY HEALTHCARE PROVIDER ABOUT HYALURONIC ACID?
You may want to talk to your healthcare provider about hyaluronic acid if you’re interested in using it as a supplement.
You may also want to also ask them about treatment options that use hyaluronic acid for the following conditions or purposes:
*Skin health (especially dryness, scarring, stiffness and skin diseases like scleroderma and actinic keratosis).

*Eye health, especially for treating dry eyes.
*Joint health, especially for treating arthritis and soft tissue injuries.
*For wounds that are slow to heal.

*As a treatment option for bladder pain, especially pain caused by interstitial cystitis.
*Respiratory conditions like asthma.
*A note from Cleveland Clinic
Hyaluronic acid has many uses and benefits, from boosting skin, eye and joint health to accelerating wound healing.

WOUND HEALING, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid not only promotes skin hydration, but it also plays a crucial role in wound healing.
According to a 2016 review article, hyaluronic acid speeds up wound healing by controlling inflammation and redirecting blood vessels to areas of damaged skin.

In a study from the same year, researchers observed that hyaluronic acid helped diabetic foot ulcers heal more quickly compared with standard wound dressing materials.
In a 2019 animal study, researchers applied a biodegradable gel containing hyaluronic acid and poloxamer to skin wounds.

The gel promoted wound healing by preventing bacterial infections and moisturizing the wound.
*Relieving joint pain
*Synovial fluid lubricates and cushions the joints.

*This fluid contains hyaluronic acid.
*Over time, the hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid breaks down, which contributes to joint pain and stiffness, according to the Arthritis
*Foundation: For this reason, some people have used hyaluronic injections to treat osteoarthritis.

A FEW OF THE DIFFERENT WAYS (AVAILABLE OVER-THE-COUNTER) THAT YOU CAN TAKE HYALURONIC ACID INCLUDE:
*By mouth:
Hyaluronic acid comes in dietary supplements and pills.
There’s even a liquid form that you can mix with water and drink.
Taking hyaluronic acid by mouth can have many benefits.
These include reducing arthritis pain, improving skin health and more.

*On your skin:
Hyaluronic acid products come in various forms that you put on your skin.
These include shampoos, lotions, creams, gels, ointments, patches and serums.
You can also buy hyaluronic acid powder and mix it with water to create a hyaluronic acid serum you can apply to your skin.
Hyaluronic acid has beneficial properties when used on your skin.
Hyaluronic Acid’s especially useful for reducing the appearance of wrinkles and age lines.

*Eye drops:
A wide variety of eye drops contains hyaluronic acid.
*For intimate contact:
Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in gels, creams or personal lubricants for vaginal dryness or pain, especially for women experiencing menopause.

IS HYALURONIC ACID EFFECTIVE?
Researchers have looked at whether hyaluronic acid is effective for a range of uses:
*Anti-aging
The anti-aging effects of hyaluronic acid products may vary from person to person, depending on other factors that influence the skin, such as:
**genetics
**nutrition
**smoking and alcohol consumption
**pollution
**sun exposure

In a 2017 study, researchers examined the anti-aging effects of hyaluronic acid supplements in 60 Japanese adults.
The researchers randomly assigned the study participants to either a treatment or a placebo group.
The participants who ingested the hyaluronic acid supplements experienced a decrease in wrinkles and an improvement in skin condition compared with those in the placebo group.

Another small study found that hyaluronic acid may improve skin elasticity and reduce skin roughness in as little as 2–8 weeks.
In a 2016 German study, researchers compared the anti-aging effects of four different face creams containing hyaluronic acid.
The researchers observed increased skin tightness and a 10–20% reduction in wrinkle depth in all 20 participants.
Many cosmetic brands claim that their hyaluronic acid products can reverse signs of aging.

WHAT IS THE HYALURONIC ACID USED FOR CREAMS AND SERUMS MADE OF?
Hyaluronic acid in creams or serums is produced in a laboratory using a biotechnological process, so it’s entirely vegan.
It can be produced in different forms, so it’s precisely tailored to the skin’s needs.
Skincare with hyaluronic acid can compensate for the lack of moisture in your skin, which naturally decreases with age.

HYALURONIC ACID OCCURS NATURALLY IN THE BODY:
Hyaluronic acid is not only an important part of our skin, but also of our synovial fluid – a main component of our joint fluid.
If there are problems with the joints in old age, hyaluronic acid can be used to help.
For example, the active ingredient is used in modern medicine to treat types of osteoarthritis.
Of course, you should discuss this with your doctor for tailored advice.

WHAT FORMS OF HYALURONE ARE THERE AND HOW DO THEY WORK?
In skin care, we speak of hyaluron, hyaluronic acid and hyaluronan. Wondering if there's a difference?
The answer is very simple: no.
All three describe the same thing.

However, hyaluronic acid comes in different molecular sizes.
That’s important to know as your skin will absorb them differently.
Because of this, a general distinction is made between short- and long-chain forms:

• Long-chain or high-molecular hyaluronic acid consists of a long chain of molecules and therefore has a high molecular weight.
Effect: long-chain hyaluronic acid lies on the skin and does not penetrate the skin.
It forms a fine film that has a beneficial and anti-inflammatory effect - it also makes your skin appear more elastic.
However, if you clean your face, the film washes off with it - that's why long-chain hyaluronic acid has no real long-term effect.
• Short-chain or low-molecular hyaluronic acid consists of a short chain of molecules and therefore has a low molecular mass.

Effect: Short-chain hyaluronic acid penetrates deep into the skin and helps to store moisture in the connective tissue of the skin.
This not only makes the skin plumper and firmer, but also visibly reduces wrinkles.
Short chain hyaluronic acid thus has a lasting effect on your skin.

HOW TO USE HYALURONIC ACID AND WHICH FORMS WORK BEST:
Hyaluronic acid works best when different sizes of the molecule are applied to the skin.
This is how you use the positive effects of both variants.
The rule of thumb is the smaller the hyaluronic acid chains, the deeper hyaluronic acid can penetrate the skin.

For a lasting effect against wrinkles, your care should therefore contain a higher proportion of short-chain compounds – only then can the anti-aging active ingredient really penetrate the skin.
You’ll find many ways to use hyaluronic acid for skin – from serums to creams.

HOW TO APPLY HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is featured in many different skincare products.
To make the most of the various hyaluronic acid skin benefits, apply as per the product’s individual instructions.

SKINCARE PRODUCTS FEATURING HYALURONIC ACID:
Due to its plentiful benefits and increasing popularity, there has never been an easier or better time to add hyaluronic acid to your skincare routine.
Hyaluronic acid can be found as a key ingredient in many products, the most popular being day creams, night creams, face masks, serums, eye creams and cleansers.

As it is a natural substance that our body has the capability to produce, you can use hyaluronic acid more than once in your 24hr skincare routine.
This will help to keep your skin hydrated, whilst also helping to combat signs of ageing.

To get the most out of your hyaluronic acid skincare routine, we recommend applying it in both the morning and evening to freshly cleansed skin.
Interested in adding hyaluronic acid to your skincare routine?

• Make-up: foundation, powder, concealer or BB cream – these products also ensure a fresh and firm complexion with a little hyaluronic acid.
• Hair care: Shampoos, conditioners and sprays with hyaluronic acid give more volume and ensure smooth and silky hair.

Even the best hyaluronic acid serum will not be effective in keeping your skin healthy, radiant and wrinkle free if you're not using it in tandem with a good daily skincare routine, especially as you age.

FIGHTING WRINKLES WITH HYALURONIC ACID:
As mentioned, when we age, our skin gets a little drier and loses its elasticity.
Hyaluronic Acid is excellent at combatting this.
Hyaluronic Acid features a powerful innovative formula that boosts collagen and redefine facial contours.
Hyaluronic Acid intensively hydrate and smooth the skin’s surface whilst penetrating to deeper layers, for a long-lasting, wrinkle reducing and “plumping effect”.

Even the best hyaluronic acid serum will not be effective in keeping your skin healthy, radiant and wrinkle free if you're not using it in tandem with a good daily skincare routine, especially as you age.
You will certainly not only have encountered hyaluronic acid in skin care.

USING HYALRONIC ACID UNDER YOUR EYES TO FIGHT DARK CIRLCES:
Skin-plumping collagen and hydrating hyaluronic acid are key to diminishing dark circles under eyes.
Thinning skin and dull, dehydrated under eye skin are common companions of dark circles under eyes – and hyaluronic acid will help combat them

HYALURONIC ACID CONTRAINDICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS:
Hyaluronic acid is safe for all skin types.
There are no hyaluronic acid contraindications when used in skincare, that is, applied topically.

USING HYALURONIC ACID AND VITAMIN C TOGETHER:
Do you want firm and healthy skin?
We recommend combining hyaluronic acid with other anti-aging nutrients.
Hyaluronic Acid all depends on the active ingredients that strengthen your natural skin barrier and the structure of your skin.
Moisturisers like hyaluronic acid work well with antioxidants like vitamin C or vitamin A, and can be used together and are some of the best in anti-aging skin care ingredients.

HERE ARE 7 SCIENTIFICALLY BACKED BENEFITS OF TAKING HYALURONIC ACID:
1. Hyaluronic Acid promotes healthier, more supple skin.
Hyaluronic acid supplements can help your skin look and feel more supple.
Hyaluronic acid is a compound found naturally in the skin, where it binds to water to help retain moisture.

However, the natural aging process and exposure to things like ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tobacco smoke, and pollution can decrease its amounts in the skin.
Taking hyaluronic acid supplements may prevent this decline by giving your body extra amounts to incorporate into the skin.

According to one 2014 study, doses of 120–240 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 1 month have been shown to significantly increase skin moisture and reduce dry skin in adults.
Hydrated skin also reduces the appearance of wrinkles, which may explain why several studies show that supplementing with it can make skin appear smoother.

When applied to the surface of the skin, hyaluronic acid serums can reduce wrinkles, redness, and dermatitis.
Some dermatologists even inject hyaluronic acid fillers to keep skin looking firm and youthful

2. Hyaluronic Acid can speed wound healing.
Hyaluronic acid also plays a key role in wound healing.
Hyaluronic Acid’s naturally present in the skin, but its concentrations increase when there is damage in need of repair.
Hyaluronic acid helps wounds heal faster by regulating inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area.

In some older studies, applying it to skin wounds has been shown to reduce the size of wounds and decrease pain faster than a placebo or no treatment at all.
Hyaluronic acid also has antibacterial properties, so it may help reduce the risk of infection when applied directly to open wounds.

What’s more, Hyaluronic Acid’s effective at reducing gum disease, speeding up healing after tooth surgery, and eliminating ulcers when used topically in the mouth.

While the research on hyaluronic acid serums and gels is promising, there has been no research to determine whether hyaluronic acid supplements can provide the same benefits.
However, since oral supplements boost the levels of hyaluronic acid found in the skin, it’s reasonable to suspect they may provide some benefit.

3. Relieve joint pain by keeping bones lubricated.
Hyaluronic acid is also found in the joints, where it keeps the space between your bones lubricated.
When the joints are lubricated, the bones are less likely to grind against each other and cause uncomfortable pain.

Hyaluronic acid supplements are very helpful for people with osteoarthritis, a type of degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.
Taking 80–200 mg daily for at least 2 months has been shown to significantly reduce knee pain in people with osteoarthritis, especially those between the ages of 40 and 70 years old.

Hyaluronic acid can also be injected directly into the joints for pain relief.
However, an analysis of over 21,000 adults found only a small reduction in pain and a greater risk of adverse effects.
Some research shows that pairing oral hyaluronic acid supplements with injections can help extend pain-relieving benefits and increase the amount of time between shots

4. Soothe acid reflux symptoms
New research shows hyaluronic acid supplements may help reduce symptoms of acid reflux.
When acid reflux occurs, the contents of the stomach are regurgitated up into the throat, causing pain and damage to the lining of the esophagus.
Hyaluronic acid may help soothe the damaged lining of the esophagus and speed up the recovery process.

One 2012 test-tube study found that applying a mixture of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate to acid-damaged throat tissue helped it heal much faster than when no treatment was used.
Human studies have also shown benefits.
One study found that taking a hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate supplement along with an acid-reducing medication decreased reflux symptoms 60% more than taking acid-reducing medication alone.

Another older study showed that the same type of supplement was five times more effective at reducing acid reflux symptoms than a placebo.
Research in this area is still relatively new, and more studies are needed to replicate these results.
Nevertheless, these outcomes are promising.

5. Relieve dry eye and discomfort:
Approximately 11% older adults experience symptoms of dry eye due to reduced tear production or tears evaporating too quickly.
Since hyaluronic acid is excellent at retaining moisture, it’s often used to treat dry eye.
Eye drops containing 0.2–0.4% hyaluronic acid have been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve eye health.

Contact lenses that contain slow-release hyaluronic acid are also being developed as a possible treatment for dry eye.
In addition, hyaluronic acid eye drops are frequently used during eye surgery to reduce inflammation and speed wound healing.
While applying them directly to the eyes has been shown to reduce dry eye symptoms and improve overall eye health, it is unclear whether oral supplements have the same effects.

One small study in 24 people found that combining topical and oral hyaluronic acid was more effective at improving symptoms of dry eye than topical hyaluronic acid alone.
However, more large, high-quality studies are needed to understand the effects of oral hyaluronic acid supplements on eye health.

6. Preserve bone strength:
New animal research has begun to investigate the effects of hyaluronic acid supplements on bone health.
Two older studies have found that hyaluronic acid supplements can help slow the rate of bone loss in rats with osteopenia, the beginning stage of bone loss that precedes osteoporosis.

Some older test-tube studies have also shown that high doses of hyaluronic acid can increase the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for building new bone tissue.
While more high quality, recent research in humans is needed, early animal and test-tube studies are promising.

7. Could prevent bladder pain:
Approximately 3–6% of females suffer from a condition called interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome.
This disorder causes abdominal pain and tenderness, along with a strong and frequent urge to urinate.
While the causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown, hyaluronic acid has been found to help relieve the pain and urinary frequency associated with this condition when inserted directly into the bladder through a catheter.

It’s unclear why hyaluronic acid helps relieve these symptoms, but researchers hypothesize that it helps repair damage to bladder tissue, making it less sensitive to pain.
Studies have not yet determined whether oral hyaluronic acid supplements can increase amounts of it in the bladder enough to have the same effects.

SURPRISING BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID:
*Supports skin health
*Promotes wound healing
*Decreases joint pain
*Reduces acid reflux
*Relieves dry eye
*Preserves bone strength
*Prevents bladder pain
*Potential side effects

HYALURONIC ACID IS ALSO AVAILABLE BY PRESCRIPTION IN THE FOLLOWING FORMS:
*By injection:
Hyaluronic acid injections into your joints can relieve pain caused by arthritis.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also commonly used with medications given in an IV.
Healthcare providers may prescribe Hyaluronic Acid off-label to treat bladder pain (such as pain caused by interstitial cystitis).

*Under your skin:
Fillers containing hyaluronic acid and collagen (a natural protein also found in your body) are approved for injection under your skin.
These fillers help restore natural shape and appearance, such as for treating acne scars or adding volume to lips.

*In your nose:
Some medications use hyaluronic acid because it helps your body absorb them, especially when taken through your nose.

*By inhaler/nebulizer:
Hyaluronic acid can treat respiratory (breathing) problems such as asthma or infections.
Remember, only trained and qualified medical professionals should give injections.
While experts say hyaluronic acid is safe, improper use — especially when injecting it — can lead to severe complications or even death.

HOW DOES HYALURONIC ACID WORK?
Hyaluronic acid belongs to a type of long, complicated chain-like molecules called polymers.
The chain has plenty of spots on it where other chemical compounds (like water, for example) can latch on.

That’s why a quarter-teaspoon of hyaluronic acid can hold about one and a half gallons of water, making it the best polymer — natural or artificial — for absorbing water (and a key ingredient in moisturizing products).
Because it has lots of space for other molecules to latch on, hyaluronic acid is great for transporting other molecules throughout your body.

It also has the ability to attach itself to cells, which is why targeted delivery of medications using hyaluronic acid is a major topic of study.
Hyaluronic acid’s chain-like structure also means it can act like a scaffold structure, allowing tissues to grow.
This is a key step in how wounds heal on your body.
Scientists have also found hyaluronic acid in human embryos and are studying what role hyaluronic acid plays in reproduction and development.

DOES HYALURONIC ACID WORK?
Yes, depending on how it’s used.
Hyaluronic Acid’s a versatile molecule and scientists are still finding new and beneficial ways to use it.
Right now, Hyaluronic Acid’s most often used for skin, joint and eye health.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also the topic of hundreds of scientific studies and trials around the world.

WHAT DOES HYALURONIC ACID DO FOR SKIN?
Long-term use of hyaluronic acid serum on your skin or in a supplement taken by mouth can improve overall skin health.
Hyaluronic Acid’s also great for helping improve overall skin flexibility and elasticity (meaning it makes your skin more stretchy and soft).

IS HYALURONIC ACID GOOD FOR ACNE?
Hyaluronic acid is widely used as an ingredient in fillers that repair or conceal scars left behind by acne.
There has been some limited research into combinations of hyaluronic acid and other medications to treat acne, but so far, there isn’t much evidence that these are effective.

IS HYALURONIC ACID SAFE?
Yes, depending on how it’s used.
Over-the-counter hyaluronic acid serums and products applied on your skin (creams, lotions, etc.) or in eye care products are considered safe.
Hyaluronic acid supplements taken by mouth are also considered safe (but you should still tell your healthcare provider about them, as you would for any other medication, vitamin or supplement).

10 BENEFITS OF HYALURONIC ACID
FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS HYALURONIC ACID?
Hyaluronic Acid, commonly abbreviated as “HA”, is a naturally occurring molecule found throughout almost every fluid and tissue in our bodies, primarily in the skin, eyes, and joints.
In fact, approximately 50% of the total HA resides in the skin.
Hyaluronic Acid is crucial to the moisture and elasticity of our skin.
Unfortunately, as we age, the concentration and molecular weight of HA substantially decreases.
Because of this, hyaluronic acid has been widely researched and formulated as a powerful active ingredient in serums, moisturizers, and other cosmetic products.

1. HYDRATION:
Hydration = Hyaluronic Acid.
Think of hyaluronic acid like a BIG drink of water for your skin. It is able to hold up to 1,000 times its molecular weight in water.
Hyaluronic acid penetrates the skin and binds water to skin cells, infusing all layers of the skin with valuable, rejuvenating moisture.

Pure Hyaluronic Acid Serum can be layered with other product.
Hyaluronic Acid also does not need a bunch of other ingredients and fillers to be effective.
In fact, hyaluronic acid is the perfect example of how limited ingredient skincare can deliver real results.
Hydration is different than moisture for the skin.

2. HUMECTANT:
Humectants are used A LOT in skincare.
Think of a humectant like a sponge; it will continue to draw in and hold onto moisture after it is collected.

They allow hydrogen bonding and attract water.
Examples of humectants in skincare products include ingredients like glycerin, sorbitol (sugar alcohol), hexylene and butylene glycol, and of course, hyaluronic acid.

After infusing the epidermis (top layer of the skin) with valuable moisture, hyaluronic acid acts as a humectant and continues to draw moisture in from the surrounding environment.
This will provide lasting hydration for the skin.

3. LIPID BARRIER ENHANCEMENT:
Our skin’s main function is to protect our body.
Obviously, our skin protects our internal organs, muscles, bones, etc. from the outside world.
But, our skin also protects the body from harmful toxins that bombard us on a daily basis.

The top layer of the skin (the epidermis) takes the brunt of outside damage (toxins).
As we age, the lipid barrier (fatty acids that trap in water and prevent irritants entering the skin) in the epidermis slows down.
Everything from UV rays, to environmental pollution, to lifestyle choices (like smoking) cause damage.

This damage results in more fine lines and wrinkles, dark spots, and drier skin.
Hyaluronic Acid fortifies the skin’s natural barriers to help lock moisture in for an even more dramatic hydrating effect.
Over time, this can help slow down the the deterioration of the lipid barrier and help protect and fortify it.

4. INCREASED RESILIENCE:
When the lipid barrier is further enhanced and protected by hyaluronic acid, the skin is better able to defend itself against environmental age-factors and pollutants.
When Hyaluronic Acid’s not fighting these toxins, the skin remains less wrinkled, brighter, and bouncier longer.

A good tip to remember: preservatives used in a lot of products can break down your barrier by killing off the good bacteria that also defend the surface of your skin against toxins.
The result is a loss of moisture, as well as potential irritation and even infection.

Look for products with limited ingredients and not a lot of preservatives.
A lot of people with oily or acneic skin want to apply harsher chemicals to “strip” the skin of oil.
It’s important to know that most acne-prone skin doesn’t have a strong lipid barrier, which encourages inflammation and irritation.
Hyaluronic Acid adds hydration, helps protect the lipid barrier, and is recommended for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.

5. TIGHTER SKIN TONE:
No one wants saggy skin.
Ever.
As we age, the elastin in the skin breaks down, and skin loses its snap, or bounceback.

A quick trick to check your elastin (the bounceback) is to pinch the skin on the top of your hand.
If it snaps back quickly, you still have a lot of elastin.
As you age, the skin won’t bounce back as quickly.
Next time you visit your mother or grandmother, try the test on them (but don’t tell them why… there’s seriously no need, it can’t be fixed).

Hyaluronic Acid is NOT going to replace your elastin but, it can help with the appearance of tightness in the skin.
As it fills the skin with moisture, hyaluronic acid tightens the overall complexion.
Hyaluronic Acid helps firm facial contours for a more youthful appearance.
And that is something you can share with mom and grandma.

6. SMOOTHER TEXTURE:
Much in the same way it makes the appearance of the skin look tighter, hyaluronic acid also smoothes the texture of the skin.
This results in a silky smooth finish you can see and feel.
If skin is visibly scarred from acne, the hyaluronic acid will not fill in those scars.
But, combined with a tool like a dermaroller, over time, hyaluronic acid plus a dermaroller can make skin look smoother.

7. LESS VISIBLE FINE LINES AND WRINKLES:
It’s never too early to start protecting and nourishing the skin. Hyaluronic acid is truly an ingredient that gives benefits to twenty and eighty year old skin.
Hyaluronic Acid helps reduce the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles retaining moisture to the skin, creating a plumping effect.

When the skin is protected and hydrated, increased skin cell production can take place, as the skin isn’t busy fighting for hydration.
This leads to smoother, plumper skin cells.
The skin around the eye area is one of the first to show fine lines and wrinkles.
Using an eye cream twice daily will help keep skin supple and hydrated, and prevent new lines from forming.

8. STIMULATES SKIN CELL REGENERATION:
While it won’t speed up the cell renewal process, hyaluronic acid does help promote skin cell regeneration by offering extra hydration and barrier protection to the skin.
This naturally leads to healthier cells and a more vibrant complexion.

9. PIGMENTATION:
Just like in point #8, when there is increased cell turnover, hyaluronic acid also helps reduce and prevent age spots and pigmentation issues.
But, it cannot do it on it’s own.
When looking to treat dark spots, a vitamin c serum and vitamin c booster product should be paired with hyaluronic acid.

10. CLARITY:
When oily skin is stripped of hydration (water) it overcompensates to hydrate the skin by producing oil.
A big misconception is that oily and acne prone skins don’t need hydration, but in fact, they do.
By promoting proper moisture balance in the skin, hyaluronic acid prevents the over-production of oil that clogs pores and causes breakouts.

MANY SKINCARE PRODUCTS CONTAINING HYALURONIC ACID CLAIM TO INCREASE HYDRATION WITHIN THE SKIN
But is this true?
The answer requires a closer look at the type of Hyaluronic Acid in the product.
Hyaluronic Acid comes in different molecular sizes.

Larger Hyaluronic Acid molecules, despite being the best at binding water and offering hydration, cannot penetrate into the skin.
When applied topically (to the skin), these molecules sit on top of the skin, offering hydration only at the very surface.
Smaller Hyaluronic Acid molecules, which bind less water than larger HA molecules, can penetrate deeper into the skin (though only into the epidermis, the topmost layer of skin).

For maximum surface hydration, look for a product that contains Hyaluronic Acid molecules in a variety of sizes.
Hyaluronic Acid is also used in dermal fillers, many of which are composed of HA in an injectable gel form.

Hyaluronic Acid fillers add volume by physically filling the area where they are placed, as well as by drawing water to enhance the filling effect.
Hyaluronic Acid fillers can be used to address a multitude of cosmetic concerns, including lifting the cheeks, softening deeper folds and creases around the mouth and chin, improving the look of sunken, dark, undereye circles, hydrating and enhancing the lips, and rejuvenating the hands and earlobes.

HYALURONIC ACID HOPE OR HYPE?
So is Hyaluronic Acid worth the hype?
First, let’s establish that Hyaluronic Acid will never be as effective as an injectable HA filler for replacing lost volume, even though some HA products are misleadingly marketed as topical “fillers.”

Hyaluronic Acid is an excellent moisturizer.
However, if the goal is to improve volume loss and laxity of the skin that naturally occurs with aging, injectable Hyaluronic Acid, rather than HA, is the preferred treatment method.

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Until the late 1970s, hyaluronic acid was described as a "goo" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix.
For example, hyaluronic acid is a major component of the synovial fluid and was found to increase the viscosity of the fluid.
Along with lubricin, it is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.

Hyaluronic acid is an important component of articular cartilage, where it is present as a coat around each cell (chondrocyte).
When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of HAPLN1 (hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form.

These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the resilience of cartilage (its resistance to compression).
The molecular weight (size) of hyaluronan in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.

A lubricating role of hyaluronan in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested.
A particular type of fibroblasts, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the hyaluronan-rich matrix.
Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.

THE 3 TYPES OF HYALURONIC ACID: HOW THEY DIFFER:
There are three types of hyaluronic acid:
Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is hyaluronic acid that has been broken down into elements small enough to penetrate the skin.
It’s moisturizing, but not the most moisturizing option, so it’s best for people who have oily or combination skin, since these skin types want to avoid over-moisturizing.

Sodium hyaluronate goes deeper into the skin and delivers even better results, though the effects aren’t very long lasting.
Sodium hyaluronate is best for people who have normal skin, because it will allow moisture to seep in, but you don’t really need a heavy-duty, long-lasting effect.

This is the ingredient you’ll likely find in serums.
Sodium acetylated hyaluronate has the benefits of sodium hyaluronate but with longer-lasting results.
It’s best for people who need moisture, such as those with dry skin, those who live in dry climates, or those looking for a product for the dry winter months.

There’s also ingestible hyaluronic acid, which is a capsule filled with the active ingredient.
The idea is that by taking a supplement, levels of the hyaluronic acid will be steady and the effects will last, according to a study published in July 2017 in Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology.

And it appears to work:
The researchers found that participants who took 120 milligrams of hyaluronic acid per day for 12 weeks improved their skin wrinkles and their overall skin condition.

WOUND REPAIR, HYALURONIC ACID:
As a major component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid has a key role in tissue regeneration, inflammation response, and angiogenesis, which are phases of wound repair.
As of 2023, however, reviews of Hyaluronic Acid's effect on healing for chronic wounds including burns, diabetic foot ulcers or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive clinical research evidence.

There is also some limited evidence to suggest that hyaluronic acid may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control.
Hyaluronic acid combines with water and swells to form a gel, making it useful in skin treatments as a dermal filler for facial wrinkles; its effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.

GRANULATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Granulation tissue is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds.
It typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size it heals.
Hyaluronic Acid is abundant in granulation tissue matrix.
A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this Hyaluronic Acid-rich network.

These functions include facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix.
Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of Hyaluronic Acid as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.

CELL MIGRATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue.
The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a Hyaluronic Acid-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix.

Hyaluronic Acid provides an open hydrated matrix that facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between Hyaluronic Acid and cell surface Hyaluronic Acid receptors.
Hyaluronic Acid forms links with several protein kinases associated with cell locomotion, for example, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and other non-receptor tyrosine kinases.

During fetal development, the migration path through which neural crest cells migrate is rich in Hyaluronic Acid.
Hyaluronic Acid is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by HA degradation or blocking HA receptor occupancy.

By providing the dynamic force to the cell, Hyaluronic Acid synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration.
Basically, Hyaluronic Acid is synthesized at the plasma membrane and released directly into the extracellular environment.
This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.

SKIN HEALING, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid plays an important role in the normal epidermis.
Hyaluronic Acid also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of its properties.
These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of basal keratinocytes, which are major constituents of the epidermis; Hyaluronic Acid's free-radical scavenging function, and its role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.

In normal skin, Hyaluronic Acid is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found.
CD44 is collocated with Hyaluronic Acid in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally it has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the Hyaluronic Acid-rich matrix pouches.

Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of HA in epidermis.
A report found Hyaluronic Acid content increases in the presence of retinoic acid (vitamin A).

The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and photoaging may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin Hyaluronic Acid content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration.
It has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of Hyaluronic Acid contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a Hyaluronic Acid receptor in the epidermis.

Epidermal Hyaluronic Acid also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair.
In the wound healing process, Hyaluronic Acid is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.

FASCIACYTE, HYALURONIC ACID:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle fasciae.
Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae.
They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts.
Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.
Fasciacytes produce hyaluronan, which regulates fascial gliding.

BIOSYNTHETIC MECHANISM OF HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic Acid is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronic Acid is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides.

The carboxylate groups present in the molecule make it negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making it valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Hyaluronic Acid consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to Hyaluronic Acid.

There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the Hyaluronic Acid polymer.
For an HA capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because it polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into Hyaluronic Acid.
Hyaluronic Acid precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main HA precursor.

Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form Hyaluronic Acid.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with hasE (phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using pgm (α -phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form HA via hasA (HA synthase).

*Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid:
UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from hasC (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with hasB (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.

*Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine:
The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes glmS (amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P.
Then, glmM (Mutase) reacts with this product to form glucosamine-1-P. hasD (acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally, hasD (pyrophosphorylase) converts this product into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.

Final step:
Two disaccharides form hyaluronic acid
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form Hyaluronic Acid via hasA (HA synthase), completing the synthesis.

DEGRADATION, HYALURONIC ACID:
Degradation
Hyaluronic acid can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases.
In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are tumor suppressors.
The degradation products of hyaluronan, the oligosaccharides and very low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, exhibit pro-angiogenic properties.

In addition, recent studies showed hyaluronan fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.
Hyaluronan can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions.
These include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic disintegration, thermal decomposition, and degradation by oxidants.

ETYMOLOGY, HYALURONIC ACID:
Hyaluronic acid is derived from hyalos (Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and uronic acid because it was first isolated from the vitreous humour and possesses a high uronic acid content.
The term hyaluronate refers to the conjugate base of hyaluronic acid.
Since the molecule typically exists in vivo in its polyanionic form, Hyaluronic Acid is most commonly referred to as hyaluronan.

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Hygroscopic.
Store under inert gas.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYALURONIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

SYNONYMS:
(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-(1→3)-D-glucuronoglycan
Poly{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4-diyl]oxy[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2,5-diyl]oxy}

Hydrangea Root extract is a specific collagen Type I inhibitor that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels, hence can prevent intimal hyperplasia at a vascular anastomosis.
Hydrangea Root extract is used in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in both humans and animals.
Hydrangea Root extract is a halogenated derivative of febrigugine.

CAS: 55837-20-2
MF: C16H17BrClN3O3
MW: 414.68
EINECS: 1806241-263-5

Synonyms
7-Bromo-6-chloro-3[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidi-nyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinzolinone;trans-7-bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl)-4(3h)-qui;trans-l);7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4-quinazolinone;Halofuginone, >97%;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2r,3s)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidyl]-2-oxopropyl]-4(3h)-quinazolinone;HALOFUGINONE;4(3h)-quinazolinone,7-bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropy;4(3H)-Quinazolinone, 7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl]- [ACD/Index Name] 7-Brom-6-chlor-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-chinazolinon [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-quinazolinone [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-pipéridinyl]-2-oxopropyl}-4(3H)-quinazolinone [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl]-2-oxopropyl}quinazolin-4(3H)-one 7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine Halofuginone stenorol 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-((2RS,3SR)-3-hydroxy-piperidin-2-yl)-2-oxo-propyl]-3H-quinazolin-4-one 7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-piperidin-2-yl)-2-oxo-propyl]-3H-quinazolin-4-one empostatin Halofuginon 17395-31-2(Halofuginone Hydrobromide) 64924-67-0(Halofuginone Hydrobromide) 55837-20-2(halofuginone) 1217623-74-9(Halofuginone hydrochloride);Halofuginone;Halofuginona;55837-20-2;Halofuginonum;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]quinazolin-4-one;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-(3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one;Halofuginone [INN:BAN];Halofuginon;64544-01-0;HT-100;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl)-2-oxopropyl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one;C16H17BrClN3O3;SCHEMBL1937106;CHEMBL1197091;GTPL10153;DTXSID80860689;TQP0820;CHEBI:184758;LVASCWIMLIKXLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-{3-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxypiperidin-2-yl]-2-oxopropyl}-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one;BCP07016;AKOS015962039;SB19686;AC-29749;Tempostatin;RU-19110;RU 19110;RU19110;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone;7-Bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidinyl)-2-oxopropyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone, 9CI;7-bromo-6-chloro-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2-piperidyl)-acetonyl]-4(3H)-quinazolinone

Hydrangea Root extract is a low molecular weight quinazolinone alkaloid, and a potent inhibitor of collagen alpha1(I) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression.
Hydrangea Root extract also effectively suppresses tumor progression and metastasis in mice.
Collgard Biopharmaceuticals is developing halofuginone for the treatment of scleroderma and received orphan drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in March, 2000.
Hydrangea Root extract is an orally-active quinazolinone alkaloid with potential antineoplastic activity.
Hydrangea Root extract interferes with the signaling pathway of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and inhibits expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, thereby inhibiting collagen type I synthesis and inducing extracellular matrix degradation, resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor growth, or metastasis.
Hydrangea Root extract, also known as RU-19110, is a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities.
Hydrangea Root extract specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth.
These effects appear to be due to Hydrangea Root extract-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters.

Hydrangea Root extract Chemical Properties
Melting point: >150°C dec.
Boiling point: 595.8±60.0 °C(Predicted)
density: 1.73±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility DMSO : 9 mg/mL (21.70 mM)
form: Solid
pka: 14.61±0.40(Predicted)
color: White to off-white
CAS DataBase Reference: 55837-20-2(CAS DataBase Reference)

Uses
Hydrangea Root extract is a coccidiostat for young chickens and young turkeys.
In higher doses, Hydrangea Root extract is a growth depressant, impairs feed utilization, and reduces feed intake.
In rats Hydrangea Root extract causes alopecia.
Hydrangea Root extract is prohibited from use during the last four days before slaughter (withdrawal period).
Hydrangea Root extract is extracted from enzyme-digested chicken liver as a free base into ethyl acetate and partitioned into ammonium acetate buffer solution.
The Hydrangea Root extract is concentrated with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and eluted with methyl alcohol.
The eluant is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in the HPLC mobile phase.

Biological Activity
Hydrangea Root extract is a halogenated derivative of febrifugine, a natural quinazolinone-containing compound found in the Chinese herb D. febrifuga.
Hydrangea Root extract has antimalarial and anticoccidial actions.
In mammals, Hydrangea Root extract at 10 ng/ml down-regulates Smad3, blocking TGF-β signaling and preventing both the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the transitioning of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells.
Through this action, Hydrangea Root extract blocks fibrosis and tumor progression in a variety of different models.
Hydrangea Root extract also competitively inhibits prolyl-tRNA synthetase (Ki = 18.3 nM), activating the amino acid starvation response.
This prevents the differentiation of TH17 cells, blunting an autoimmune response.

Synthesis
A scalable total synthesis of Hydrangea Root extract has been accomplished.
This synthetic route features a total of 12 steps of highly efficient reactions, without any chromatographic purification.
Hydrangea Root extract was obtained in 17% overall yield and over 98.5% HPLC purity.
All the reaction conditions are mild and reliable.
In addition, no hazardous materials are used or produced.
All reagents are commercially available and inexpensive.
This route is safe, robust, scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally benign.

Hydrargillite is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and Hydrargillite three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Hydrargillite is amphoteric, i.e., Hydrargillite has both basic and acidic properties.
Hydrargillite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3
Molar Mass: 78.003 g·mol−1

Aluminium trihydrate, Aluminum, trihydrate, DTXSID20421935, MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N, aluminum;trihydroxide, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminium hydroxide gel, dried, aluminium trihydroxide, aluminum hyroxide, Hydroxyde d' aluminium, Dried aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, dried, Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried, CHEMBL1200706, DTXSID2036405, NIOSH/BD0708000, Di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydialuminum, AF-260, AKOS015904617, Aluminum, di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydi-, DB06723, BD07080000, Aluminium trihydrate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminium, trihydrate [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Aluminiumtrihydrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 106152-09-4 [RN], 12252-70-9 [RN], 128083-27-2 [RN], 1302-29-0 [RN], 13783-16-9 [RN], 14762-49-3 [RN], 151393-94-1 [RN], 159704-77-5 [RN], 21645-51-2 [RN], 51330-22-4 [RN], 8012-63-3 [RN], 8064-00-4 [RN], AC 714KC, AKP-DA, Al(OH)3, Alcoa A 325, Alcoa AS 301, Alcoa C 30BF, Alcoa C 31, Alcoa C 33, Alcoa C 330, Alcoa C 331, Alcoa C 333, Alcoa C 385, Alcoa H 65, Alhydrogel [Wiki], Alolt 8, ALterna GEL [Trade name], ALternaGEL, Alu-Cap, Alugel, Alugelibye, Alumigel, Alumina trihydrate, Aluminic acid (H3AlO3), Aluminium hydroxide [Wiki], aluminium(3+) hydroxide, aluminium(III) hydroxide, Aluminiumhydroxid, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [USP], Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, Aluminum hydroxide, dried [JAN], Aluminum oxide trihydrate, Aluminum trihydroxide, Aluminum(III) hydroxide, Alusal, Amberol ST 140F, Amorphous alumina, Amphogel, Amphojel, Antipollon HT, Apyral, Apyral 120, Apyral 120VAW, Apyral 15, Apyral 2, Apyral 24, Apyral 25, Apyral 4, Apyral 40, Apyral 60, Apyral 8, Apyral 90, Apyral B, Arthritis Pain Formula Maximum Strength, Ascriptin, BACO AF 260, Boehmite, British aluminum AF 260, C 31C, C 31F, C 4D, C-31-F, Calcitrel, Calmogastrin, Camalox, Dialume [Trade name], Di-Gel Liquid, Gelusil, Gibbsite (Al(OH)3), Higilite, Higilite H 31S, Higilite H 32, Higilite H 42, Hychol 705, Hydrafil, Hydral 705, Hydral 710, Hydrated Alumina, Hydrated aluminum oxide, Kudrox, Liquigel, Maalox [Wiki], Maalox HRF, Maalox Plus, Martinal, Martinal A, Martinal A/S, Martinal F-A, Mylanta [Wiki], P 30BF, Reheis F 1000, Simeco Suspension, Tricreamalate, Trihydrated alumina, trihydroxidoaluminium, Trihydroxyaluminum, Trisogel, WinGel

Hydrargillite is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.
Hydrargillite (also known as ATH and aluminium trihydroxide, chemical formula Al (OH)3) is initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

Annual production of Hydrargillite is around 100 million tons which is nearly all produced through the Bayer process.
The Bayer process dissolves bauxite (Aluminium Ore) in sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures.

Hydrargillite is then separated from the solids that remain after the heating process.
The solids remaining after the Hydrargillite is removed is highly toxic and presents environmental issues.

Hydrargillite are available in different uncoated and coated grades, with average particle size varying from 2 microns to 80 microns as per application.
Hydrargillite is a common primary ingredient present in most solid surface material and accounts for as much as 70% of the total product.

Hydrargillite is used as a filler for epoxy, urethane, or polyester resins, where fire retardant properties or increased thermal conductivity are required.
Hydrargillite is white in color.

Hydrargillite is a flame retardant and smoke suppressant.
Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties, endothermic dehydration cools the plastic 6 rubber parts and dilutes the combustible gases with water vapours that is generated in case of fire.

Hydrargillite is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrargillite is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hydrargillite is a halogen-free, environmentally friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler for plastics and rubber.
Hydrargillite is suitable for a broad range of applications including solid surface, composites and electrical insulation.

Hydrargillite is a white, translucent powder that is also called aluminum hydroxide.
Hydrargillite is obtained from Bauxite.

When Hydrargillite is strongly heated, Hydrargillite will convert to Aluminum oxide with the release of water.
Hydrargillite is used as a base in the preparation of transparent lake pigments.

Hydrargillite is also used as an inert filler in paints and tends to increase the transparency of colors when dispersed in oils.
Hydrargillite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.

Hydrargillite is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as Aluminium trihydrate) and Hydrargillite three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
Hydrargillite is amphoteric, i.e., Hydrargillite has both basic and acidic properties.

Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric.
These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Hydrargillite also forms a gelatinous precipitate in water.

Hydrargillite is a non-halogen fire retardant and smoke suppressant.
Hydrargillite is a major mineral fire retardant being the largest selling fire retardant additive in the world.

Hydrargillite is used commercially as a paper coating, flame retardant, water repellant, and as a filler in glass, ceramics, inks, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics.
When strongly heated, Hydrargillite decomposes into aluminium oxide with release of water following an endothermic reaction.

Hydrargillite (ATH or hydrated alumina) is a non-toxic, non-corrosive, flame retardant and smoke suppressant utilized in elastomeric applications.
Hydrargillite is the most frequently used flame retardant in the world.

Hydrargillite is a very effective flame retardant due to Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties which absorb heat and release water vapor.
Hydrargillite releases its 35% water of crystallization as water vapor when heated above 205°C.

The resulting endothermic reaction cools Hydrargillite below flash point, reducing the risk of fire and acts as a vapor barrier to prevent oxygen from reaching the flame.
Typical loadings vary from 20 phr to 150 phr.
Because many polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene process above 200°C, these polyolefins should use magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant filler since Hydrargillite water of hydration releases at approximately 325°C.

Hydrargillites are obtained by digestion of bauxite throughout the Bayer process.

Hydrargillite starts to remove constitution water above 180°C
Water removal cools the surface and eliminates entry of oxygen, which confers flame retardant properties and smoke suppressant.
Accordingly Hydrargillite is a necessary raw material for products like rubber, polyurethane, polyester, silicone, thermoplastic, cables, etc. with fire retardant properties.

Hydrargillite has a number of common names used throughout the chemical industry which include: Hydrate Alumina, Alumina Hydrate, Aluminium Tri Hydroxide, ATH, Aluminium Hydrate and Aluminium Hydroxide.

Hydrargillite is a white, odorless, powdery, solid substance.
Hydrargillite demonstrates a very low solubility in water but is considered to be amphoteric, meaning Hydrargillite will dissolve in both acids or a strong alkali.

The most common use of Hydrargillite is for the production of aluminum metal.
Hydrargillite is also used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in polymers such as rubber products and carpet backing.

Hydrargillite is a white filling material that provides flame retardant and self-extinguishing properties for polyester resins and gelcoats.
Hydrargillite exposes water molecules within the body at high temperatures to reduce flame spread and smoke formation.
Hydrargillite is used in GRP pipe applications, in acrylic applications and in other multicomponent applications.

Aluminum trihydrate (also known as aluminum hydrate, alumina hydrate, aluminum hydroxide, or ATH) is a filler, extender pigment, and bodying agent in oil- and water-borne paint that does not greatly affect the color of the paint.
This is an 8-micron median particle size extender that is a white to tan colored powder and can be added to paint to impart transparency to the paint film.

Hydrargillite is the most widely used flame retardant in commercial coatings due to Hydrargillite versatility and low cost.
Hydrargillite can be used in a wide range of paint binders at processing temperatures below 220°C.

Hydrargillite is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.
Additional benefits are acid resistance and smoke suppression.

At about 220°C, Hydrargillite begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of Hydrargillite weight as water vapor.

AI2O3•3H2O + HEAT —–> AI2O3 + 3 H2O

Hydrargillite acts as a heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing the burning rate.
The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion gases and toxic fumes.

Hydrargillite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Aluminium hydrate is separated from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The block crystals of alumina hydrate impart good chemical reactivity.
Alumina hydrate can react with a base as well as an acid, and finds use in many applications as raw material.

After drying, alumina hydrate is ground using mechanical mills and ceramic lined ball mills to obtain finer particle sizes.
Hindalco manufactures ground hydrate with different particle size (5-15 micron) distribution.
Surface-treated fine hydrate as well as super-ground fine hydrate (1-2.5 micron) are also available.

Hydrargillite obtained in the Bayer process, is calcined at temperature above 1200°C and up to 1600°C to manufacture special grade alumina.
During calcinations, alumina hydrate crystals lose bound moisture and recrystallise to form alumina crystals.

The particle size of alumina remains at 85-100 micron.
Special alumina contains predominantly alpha phase.
The degree of calcination is a measure of the hardness of alumina – soft to hard.

Coarse alumina is classified based on the soda (Na2O) content:
Low soda alumina - Na2O <0.1%
Medium soda alumina - 0.1% < Na2O <0.2%
Normal Soda alumina - 0.20% < Na2O < 0.45%

Calcined alumina is ground in fluid energy mills or ceramic lined ball mills to meet the desired particle size required by the customers.
Hindalco manufactures fine alumina with varying particle size (0.5 to 8 micron) and distribution.
Low soda, medium soda and normal soda type are available in fine alumina also.

The global Hydrargillite market size was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 1.9 billion by 2025, growing at a cagr 5.5% from 2020 to 2025.
The major drivers for the market include the rising consumer demand for Hydrargillite in different applications and enduse industries, such as flame retardants, and paints & coatings.
However, the substitutes present in the market, for instance, magnesium hydroxide, can restrain the market growth.

Covid-19 Impact On The Global Hydrargillite Market:
The global Hydrargillite market is expected to witness a moderate decrease in Hydrargillite growth rate in 2020-2021, as the Hydrargillite industry witness a significant decline in Hydrargillite production.
Hydrargillite has affected the market for Hydrargillite manufacturers catering to the glass and rubber industries, which were not considered essential.

Moreover, most of the global companies operating in this market are based in Asia Pacific, the US, and European countries, which are adversely affected by the pandemic.
These companies having their manufacturing units in China and other Asian countries are also severely affected.
Therefore, disruptions in the supply chain have resulted in hampering production units due to a lack of raw materials and workforce.

Hydrargillite Market Dynamics:

Driver: Increasing demand for non-halogenated flame retardants:
The growing number of residential and commercial establishments has increased the possibilities of explosions and fire-related accidents.
Therefore, several countries across North America and Europe have mandated stringent fire safety regulations and protocols.

This has led to the increased use of flame retardants in buildings to meet these government regulations.
The major application of flame retardants is in electric wire insulation in building & construction, and transportation.

Flame retardants are used in circuit boards, electronic casing, and cables & wire systems.
Stringent fire safety standards to reduce the spread of fires in residential and commercial buildings are driving the demand for halogen-free flame retardants.

Opportunities:
Use of Hydrargillite in water treatment plants Hydrargillite (alum) is the most common coagulant used in water and wastewater treatment.
The main purpose of using alum in these applications is to improve the settling of suspended solids and color removal.

Alum is also used to remove phosphate from wastewater treatment effluent.
Thus, the growing urbanization in emerging economies, such as China and India, is expected to fuel the demand for water treatment plants in residential areas.

Nevertheless, many people still lack access to safe water and suffer from preventable water-borne microbial diseases leading to the increased demand for wastewater treatment plants.
Thus, the use of aluminum hydroxide in water treatment plants in residential areas is expected to act as an opportunity for the growth of the Hydrargillite market across the globe.

Challenges:

Environmental issues related to alumina production:
Alumina production leads to bauxite residue, also known as red mud.
The disposal of bauxite residue/red mud is a challenge due to relatively large volumes, occupying land areas, and the alkalinity of the residue and the run-off water.

Only a very small proportion of the bauxite residue produced are re-used in any way.
Although the residue has a number of characteristics of environmental concern, the most immediate and apparent barrier to remediation and utilization is Hydrargillite high alkalinity and sodicity.

The high pH of the bauxite residue is a problem from both a health and safety point-of-view.
This can pose a challenge for the Hydrargillite market.

Applications of Hydrargillite:
Over 90% of all Hydrargillite produced is converted to Aluminium Oxide (alumina) that is used to manufacture aluminum.
As a flame retardant, Hydrargillite is chemically added to a polymer molecule or blended in with a polymer to suppress and reduce the spreading of a flame through a plastic.
Hydrargillite is also used as an antacid that can be ingested in order to buffer the pH within the stomach.

Hydrargillite is the hydrated oxide of aluminium.
Hydrargillite is separated from ore bauxite using Bayer process with average particle size ranging from 80-100 micron.

The blocky crystals of Hydrargillite impart good reactivity.
Hydrargillite can react with a base as well as an acid and finds many applications as raw material.

Hydrargillite is used in the manufacture of many inorganic chemicals like:
Non- ferric alum
Poly aluminium chloride
Aluminium fluoride
Sodium aluminate
Catalysts
Glass
Hydrargillite gel
Alumina hydrate is available in wet as well as dry form.

Fine hydrate:
Hydrargillite contain 3 molecules of water.
On exposure to heat above 220°C, alumina hydrate decomposes into aluminium oxide (alumina) and water.

This irreversible, endothermic reaction process makes alumina hydrate an effective flame retardant.
Also, the smoke generated by decomposition is non-corrosive and non-poisonous.
Ground alumina hydrate is used as fire retardant filler in applications like polymer composites, cable compounds, solid surface counter tops, etc.

Uses of Hydrargillite:
Of the Common fillers used in Plastics, Rubber, FRP, SMC, DMC moulding and other polymers only Hydrargillite has flame retarding and smoke suppressing properties as well as being an economical resin extender.

Hydrargillite is used in polyester resins.
However with increased attention being given to smoke & toxic fume emissions, Hydrargillite has found large volume application in vinyl as a low smoke, non toxic replacement for antimony and in polyurethane, latex, neoprene foam system, Rubber, wire & Cable insulation, vinyl walls & flooring coverings and epoxies.

Hydrargillite acts as a flame retardant and smoke suppressor because of Hydrargillite thermodynamic properties.
Hydrargillite endothermic dehydration cools the plastic & Rubber parts and dilute with water vapour those combustible gases that do escape.
The latter is probably the main phenomenon associated with smoke suppression other excellent performance include electrical and track resistance.

Hydrargillite widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide.

Hydrargillite is also use in Paints Industries.
Hydrargillite can replace upto 25% of the Titanium dioxide pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost.

Fire retardant filler:
Hydrargillite also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications.
Hydrargillite is selected for these applications because Hydrargillite is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly.
Hydrargillite decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour.
In addition to behaving as a fire retardant, Hydrargillite is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber.

Precursor to Al compounds:
Hydrargillite is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.

Freshly precipitated Hydrargillite forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.
This gel crystallizes with time.

Hydrargillite gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous Hydrargillite powder, which is readily soluble in acids.
Heating converts Hydrargillite to activated aluminas, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.

Pharmaceutical:
Under the generic name "algeldrate", Hydrargillite is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs).
Hydrargillite is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach.

Brand names include Alu-Cap, Aludrox, Gaviscon or Pepsamar.
Hydrargillite reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia.

Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.
Some such products are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.

Hydrargillite is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure.
Normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate.
The aluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.

Precipitated Hydrargillite is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine).
One of the well-known brands of Hydrargillite adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.

Since Hydrargillite absorbs protein well, Hydrargillite also functions to stabilize vaccines by preventing the proteins in the vaccine from precipitating or sticking to the walls of the container during storage.
Hydrargillite is sometimes called "alum", a term generally reserved for one of several sulfates.

Vaccine formulations containing Hydrargillite stimulate the immune system by inducing the release of uric acid, an immunological danger signal.
This strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells.

The dendritic cells pick up the antigen, carry Hydrargillite to lymph nodes, and stimulate T cells and B cells.
Hydrargillite appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pathogens that are blocked by antibodies.
However, Hydrargillite has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens, nor is Hydrargillite useful when the antigen is peptide-based.

Hydrargillite is used in various industries as:
Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in the production of Aluminium chemicals
Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of glass and glazes

Hydrargillite is used as a raw material in catalyst production
Hydrargillite is used as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant filler in plastics (for example: Cables, rubber products and carpet backing)

Hydrargillite is used as a raw material for fertilizers, and fiber cement board products
Hydrargillite is used as an extender and a bodying agent in paper, solvent- and water-borne paints, UV-curable coatings, inks, and adhesives

Hydrargillite is used as a polishing and cleansing agent Mould wash and separating agent
Hydrargillite is used as a filler of cast polymer products such as onyx and solid surfaces

Uses at industrial sites:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Hydrargillite has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Hydrargillite is used in the following areas: mining, building & construction work and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrargillite is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, furniture, plastic products and rubber products.

Release to the environment of Hydrargillite can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of Hydrargillite and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Consumer Uses:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sealants, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Release to the environment of Hydrargillite can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Hydrargillite is used in the following products: inks and toners, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases and polishes and waxes.
Hydrargillite is used in the following areas: building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Hydrargillite is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur and wood and wood products.
Other release to the environment of Hydrargillite is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Hydrargillite is characterised by:
High purity
High whiteness
Relatively low density (2.4g/cm3) compared to other mineral fillers (typically 2.7g/cm3)
Medium Mohs hardness of 3
Decomposition around 180oC, releasing water (making Hydrargillite an excellent halogen-free flame retardant)

Properties of Hydrargillite:
Hydrargillite is amphoteric.
In acid, Hydrargillite acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base.

Hydrargillite neutralizes the acid, yielding a salt:
3 HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3 H2O

In bases, Hydrargillite acts as a Lewis acid by binding hydroxide ions:
Al(OH)3 + OH− → [Al(OH)4]−

Physical Properties:
Powdery substance
Odorless
Non-carcinogenic
Hydrargillite adds thermal properties that provide translucency and whiteness
Solid surface material
Non-smoking
Low-toxicity
Halogen-free
Flame retardant

Performance Benefits of Hydrargillite:
Flame retardant / smoke suppressant
Ultra-white / translucent
High purity – blush resistance
Faster gel time
Low viscosity / higher loadings
Higher mechanical properties

Production of Hydrargillite:
Virtually all the Hydrargillite used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F).
The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Hydrargillite is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate.
This Hydrargillite can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.

The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual sodium hydroxide.
Hydrargillite was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010 in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people.
An additional 122 sought treatment for chemical burns.

The mud contaminated 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) of land and reached the Danube.
While the mud was considered non-toxic due to low levels of heavy metals, the associated slurry had a pH of 13.

Structure of Hydrargillite:
Al(OH)3 is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Four polymorphs are recognized.

All feature layers of octahedral Hydrargillite units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers.
The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers.

All forms of Al(OH)3 crystals are hexagonal:
Gibbsite is also known as γ-Al(OH)3 or α-Al(OH)3
Bayerite is also known as α-Al(OH)3 or β-Hydrargillite
Nordstrandite is also known as Al(OH)3
Doyleite

Aluminium trihydrate, once thought to be Hydrargillite, is an aluminium phosphate.
Nonetheless, both gibbsite and Aluminium trihydrate refer to the same polymorphism of Hydrargillite, with gibbsite used most commonly in the United States and hydrargillite used more often in Europe.
Hydrargillite is named after the Greek words for water (hydra) and clay (argylles).

Safety of Hydrargillite:
In the 1960s and 1970s Hydrargillite was speculated that aluminium was related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
Since then, multiple epidemiological studies have found no connection between exposure to environmental or swallowed aluminium and neurological disorders, though injected aluminium was not looked at in these studies.

Neural disorders were found in experiments on mice motivated by Gulf War illness (GWI).
Hydrargillite injected in doses equivalent to those administered to the United States military, showed increased reactive astrocytes, increased apoptosis of motor neurons and microglial proliferation within the spinal cord and cortex.

Identifiers of Hydrargillite:
CAS Number: 21645-51-2
ChEBI: CHEBI:33130
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1200706
ChemSpider: 8351587
DrugBank: DB06723
ECHA InfoCard: 100.040.433
KEGG: D02416
PubChem CID: 10176082
RTECS number: BD0940000
UNII: 5QB0T2IUN0
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2036405
InChI: InChI=1S/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
A02AB02 (WHO) (algeldrate)
InChI=1/Al.3H2O/h;3*1H2/q+3;;;/p-3
Key: WNROFYMDJYEPJX-DFZHHIFOAJ
SMILES: [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3]

CAS number: 21645-51-2
EC number: 244-492-7
Hill Formula: AlH₃O₃
Chemical formula: Al(OH)₃ * x H₂O
Molar Mass: 78 g/mol
HS Code: 2818 30 00
Quality Level: MQ200

Properties of Hydrargillite:
Chemical formula: Al(OH)3
Molar mass: 78.003 g·mol−1
Appearance: White amorphous powder
Density: 2.42 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water: 0.0001 g/(100 mL)
Solubility product (Ksp): 3×10−34
Solubility: soluble in acids and alkalis
Acidity (pKa): >7
Isoelectric point: 7.7

Density: 2.42 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 300 °C Elimination of water of crystallisation
pH value: 8 - 9 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C) (slurry)
Vapor pressure:
Molecular Weight: 81.028 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 81.0132325 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 3Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry of Hydrargillite:
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −1277 kJ·mol−1

Specifications of Hydrargillite:
Identity: conforms
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.01 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.05 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.01 %
Na (Sodium): ≤ 0.3 %
Loss on ignition (700 °C): 30.0 - 35.0 %
Bulk density: about 90
Particle size (< 150 µm): about 90

Related compounds of Hydrargillite:
Boric acid
Gallium(III) hydroxide
Indium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Scandium(III) hydroxide
Sodium oxide
Aluminium oxide hydroxide

Names of Hydrargillite:

Regulatory process names:
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide, dried

IUPAC names:
Alumina hydrate
ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE
Alumina trihydrate
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide, Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydroxide_JS
Aluminium hydroxyde
aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydrate
Aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) ion trihydroxide
Aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(3+) trihydroxide
aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
aluminuim hydroxide
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum Trihydrate
Aluminum trihydrate
aluminum trihydrate
Aluminum trihydroxide
aluminum trihydroxide
ATH
Hydrate
Sulcabai

Preferred IUPAC name:
Aluminium hydroxide

Systematic IUPAC name:
Trihydroxidoaluminium

Trade names:
AB H-Series Alumina Trihydrate
Actilox
ALH-……
ALOLT-……….
Alumina Hydrate
Alumina hydrate
Aluminium hydrate
Aluminium Hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Aluminiumhydroxid
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide highly dispersed precipitated
aluminum trihydrate
Apyral
BARIACE
BARIFINE
Bayerit
Geloxal
Hidróxido de aluminio
Hydrate
Hydrated alumina
hydroxid hlinitý
HYMOD® Surface-Treated Alumina Trihydrate
JR-800, MT-500SA etc.
KB-30, HS , HC, Hydrate, Aluminium hydroxide
MARTIFILL®
MARTIFIN®
MARTINAL®
MICRAL® Alumina Trihydrate
MOLDX® Optimized Alumina Trihydrate
ONYX ELITE® Alumina Trihydrate
R-11P
SB Alumina Trihydrate
Sigunit
SSP
STR
T-Lite
VOGA

Other names:
Aluminium oxide, hydrate
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydrate
Aluminic acid
Aluminic hydroxide
Alumanetriol
Aluminium(III) hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium trihydroxide
Hydrated alumina
Orthoaluminic acid

Other identifiers:
106152-09-4
1071843-34-9
12040-59-4
12252-70-9
128083-27-2
1302-29-0
1333-84-2
13783-16-9
151393-94-1
156259-59-5
159704-77-5
16657-47-9
1847408-13-2
21645-51-2
227961-51-5
51330-22-4
546141-62-2
546141-68-8
8012-63-3
8064-00-4

Hydrazine hydrate 100% Skip to navigationJump in search Hydrazine hydrate 100% Hydrazine-3D-vdW.pngWater molecule 3D.svg Hydrazine hydrate 100% model Units of SI and STP unless otherwise stated. edit Consult the model documentation The hydrazine hydrate 100% is the chemical compound of formula H 2 N-NH 2H 2 O. It contains 61% hydrazine hydrate 100% by mass and 39% water . Used by the Germans from the 1940s in the B-Stoffs and C-Stoffs for the propulsion of certain airplanes ( Messerschmitt 163B ), hydrazine hydrate 100% is used until today as a reducing propellant in the liquid propellants of certain space launchers . It has in particular been referenced by Arianespace for its Ariane 2 to Ariane 4 launchers in a mixture of 75% UDMH - 25% hydrazine hydrate 100% , called UH 25 . Its melting point is in fact significantly lower than that of pure hydrazine hydrate 100%: −51.7 ° C, against 1 ° C for hydrazine hydrate 100% , and its slightly higher density: 1032 kg · m -3 against 1004.5 kg · m -3 , without degradation of the energy performance of this fuel , which makes it a propellant effective for pitchers . Hydrazine hydrate 100% (Hydrazine, 64%) Hydrazine hydrate 100% is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H 4. It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colorless and flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is highly toxic unless handled in solution as e.g., hydrazine hydrate 100% (NH2NH2 · xH2O). As of 2015, the world hydrazine hydrate 100% market amounted to $350 million.[8] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, as well as a long-term storable propellant for in-space spacecraft propulsion. About two million tons of hydrazine hydrate 100% were used in foam blowing agents in 2015. Additionally, hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.[9] Hydrazine hydrate 100% refer to a class of organic substances derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrazine hydrate 100% by an organic group.[10] Uses Gas producers and propellants The majority use of hydrazine hydrate 100% is as a precursor to blowing agents. Specific compounds include azodicarbonamide and azobisisobutyronitrile, which produce 100–200 mL of gas per gram of precursor. In a related application, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine hydrate 100% by reaction with sodium nitrite.[10] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is also used as a long-term storable propellant on board space vehicles, such as the NASA Dawn probe to Ceres and Vesta, and to both reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen in and control pH of water used in large industrial boilers. The F-16 fighter jet, NASA Space Shuttle, and U-2 spy plane use hydrazine hydrate 100% to fuel their emergency power units.[11] Precursor to pesticides and pharmaceuticals Fluconazole, synthesized using hydrazine hydrate 100%, is an antifungal medication. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a precursor to several pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Often these applications involve conversion of hydrazine hydrate 100% to heterocyclic rings such as pyrazoles and pyridazines. Examples of commercialized bioactive hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives include cefazolin, rizatriptan, anastrozole, fluconazole, metazachlor, metamitron, metribuzin, paclobutrazol, diclobutrazole, propiconazole, hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate,[12] diimide, triadimefon,[10] and dibenzoylhydrazine hydrate 100%. Hydrazine hydrate 100% compounds can be effective as active ingredients in admixture with or in combination with other agricultural chemicals such as insecticides, miticides, nematicides, fungicides, antiviral agents, attractants, herbicides or plant growth regulators.[13] Small-scale, niche, and research The Italian catalyst manufacturer Acta (chemical company) has proposed using hydrazine hydrate 100% as an alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells. The chief benefit of using hydrazine hydrate 100% is that it can produce over 200 mW/cm2 more than a similar hydrogen cell without the need to use expensive platinum catalysts.[14] As the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen. By storing the hydrazine hydrate 100% in a tank full of a double-bonded carbon-oxygen carbonyl, the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called hydrazone. By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid hydrazine hydrate 100% is released. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has a higher electromotive force of 1.56 V compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen. Hydrazine hydrate 100% breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.[14] Hydrazine hydrate 100% was used in fuel cells manufactured by Allis-Chalmers Corp., including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s. A mixture of 63% hydrazine hydrate 100%, 32% hydrazine hydrate 100% nitrate and 5% water is a standard propellant for experimental bulk-loaded liquid propellant artillery. The propellant mixture above is one of the most predictable and stable, with a flat pressure profile during firing. Misfires are usually caused by inadequate ignition. The movement of the shell after a misignition causes a large bubble with a larger ignition surface area, and the greater rate of gas production causes very high pressure, sometimes including catastrophic tube failures (i.e. explosions).[15] From January–June 1991, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory conducted a review of early bulk-loaded liquid propellant gun programs for possible relevance to the electrothermal chemical propulsion program.[15] The United States Air Force (USAF) regularly uses H-70, a 70% hydrazine hydrate 100% water mixture, in operations employing the General Dynamics F-16 “Fighting Falcon” fighter aircraft and the Lockheed U-2 “Dragon Lady” reconnaissance aircraft. The single jet engine F-16 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Power Unit (EPU), which provides emergency electrical and hydraulic power in the event of an engine flame out. The EPU activates automatically, or manually by pilot control, in the event of loss of hydraulic pressure or electrical power in order to provide emergency flight controls. The single jet engine U-2 utilizes hydrazine hydrate 100% to power its Emergency Starting System (ESS), which provides a highly reliable method to restart the engine in flight in the event of a stall.[16] Rocket fuel Anhydrous (pure, not in solution) hydrazine hydrate 100% being loaded into the MESSENGER space probe. The technician is wearing a safety suit. Hydrazine hydrate 100% was first used as a component in rocket fuels during World War II. A 30% mix by weight with 57% methanol (named M-Stoff in the German Luftwaffe) and 13% water was called C-Stoff by the Germans.[17] The mixture was used to power the Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket-powered fighter plane. Hydrazine was also used as a propellant with the German high test peroxide T-Stoff oxidizer. Unmixed hydrazine was referred to as B-Stoff by the Germans, a designation also used later for the ethanol/water fuel for the V-2 missile. Hydrazine is used as a low-power monopropellant for the maneuvering thrusters of spacecraft, and was used to power the Space Shuttle's auxiliary power units (APUs). In addition, monopropellant hydrazine hydrate 100% -fueled rocket engines are often used in terminal descent of spacecraft. Such engines were used on the Viking program landers in the 1970s as well as the Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover which landed on Mars in May 2008 and August 2012, respectively. In all hydrazine hydrate 100% monopropellant engines, the hydrazine hydrate 100% is passed over a catalyst such as iridium metal supported by high-surface-area alumina (aluminium oxide), which causes it to decompose into ammonia, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen gas according to the following reactions:[18] 1) {\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 -> N2 + 2H2}}} 2) {\displaystyle {\ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {3N2H4 -> 4 NH3 + N2}}} 3) {\displaystyle {\ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {4NH3 + N2H4 -> 3 N2 + 8 H2}}} The first two reactions are extremely exothermic (the catalyst chamber can reach 800 °C in a matter of milliseconds,[19]) and they produce large volumes of hot gas from a small volume of liquid,[20] making hydrazine hydrate 100% a fairly efficient thruster propellant with a vacuum specific impulse of about 220 seconds.[21] Reaction 2 is the most exothermic, but produces a smaller number of molecules than that of reaction 1. Reaction 3 is endothermic and reverts the effect of reaction 2 back to the same effect as reaction 1 alone (lower temperature, greater number of molecules). The catalyst structure affects the proportion of the NH3 that is dissociated in reaction 3; a higher temperature is desirable for rocket thrusters, while more molecules are desirable when the reactions are intended to produce greater quantities of gas.[citation needed] Other variants of hydrazine hydrate 100% that are used as rocket fuel are monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100%, (CH3)NH(NH2) (also known as MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2N(NH2) (also known as UDMH). These derivatives are used in two-component rocket fuels, often together with dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. These reactions are extremely exothermic, and the burning is also hypergolic (it starts burning without any external ignition).[22] There are ongoing efforts in the aerospace industry to replace hydrazine hydrate 100% and other highly toxic substances. Promising alternatives include hydroxylammonium nitrate, 2-dimethylaminoethylazide (DMAZ)[23] and energetic ionic liquids.[citation needed] Potential routes of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure include dermal, ocular, inhalation and ingestion.[24] Hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure can cause skin irritation/contact dermatitis and burning, irritation to the eyes/nose/throat, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, headache, dizziness, central nervous system depression, lethargy, temporary blindness, seizures and coma. Exposure can also cause organ damage to the liver, kidneys and central nervous system.[24][25] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is documented as a strong skin sensitizer with potential for cross-sensitization to hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives following initial exposure.[26] In addition to occupational uses reviewed above, exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% is also possible in small amounts from tobacco smoke.[25] The official U.S. guidance on hydrazine hydrate 100% as a carcinogen is mixed but generally there is recognition of potential cancer-causing effects. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists it as a “potential occupational carcinogen”. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) finds it is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen". The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) grades hydrazine hydrate 100% as "A3—confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grades it as "B2—a probable human carcinogen based on animal study evidence".[27] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rates hydrazine hydrate 100% as "2A—probably carcinogenic to humans" with a positive association observed between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer.[28] Based on cohort and cross-sectional studies of occupational hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure, a committee from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine concluded that there is suggestive evidence of an association between hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure and lung cancer, with insufficient evidence of association with cancer at other sites.[29] The European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) places hydrazine hydrate 100% in carcinogen “group B—a genotoxic carcinogen”. The genotoxic mechanism the committee cited references hydrazine hydrate 100% reaction with endogenous formaldehyde and formation of a DNA-methylating agent.[30] In the event of a hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure-related emergency, NIOSH recommends removing contaminated clothing immediately, washing skin with soap and water, and for eye exposure removing contact lenses and flushing eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. NIOSH also recommends anyone with potential hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure to seek medical attention as soon as possible.[24] There are no specific post-exposure laboratory or medical imaging recommendations, and the medical work-up may depend on the type and severity of symptoms. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends potential exposures be treated symptomatically with special attention given to potential lung and liver damage. Past cases of hydrazine hydrate 100% exposure have documented success with Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) treatment.[26] Occupational exposure limits NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.03 ppm (0.04 mg/m3) 2-hour ceiling[27] OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): 1 ppm (1.3 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27] ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.01 ppm (0.013 mg/m3) 8-hour Time Weighted Average[27] The odor threshold for hydrazine hydrate 100% is 3.7 ppm, thus if a worker is able to smell an ammonia-like odor then they are likely over the exposure limit. However, this odor threshold varies greatly and should not be used to determine potentially hazardous exposures.[31] For aerospace personnel, the USAF uses an emergency exposure guideline, developed by the National Academy of Science Committee on Toxicology, which is utilized for non-routine exposures of the general public and is called the Short-Term Public Emergency Exposure Guideline (SPEGL). The SPEGL, which does not apply to occupational exposures, is defined as the acceptable peak concentration for unpredicted, single, short-term emergency exposures of the general public and represents rare exposures in a worker's lifetime. For hydrazine hydrate 100% the 1-hour SPEGL is 2 ppm, with a 24-hour SPEGL of 0.08 ppm.[32] Handling and medical surveillance A complete surveillance program for hydrazine hydrate 100% should include systematic analysis of biologic monitoring, medical screening and morbidity/mortality information. The CDC recommends surveillance summaries and education be provided for supervisors and workers. Pre-placement and periodic medical screening should be conducted with specific focus on potential effects of hydrazine hydrate 100% upon functioning of the eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic, nervous and respiratory systems.[24] Common controls used for hydrazine hydrate 100% include process enclosure, local exhaust ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE).[24] Guidelines for hydrazine hydrate 100% PPE include non-permeable gloves and clothing, indirect-vent splash resistant goggles, face shield and in some cases a respirator.[31] The use of respirators for the handling of hydrazine hydrate 100% should be the last resort as a method of controlling worker exposure. In cases where respirators are needed, proper respirator selection and a complete respiratory protection program consistent with OSHA guidelines should be implemented.[24] For USAF personnel, Air Force Occupational Safety and Health (AFOSH) Standard 48-8, Attachment 8 reviews the considerations for occupational exposure to hydrazine hydrate 100% in missile, aircraft and spacecraft systems. Specific guidance for exposure response includes mandatory emergency shower and eyewash stations and a process for decontaminating protective clothing. The guidance also assigns responsibilities and requirements for proper PPE, employee training, medical surveillance and emergency response.[32] USAF bases requiring the use of hydrazine hydrate 100% generally have specific base regulations governing local requirements for safe hydrazine hydrate 100% use and emergency response. Molecular structure Each H2N−N subunit is pyramidal. The N−N single bond distance is 1.45 Å (145 pm), and the molecule adopts a gauche conformation.[33] The rotational barrier is twice that of ethane. These structural properties resemble those of gaseous hydrogen peroxide, which adopts a "skewed" anticlinal conformation, and also experiences a strong rotational barrier. Synthesis and production Diverse routes have been developed.[10] The key step is the creation of the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond. The many routes can be divided into those that use chlorine oxidants (and generate salt) and those that do not. Oxidation of ammonia via oxaziridines from peroxide Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be synthesized from ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in the Peroxide process (sometimes called Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process, the Atofina–PCUK cycle, or ketazine process).[10] The net reaction follows:[34] {\displaystyle {\ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH3 + H2O2 -> H2NNH2 + 2H2O}}} In this route, the ketone and ammonia first condense to give the imine, which is oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to the oxaziridine, a three-membered ring containing carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Next, the oxaziridine gives the hydrazone by treatment with ammonia, which process creates the nitrogen-nitrogen single bond. This hydrazone condenses with one more equivalent of ketone. Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.png The resulting azine is hydrolyzed to give hydrazine hydrate 100% and regenerate the ketone, methyl ethyl ketone: {\displaystyle {\ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {Me(Et)CNNC(Et)Me + 2 H2O -> 2 Me(Et)CO + N2H4}}} Unlike most other processes, this approach does not produce a salt as a by-product.[35] Chlorine-based oxidations In the Olin Raschig process, chlorine-based oxidants oxidize ammonia without the presence of a ketone. In the peroxide process, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes ammonia in the presence of a ketone. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is produced in the Olin-Raschig process from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many bleaches) and ammonia, a process announced in 1907. This method relies on the reaction of monochloramine with ammonia to create the nitrogen–nitrogen single bond as well as a hydrogen chloride byproduct:[12] {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {NH2Cl + NH3 -> H2NNH2 + HCl}}} Related to the Raschig process, urea can be oxidized instead of ammonia. Again sodium hypochlorite serves as the oxidant. The net reaction is shown:[36] {\displaystyle {\ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2N)2CO + NaOCl + 2 NaOH -> N2H4 + H2O + NaCl + Na2CO3}}} The process generates significant byproducts and is mainly practised in Asia.[10] The Bayer Ketazine Process is the predecessor to the peroxide process. It employs sodium hypochlorite as oxidant instead of hydrogen peroxide. Like all hypochlorite-based routes, this method produces an equivalent of salt for each equivalent of hydrazine hydrate 100%.[10] Reactions Acid-base behavior Hydrazine hydrate 100% forms a monohydrate that is more dense (1.032 g/cm3) than the anhydrous material. Hydrazine hydrate 100% has basic (alkali) chemical properties comparable to those of ammonia:[37] {\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {N2H4 + H2O -> [N2H5]^+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=1.3\times 10^{-6},\ pK_{a}=8.1}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=1.3\times 10^{-6},\ pK_{a}=8.1} (for ammonia {\textstyle K_{b}=1.78\times 10^{-5}}{\textstyle K_{b}=1.78\times 10^{-5}}) It is difficult to diprotonate:[38] {\displaystyle {\ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {[N2H5]+ + H2O -> [N2H6]^2+ + OH-}}} {\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=8.4\times 10^{-16},\ pK_{a}=-1.1}{\displaystyle ,\ K_{b}=8.4\times 10^{-16},\ pK_{a}=-1.1} Redox reactions The heat of combustion of hydrazine hydrate 100% in oxygen (air) is 1.941 × 107 J/kg (8345 BTU/lb).[39] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a convenient reductant because the by-products are typically nitrogen gas and water. Thus, it is used as an antioxidant, an oxygen scavenger, and a corrosion inhibitor in water boilers and heating systems. It is also used to reduce metal salts and oxides to the pure metals in electroless nickel plating and plutonium extraction from nuclear reactor waste. Some color photographic processes also use a weak solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% as a stabilizing wash, as it scavenges dye coupler and unreacted silver halides. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the most common and effective reducing agent used to convert graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via hydrothermal treatment.[40] Hydrazinium salts Hydrazine hydrate 100% can be monoprotonated to form various solid salts of the hydrazinium cation (N2H5+) by treatment with mineral acids. A common salt is hydrazinium sulfate, [N2H5]HSO4, also called hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate.[41] Hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate was investigated as a treatment of cancer-induced cachexia, but proved ineffective.[42] Double protonation gives the hydrazinium dication (H3NNH32+), of which various salts are known.[43] Organic chemistry Hydrazine hydrate 100% are part of many organic syntheses, often those of practical significance in pharmaceuticals (see applications section), as well as in textile dyes and in photography.[10] Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used in the Wolff-Kishner reduction, a reaction that transforms the carbonyl group of a ketone into a methylene bridge (or an aldehyde into a methyl group) via a hydrazone intermediate. The production of the highly stable dinitrogen from the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative helps to drive the reaction. Being bifunctional, with two amines, hydrazine hydrate 100% is a key building block for the preparation of many heterocyclic compounds via condensation with a range of difunctional electrophiles. With 2,4-pentanedione, it condenses to give the 3,5-dimethylpyrazole.[44] In the Einhorn-Brunner reaction hydrazine hydrate 100% react with imides to give triazoles. Being a good nucleophile, N2H4 can attack sulfonyl halides and acyl halides.[45] The tosylhydrazine hydrate 100% also forms hydrazones upon treatment with carbonyls. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used to cleave N-alkylated phthalimide derivatives. This scission reaction allows phthalimide anion to be used as amine precursor in the Gabriel synthesis.[46] Hydrazone formation Illustrative of the condensation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with a simple carbonyl is its reaction with propanone to give the diisopropylidene hydrazine hydrate 100% (acetone azine). The latter reacts further with hydrazine hydrate 100% to yield the hydrazone:[47] {\displaystyle {\ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {2 (CH3)2CO + N2H4 -> 2 H2O + [(CH3)2C=N]2}}} {\displaystyle {\ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {[(CH3)2C=N]2 + N2H4 -> 2 (CH3)2C=NNH2}}} The propanone azine is an intermediate in the Atofina-PCUK process. Direct alkylation of hydrazine hydrate 100% with alkyl halides in the presence of base yields alkyl-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%, but the reaction is typically inefficient due to poor control on level of substitution (same as in ordinary amines). The reduction of hydrazones to hydrazine hydrate 100% present a clean way to produce 1,1-dialkylated hydrazine hydrate 100%. In a related reaction, 2-cyanopyridines react with hydrazine hydrate 100% to form amide hydrazides, which can be converted using 1,2-diketones into triazines. Biochemistry Hydrazine hydrate 100% is the intermediate in the anaerobic oxidation of ammonia (anammox) process.[48] It is produced by some yeasts and the open ocean bacterium anammox (Brocadia anammoxidans).[49] The false morel produces the poison gyromitrin which is an organic derivative of hydrazine hydrate 100% that is converted to monomethylhydrazine hydrate 100% by metabolic processes. Even the most popular edible "button" mushroom Agaricus bisporus produces organic hydrazine hydrate 100% derivatives, including agaritine, a hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative of an amino acid, and gyromitrin.[50][51] History The name "hydrazine hydrate 100% " was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine hydrate 100%.[52] By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine hydrate 100%, despite repeated efforts.[53][54][55] Pure anhydrous hydrazine hydrate 100% was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.[56][57][58] Hydrazine hydrate 100% production plant Founded 100 years ago, our site is located in Lannemezan, in the heart of “La région Occitanie”, south-west of France. We are daily dedicating our energy to produce the hydrazine hydrate 100% hydrate and its derivatives to supply our customers all over the world. Lannemezan is classified SEVESO class 2 high level. The plant is strongly committed in health and safety protection of his employees and neighborhoods as well as in energy consumption reduction, and environmental protection. Hydrazine hydrate 100% for process treatment Hydrazine hydrate 100% hydrate Marketed as a water-based solution, the Arkema’s hydrazine hydrate 100% products are widely used as a reducing agent or as an intermediate of synthesis in various industrial sectors. COMMERCIAL GRADE Our Hydrazine hydrate 100% is available in different concentration, which are suitable for specifics applications: • Hydrazine hydrate 100% • Hydrazine hydrate 80% • Hydrazine hydrate 55% • Hydrazine hydrate 35% • Hydrazine hydrate 24% Product Description Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of ammonia . Hydrazine hydrate 100% is widely used in various applications such as the deoxygenation of boiler water, preparation of chemical blowing agents, preparation of intermediates for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals, reducing agent for metals and halogens and chain extension of aqueous urethane formulations. There are two nomenclatures for hydrazine hydrate 100% solutions, thus 100% hydrazine hydrate 100% contains 64% hydrazine hydrate 100% by weight. Hydrazine hydrate 100% is miscible with water and lower alcohols. Typical properties and specifications for standard solutions offered by Arch are given in Tables 1 and 2. Arch also offers catalyzed hdyrazine solutions for boiler water treatment. A summary of the compatibility of various materials of construction for use with hydrazine hydrate 100% is shown in Table 3 Palm International's Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Regular Grade 100% is especially produced for use as an oxygen scavenger, in blowing agents, polymers, pigments, dyes and other industrial applications. It is subject to stringent quality control standards and testing. Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Regular Grade 100% is available in 2,875 Lb returnable SS totes, 450 Lb / 250 Lb poly drums as well as bulk. Test/Test Method Typical Results Specification Clear Colorless Liquid 100.4% 100.0 - 100.8% 64.3% 35.7% Appearance Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 100% Hydrazine hydrate 100% (N2H4) hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is supplied in various concentrations, including 100%, 85%, and 55%. The solution is manufactured using 100% nuclear grade hydrazine hydrate 100% and is subject to stringent quality control testing. The hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is available in 2875 lb. SS totes and 450 lb. poly drums, as well as in bulk. Azines (2,3-diazabuta-1,3-dienes) are a widely used class of compounds with conjugated C=N double bonds. Herein, we present a direct synthesis of azines from alcohols and hydrazine hydrate 100%. The reaction, catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex, evolves dihydrogen and can be run in a base-free version. The dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols led to good conversions and yields. Spectroscopic evidence for a hydrazine hydrate 100% -coordinated dearomatized ruthenium pincer complex was obtained. Isolation of a supramolecular crystalline compound provided evidence for the important role of hydrogen bonding networks under the reaction conditions. Keywords: azines; homogeneous catalysis; hydrogen bonds; pincer complexes; ruthenium; supramolecular compounds. In the present study, five new derivatives (GG4 to GG8) of benzothiazoles were synthesized and evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), and yeast-like fungi Candida tropicalis. p-Toluidine on treatment with ammonium thiocynate formed 2-benzothiazolamines (II), which on reaction with hydrazine hydrate 100% formed a hydrazino derivative (III). Compounds GG4 to GG8 were synthesized by reacting the hydrazine hydrate 100% derivative with different acetophenones. All the synthesized compounds were identified by IR and (1)H-NMR, and antimicrobial activity was performed on the synthesized compounds. Presence of NO(2), Br, OCH(3), and Cl groups to the substituted benzothiazole enhanced the antibacterial and antifungal activities. Green and cost-effective eradication of pollutants from water is an important and long-standing goal in environmental chemistry. A broad spectrum of toxic organics in water was efficiently destroyed in the presence of dioxygen in combination with hydrazine hydrate 100% at 150 °C. Under this operating condition, two typical classes of toxic organic chemicals, phenols and nitrobenzene derivatives were totally destroyed. The mineralization rate of these organics was 35-86%. Furthermore, when this degradation system was applied to degradation of actual waste water of wood pulp bleaching with chlorine (COD: 1830 mg/L), 77% COD decrease and 52% TOC mineralization of the wastewater were observed. In each case, the major degradation products are small molecular compounds, such as methanol, formic acid and acetic acid except CO/CO(2). In the case of chlorophenols degradation, no dioxins and any other toxic compounds are detected by (1)H NMR. After degradation reaction, the hydrazine hydrate 100% was also decomposed into N(2) and H(2)O, and no remaining hydrazine hydrate 100% is found. Uses Hydrazine hydrate 100% is used as a reducing agent in synthetic and analytical reactions and as a solvent for many inorganic compounds. It also is used with methanol as a propellant for rocket engines. Another application is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Preparation Hydrazine hydrate 100% is prepared by treating hydrazine hydrate 100% sulfate, N2H4•H2SO4 with sodium hydroxide. The product is collected by distillation under nitrogen. It also is obtained as a by-product in the Bayer Ketazine process for producing hydrazine hydrate 100% in which hydrazine hydrate 100% solution is hydrolysed under pressure in a ketazine column. General Description A colorless fuming liquid with a faint ammonia-like odor. Corresponds to a 64% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate 100% in water. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite. Contact with oxidizing materials may cause spontaneous ignition. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Corrosive to tissue. Produces toxics oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Air & Water Reactions Fumes in air. Water soluble. Reactivity Profile Hydrazine hydrate 100% is a base and a very powerful reducing agent. Very corrosive. Violent reaction on contact with alkali metals (sodium, potassium), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, tin dichloride, mercury oxide. Vigorous neutralization reaction with acids. Emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 680]. Reacts with tin(II) chloride to give tin(II) dihydrazine chloride, which decomposes explosively when heated [Mellor 7:430(1946-1947)]. Reacts exothermically and violently with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [Wischmeyer (1967)].

CAS: 7803-57-8
Molecular Formula: H6N2O

Hydrazine hydrate 55% CAS.7803-57-8 is colorless smoke liquid, slightly special smell.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be miscible with water and ethanol, insoluble in chloroform and ether.
The use of Hydrazine hydrate 55% as raw material to produce ADC foaming agent, the gas significantly significantly higher than other similar products, and products non-toxic, tasteless, no discoloration, no deterioration.

Our high quality Hydrazine Hydrate 55% is very popular with our customers.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used as a pharmaceutical intermediate for the production of high-purity metals, pesticides, antioxidants, synthetic fiber raw materials, dyes, ADC foaming agents, high-pressure boiler deoxidizers, reducing agents, etc.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as a reducing agent in synthetic and analytical reactions and as a solvent for many inorganic compounds.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% also is used with methanol as a propellant for rocket engines.
Another application of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Applications of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
-Polymer auxiliaries
-Manufacturing of herbicides
-Agriculture
-Pesticides
-Energy
-Manufacturing of pharmaceutical agents
-Pharmaceutical industry / Biotechnology
-Plastic- and Rubberpolymers
-Chemical synthesis
-Chemical Industry
-Reduction agents
-Water Treatment
-Industrial water
-Purification of chemical solutions

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H4.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, as well as a long-term storable propellant for in-space spacecraft propulsion.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has been used for the deproteination of the enamel samples in a study.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% may be used as a reducing agent in the following:
-Preparation of silver nanoparticles.
-Transformation of monosubstituted nitrobenzene derivatives to the corresponding anilines.
-Along with graphite for the conversion of nitro compounds (aromatic and aliphatic) to the amino compounds.

About two million tons of hydrazine hydrate were used in foam blowing agents in 2015.
Additionally, Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion.
Hydrazines refer to a class of organic substances derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrazine by an organic group.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
The majority use of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is as a precursor to blowing agents.
Specific compounds include azodicarbonamide and azobisisobutyronitrile, which produce 100–200 mL of gas per gram of precursor.
In a related application of Hydrazine hydrate 55%, sodium azide, the gas-forming agent in air bags, is produced from hydrazine by reaction with sodium nitrite.

Color: Undesignated,Undesignated
Boiling Point: 109.4C,109.4C
Flash Point: >100C,>100C
Specific Gravity: 1.023,1.023
Melting Point: -65.0C, 65.0C
Packaging: Glass bottle,Glass bottle
Refractive Index: 1.3870 to 1.3910,1.3870 to 1.3910
Assay Percent Range: 55%

Chemical Properties of Hydrazine hydrate 55%: clear colorless solution

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% may be used to prepare:
3-(2-Benzyloxy-6-hydroxyphenyl)-5-styrylpyrazoles by reacting with 5-benzyloxy-2-styrylchromones.
3,5-Diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives by reacting with 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one.
3′-Aryl-1,2,3,4,4′,5′-hexahydrospiro[quinoxalin-2,5′-pyrazol]-3-ones by reacting with 3-arylacylidene-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% may also be used in the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes to aromatic amines.

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% solution has been used as a reducing agent for tellurium oxide during the preparation of tellurium nanowires.

General Description of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
The addition of Hydrazine hydrate 55% to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) counter electrode improves its performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).

Purification Methods of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be obtained as above and diluted as required.
Solutions containing various amounts of H2O are available commercially.

Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as an alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells.
The chief benefit of using Hydrazine hydrate 55% is that it can produce over 200 mW/cm2 more than a similar hydrogen cell without the need to use expensive platinum catalysts.
As the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen.
By storing the Hydrazine hydrate 55% in a tank full of a double-bonded carbon-oxygen carbonyl, the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called hydrazone.

By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid Hydrazine hydrate 55% is released.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has a higher electromotive force of 1.56 V compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% breaks down in the cell to form nitrogen and hydrogen which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% was used in fuel cells including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s.

Medical Industry:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% and includ its derivatives can be used for productions of numerous medicines like rifampin and cephalosporin.

As a Deoxidant:
Hydrazine is a reducing agent, its oxidation reaction generates nitrogen water and gas that are nontoxic corrosive and not nontoxic.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used as a quick deoxidant in water, the largest application being a deoxidant for Water Treatment.

Production of Blowing Agents:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used for many kinds of rubbers and plastics chemicals.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% produces ADC blowing agent has more gas emission rate than that of other blowing agents, and the manufactures products are nontoxic, non-color changing, odorless with more stable properties.

Synthesis of Agrochemicals:
Triazole - a derivative of hydrazine - and Hydrazine hydrate 55% can synthesis more than one hundred various of the agrochemicals.

Trade Name: Hydrazine Hydrate/ 7803-57-8/ Hydrazine monohydrate/ Hydrazine hydroxide

Molecular Formula: N2H4·H2O
Molecular Weight: 50.08
Appearance: colorless, fuming and basic solution with a peculiar bad smell.
Product Property: Hydrazine hydrate 55% is a colorless, fuming and basic solution with a peculiar bad smell, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ethyl ether, flammable and corroding glass, rubber and leather, its severe toxicity accumulates and harms blood and nerves.
Cas No.: 7803-57-8 HS Code: 28251010
Usage: This product is a reductive agent used as materials of medicine, pesticides, dyestuff, blowing agent and photographic developer.
Package: in plastic drums with 200kg net each.
Implementing Standard: HG/T3259-1990

Specifications of Hydrazine Hydrate 55% , CAS#: 10217-52-4: :
Appearance: colorless fuming liquid
Melting Point: -51.7 °C
Boiling Point: 113.5 °C at 760 mmHg
density:1.03 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor density : >1 (vs air)
vapor pressure :5 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index : n20/D 1.428(lit.)
Fp : 204 °F
storage temp.: Refrigerator (+4°C)
Solubility: miscible with water
Transport Information: UN 2029/2030

Usage of Hydrazine Hydrate 55%:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is the material for medicine, pesticides, dyes, foaming agents, imaging agent, antioxidant;
Hydrazine hydrate 55% was spent large for boiler water Deoxidizer;
Hydrazine hydrate 55% also used in the manufacture of high-purity metal, synthetic fiber, the separation of rare.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used to manufacture rockets and explosives.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is also used as a Analysis reagent.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be used in Synthesis of foaming agent,such as Azodicarbonamide (AC), p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrazide.

Storage of Hydrazine hydrate 55%:
Flammable materials should be stored in a separate safety storage cabinet or room.
Keep away from heat.
Keep away from sources of ignition.
Keep container tightly closed.
Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place.
Ground all equipment containing material.
Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place.

Appearance: Colorless, fuming, oily liquid
Odor: Ammonia-like
Density: 1.021 g·cm−3
Melting point: 2 °C; 35 °F; 275 K
Boiling point: 114 °C; 237 °F; 387 K
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: 0.67
Vapor pressure: 1 kPa (at 30.7 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 8.10 (N2H5+)[4]
Basicity (pKb): 5.90
Conjugate acid: Hydrazinium
Refractive index (nD): 1.46044 (at 22 °C)
Viscosity: 0.876 cP
Flash point: 52 °C (126 °F; 325 K)
Autoignition temperature: 24 to 270 °C (75 to 518 °F; 297 to 543 K)
Explosive limits: 1.8–99.99%
XLogP3-AA: -1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 32.037448136
Monoisotopic Mass: 32.037448136
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

History of Hydrazine Hydrate:
The name "hydrazine" was coined by Emil Fischer in 1875; he was trying to produce organic compounds that consisted of mono-substituted hydrazine.
By 1887, Theodor Curtius had produced hydrazine sulfate by treating organic diazides with dilute sulfuric acid; however, he was unable to obtain pure hydrazine, despite repeated efforts.
Pure anhydrous hydrazine was first prepared by the Dutch chemist Lobry de Bruyn in 1895.

Release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles not covered by End of Life Vehicles (ELV) directive (e.g. boats, trains, metro or planes).

Widespread uses of Hydrazine Hydrazine hydrate 55% by professional workers:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals and fuels.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses of Hydrazine hydrate 55% at industrial sites:
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, water treatment chemicals, fuels, pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used in the following areas: municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development.
Hydrazine hydrate 55% is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, machinery and vehicles and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrazine hydrate 55% can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Synonyms
Hydrazinium hydrate
HYDRAZINE HYDRATE 55
HYDRAZINIUM HYDROXIDE
HYDRAZINE MONOHYDRATE
Hydrazine hydrate soln
Hydrazine hydrate, 98+%
Hydrazinium monohydroxide
HydraziniuM hydrate solution
Hydrazinium hydroxide solution
Hydrazine Monohydrate, 98.0%(T)
hydrazinium hydroxide
hydrazine hydrate, 98+%
hydrazinium hydroxide solution
Hydrazine hydrate
7803-57-8
hydrazin hydrate
hydrazine hydrat
hyrazine hydrate
hydrate hydrazine
hydrazine-hydrate
hydrazine.hydrate
hydrazine H2O
Hydrazine, hydrate (6CI,7CI)
hydrazin, hydrate
Hydrazine monohydrate pound>>Hydrazinium hydroxide pound>>Hydrazinehydrate
hydrazine hydrate 55
hydrazine monohydrate, 98.0%(t)
hydrazine hydrate, 64% hydrazine
hydrazine hydrate soln
hydrazine monohydrate
hydrazinium hydrate
hydrazinium hydrate solution

Hydrazinium hydroxide; Hydrazine, monohydrate; Hidrazina (Spanish); Hydrazine hydroxide; Idrazina idrata (Italian); CAS NO:7803-57-8

Anhydrous hydrogen chloride; Spirits of salt; Hydrochloric acid, Anhydrous; Basilin; Chlorohydric acid; Hydrochloride; Muriatic acid; Acide chlorhydrique; Acido cloridrico; Chloorwaterstof; Chlorowodor; Chlorwasserstoff CAS NO: 7647-01-0

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a constituent of sugar cane juice
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.

CAS Number: 79-14-1
EC Number: 201-180-5
MDL Number: MFCD00004312
Molecular Formula: C2H4O3 / HOCH2COOH

glycolic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, 79-14-1, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, glycolate, Polyglycolide, Caswell No. 470, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, HOCH2COOH, alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, HSDB 5227, NSC 166, Glycocide, GlyPure, BRN 1209322, NSC-166, EINECS 201-180-5, UNII-0WT12SX38S, MFCD00004312, GlyPure 70, 0WT12SX38S, CCRIS 9474, DTXSID0025363, CHEBI:17497, Hydroxyacetic acid-13C2, .alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid, GLYCOLLATE, DTXCID105363, NSC166, EC 201-180-5, 4-03-00-00571 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), GOA, GLYCOLIC ACID (MART.), GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.], C2H3O3-, glycolicacid, C2H4O3, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O,
Hydroxyethanoate, a-Hydroxyacetate, OceanBlu Barrier, OceanBlu Pre-Post, hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-Hydroxyaceticacid, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, HO-CH2-COOH, Hydroxyacetic acid solution, bmse000245, WLN: QV1Q,
GLYCOLIC ACID [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI,8CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [INCI], GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, pari 30% Glycolic Acid Peel, pari 70% Glycolic Acid Peel, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), CHEMBL252557, GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD], Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent, HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB],
BCP28762, Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), STR00936, Tox21_301298, s6272, AKOS000118921, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, CS-W016683, DB03085, HY-W015967, SB83760, CAS-79-14-1, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000101, NCGC00160612-01, NCGC00160612-02, NCGC00257533-01, FT-0612572, FT-0669047, G0110, G0196, Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, EN300-19242, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, C00160, C03547, D78078, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, HYDROXYACETIC ACID; HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Q409373, J-509661, F2191-0224, Hydroxyacetic acid; Hydroxyethanoic acid; Glycollic acid, Z104473274, 287EB351-FF9F-4A67-B4B9-D626406C9B13, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
O7Z, Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolic acid, Glycolic Acid; Hydroxyacetic Acid; Aceticacid,hydroxy-; acidehydroxyacetique; hydroxyaceticacid; glycolic; AHA
2-HYDROXYACETIC ACID;GLYCOLATE;glycolic;HYDROXYACETIC ACID;HOCH2COOH;GLYCOLLIC ACID;Glycolic acid 70%;GLYCOLIC ACID SIGMAULTRA;glycolate (hydroxyacetate);GLYCOLIC ACID, HIGH PURITY, 70 WT.% SOLU TION IN WATER, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, A-Hydroxyacetate, A-Hydroxyacetic acid, Alpha-Hydroxyacetate, Alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycocide, Glycolate, Glycolic acid, Glycollate, Glycollic acid, GlyPure, GlyPure 70, Hydroxyacetate,
Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoate, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Sodium glycolate, Sodium glycolic acid, α-Hydroxyacetate, α-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxy carboxylate, 2-Hydroxy carboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxyacetate, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoate, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, a-Hydroxyacetate, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI),

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid; used in chemical peels and anti-aging skin products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA). Alpha hydroxy acids are natural acids found in foods.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) comes from sugarcane.

Don't confuse Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) with other alpha hydroxy acids, including citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid.
These are not the same.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an organic substance with the chemical formula C2H4O3.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is colorless and easily deliquescent crystal.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in ether, insoluble in hydrocarbons.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has the duality of alcohol and acid and decomposes when heated to boiling point.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is one of the simplest organic compounds, used on a broad scale in contemporary cosmetology and in the chemical industry.
This is because that hydracid has many valuable properties.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) in cosmetics: a regenerating glycol for the face and body.
Industrialists and pharmacists discovered long ago that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)s are worth using on the face and skin.
They are ingredients of creams, conditioners, shampoos, ointments and tonics as well as additives in washing gels, exfoliation products, etc.

AHA acids (alpha hydroxyacids) cover various types of popular acids that we use on a daily basis.
Examples include citric, lactic or malic acid.
The AHAs also cover Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a solid that excellently absorbs water molecules from the environment.
There are several names denoting Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): its chemical name is 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid.
That name was introduced by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to facilitate the identification of that substance on a global market.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) compound can also be found under the following names: hydroxyacetic acid, alpha-hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyethanoic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a role as a metabolite and a keratolytic drug.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a primary alcohol.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a conjugate acid of a glycolate.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.

Due to its excellent capability to penetrate the skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis.

Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.
This allows the outer skin to dissolve revealing the underlying skin.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the only domestically produced hydroxyacetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is supplied in a 70% chloride-free solution resulting in low corrosivity, making it ideal for a versatile range of cleaning and industrial applications.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as hydroxy acetic acid, is one of the alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA’s).
These acids occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane and milk.

When used topically, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can assist with the removal of dead skin cells helping to renew the skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an organic acid from the family of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids that naturally occurs in sugarcane, beets, grapes, and fruits.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).

This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.
A water solution form is also available.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hygroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the first member of the series of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, which means it is one of the smallest organic molecules with both acid and alcohol functionality.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mainly supplemented to various skin-care products to improve the skin’s appearance and texture.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid with the chemical formula C2H4O3.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also known as hydroacetic acid, or 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, and its IUPAC name is hydroxyacetic acid.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an alpha hydroxy acid that has antibacterial, antioxidant, keratolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is functionally related to acetic acid and is slightly stronger than it.

The salts or esters of glycolic acid are called glycolates.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widespread in nature and can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a routine essential.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be found amongst our exfoliating, fine line fighting beauty products – it’s nothing new but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t deserve a shoutout for being a damn powerhouse.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an AHA, aka alpha hydroxy acid.
Some other acids that fall under the Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) umbrella include lactic and citric acids.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)’s are usually derived from natural sources; lactic from milk, citric from citrus and glycolic from sugarcane, pineapple, canteloupe or unripe grapes.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)’s are not only beneficial when applied topically but due to their molecular size (teeny tiny), they’re pretty good at getting under the skin and putting in the extra effort from the inside too.
You will commonly find Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) in your cleansers, toners, exfoliants, and collagen stimulating products.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an α-hydroxy acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) solutions having concentration of 70% and pH range of 0.08 to 2.75 are widely employed as superficial chemical peeling agents.

Various oligomers or polymers of lactic and/or Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (low molecular weight) have been prepared.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be determined via plant tissue coupled flow injection chemiluminescence biosensors, which can be used both as a plant-tissue based biosensor and chemiluminescence flow sensor.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acids (or AHAs).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) made from sugar cane that can act like a water-binding agent.
Glycolic is the most researched and purchased type of alpha hydroxy acid on the market that has all its effects backed up by studies.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) solution is a useful solution of acid.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for synthesis.
The most useful synthesis use is for oxidation reduction esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.

In humans, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is involved in rosiglitazone metabolism pathway.
Outside of the human body, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sourdocks, pineappple sages, celeriacs, cloves, and feijoa.

This could make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a potentially toxic compound.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as transurethral resection of the prostate and biliary atresia; glycolic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including glutaric acidemia type 2, glycolic aciduria, and d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), also known as 2-hydroxyacetate or glycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).
This colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), is highly soluble in water.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) 99% crystals reagent is a highly pure form of glycolic acid that is commonly used in various industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is known for its ability to exfoliate and improve skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used to evaluate the efficacy of glycolic peels treatment for all types of acne.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the fine synthesis of medicine and as a raw material of cosmetics and organic synthesis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as an exfoliant if concentrated properly at 5%.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can help shed dead skin and renew surface skin, improving visible signs of ageing, such as uneven skin tone, sun damage, fine lines, rough or patchy skin, and vastly reduce the size of wrinkles.
To obtain all these benefits you will need a leave-on AHA exfoliator which is 5%-10% Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) that is formulated at a pH level of 3-4 and then the product must be rinsed off thoroughly.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is not only a popular ingredient in skincare products, it is also used in the textile industry and in food processing as a flavoring agent and a preservative.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Facial care (exfoliating products, peelings, purifying creams and lotions, cleansing gels, radiance masks, eye contour creams, anti-imperfections care, beard creams, unifying care).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Body care (body milks, shower gels).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Hair care (anti-dandruff shampoos, purifying hair masks).
Alpha hydroxy acids like Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) work by removing the top layers of dead skin cells.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) also seems to help reverse sun damage to the skin.
People use Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for acne, aging skin, dark skin patches on the face, and acne scars.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for stretch marks and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.

Uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Acid Cleaners, Concrete Cleaners, Food Processing, Hard Surface Cleaners, Leather-Dyeing and Tanning, Petroleum Refining, Textile, and Water Treatment.
Textiles uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): In addition to Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) acne products, the chemical is an excellent product for the textile industry, where it is used for dyeing and tanning purposes.

Food: One of the key Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) benefits is that it works as a flavor enhancer and food preservative.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals; in pH control, and wherever a cheap organic acid is needed, e.g. in the manufacture of adhesives, in copper brightening, decontamination cleaning, dyeing, electroplating, in pickling, cleaning and chemical milling of metals.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reduces corenocyte cohesion and corneum layer thickening where an excess buildup of dead skin cells can be associated with many common skin problems, such as acne, dry and severely dry skin, and wrinkles.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) acts by dissolving the internal cellular cement responsible for abnormal keratinization, facilitating the sloughing of dead skin cells.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) also improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture uptake as well as increasing the skin’s ability to bind water.
This occurs in the cellular cement through an activation of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and the skin’s own hyaluronic acid content.
Hyaluronic acid is known to retain an impressive amount of moisture and this capacity is enhanced by Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).

As a result, the skin’s own ability to raise Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s moisture content is increased.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the simplest alpha hydroxyacid (AHA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also the AHA that scientists and formulators believe has greater penetration potential largely due to its smaller molecular weight.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mildly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if the formulation contains a high glycolic acid concentration and/ or a low pH.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) proves beneficial for acne-prone skin as it helps keep pores clear of excess keratinocytes.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for diminishing the signs of age spots, as well as actinic keratosis.
However, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is most popularly employed in anti-aging cosmetics because of its hydrating, moisturizing, and skin-normalizing abilities, leading to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Regardless of the G skin type, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) use is associated with softer, smoother, healthier, and younger looking skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is naturally found in sugarcane but synthetic versions are most often used in cosmetic formulations.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also an excellent alternative to toxic and low penetration acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and sulfamic in cleaners, water treatment chemicals, and O&G applications.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is preffered nowadays due to its high speed of action, scale removal performance, less corrosivity, biodegredability, and less hazardous waste stream.
Personal and Skincare Products uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Anti-aging creams, acne treatments, exfoliating scrubs, hair conditioners, and other hair care products.

Household, Institutional, and Industrial Cleaning Products uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Hard surface cleaners, metal cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and laundry sours.
Water Treatment Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Boiler cleaning chemicals, well stimulating solutions, and process cleaning products.

Electronics and Metal Surface Treatment uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Etching chemicals, printed circuit board fluxes, electropolishing chemicals, and metal surface preparations.
Oil and Gas Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid): Oil drilling chemicals, well stimulation, mid-and downstream descalers, and general process scale removers.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used for organic synthesis, etc
Industries: Adhesives | Building & Construction | Care Chemicals | Energy | Inks | Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul | Metal Processing & Fabrication | Transportation | Water Treatment

Formulations based on that acid are also used in beauty salons as part of rejuvenating treatments.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Cleaning and washing concentrates with Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) quickly remove dirt and microbes from different surfaces.

This is why they are widely used in private homes, industrial plants and public facilities.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also desired by entities from the food, logistic and catering industries.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be found at schools and kindergartens.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in various skin-care products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widespread in nature.
A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).

Cleaning: Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and hydroxyacetic acid are excellent cleaning agents for such surfaces as concrete and metal.
Adhesives: Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in various adhesives and plastics.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has significant whitening and activating effect, can promote cell metabolism, remove dead skin and dissolve cutin.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can soften the skin, make the skin soft, smooth, delicate, elastic and shiny.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a synergist of freckle, wrinkle and acne products to promote and increase the efficiency of products.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a raw material for organic synthesis and can be used to produce ethylene glycol.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used as chemical analysis reagent.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as cleaning agent, which has low corrosivity to materials, and will not precipitate organic acid iron during cleaning.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used in organic synthesis and printing and dyeing industry.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used for sterilization of soap.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a complexing agent for electroless nickel plating to improve the coating quality, and can also be used as an additive for other electroplating or electroless plating

Available in various quantities, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a dyeing and tanning agent, a flavoring agent and preservative, an intermediate for organic synthesis, etc.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is most commonly used for hyperpigmentation, fine lines and acne.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is mostly found in exfoliating products (peels), or in creams and lotions but at a much lower concentration. Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is obtained by synthesis.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an acid and should never be used undiluted.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is classed as an advanced skincare ingredient and should not be used unless you understand the usage and applications of Glycolic Acid.
Glycolic is a commonly known ingredient in the personal care and cosmetics market and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also widely used in several household and industrial cleaning applications.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in chemical milling, cleaning, and polishing of metals, and in copper pickling solutions. Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used in the cosmetic industry in skin peels.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used in adhesives and plastics.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in surface treatment products that increase the coefficient of friction on tile flooring.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the active ingredient in the household cleaning liquid Pine-Sol.
In textile industry, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be used as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used as a flavoring agent in food processing, and as a skin care agent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be added into emulsion polymers, solvents and ink additives to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Moreover, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis including oxidative-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.
Once applied, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together.

This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).
Among other uses Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used in skin care products as an exfoliant and keratolytic.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was once most commonly used as a chemical peel by dermatologists, this was because out of all AHAs, glycolic has the lowest molecular weight, meaning it has the ability to penetrate the skin even deeper than most other AHAs, making it more effective when it comes to reducing wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improving other skin conditions.

Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most commonly used natural AHA (= alpha hydroxy acid).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is extracted from sugar cane, grapes and wine leaves.

Typical use level of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is between 1-20% (final concentration of glycolic acid).
For making a 10% AHA peel, use about 14.5% of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), making a 5% AHA peel, use about 7.2%.
For home use, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is not recommended to make AHA peels higher than 20% (equals about 28.5% of glycolic acid).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used Peels, creams, lotions, masks, cleansers.
Due to Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s acidity the final product needs to be tested for safe pH.
Optimal pH range of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is from 3.5-5.0.

Some over the counter products, after adding Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), will separate as a result of the low pH, and need to be stabilized.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been used in the preparation of PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer (PLGA = poly(lactic/glycolic, PEG = polyethylene glycol).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer to create PLGA and other biocompatible copolymers.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often useful for dyeing and tanning, and is often included in emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is metabolized by cells in vitro to become oxalic acid which kills cells.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is synthesized many ways but is often isolated from sugarcane, pineapples and other acidic tasting fruits.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).
In its pure form, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless crystalline solid.

Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also used for tattoo removal.
In E coli Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

Additionally, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in the production of various chemicals, such as polymers and esters, and as a pH adjuster in various formulations.
Its high purity and effectiveness make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a valuable tool in many applications.

-Applications of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)
Today’s drug or household chemical stores offer various types of agents and formulations containing Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
Their application is very wide.

Hydroxyacetic acid is a component of:
*concentrates designed for the cleaning of Gres tiles, joints and porous surfaces,
*specialised preparations for washing and sterilizing tanks, cisterns, *production lines or equipment having contact with food,
*liquids used for cleaning public sanitary facilities.

-Skin care uses of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid):
Dermatologists commonly use Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for acne treatment and other skin condition.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) skin care products are made to safely penetrate skin to exfoliate skin, reduce scarring from acne and reduce wrinkling.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*The 70% solution can be used as cleaning agent.
*The 99.5% Crystal can be used in the fine synthesis of medicine.
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as ingredient of cosmetics, adhesives, petroleum emulsion splitter, soldering paster and coatings.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), CH20HCOOH, also known as hydroxyacetic acid, is composed of colorless deliquescent leaflets that decompose at approximately 78° C (172 OF).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used in dyeing, tanning, electropolishing,and in foodstuffs.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is produced by oxidizing glycol with dilute nitric acid.

PRODUCTION METHOD OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
The contemporary cosmetic and chemical markets would be hard to imagine without substances such as AHAs, including Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid). What is this semi-finished product made of?
For decades, various methods of producing Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) were developed.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be obtained, for example, by:
A reaction of acetic (chloroacetic) acid derivative with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base.
Obviously, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) will not be produced immediately.

The production of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is only possible if the environment of both reacting ingredients is acidified.
A reaction of formaldehyde with water gas (it is one of the most popular methods of the mass production of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); however, the acquisition of the semi-finished product with this method generates a lot of waste).

CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'structural formula is the following: HOCH2COOH.
The molecular formula of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is: C2H4O3.
Both formulas indicate that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) contains both carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, which are typical of alpha-hydroxyacids.

OCCURRENCE OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Plants produce Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) during photorespiration.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is recycled by conversion to glycine within the peroxisomes and to tartronic acid semialdehyde within the chloroplasts.

HOW TO RECOGNISE HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
The characteristics of that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) are as follows: it is a solid having the form of a white or transparent, crystalline, odourless powder.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) decomposes at 100°C and melts at 80°C.
It is assumed that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a density of 1.49 g/cm³ at around 25°C.

WHAT ELSE DISTINGUISHES HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
The water solubility of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very good and largely depends on the temperature of the liquid: the higher it is, the better the powder will dissolve to form a solution.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be dissolved in alcohols: ethanol, methanol or acetone.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with aluminium and oxidants, which may even cause ignition.

OPINIONS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Contemporary consumers search for proven, high-quality chemicals that bring rapid effects and do not cause allergies.
People are increasingly eager to choose natural Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and use cosmetics and chemicals which contain that ingredient.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), designed for professional use, is globally recognised as a substitute of many other acids produced artificially.
Industrial plants use C2H4O3, for example, instead of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) which, once used, turns into highly poisonous and hazardous waste.

WHY IS HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) INCREASINGLY POPULAR?
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s effects can be noticed within a few days.
With that Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), the epidermis regenerates faster and recovers its natural colour and flexibility.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be used against discolouration, inflammatory conditions and scars.
Amongst cosmetic ingredients, we can find it under the INCI name Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).

HISTORY OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
The name "Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)" was coined in 1848 by French chemist Auguste Laurent (1807–1853).
He proposed that the amino acid glycine—which was then called glycocolle—might be the amine of a hypothetical acid, which he called "Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)" (acide glycolique).

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was first prepared in 1851 by German chemist Adolph Strecker (1822–1871) and Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov (1826–1877).
They produced it by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide to form an ester of benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (C6H5C(=O)OCH2COOH), which they called "benzoglycolic acid" (Benzoglykolsäure; also benzoyl glycolic acid).
They boiled the ester for days with dilute sulfuric acid, thereby obtaining benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (Glykolsäure).

PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be synthesized in various ways.
The predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

Other methods, not noticeably in use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid, and hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde.
Some of today's Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)s are formic acid-free.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.
The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions, forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s proton.

PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and undergoes re-acidification. Electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid also could synthesize this compound.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.

BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) addresses skin issues by exfoliating dead skin cells that accumulate on the surface of the epidermis and contribute to dull, discolored, and uneven looking skin.

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA).

Commercially, important derivatives include the methyl (CAS# 96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (boiling points 147–149 °C and 158–159 °C, respectively), unlike the parent acid.
The butyl ester (b.p. 178–186 °C) is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and has good dissolving properties.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds

SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Primary alcohol
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Alcohol
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and several reactions, such as oxidation-reduction, esterification, and long chain polymerization.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is used as a monomer in the preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) reacts with lactic acid to form PLGA using ring-opening co-polymerization.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is prepared from the monomer Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) using polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization.

THE BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Exfoliates dead skin cells to reveal softer, smoother skin
- Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) works by loosening the binding between dead skin cells, allowing them to slough off.

Reduces acne:
- by encouraging the shedding or peeling of cells on the skin's surface and lining the pores, Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) prevents the formation of clogged pores—it also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Stimulates collagen production from within:
- Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid)'s work on the skin's deeper layers to boost collagen production.
You will notice smooth skin almost immediately however Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can take a wee bit of time to notice an improvement in those fine lines and wrinkles.

PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
There are different preparation methods to synthesize Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid).
However, the most common method is the catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas, which costs less.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be produced when chloroacetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide and then undergoes re-acidification.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can also be synthesized by electrolytic reduction of oxalic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be separated from natural sources like sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe grapes.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be prepared by hydrolyzing the cyanohydrin that is derived from formaldehyde.

CHEMICAL, HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), due to its OH group, reacts with hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, to give their respective monohaloacetic acid, in this case chloroacetic acid.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is slightly stronger than acetic acid due to the electron-withdrawing power of the terminal hydroxyl group.

The carboxylate group can coordinate to metal ions forming coordination complexes.
Of particular note are the complexes with Pb2+ and Cu2+ which are significantly stronger than complexes with other carboxylic acids.
This indicates that the hydroxyl group is involved in complex formation, possibly with the loss of its proton.

PHYSICAL, HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a colorless solid, very soluble in water.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is odorless.

BENEFITS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can reduce the appearance of fine lines, irregular pigmentation, age spots & decreases enlarged pores
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is very useful in exfoliating products as alpha-hydroxy acid peel, or in creams & lotions at a lower concentration for a more gentle acid-based peel
*Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is widely used to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells

PREPARATION OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is often prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide, followed by re-acidification.
Cl-CH2COOH + 2 NaOH → OH-CH2COONa + NaCl + H2O
OH-CH2COONa + HCl → OH-CH2COOH + NaCl

Another route involves the reaction of potassium cyanide with formaldehyde.
The resulting potassium glycolate is treated with acid and purified.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) was historically first prepared by treating hippuric acid with nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide.

This forms and ester of benzoic acid and Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), which is hydrolyzed to glycolic acid by boiling it in sulfuric acid.
Hydrogenation of oxalic acid is another route.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes.

INCORPORATING HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) INTO YOUR DAILY REGIME
All skin types can tolerate the use of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid); it’s best suited to acne-prone or oily skin

SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) and Lactic Acid are alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).
They may be either naturally occurring or synthetic.
They are often found in products intended to improve the overall look and feel of the skin.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is the most widely used of out of the group and is usually manufactured from sugar cane.
Lactic acid, derived primarily from milk and its origins can be traced back to Cleopatra, who purportedly used sour milk on her skin.

WHAT IS HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID)?
Glycolic Acid and Lactic Acid are naturally occuring organic acids also known as Alpha Hydroxy Acids or AHAs.
The salts of Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) (Ammonium Glycolate, Sodium Glycolate), the salts of Lactic Acid (Ammonium Lactate, Calcium Lactate, Potassiu
Lactate, Sodium Lactate, TEA-Lactate) and the esters of Lactic Acid (Methyl Lactate, Ethyl Lactate, Butyl Lactate, Lauryl Lactate, Myristyl Lactate, Cetyl Lactate) may also be used in cosmetics and personal care products.
In cosmetics and personal care products, these ingredients are used in the formulation of moisturizers, cleansing products, and other skin care products, as well as in makeup, shampoos, hair dyes and colors and other hair care products.

HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) VS. INORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has been replacing mineral acids in multiple applications to avoid the high corrosivity and toxicity of strong inorganic acids.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is commonly used in concrete and masonry cleaners, replacing the long hydrochloric history in this application.
The high penetration and limited damage to the metal surfaces and truck beds make Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) a better option than mineral acids in such applications.

HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID) VS. ORGANIC ACIDS:
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has the smallest molecule of the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) family, so it offers deeper penetration and works faster than other organic acids, including lactic, citric, and maleic acids.

Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is also preferred over many Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) as it provides improved skin moisturization and reduces the visible signs of sun damage and aging wrinkles.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is an excellent choice to replace citric, formic, and acetic acids in industrial applications due to its rapid descaling efficacy combined with superior chelation performance.

CHEMISTRY PROFILE OF HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) is a green acid that is readily biodegradable, VOC-free, and less corrosive than inorganic acids and many other organic acids.

BIODEGRADABLE HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID): OPINIONS AND BENEFITS:
Many manufacturers believe that powdered Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid), derived from natural sources, is an excellent alternative to aggressive chemicals.
Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) has a very broad range of application; when used in appropriate proportions and conditions, it is not harmful to humans or the environment.

In addition, biodegradable Hydroacetic acid (Glycolic Acid) for the face, or a cleaning fluid containing that ingredient, do not increase the amount of toxic waste.
They are only made of raw materials of natural origin, which quickly decompose under the influence of micro-organisms.
Vegetable waste remaining after production can be converted, for example, into compost without occupying any additional space for landfills.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
Molecular Weight: 76.05 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Boiling point: 112 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 10 °C
pH value: 0.5 (700 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 27.5 hPa (25 °C)
Color: colorless liquid
Assay (acidimetric): 69.0 - 74.0 %
Density: (d 20 °C/ 4 °C) 1.260 - 1.280
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 3 ppm
Refractive index (n 20°/D): 1.410 - 1.415
pH-value: 0.0 - 1.0

Chemical formula: C2H4O3
Molar mass: 76.05 g/mol
Appearance: White powder or colorless crystals
Density: 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: 70% solution
Solubility in other solvents: Alcohols, acetone,
acetic acid and ethyl acetate
log P: −1.05
Acidity (pKa): 3.83

Physical state: liquid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 10 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range 112 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,25 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information: No data available
Product name: Glycolic Acid
Other name: Hydroxyacetic Acid
EINECS: 201-180-5
Boiling Point: 112 °C
Purity: 99% White crystal; 70% Yellowish solution
Sample: Free
CAS number: 79-14-1
EC number: 201-180-5
Hill Formula: C₂H₄O₃
Chemical formula: HOCH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 76.05 g/mol

HS Code: 2918 19 98
Boiling point: 100 °C (decomposition)
Density: 1.49 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Flash point: >300 °C (decomposition)
Melting Point: 78 - 80 °C
pH value: 2 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.00093 hPa (25 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Melting point: 75-80 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 112 °C
Density: 1.25 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor pressure: 10.8 hPa (80 °C)

refractive index: n20/D 1.424
Flash point: 112°C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
pka: 3.83(at 25℃)
form: Solution
color: White to off-white
PH: 2 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: at 100.00 %. odorless very mild buttery
Odor Type: buttery
Viscosity: 6.149mm2/s

Water Solubility: SOLUBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,4498
BRN: 1209322
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
InChIKey: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.07 at 20℃
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: GLYCOLIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105
CAS DataBase Reference: 79-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1-4
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: glycolic acid
FDA UNII: 0WT12SX38S
NIST Chemistry Reference: Acetic acid, hydroxy-(79-14-1)

EPA Substance Registry System: Glycolic acid (79-14-1)
Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): Glycolic Acid
Melting Point: 10.0°C
Boiling Point: 113.0°C
Color: Yellow
Linear Formula: CH2OHCOOH
Formula Weight: 76.04
Percent Purity: 70%
Density: 1.2700 g/mL
Physical Form: Solution
Specific Gravity: 1.27
Chemical Name or Material: Glycolic acid, 70% in water

Chemical Formula: C2H4O3
Weight: Average: 76.0514
Monoisotopic: 76.016043994
InChI Key: AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
CAS number: 79-14-1
IUPAC Name: 2-hydroxyacetic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: glycolic acid
SMILES: OCC(O)=O
Water Solubility: 608 g/L
logP: -1
logP: -1
logS: 0.9

pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.53
pKa (Strongest Basic): -3.6
Physiological Charge: -1
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 3
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 57.53 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Refractivity: 14.35 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 6.2 Å³
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
required
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type ABEK
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible,

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROACETIC ACID (GLYCOLIC ACID):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available

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Paint Industries Paints mainly use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with high softening points, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin can increase the gloss of paint and improve the adhesion and the hardness, anti-acid, alkaline- resistance, water-resistance. B. Adhesive Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resins have very good adhesiveness, they can increase the adhesion of adhesives especially for hot-melt adhesive, pressure-sensitive adhesive, coating, etc. C. Rubber and Tyre Mainly use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with low softening point, these Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin has very good mutual solubilities with natural rubber particles, non-affect to the sulphurization of rubber. D. Printing Ink Usually use Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin with high softening point, they have color spreading, fast dry and brightening effects and will increase the printing properties. E. Other Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum resin has certain unsaturation property and can be used as paper glutting agents, plastic modifiers etc. Characters: Yellow color to brown color, Distinguished initial adhesion, Water-resistance, Low volatility, Low acid value, Good adhesion, Good viscosity, Good solubilities with vaious polymers, Specification: LESTAC-P Series Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resin LESTAC-P Series hydrocarbon resin is non-hazardous product, stored in dry and cool place with fire fighting facilities, far away from fire, sunshine, moisture and pollution. Related Products: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Dark Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Wingtack 10 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 10 Light yellow liquid 1.5 0.90 370 -31 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 95 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 98 Light yellow solid 1.7 0.94 1100 52 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 98 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 98 Light yellow solid 2.3 0.95 1000 48 US, EU, Asia Wingtack RWT-7850 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 102 Light yellow solid 2.4 0.95 1000 56 US, EU, Asia Wingtack Plus Hydrocarbon Resin C9 96 Light yellow solid 1.6 0.95 1000 50 US, EU, Asia Wingtack EXTRA Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Light yellow solid 1.4 0.96 1100 52 US, EU, Asia Wingtack ET Hydrocarbon Resin C9 95 Light yellow solid 2.0 0.96 1000 47 US, EU, Asia Wingtack STS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 94 Light yellow solid 3.0 0.97 1000 44 US, EU, Asia Wingtack 86 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 87 Light yellow solid 1.2 0.98 650 42 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-90 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 750 46 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 104 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 800 53 US, EU, Asia Norsolene A-110 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 108 Yellow solid 5.6 1.10 850 64 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-85 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 87 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 650 45 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-95 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 97 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 700 46 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S95e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 93 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 600 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-105 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 106 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 750 55 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S105e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 104 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 650 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-115 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 115 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 800 65 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S115e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 115 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 750 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-125 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 125 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 850 71 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S125e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 125 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 850 70 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-135 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 133 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 950 82 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S135e Hydrocarbon Resin C9 135 Yellow solid 6.0 1.07 900 80 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-145 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 143 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 1050 92 US, EU, Asia Norsolene S-155 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 152 Yellow solid 6.5 1.07 1100 104 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1080 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 93 Yellow solid 6.0 1.10 600 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1090 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 103 Yellow solid 5.5 1.10 650 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene M1100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 112 Yellow solid 5.5 1.10 750 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-85 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 85 Colorless solid <1 1.06 600 35 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-90 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 90 Colorless solid <1 1.06 650 40 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-100 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 100 Colorless solid <1 1.06 750 50 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-110 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 110 Colorless solid <1 1.06 850 60 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-120 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 120 Colorless solid <1 1.06 950 70 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-130 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 130 Colorless solid <1 1.06 1100 80 US, EU, Asia Norsolene W-140 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 140 Colorless solid <1 1.06 1200 90 US, EU, Asia Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aromatic Resins As discussed in the section on Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aliphatic Resins, the feedstocks for hydrocarbon resins are produced via cracking of naphtha. Basic Hydrocarbon Resin C9, aromatic resins are produced from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin oil that contains various monomers as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Composition Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Composition A cationic polymerization reaction converts the liquid feed to a hard resin as seen in Figure 2. Figure 2: Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Oil Polymerization The aromatic characteristics of the feedstocks are preserved in the final resin polymer so the molecular weight and solubility properties of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are considerably different from those of Hydrocarbon Resin C9, aliphatic tackifiers. Since Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin oil is a relatively unrefined material, its polymerization leads to much darker resins than other hydrocarbon resins. Due to their aromatic structure, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are more compatible with polar elastomers than Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins. They are most commonly used in systems based on styrene butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, polychloroprene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers with high levels of vinyl acetate (>28%), chlorinated paraffins, paints, and concrete curing compounds. Table 1: Property Ranges of Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins Properties Range Ring and ball softening point, °C 100–142 Gardner color (50% in toluene) 6–12 Glass transition temperature, °C 40–85 MMAP cloud point, °C 2–45 DACP cloud point, °C 35–100 HYDROCARBON RESINS (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 AND Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS) PROPERTIES Hydrocarbon resins are amorphous thermoplastic polymers produced by polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The feedstock are various by-products of naphtha crackers.1 These resins have typically a low molecular weight ranging from about 400 to 5000 g/mol. The three main types are Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aliphatic, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic, and DCPD cycloaliphatic resins. They are sometimes hydrogenated to reduce discoloration and to improve their heat and UV stability. Aliphatic hydrocarbon resins (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins) are made from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 piperylene and its derivatives. The most important ones are cis/trans 1,3-pentadienes, 2-methyl-2-butene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, and dicyclopentadiene (see below). These monomers are polymerized to oligomeric resins with low to high softening point using Lewis acid catalysts. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are aliphatic in nature and are, therefore, fully compatible with natural rubber, most olefins (LDPE) and many synthetic elastomers of low polarity. They are available in a wide range of molecular weights (MW) and softening points (solid grades 85 - 115°C and liquid grades 5 - 10°C) and provide outstanding tack. They also have a light yellow to light brown color and possess excellent heat stability. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Aromatic hydrocarbon resins (Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins) are made from Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic hydrocarbons. Their composition depends on the hydrocarbon feedstock (coal tar, crude oil). The most important base monomers are indene, methyindenes, dicyclopentadiene, styrene, alpha-methylstyrene and various vinyl toluenes (see below). These resins are available in a wide range of softening points. Compared to Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins, they have a much higher melt viscosity, are of darker color (dark yellow to brown)2 and have higher softening point ranging from about 100 to 150°C.3 Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins are very versatile resins that are compatible with many polymers. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins and resin blends are also commercially available. These resins are often colorless and have improved heat and color stability. However, they are also noticeably more expensive and thus, only used if superior heat and color stability is of concern. COMMERCIAL HYDROCARBON RESINS Hydrocarbon resins are commercially available in large quantities. Major manufacturers and suppliers of these resins are APPLICATIONS Hydrocarbon resins are used as tackifiers, performance modifiers and homogenizing agents. They are extensively used in the manufacture of rubbers, coatings, printing inks, and adhesives. The largest market for hydrocarbon resins are hot melts, PSA tapes and labels. They are important ingredients in many rubber adhesive formulations, particularly synthetic rubbers that are less tacky than natural rubber. They improve tack, peel strength, and increase the glass transition temperature, which in turn improves shear strength. In paints, they provide superior pigment wetting, enhanced adhesion, gloss, and film hardness. They also improve flow and leveling, reduce VOCs and provide improved mildew and water resistance. 1Naphtha is an oily liquid produced by fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum). It is the fraction between gasoline and kerosene that is usually further refined in a so-called naphtha cracker. Other feedstocks for naphtha include coal tar, natural gas and other carbon-rich compounds. 2Highly purified water-white grades are also commercially available which have improved color stability. Hydrocarbon resin is a Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic hydrocarbon used in industrial applications. It has a tackifying effect and is suitable for use in paint, printing ink, adhesives, rubber and other areas where tackiness is required.[1] It is a kind of thermal plasticizing hydrocarbon resin produced by Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction, by-products of petroleum cracking, through pretreatment, polymerization and distillation. It is not a high polymer but a low polymer with the molecular weight between 300-3000. Featured by acid value, easy mutual solubilities, resistant to water, resistant to ethanol and chemicals. It has the chemical stabilizing property to acid and alkaline, viscosity adjusting and thermal stabilizing, Generally, the petroleum resins are not used independently, but have to be used together with other kinds of resins as promoters, adjusting agents and modifiers in hot-melt adhesive, pressure-sensitive adhesive, hot melt road marking paint,[2] rubber tires and so on. There are various types of hydrocarbon resins include Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymer resins, and hydrogenated resins. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins are produced from aliphatic crackers like Piperylene and Isoprene, the current major catalyst is AlCl3. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins are produced from aromatic crackers like Vinyltoluenes, Indene, Alpha Methylstyrene, Stryene, Methylindenes, etc, the current major catalyst is BF3. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymer resins are produced from both aliphatic crackers and aromatic crackers. Regarding to hydrogenated resins, there are some additional process like hydrogenated (use hydrogen), by this way, the double bond is neutralized and light color even water white resins are produced. There are some different types, including hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resins, Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin, and Hydrogenated DCPD resins. [3] Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 aromatic petroleum resin, hydrocarbon resin could be widely used in solvent based adhesives, hot melt adhesives, alkyd based paints, rubber and printing inks. * Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Thermal-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin * Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Catalytic-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Thermal-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 thermal-polymerization hydrocarbon resin is widely used in anti-corrosive coating, alkyd-based enamel, aluminium paint, varnish, marine paint, offset ink, newspaper ink and rubber compounding. Item UCH-100 UCH-120 UCH-130 UCH-140 Colour, Gardner (max) 9-10 9-11 10-12 11-12 Softening Point (R&B) ℃ 91-100 116-125 126-135 135-140 Bromine Value (Br cg/g) 85 max 85 max 85 max 85 max Acid Number (KOHmg/g) 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max 0.1 max Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Catalytic-Polymerization Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 pale yellow catalytic-polymerization aromatic hydrocarbon resins have good compatibility with EVA, SBS ect, which are suitable for solvent based adhesives and hot melt adhesives. Also can used in paing and coating. G-Modified Petroleum Resin (Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9) Product Introduction: QILONG® G-Series Hydrocarbon resin is aliphatic modified aromatic resin obtained from copolymerizing of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction that derived from the by-product of thermal cracking of naphtha. It is granular solid with the color of pale yellow. Its' major usage is binder for hot melt road marking and tackifier for hot melt adhesives, rubber compound. This resin shows outstanding affinity for pigments, superior process ability in the hot melt road marking application and good compatibility with base polymer, natural tackifier and good heat stability in hot melt adhesive application. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 The products are yellow brittle thermoplastic solid. And the products are characteristic of good transparency, gloss, solubility, waterproof, insulation and chemical stability, adhesion and high resistance to acid and alkali. They can best mixed with oil, alkyd resin, and chloroethylene. And they can easily dissolve in ester and aromatic hydrocarbon solvent and partly or completely dissolve in ketone and fatty hydrocarbon. The resins Hydrocarbon Resin C9 are used in painting, oil painting, rubber and adhesive industries. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 / Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Copolymerized Resins Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 copolymerized petroleum resins are obtained by pretreatment, polymerization, distillation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 streams from steam crackers. Uses: Aromatic Petroleum Resin are used for producing paints, rubbers, adhesives, printing inks.When added to paints, can improve the finish, adhesiveness and hardness of paint films. HYDROGENATED Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins Obtained from hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 stream polymerized resins, low color Use in adhesives. Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins Obtained from hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 stream polymerized resins, very low color odorless granules. Used in variety of applications requiring low color very stable resin: coatings, adhesives, plastic modification. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 RESINS Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resins for Road Marking For hot melt road painting, which can enhance the tenacity, hardness and adhesive force of paint material and form a smooth coating surface. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Petroleum Resins for Adhesives For producing hot melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives and in synthetic rubbers formulations. Homogenisator 501, Deotack 920 / 930 / 940 are aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins are versatile in use and widely compatible with various polymers. Major application areas are hot melts, printing inks, paints and solvent based adhesives. Due to their aromatic structure, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 hydrocarbon resins are more compatible with polar elastomers than a Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin. Deotack 1100 is a slightly yellowish, aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin C9-hydrocarbon resin. Deotack 1100 is primarily utilized for adhesive tape coatings, contact adhesives, hot glues, as well as for roadway markings. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resins provide a good balance between adhesion strength and cohesion. Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin Benefits: BP series is specially designed for adhesives application. Characterised by lighter colour, less odour as well as wider compatibility and solubility, they are more suitable for hot melt adhesives, bookbinding, shoes adhesive and solvent adhesives etc. Applications: The major applications areas are paints and varnishes, printing inks, adhesives, rubber and elastomers etc. Products Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-100 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-100 is an odour improved aromatic hydrocarbon resin in low softening point of 95-105â„ƒ. With light colour and less odour, good compatibility with EVA, SBS and other polymers. Find out more Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-120 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-120 is an odour improved light colour aromatic hydrocarbon resin with softening point of 115-125°C. It performs very low VOC, low naphthalene content and wide compatibility with EVA, SBS and other polymers. Find out more Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BP-140 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-140 is an odour improved petroleum resin with softening point 130-140°C. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-100 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin BA-100 is a light colour, low VOC, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Resin with good compatibility with EVA, popular for EVA-based paper converting hot melt adhesives. Bitoner BA-100 is a slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-110 BA-110 is odour improved Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin, with low VOC, good compatibility with EVA, SBS, CR, etc. Bitoner BA-110 is a slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Ba-120 BA-120 is an odour-improved Hydrocarbon Resin C9 resin, with low VOC, good compatibility with EVA, SBS, CR, etc. Bitoner Ba-120 is slightly yellow granular aromatic resin obtained from petroleum-derived monomers. It is an odour improved grade with extremely low odour, good compatibility with other resins and polymers. Find out more Bitoner Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-150 Bitoner Hydrocarbon Resin C9 BP-150 is an odour improved aromatic hydrocarbon resin with high softening point of 140-150â„ƒ. Find out more CN Hydrocarbon Resin C9 DCPD RESIN, made from Dicyclopentadiene, is also a new thermal plasticizing resin. With a unique combination of light color and moderate softening point. It is characterized by lower hydrogen content; typical filler characteristics excellent adhesive properties. With lower softening points, the resin has very good mutual solubility with natural rubber particles, No affect to the sulphurization of rubber. DESCRIPTION Color:13-18# Softening point:90-130℃ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 4.Asphalt modifier: Mainly with high softening point of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin, increase the viscosity of bitumen to improve asphalt performance. CFN C5/C9 Copolymerized Petroleum Resin C5/C9 Copolymerized Petroleum Resin is a thermoplastic resin, Hydrocarbon Resin C9, Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fraction of petroleum by-product of decomposition with processing pre-treatment, polymerization and distillation. It is not a high polymer, but low polymer with the molecular weight range of 300-3000. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has advantages both of Hydrocarbon Resin C9 and Hydrocarbon Resin C9 petroleum resin: low acid value, good miscibility, waterproof, ethanol resistance and chemical resistance and other characteristics of acid resistance, chemical stability in acid-bases, adjustment in viscosity, good thermal stability, weather resistance and light aging resistance because of non-polar groups in its structure. Hydrocarbon Resin C9/ Hydrocarbon Resin C9 has good solubility in organic solvents especially in oil solvent, as well as good compatibility with other resins. It also has brittle, increasing viscosity, cohesiveness and plasticity. Generally, it is not used alone, but used as accelerant , regulator and modifier together with other resins. Application area: The products are used in hot melt adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives, sealants, adhesives and other civil and rubber and tire field of adhesives used as tackifying resin; for rubber, tire, radial tire especially high requirements of rubber products. CND Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Dark Color Hydrocarbon Resin Hydrocarbon Resin C9 dark color hydrocarbon resin is yellow granular solid thermoplastic resin, it is manufactured by ethylene Hydrocarbon Resin C9 fractions, with a special production process, generated by the polymerization and the molecular weight range 300-3000 low molecular weight polymer. Hydrocarbon resin C9 has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.Adhesive industry: Hydrocarbon resin C9 has good adhesion, the adhesive and pressure-sensitive adhesive resin with added materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper CNL Light Color Hydrocarbon Resin C9 Light color Hydrocarbon resin C9 is light yellow granular solid thermoplastic resin, it is manufactured by ethylene Hydrocarbon resin C9 fractions, with a special production process, generated by the polymerization and the molecular weight range 300-3000 low molecular weight polymer. Hydrocarbon resin C9 Light color Hydrocarbon resin has the characteristics of low acid value, good miscibility, chemical stability against acid and alkali, good adjustment of viscosity and thermal stability. Hydrocarbon resin C9 is generally not used alone, but as promoters, adjusting agents, modifiers and other resins used together. Application area: 1.Paint: Light color Hydrocarbon resin C9 can increase the added paint gloss paint, paint film adhesion, hardness, acid and alkali resistance. 2.Rubbe,tyre industry: Rubber and Tyre are mainly use the low softening point of Light color hydrocarbon resin C9. Such resins and natural rubber particles have a good miscibility of the rubber vulcanization process is not a big impact, add oil and rubber tires can play a tackifying resin, reinforcement, softening effect. 3.Adhesive industry: Hydrocarbon resin C9 has good adhesion, the adhesive and pressure-sensitive adhesive resin with added materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper. ed materials can improve the adhesive bond strength, acid resistance, alkali resistance and water resistance, and can effectively reduce production costs. 4.The ink industry: petroleum resin, ink, mainly high softening point petroleum resin. Add oil and resin ink color development can play, quick-drying and brightening effects and improve printing performance and so on. 5.other: Resin has certain Unsaturation, can be used to glue on paper.

Hydrochloride 20% shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics.
Hydrochloride 20% is available also as a solid.
Hydrochloride 20%s play a crucial role in pharmaceuticals due to their ability to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

CAS Number: 7647-01-0
Molecular Formula: ClH
Molecular Weight: 36.46
EINECS Number: 231-595-7

hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, 7647-01-0, Muriatic acid, chlorane, Chlorohydric acid, Acide chlorhydrique, Anhydrous hydrochloric acid, Chlorwasserstoff, Muriaticum acidum, Chloorwaterstof, Chlorowodor, Acido cloridrico, Bowl Cleaner, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorure d'hydrogene, Hydrogenchlorid, 4-D Bowl Sanitizer, Emulsion Bowl Cleaner, Caswell No. 486, Baume hcl, Icon etch, Acido clorhidrico, Aqueous hydrogen chloride, Hydrochloric acid [JAN], UN 1050 (anhydrous), Enplate po 236, White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner, Chloruro de hidrogeno, Hydrochloric acid gas, NSC 77365, HSDB 545, chloridohydrogen, Hygeia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner, CHEBI:17883, Marine acid, monohydrochloride, Percleen Bowl and Urinal Cleaner, Wasserstoffchlorid, Chlorure d'hydrogene anhydre, Cloruro de hidrogeno anhidro, EINECS 231-595-7, Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous, UNII-QTT17582CB, NSC-77365, cloruro de hidrogeno, Acidum hydrochloricum, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 045901, INS NO.507, QTT17582CB, HCl, INS-507, Hydrogen chloride (acid), [HCl], Varley's Ocean Blue Scented Toilet Bowl Cleaner, Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous, DTXSID2020711, E-507, EC 231-595-7, MFCD00011324, Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid, E507, (HCl), HYDROCHLORIC ACID (II), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [II], Chlorowodor [Polish], HYDROCHLORIC ACID (IARC), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [IARC], HYDROCHLORIC ACID (MART.), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [MART.], Chloorwaterstof [Dutch], Chlorwasserstoff [German], Hydrogen Chloride - Methanol Reagent, Acid, Muriatic, Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%, mono hydrochloride, Acido cloridrico [Italian], Acido clorhidrico [Spanish], Acide chlorhydrique [French], Hydrogen chloride (gas only), Chlorure d'hydrogene [French], Chloruro de hidrogeno [Spanish], UN1050, UN1789, UN2186, Anhydrous hydrogen chloride, Chlorure d'hydrogene anhydre [French], Cloruro de hidrogeno anhidro [Spanish], UN 2186 (refrigerated liquefied gas), chlorum, hydochloride, hydrochlorie, hydrochoride, hydrocloride, Salzsaeure, Hydrochloric acid [JAN:NF], hydro chloride, hydro-chloride, hydrogenchloride, Soldering acid, chlorhydric acid, hydochloric acid, hydogen chloride, hydrochoric acid, hydrocloric acid, hydrogen chlorid, hydrogen choride, hydrogen cloride, hyrochloric acid, hyrogen chloride, Liriopesides-B, AescinIIB, hvdrochloric acid, hvdrogen chloride, hydorchloric acid, hydrochioric acid, hydrochloric aicd, hydrochloric-acid, hydrogen-chloride, hyrdochloric acid, Hydrochloric ccid, Acidum Muriaticum, monohydro-chloride, Sibiricose-A6, hydrogen ch1oride, hydro chloric acid, hydro-chloric acid, hydrochloric ac id, Hydrogen chloride, 4M in dioxane, hydro- chloric acid, HEMMORHOIDS, Caswell No 486, trans-stilben-2-ylamine; hydrochloride, H-Cl, Hydrochloric Acid Blank, Hydrochloric acid 37%, Dilute hydrochloric acid, Diluted hydrochloric acid, HCL], Hydrochloric acid, 37%, Hydrogen chloric anhydrous, Hydrochloric acid, diluted, Hydrochloric acid 36% by weight or more HCl, 17Cl, Hydrogen-chloride-anhydrous-, Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum, DTXCID20711, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [MI], HYDROGEN CHLORIDE [MI], Hydrochloric acid (JP15/NF), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [FCC], CHEMBL1231821, Hydrochloric acid (JP17/USP), HYDROCHLORIC ACID [HSDB], HYDROCHLORIC ACID [INCI], MURIATICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], HYDROCHLORIC ACID, TRIMER, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [VANDF], Hydrochloric acid ACS grade 31%, HYDROCHLORIC ACID [WHO-DD], HYDROCHLORIC ACID [WHO-IP], Hydrochloric acid, AR, 35-37%, Hydrochloric acid, LR, 35-38%, NSC77365, Hydrochloric acid, 3 M in methanol, Hydrogen Chloride - Butanol Reagent, BDBM50499188, CCG-221928, DB13366, Hydrochloric acid, p.a., 31-33%, Hydrogen chloride, 1M in acetic acid, AKOS015843726, CCJ-221928, DB13366, Hydrochloric acid, puriss., 30-33%, Hydrochloric acid, reagent grade, 37%, Hydrogen chloride, 1M in diethyl ether, Hydrogen chloride, 2M in diethyl ether, NA 1789, UN 1050, UN 1789, UN 2186, Hydrogen chloride, puriss., >=99.7%, Hydrogen chloride, puriss., >=99.8%, Hydrochloric acid ACS grade 36.5-38%, Hydrochloric acid, technical grade, 30%, 1082661-04-8, Hydrochloric acid (acid aerosols including mists, vapors, gas, fog, and other airborne forms of any particle size), 1N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.1N), 3N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.2N), 5N Hydrochloric Acid aqueous (+/-0.2N), Hydrochloric acid, puriss. p.a., >=32%, ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM [WHO-IP LATIN], H1060, H1062, H

In pharmaceutical contexts, Hydrochloride 20% might refer to a medication formulation where the active ingredient is present in the form of a hydrochloride salt at a concentration of 20%.
Hydrochloride 20%, polyhexanide or polihexanide, is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material.
The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within PHMB renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.

When a drug is formulated as a Hydrochloride 20%, it often exhibits improved characteristics such as increased water solubility, which can lead to faster dissolution and absorption in the body.
This is particularly advantageous for drugs that have poor solubility in their free base form.
Hydrochloride 20% occurs as a clear, colorless, fuming aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, with a pungent odor.

Hydrochloride 20%, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Hydrochloride 20% is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell.
Hydrochloride 20% is classified as a strong acid.

Hydrochloride 20% is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.
Hydrochloride 20% is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Because it was produced from rock salt according to the methods of Johann Rudolph Glauber, hydrochloric acid was historically called by European alchemists spirits of salt or acidum salis (salt acid).

Hydrochloride 20% was called marine acid air.
The name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence muriate means hydrochloride), and this name is still sometimes used.
Hydrochloride 20% a water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations.

Hydrochloride 20% is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odor.
Hydrochloride 20% is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid are expressed in percent by weight, or may be expressed in Baume degrees (Be0) from which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities may readily be derived.
The usually available concentrations are 18°, 20°, 22°, and 23° Be.

Concentrations above 13° Be (19.6%) fume in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere.
Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses.
Hydrochloride 20% is produced by various methods that might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities.

The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for identifying the specific organic compounds that are present and for meeting the requirements for organic compounds.
Methods are provided for their determination.
In applying the procedures any necessary standards should be used to quantitate the organic compounds present in each specific product.

Hydrochloride 20%, or hydrogen chloride, is either a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, or a colorless to slightly yellow gas that can be shipped as a liquefi ed compressed gas.
The acid is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, dyestuffs, artifi cial silk, and paint pig- ments, and in refi ning edible oils and fats.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used in electroplating, leather tanning, ore refi ning, soap refi ning, petroleum extraction, and pickling of metals, and is used in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries.

In addition, Hydrochloride 20% is used as an antiseptic in toilet bowls against animal pathogenic bacteria, and in food processing as a starch modifi er.
Hydrochloride 20%, is a colorless, fuming, highly toxic gas that is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in polymerization, isomerization, and the synthesis of vinyl chloride and alkyl chloride.

Hydrochloride 20% is a colorless to yellowish liquid (the yellow colorationmay be due to traces of iron, chlorine or organics contaminants); fumes in air;refractive index of 1.0 N solution 1.3417; density of commercial concentratedacid (37.8 g/100g solution) 1.19 g/mL, and constant boiling solution (20.22g/100g solution) 1.096 g/mL at 25°C; forms a constant boiling azeotrope withwater at HCl concentration 20.22%; the azeotrope boils at 108.6°C; severalmetal chlorides can be salted out of their aqueous solutions by addition ofHCl; the addition of CaCl2can break the azeotrope; the pH of the acid at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 N concentrations are 0.10, 1.1, and 2.02, respectively; a 10.0 Msolution ionizes to 92.6% at 18°C.

The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide.
At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor.
Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry.

Hydrochloride 20%, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% is a diatomic molecule, consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected by a polar covalent bond.
The chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, which makes this bond polar.

Consequently, the molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge (δ−) at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge (δ+) at the hydrogen atom.
In part because of its high polarity, Hydrochloride 20% is very soluble in water (and in other polar solvents).
The bactericidal ability of Hydrochloride 20% solution is better than other bactericides.
In particular, the product's unique long-term antibacterial effect and the ability to prevent secondary infection are not achieved by other fungicides.

Hydrochloride 20%s are commonly used in pharmaceuticals to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs.
Many drugs exist in basic form, and converting them into their hydrochloride salt form can enhance their pharmacokinetic properties, making them more suitable for medicinal use.
Hydrochloride 20% serve as important reagents and catalysts in chemical synthesis processes.

They can facilitate various organic reactions and are utilized in the production of numerous chemical compounds.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in analytical chemistry as reference standards and calibration solutions.
They help in the accurate quantification and analysis of substances in laboratory settings.

In industrial applications, hydrochloride salts find utility in diverse processes, including water treatment, metal refining, and manufacturing of various chemical products.
Hydrochloride 20% is valuable compounds in research laboratories for investigating the properties and behavior of different chemical substances.
They are often used in experimental setups and studies across multiple scientific disciplines.

Hydrochloride salts are preferred in drug formulation due to their higher stability compared to other salt forms.
They can provide better shelf life and ensure consistent dosing in pharmaceutical products.
In pharmaceuticals, Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used to mask the bitter taste of certain drugs, thereby improving patient compliance and acceptability of medications, especially in pediatric and geriatric populations.

Hydrochloride 20% is generally compatible with a wide range of excipients and other components used in pharmaceutical formulations, making them versatile in drug development and manufacturing.
Hydrochloride 20% is considered safe for pharmaceutical use when formulated appropriately and administered according to prescribed guidelines.
They undergo rigorous testing to ensure purity, quality, and compliance with regulatory standards.

Some Hydrochloride 20%s have specialized applications beyond pharmaceuticals and chemicals.
For example, they may be used in food additives, veterinary medicine, or in specific industrial processes where their properties are advantageous.
The use of Hydrochloride 20% in pharmaceuticals is subject to regulatory oversight by health authorities in different countries.

Manufacturers must comply with regulatory requirements regarding product quality, safety, and efficacy.
Ongoing research in the field of drug delivery and formulation continues to explore innovative ways to utilize Hydrochloride 20% for improved drug delivery systems, controlled release formulations, and targeted therapies.

Melting point: -35 °C
Boiling point: >100 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 1.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 613 psi ( 21.1 °C)
refractive index: 1.3535
Flash point: 10℃ (tag closed test)
storage temp.: Store at +2°C to +25°C.
solubility: H2O: soluble
form: liquid
pka: -7(at 25℃)
color: Light Yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.19
Odor: Sharp, irritating odor detectable at 0.25 to 10 ppm
PH: 3.01(1 mM solution);2.04(10 mM solution);1.08(100 mM solution);
Viscosity: 1.7mm2/s
Water Solubility: miscible
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4780
Dielectric constant: 4.6（20℃）
Exposure limits Ceiling limit 5 ppm (～ 7 mg/m3).

Hydrochloride 20% can be incorporated into various dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, and injectables.
This flexibility allows for tailored formulations based on the specific needs of patients and the desired route of administration.
In addition to their role as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), hydrochloride salts can also be used to adjust the pH of formulations.

This is particularly important in pharmaceuticals where pH levels can impact stability, solubility, and overall efficacy.
Hydrochloride 20% often exhibit different crystalline forms, each with its own physical and chemical properties.
Understanding and controlling these crystalline forms is crucial for optimizing drug formulation and ensuring consistent product performance.

Some hydrochloride salts may be hygroscopic, meaning they have a tendency to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment.
This characteristic can influence formulation stability and storage conditions, requiring careful consideration during product development.
Analyzing hydrochloride salts in pharmaceutical formulations requires robust analytical methods to accurately quantify the salt content, assess purity, and monitor stability over time.

Techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration are commonly employed for this purpose.
Specifications for hydrochloride salts, including testing methods and acceptance criteria, are often outlined in pharmacopeial monographs such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), and others.
Compliance with these standards ensures product quality and consistency.

Pharmaceutical formulations involving Hydrochloride 20% may be protected by patents, especially if they involve novel compositions, formulations, or methods of use.
Intellectual property considerations play a significant role in drug development and commercialization strategies.
Hydrochloride 20% are produced and supplied by various manufacturers worldwide.

Ensuring a reliable and secure supply chain is essential for pharmaceutical companies to meet market demand and maintain uninterrupted availability of medications.
Basilus Valentinus of Italy was first to isolate the acid and reported it under the name spiritus salis in the fifteenth century.
Glauber prepared this acid by the reaction of sulfuric acid with common salt in 1648.

Lavoisier proposed the name muriatic acid in 1789 after muriate, the term referring to a chlorine-containing inorganic substance.
Sir Humphrey Davy proved the gas was composed of only hydrogen and chlorine in 1810.
Subsequently, the gas was named hydrogen chloride.

Dilute Hydrochloride 20% occurs in the stomachs of mammals. Gaseous hydrogen chloride occurs in trace concentrations in the atmosphere
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances increased.
A new industrial process developed by Nicolas Leblanc of Issoudun, France enabled cheap large-scale production of sodium carbonate (soda ash).

In this Leblanc process, common salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product.
Until the British Alkali Act 1863 and similar legislation in other countries, the excess HCl was often vented into the air.
An early exception was the Bonnington Chemical Works where, in 1830, the Hydrochloride 20% began to be captured and the hydrochloric acid produced was used in making sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).

After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.
Hydrochloride 20% is usually prepared industrially by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water.
Hydrochloride 20% can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist.

The large-scale production of Hydrochloride 20% is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals, such as in the chloralkali process which produces hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine, the latter of which can be combined to produce HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% itself is used in themanufacture of pharmaceutical hydrochlorides, chlorine, vinylchloride from acetylene; alkyl chlorides from olefins; arsenictrichloride from arsenic trioxide; in the chlorination of rubber;as a gaseous flux for babbitting operations; and in organic syn-thesis involving isomerization, polymerization, alkylation, andnitration reactions. The acid is used in the production of fertili-zers,dyes, dyestuffs, artificial silk, and paint pigments; inrefining edible oils and fats; in electroplating; leather tanning;ore refining; soap refining; petroleum extraction; pickling ofmetals; and in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries.

Hydrochloride 20% has been used as a choking/pulmonary agent.
Dissociation into ions is extensive and Hydrochloride 20% shows the typical properties of a strong acid.
Hydrochloride 20% reacts with carbonates to give carbon dioxide and yields hydrogen when reacted with all but the most unreactive metals.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and photographic materials.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used to pickle metals, i.e. clean the surface prior to electroplating.
Hydrochloride 20% donates protons with ease and is the strongest of the hydrohalic acids.

The concentrated acid is oxidized to chlorine by such agents as potassium manganate(VII) and manganese( IV) oxide.
Hydrochloride 20% is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety of pharmaceutical and food preparations.
Hydrochloride 20% may also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment of achlorhydria.

Of the common strong mineral acids in chemistry, Hydrochloride 20% is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction.
Hydrochloride 20% is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it contains the non-reactive and non-toxic chloride ion.
Intermediate-strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable upon storage, maintaining their concentrations over time.

These attributes, plus the fact that it is available as a pure reagent, make hydrochloric acid an excellent acidifying reagent.
Hydrochloride 20% is also inexpensive.
Bacteria quickly suffocate to death after using Poly Hexamethylenebiguanide Hcl (PHMB) 20%.

At the same time, because this product is a polymer structure, which can improve the effective activity of guanidine group, the bactericidal effect of Hydrochloride 20% soution is much higher than other guanidine compounds (such as chlorhexidine). Due to the special bactericidal mechanism of this product, all kinds of bacteria will not be resistant to it, which has been confirmed by the experiments of foreign authoritative testing institutions.

After the solution of Hydrochloride 20% is dried, a polymer thin layer of disinfectant is formed on the surface of the object, which can keep the state of the object after sterilization and prevent the secondary pollution of the object.
Generally, the surfaces treated with aqueous solution of this product will remain sterile for up to three months.

History:
Hydrochloride 20% is a strong, corrosive acid that results when the gas hydrogen chloride dissolves in water.
Ancient alchemists prepared hydrochloric acid and Jabbar ibn Hayyan, known in Latin as Geber (721–815), is credited with its discovery around the year 800.
The original method of preparation involved reacting salt with sulfuric acid, producing sodium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas.

The hydrogen chloride gas is captured and dissolved in water to produce Hydrochloride 20%.
Hydrochloride 20% was formerly called muriatic acid.
Terms such as muriatic and muriate were used in association with chloride substances before the discovery and nature of chlorine were fully understood.

The Latin term muriaticus means pickled from muri, which is the Latin term for brine.
Chlorides were naturally associated with seawater salt solutions, as chloride is the principal ion in seawater.
In the early tenth century, the Persian physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi conducted experiments with sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and vitriol (hydrated sulfates of various metals), which he distilled together, thus producing the gas hydrogen chloride.

In doing so, al-Razi may have stumbled upon a primitive method for producing Hydrochloride 20%.
However, Hydrochloride 20% appears that in most of his experiments al-Razi disregarded the gaseous products, concentrating instead on the color changes that could be effected in the residue.
According to Robert P. Multhauf, hydrogen chloride was produced many times without clear recognition that, by dissolving it in water, hydrochloric acid may be produced.

Production:
Hydrochloride 20% can be produced by several methods.
Hydrochloride 20% is obtained from the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid in a cast iron retort at elevated temperature.
Although reaction starts at 150°C, the complete reaction occurs at about 600°C: 2NaCl + H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + 2HCl

Hydrochloride 20% also is made by the Hargreaves process in which a mixture of salt, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and water are heated at elevated temperatures, between 430 to 540°C.
The reaction is exothermic and becomes selfsustaining: 4NaCl + SO2 + O2 + 2H2O→ 2Na2SO4 + 4HCl
Hydrochloric acid may be produced by hydrolysis of metal chlorides such as titanium(IV) chloride: TiCl4 + 2H2O →TiO2 + 4HCl

High purity HCl for commerce is made directly from hydrogen and chlorine: H2 + Cl2→ 2HCl
The above reaction is highly exothermic.
The stoichiometric proportion of gaseous mixture at equilibrium flame temperature is cooled to 200°C, whereupon the elements combine rapidly to form HCl with over 99% yield.

HCl also may be prepared by several other methods including thermal dissociation of aluminum chloride hexahydrate, AlCl3•6H2O, and as a by-product of manufacturing many organic compounds.
Crude HCl gas mixture may be purified by cooling and drying over concentrated sulfuric acid, which also removes organic unsaturated contaminants.
Organic contaminants may be removed further by adsorption over molecular sieves, polystyrene foam, active carbon, or scrubbing with a high-boiling point organic liquid.

Commercial grade, concentrated hydrochloric acid is about 37.5% HCl by weight and has a normality of 12 and specific gravity 1.19.
Hydrogen chloride gas may be stored in steel cylinders free of contaminants.
Monel, pure nickel, or its alloy, inconel, may also be used for storage and transportation up to 500°C.

Hydrochloric acid may be stored in glass bottles or in containers made up of tantalum or tantalum-molybdenum alloys, or other alloys of zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
The traditional method of preparation of hydrochloric acid is the reaction of metal chlorides, especially sodium chloride with sulfuric acid (see the first reaction described).
Hydrochloric acid is also produced by direct synthesis from its elements.

In the chlorine-alkali industry, electrochemical reactions produce elemental chlorine and hydrogen, which can then be combined to give hydrogen chloride: Cl2(g) + H2(g) 2HCl(g).
Hydrogen chloride is then dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid.
By far, the most common method of producing hydrochloric acid involves its production as a by-product in chlorination reactions.

This has curtailed this source of hydrochloric acid.
The production of other common industrial organic chemicals such as Teflon, perchloroethylene, and polyvinyl chloride result in the production of hydrogen chloride.
The production of hydrochloric acid in polyvinyl chloride production takes place when ethylene is chlorinated: C2H4(g) + Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g)(g) C2H3Cl(g) + HCl(g).

Uses:
Hydrochloride 20% is one of the most important industrial chemicals and has numerous applications.
Both anhydrous hydrogen chloride and aqueous acid are used to produce a large number of chloride salts.
The acid also is a common laboratory reagent.

Some major applications of Hydrochloride 20% include processing of ores and extraction of metals from their minerals; in metal cleaning, particularly in steel pickling to dissolve oxide impurities; production of alumina, titanium dioxide, and other metal oxides by various hydrometallurgical processes; production of hydrogen; synthesis of chlorine dioxide; removal of heavy metal impurities from carbon black; activation of bentonite clays; etching of concrete surfaces for finishing operations; and as a catalyst in several organic reactions such as inversion of sugar, hydrolysis of starch to obtain sugar syrup, and esterification of aromatic acids.
Anhydrous Hydrochloride 20% gas is used to produce phosphonium chloride, PH4Cl, which is a flame retardant for cotton textiles. Other major applications include manufacture of a number of high purity metal chlorides, ammonium chloride, chlorosulfuric acid; recovery of waste metals; preparation of alkyl chlorides and chloroacetic acids; and as a chlorinating agent in organic syntheses.

Rubber Hydrochloride 20%, which results from the treatment of natural rubber with hydrogen chloride, can be cast in film from solutions.
Such rubber hydrochloride films provide a strong, water resistant packaging material for meats and other foods, paper products, and textiles.
Pickling is a metal treatment process used to prepare metal surfaces for subsequent processing such as galvanizing or extrusion.

In the iron industry, pickling involves immersing iron and steel products in vats of diluted hydrochloric acid.
This removes oxides, dirt, and grease.
Oil well acidizing involves injecting Hydrochloride 20% down well holes to dissolve limestone and carbonate formations.

This expands existing fissures and creates new fissures to open channels for oil extraction.
Hydrochloride 20% is also used extensively in pharmaceuticals and the food industry.
When it is listed after a drug name, the drug was produced by combining a free base and Hydrochloride 20% to produce a hydrochloride salt.

Drugs delivered as hydrochloride salts rather than free bases are more soluble in water than free forms of the drugs, tend to be more stable, are solids, and are often more compatible with the chemistry of the digestive system.
In the food industry Hydrochloride 20% is used in the production of gelatin and sodium glutamate, to convert cornstarch to syrup, to refine sugar, and as an acidulant.

Hydrochloride 20% is one of the most widely used acids and a common laboratory reagent.
Hydrochloride 20% is used in the manufacture of chlorides, in the pickling and cleaning of metal products, as a processing agent for manufacturing various food products, as a cleaning agent, in organic synthesis, and for neutralizing alkalies.
Hydrochloride 20% is a fire-effluent gas.

Firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of HCl.
Hydrochloride 20% arereleased from the oxidative thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-derivedfiberglass, cotton, and jute brattices in mines.
The gas is absorbed by water droplets,entrapped in soot particles, causing risk ofexposure of the acid to the eyes, throat,and lungs of mine workers.

Hydrochloride 20% is an acid that is the aqueous solution of hydro- gen chloride of varying concentrations.
Hydrochloride 20% is miscible with water and with alcohol.
Hydrochloride 20% is used as an acidulant and neutralizing agent.

In the production of chlorides; refining ore in the production of tin and tantalum; for the neutralization of basic systems; as laboratory reagent; hydrolyzing of starch and proteins in the preparation of various food products; pickling and cleaning of metal products; as catalyst and solvent in organic syntheses.
Also used for oil- and gas-well treament and in removing scale from boilers and heat-exchange equipment.
Hydrochloride 20% is a highly corrosive liquid, emitting a pungent odor and fumes in moist air.

Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% is one of the strongest acids and thus any desired pH from 0 to 7 can be easily achieved with the required dosage.
Hydrochloride 20% is seldom used in mineral flotation.
The largest use is in hydrometallurgical processes and the pickling of hot rolled steel.

In some cases, Hydrochloride 20% is used for decoating iron-stained mineral surfaces before flotation.
Piping, valves, and other equipment used in direct contact with anhydrous hydrogen chloride should be of stainless steel or of cast or mild steel.
Carbon steel may be used in some components, but only if their temperature is controlled to remain below about 265°F (l29°C).

In the presence of moisture, however, hydrogen chloride will corrode most metals.
They are often employed to convert basic drugs into their more stable and water-soluble salt forms, enhancing their bioavailability and facilitating drug delivery.
Hydrochloride 20%s are utilized in the formulation of tablets, capsules, injections, and other dosage forms to improve drug stability, solubility, and overall efficacy.

They may also be used as pH adjusters or buffering agents in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain optimal pH levels.
Hydrochloride 20%s serve as reagents, catalysts, or intermediates in various chemical synthesis processes, including organic synthesis, polymerization reactions, and material science applications.
Hydrochloride 20% is commonly used in laboratory research for experimental purposes, such as chemical reactions, biological assays, and analytical testing.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in water treatment processes to adjust pH levels, remove impurities, or disinfect water supplies.
Hydrochloride 20% find applications in diverse industrial processes, including metal surface treatment, electroplating, textile dyeing, and manufacturing of chemicals and polymers.
In the food industry, Hydrochloride 20% may be used as acidity regulators, preservatives, or flavor enhancers in food and beverage products.

Some cleaning products, such as toilet bowl cleaners and descaling agents, contain hydrochloride salts for their acidic properties, which help dissolve mineral deposits and remove stains.
Hydrochloride 20% is also utilized in veterinary medicine for formulating medications and supplements for animals.
Hydrochloride 20% is employed as reference standards, calibration solutions, or titrants in analytical chemistry techniques for quantitative analysis and quality control purposes.

In the cosmetics and personal care industry, Hydrochloride 20% may be used in formulations of skincare products, hair care products, and toiletries for various purposes, such as pH adjustment or chemical stabilization.
Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used as preservatives in certain products, such as cosmetics and toiletries, to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.
In agriculture, Hydrochloride 20% may be used in fertilizers or soil amendments to provide essential nutrients to plants or to adjust soil pH levels.

Some photographic processes utilize Hydrochloride 20% as part of developing solutions or fixing agents to create images on photographic film or paper.
Hydrochloride 20% can be involved in the leather tanning process, where they help to preserve and soften animal hides for use in leather products.
In wastewater treatment facilities, Hydrochloride 20% may be used as coagulants or flocculants to aid in the removal of contaminants and pollutants from water.

Hydrochloride 20% is used in metal cleaning and etching processes to remove rust, scale, or other surface impurities from metal surfaces prior to finishing or plating.
In electronics manufacturing, Hydrochloride 20% is sometimes used in chemical etching processes to selectively remove material from metal surfaces to create circuit patterns or microstructures.
Hydrochloride 20% may serve as analytical reagents or standards in laboratory analysis techniques such as spectrophotometry, chromatography, or titration for quantitative chemical analysis

Some Hydrochloride 20%, such as calcium chloride or magnesium chloride, are used as deicing agents on roads and sidewalks to melt ice and snow during winter months.
Certain dry chemical fire extinguishers contain Hydrochloride 20% as part of their extinguishing agent to help suppress fires involving combustible metals.

Health Hazard:
Gas concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour.
Concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous, even for brief exposures.
More severe exposures will result in serious respiratory distress and prolonged exposures will result in death.

Mists of Hydrochloride 20% are considered less harmful than anhydrous hydrochloric acid, because droplets have no dehydrating action.
Individuals with respiratory problems and digestive diseases may be adversely affected by low level exposures to the gas or mist.
Exposures to Hydrochloride 20% cause severe health effects and corrosive reactions.

Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% forms acidic mists.
Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage the respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines.
Inhalation of vapors can cause coughing, choking, infl ammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and death.

Accidental ingestion and/or swallow- ing of Hydrochloride 20% at workplaces causes immediate pain and burns of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract.
Hydrochloride 20% also causes nausea, vomiting, and diar- rhea, and in severe cases, death.
Any kind of contact of the skin surfaces to Hydrochloride 20% causes redness, pain, and severe skin burns.

Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid cause deep ulcers and discolor the skin.
Vapors of hydrochloric acid cause irritat- ing effects to the eyes and eye damage, leading to severe burns and permanent eye dam- age.
Long-term exposures to concentrated vapors of Hydrochloride 20% cause erosion of the teeth.

Occupational workers and persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye disease are more susceptible to the effects of Hydrochloride 20%.
Hydrochloride 20% and hydrogen chloride gas are highly corrosive substances that may cause severe burns upon contact with any body tissue.
The aqueous acid and gas are strong eye irritants and lacrimators.

Contact of conc Hydrochloride 20% or concentrated HCl vapor with the eyes may cause severe injury, resulting in permanent impairment of vision and possible blindness, and skin contact results in severe burns.
Ingestion can cause severe burns of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal system and can be fatal.
Inhalation of hydrogen chloride gas can cause severe irritation and injury to the upper respiratory tract and lungs, and exposure to high concentrations may cause death.

HCl gas is regarded as having adequate warning properties
Hydrochloride 20% has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans
Concentrated Hydrochloride 20% is a corrosivesubstance that can cause severe burns.

Ingestion can produce corrosion of themouth, gastrointestinal tract, and stomach,and diarrhea.
Hydrogen chloride is a toxic gas with acharacteristic pungent odor.
Inhalation cancause coughing, choking, and irritation ofthe mucous membranes.

Exposure to concentrations at >5 ppm in air can be irritating and disagreeable to humans.
A short exposure to 50 ppmmay cause irritation of the throat. Workersexposed to hydrochloric acid were found tosuffer from gastritis and chronic bronchitis.
Rats exposed continuously to a hydrogen chloride atmosphere died after physicalincapacitation.

Hartzelland coworkers (1987) have studied thetoxicological effects of smoke containinghydrogen chloride in fire gases.
The lethality of PVC smoke was high but not entirelydue to the hydrogen chloride produced.
Postexposure death in rats was observed afterpulmonary irritation caused by high concentration of HCl.

Lethality in the presenceof carbon monoxide may be additive.
Inanother paper, Hartzell and associates (1988)reported that guinea pigs were three timesas sensitive as rats to HCl exposure.
Hydrochloride 20% produced bronchoconstriction in animals andshowed additive toxicity with CO at relatively high concentrations of the latter.

Fire Hazard:
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.
Containers may explode in heat of fire.
At high temperatures, Hydrochloride 20% decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine.

The following materials should be avoided: Mercuric sulfate violent reaction with gaseous Hydrochloride 20% at 250F.
Sodium reacts vigorously with gaseous Hydrochloride 20%.
Acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, propiolactone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and vinyl acetate increase in temperature and pressure when mixed with hydrochloric acid.

Calcium phosphide energetic reaction with Hydrochloride 20%.
Silver perchlorate and carbon tetrachloride when mixed in combination with Hydrochloride 20% forms a compound that detonates at 105F.
Formaldehyde when mixed with Hydrochloride 20% forms a human carcinogen.

Material reacts violently with bases and is corrosive with the generation of heat.
Reacts with base metals, forming combustible gas (hydrogen).

Reacts violently with strong oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine).
Avoid heat; at high temperatures Hydrochloride 20% will decompose into hydrogen and chlorine.

HYDROCINNAMALDEHYDE N° CAS : 104-53-0 Nom INCI : HYDROCINNAMALDEHYDE Nom chimique : 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-211-8 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent parfumant : Utilisé pour le parfum et les matières premières aromatiques

hydrochlorothiazide; HCTZ; Hypothiazide; Esidrix CAS NO: 58-93-5

Hydrofluoric Acid Uses of Hydrofluoric acid Production of organofluorine compounds The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is in organofluorine chemistry. Many organofluorine compounds are prepared using HF as the fluorine source, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon. Many pharmaceuticals contain fluorine. Production of inorganic fluorides of Hydrofluoric acid Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. Foremost are Na3AlF6, cryolite, and AlF3, aluminium trifluoride. A molten mixture of these solids serves as a high-temperature solvent for the production of metallic aluminium. Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include sodium fluoride and uranium hexafluoride. Properties of Hydrofluoric acid Chemical formula HF (aq) Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.15 g/mL (for 48% soln.) Acidity (pKa) 3.17 Wet etching tanks It is used in the semiconductor industry as a major component of Wright Etch and buffered oxide etch, which are used to clean silicon wafers. In a similar manner it is also used to etch glass by treatment with silicon dioxide to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides. Hydrofluoric acid can also be used to polish and frost glass. SiO2 + 4 HF → SiF4(g) + 2 H2O SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding. For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers. Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. Hydrofluoric acid is also useful for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis. In similar manner, this acid is used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it. Oil refining In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid. The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propylene, butylene) to produce reactive carbocations, which alkylate isobutane. The reaction is carried out at mild temperatures (0 and 30 °C) in a two-phase reaction. Production of Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid was first prepared in 1771, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. It is now mainly produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite, CaF2, with concentrated sulfuric acid at ca. 265 °C. CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4 The acid is also a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid from apatite/fluoroapatite. Digestion of the mineral with sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures releases a mixture of gases, including hydrogen fluoride, which may be recovered. Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is stored in plastic containers. Hydrofluoric acid can be found in nature; it is released in volcanic eruptions. Properties of Hydrofluoric acid In dilute aqueous solution hydrogen fluoride behaves as a weak acid, Infrared spectroscopy has been used to show that, in solution, dissociation is accompanied by formation of the ion pair H3O+·F−. H2O + 2HF ⇌ H+ + F− + H3O+⋅F−, pKa = 3.17 This ion pair has been characterized in the crystalline state at very low temperature. Further association has been characterized both in solution and in the solid state. HF + F− ⇌ HF2− log K = 0.6 It is assumed that polymerization occurs as the concentration increases. This assumption is supported by the isolation of a salt of a tetrameric anion H3F4− and by low-temperature X-ray crystallography. The species that are present in concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrogen fluoride have not all been characterized; in addition to HF2− which is known the formation of other polymeric species, Hn-1Fn−, is highly likely. The Hammett acidity function, H0, for 100% HF is estimated to be between −10.2 and −11. which is comparable to the value −12 for sulfuric acid. Solutions of hydrofluoric acid attack glass, so they are stored and used in vessels made of teflon. They attack human skin, so must be handled with great care: see #Health and Safety, below. Acidity of Hydrofluoric acid Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution. This is in part a result of the strength of the hydrogen–fluorine bond, but also of other factors such as the tendency of hydrofluoric acid, H2O, and F− anions to form clusters. At high concentrations, hydrofluoric acid molecules undergo homoassociation to form polyatomic ions (such as bifluoride, HF−2) and protons, thus greatly increasing the acidity. This leads to protonation of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions. Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is very corrosive, even attacking glass when hydrated. The acidity of hydrofluoric acid solutions varies with concentration owing to hydrogen-bond interactions of the fluoride ion. Dilute solutions are weakly acidic with an acid ionization constant Ka = 6.6×10−4 (or pKa = 3.18), in contrast to corresponding solutions of the other hydrogen halides, which are strong acids (pKa < 0). Concentrated solutions of hydrogen fluoride are much more strongly acidic than implied by this value, as shown by measurements of the Hammett acidity function H0(or "effective pH"). The H0 for 100% hydrofluoric acid is estimated to be between −10.2 and −11, comparable to the value −12 for sulfuric acid. In thermodynamic terms, hydrofluoric acid solutions are highly non-ideal, with the activity of hydrofluoric acid increasing much more rapidly than its concentration. The weak acidity in dilute solution is sometimes attributed to the high H—F bond strength, which combines with the high dissolution enthalpy of hydrofluoric acid to outweigh the more negative enthalpy of hydration of the fluoride ion. Paul Giguère and Sylvia Turrell have shown by infrared spectroscopy that the predominant solute species in dilute solution is the hydrogen-bonded ion pair H3O+·F−. H2O + HF ⇌ H3O+⋅F− With increasing concentration of hydrofluoric acid the concentration of the hydrogen difluoride ion also increases. The reaction 3 HF HF2− + H2F+ is an example of homoconjugation. Health and safety of Hydrofluoric acid In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact poison. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment. Despite having an irritating odor, hydrofluoric acid may reach dangerous levels without an obvious odor. Hydrofluoric acid interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury. Symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burns, rhinitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs), and bone damage. Popular culture of Hydrofluoric acid In the series 4 episode 'Chain reaction' of the British medical drama Casualty a road traffic collision results in a spillage of hydrofluoric acid testing the resources of the department and resulting in the death of a police officer and severe burns to other motorists. This episode realistically depicts the fire service response to a chemical spillage In an episode of Breaking Bad titled "Cat's in the Bag...", Jesse Pinkman uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the body of Emilio Koyama. In another episode, "Box Cutter", Walter White and Jesse Pinkman use hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the body of Victor. In the film Saw VI, hydrofluoric acid is used for killing William Easton. In the film Jigsaw, Carly is killed by hydrofluoric acid injected into her bloodstream. In an episode of Titans titled "Jason Todd", a young Dick Grayson claims that his parents' murderer used hydrofluoric acid to burn their trapeze ropes. In a trio of segments of the videogame Zero Time Dilemma titled "First Come, First Saved", each of the three teams of participants are given the option to press a button that activates a hydrofluoric acid shower that pours over the other two teams. The corrosion process of the acid is both described and depicted as being fast enough to melt everything from metal and glass to the entire body of a sizable adult male in a matter of seconds, leaving only small amounts of tissue behind. Hydrofluoric Acid: What You Need to Know Incidents involving hydrogen fluoride, or hydrofluoric acid, are not common, but the consequences of exposure to this compound by any means can be devastating. This little-known acid has unique properties that make it extremely dangerous to emergency personnel and others. Frequently mistaken for or confused with hydrochloric acid, HF should be referred to as Hydrofluoric acid. I became interested in Hydrofluoric acid while working in an oil refinery that uses it as a catalyst to make high-octane gasoline. As a paramedic, I found the effects of Hydrofluoric acid on the human body fascinating. I learned what I could about it and began teaching Hydrofluoric acid safety to my coworkers. Then, in 2001, I was involved in an Hydrofluoric acid incident in which I was seriously exposed. I had been sprayed with anhydrous Hydrofluoric acid at approximately 150 pounds of pressure when a ¾" pipe broke at an ell as I was preparing to remove a plug. The Hydrofluoric acid had eaten the threads inside the ell and the weight of my pipe wrench caused the damaged pipe to give way, spraying both my legs just below my groin, and my right forearm. That exposure began a battle for my life that continues today. Luckily, our local EMS and emergency facility had been trained on the dangers of this acid and proper treatment. Many EMS and ER personnel have probably never heard of this dangerous compound, but all emergency services, fire or law enforcement personnel who operate near and may be called to respond to any facility that uses or manufactures a form of Hydrofluoric acid should receive yearly training on treatment for Hydrofluoric acid exposure. This information should be available from your county LEPC. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid) is an inorganic, corrosive compound with many industrial and commercial uses. It is manufactured by heating purified fluorspar (calcium fluoride) with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce the gas, which is then condensed by cooling or dissolving in water. It can also be refined as a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid, which is derived from the mineral apatite. Apatite sources typically contain a small amount of fluorite. The acid hydrolysis of fluorite-containing minerals generates an impure gas stream consisting of sulfur dioxide, water and Hydrofluoric acid. Separating gases from solids and treating them with sulfuric acid and oleum produces anhydrous Hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid can also be released when other fluoride-containing compounds, such as ammonium fluoride, are combined with water or when certain plastics are exposed to fire conditions, creating carbonyl fluoride (the fluorine analog of phosgene). HYDROFLUORIC ACID FAST FACTS Hydrogen fluoride is available commercially either in an anhydrous (water-free) state or in water solutions of various concentrations. At higher concentrations, Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas or a fuming liquid. Hydrofluoric acid may be known as Hydrogen fluoride (UN 1052), hydrofluoric acid (UN 1790) or fluorohydric acid. Identification numbers are CAS number 7664-39-3, UN: 1052 or RTECS: MW7875000. Main Manufacturers/main importers are DuPont (US), Allied (US) and Honeywell (US). Its physical properties are: Molecular weight: 10 Boiling point: Gas at temperatures above 19°C Auto-ignition: Not relevant Vapor pressure: 150mm (70% solution at 26.7°C); 70mm (70% solution at 20.0°C) Solubility: Aqueous solutions to 70% Explosive limits: Not applicable--non-flammable (BLEVE hazard if container subjected to fire conditions) Shipping name: Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (1052), hydrofluoric acid, with not more than 60% strength (1790) Identification number: 1052 (hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous) (Guide 125), 1790 (hydrofluoric acid) (Guide 157) Hazardous class or division: 8 (1052) Subsidiary hazardous class or division: 6.1, Inhalation hazard (1790) Label: Corrosive, Poison (toxic) (1052), Corrosive, Poison (Toxic), Inhalation Hazard (1790) Hydrogen fluoride is used in solution form in glass and metal etching, industrial and home cleaners and rust removers, and in manufacturing electronics. Full strength, it is used to manufacture high-octane fuels in oil refineries. Other major industrial uses of hydrogen fluoride include synthesis of fluorocarbons (e.g., freon and Teflon) and production of aluminum fluoride and synthetic cryolite for use in aluminum refining. It is also employed in refining uranium for use as a nuclear fuel, in manufacturing various organic chemicals, in producing stainless steel, and for various other applications such as: Propellants and solvents Insecticide and fertilizer production Manufacture and reduction of chlorides Brewery to control fermentation Fabric industry for stain removal Leather industry for tanning Drug and dye production Manufacture of semiconductors. Present household uses include: Rust remover Aluminum brighteners Heavy-duty cleansers. Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless fuming liquid below 67°F (19.4°C), or a colorless gas. When hydrogen fluoride is combined with water it is known as hydrofluoric acid, a colorless liquid, which in low concentrations is visually indistinguishable from water. Hydrofluoric acid that is more than 40% hydrogen fluoride fumes in air. Hydrofluoric acid can be used for intra-oral repair of restorations. Contamination of tooth substrate with hydrofluoric acid cannot always be avoided. /The study objective was/ to investigate the bonding effectiveness to hydrofluoric acid contaminated dentin by, micro-tensile bond strength testing, SEM and TEM. For this study, 15 molar teeth were used of which dentin surfaces were subjected to five, different etching procedures. Group A, 37.5% phosphoric acid (Kerr Gel) (control group); group B, 37.5% phosphoric acid followed by 3% hydrofluoric acid (DenMat); group C, 37.5% phosphoric acid, followed by 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (Pulpdent); group D, 3% hydrofluoric acid followed by 37.5%, phosphoric acid; group E, 9.6% hydrofluoric acid followed by 37.5% phosphoric acid. After the bonding procedure (OptiBond FL, Kerr) a composite resin build-up (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray), was made. After 1 week storage, specimens were prepared for micro-tensile bond testing, SEM- and, TEM-analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's HSD (p<0.05). In the control group (solely phosphoric acid), the mean microTBS was 53.4+/-10.6 MPa, which was, significantly higher than any hydrofluoric acid prepared group (group A versus groups B-E, p<0.001). No, significant differences in microTBS were found between the 3% and 9.6% hydrofluoric acid groups: group B versus group C (13.5+/-5.5 MPa and 18.7+/-4.3 MPa, respectively) or group D versus group E (19.9+/-6.8 MPa and 20.3+/-4.1 MPa, respectively). Due to its adverse effect on the bond strength of composite to dentin, contact of hydrofluoric acid to dentin should be avoided. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, fuming liquid or gas with a strong, irritating odor. Hydrofluoric acid is usually shipped in steel cylinders as a compressed gas. Hydrogen fluoride readily dissolves in water to form colorless hydrofluoric acid solutions; dilute solutions are visibly indistinguishable from water. Ocular tissues are extremely sensitive to hydrofluoric acid. Concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the eye. Although the protein aqueous precipitation of coagulation necrosis limits the penetration of other inorganic acids, hydrofluoric acid is able to penetrate the ocular tissues and produces severe damage to ocular structures. Lacrimation, pain, and conjunctival injection are early symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure. Corneal and conjunctival epithelium may be denuded, leading to edema and ischemia. Corneal vascularization and scarring may result. Toxicity may be delayed by up to 4 days after dilute exposures. Global perforation has also been reported. Hydrofluoric acid is an irritant to the mucosa of the upper and lower portions of the respiratory tract. As in ocular tissues, concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the nasal mucosa. When hydrofluoric acid is present in concentrations greater than 48%, the solution fumes, adding to the volatile airborne fraction. Mucosal edema, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, wheezing, atelectasis, and airways obstruction may result. A chemical tracheobronchitis or pneumonitis, either of which may be hemorrhagic, and pulmonary edema may follow. Onset of signs and symptoms may be immediate, with death reported in as little as 30 minutes after exposure, or they may not appear for several days. Symptoms in survivors may be sustained for greater than 1 year. A waste containing hydrofluoric acid may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for corrosivity characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid has not been classified as a carcinogen. It is not known whether chronic or repeated exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid increases the risk of reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity. Chronic or repeated exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid has been associated with fluorosis, mottling of the teeth, weight loss, malaise, anemia, leukopenia, discoloration of teeth, osteosclerosis, skeletal changes such as increased bone density of the spine and pelvis, calcification of ligaments, hyperostosis, and liver or kidney damage. A chemical polishing soln consisting of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid (1 vol each) and glycerol (2 vols) generated enough pressure during storage for 4 hr to rupture the closed plastics container. This was caused by gas evolution from oxidation of glycerol by the strongly oxidizing mixture. A mixture of nitric acid (80 mL), hydrofluoric acid (80 mL) and glycerol (240 mL) was used immediately for etching metal, again the next day, and then stored in a stoppered flask. After some 2-3 days, the stopper was ejected and approx 300 mL was sprayed around the fume cupboard containing the flask. The metals dissolved during use further destabilize the mixture, which should not be stored under any circumstances. Mixtures of the 3 acids /hydrofluoric acid, lactic acid, and nitric acid/, used as metal polishing solutions, are unstable and should not be stored. Lactic acid and nitric acid react autocatalytically after a quiescent period, attaining a temp of about 90 °C with vigorous gas evolution after about 12 hr. A chemical polishing mixture /of hydrofluoric acid, propylene glycol, silver nitrate, and nitric acid/ was put into a closed glass bottle which burst 30 min later, and formation of silver fulminate was suggested. However, in absence of the silver salt such mixtures evolve gas and should not be stored in any event, especially after use for metal polishing, when the dissolved metal(s) tend to further destabilize the mixture. The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous; hydrofluoric acid solution, with more than 60% hydrogen fluoride; and hydrofluoric acid solution, with not more than 60% hydrogen fluoride are included on the dangerous goods list. Hydrofluoric acid is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Hydrofluoric acid is a dangerous inorganic acid that can cause local corrosion and systemic effects by ongoing absorption via the skin, mucosae, respiratory tract and digestive system. Recently, a serious toxic leak of low-concentration hydrofluoric acid solution occurred in the Pujiang area of Zhejiang Province, China. This accident resulted in 253 cases of chemical injury due to hydrofluoric acid exposure. Despite an immediate response by the local and provincial health-care system, as well as the local government, three people died due to acute poisoning and related complications. This article describes the events that took place leading to casualties as well as presenting the first-aid experience and the lessons learnt from this kind of mass injury. Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be absorbed systemically into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. Eye exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is highly unlikely to result in systemic toxicity. Inhalation is an important route of exposure. Occupational injuries to digits due to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) are frequently encountered. They have distinctive features, including intense pain, progressive tissue necrosis, and possible bone erosion. To minimize tissue damage, it is of great importance to execute prudent preoperative assessment and determine the correct surgical modality to reconstruct and maintain the function of the hand. However, proper protocols for fingers have not been presented in previous studies. Eight cases with hydrofluoric acid burn to digits were presented to the emergency room. Wounds were immediately irrigated with saline, calcium gluconate was applied topically to block destructive effects of fluoride ions. Blisters that could lead to progressive tissue destruction were debrided. A fish-mouth fasciotomy was performed and prostaglandin was administered intravenously to maintain maximal distal circulation. Wounds were evaluated daily for apparent demarcation for 6 or 7 days. Digits were reconstructed with free sensate second toe pulp-free flap to provide sufficient padding for the fingertip. All patients showed excellent recovery with stable flaps with acceptable external contour, durable soft tissue padding, and full range of motion of affected joints. In conclusion, when a patient is admitted due to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure to the finger, early treatment including irrigation, topical neutralizers, and fasciotomy are of great importance to minimize tissue damage. In addition, a physician should wait at least 7 days until the degree of damage to the tissue can be classified so that the physician can decide whether aggressive debridement should be proceeded. In case of deep layer injuries of weight bearing portions such as finger pulp, reconstruction techniques utilizing durable tissues such as partial second toe pulp free flap should be employed. Hydrofluoric acid is increasingly used as a rust remover and detergent. Dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid results in a chemical burn characterized by severe pain and deep tissue necrosis. It may cause electrolyte imbalances with lethal consequences. It is important to identify high-risk patients. 'High risk' is defined as a total affected body area > 3% or exposure to hydrofluoric acid in a concentration > 50%. We present the cases of three male patients (26, 31, and 39 years old) with hydrofluoric acid burns of varying severity and describe the subsequent treatments. The application of calcium gluconate 2.5% gel to the skin is the cornerstone of the treatment, reducing pain as well as improving wound healing. Nails should be thoroughly inspected and possibly removed if the nail is involved, to ensure proper healing. In high-risk patients, plasma calcium levels should be evaluated and cardiac monitoring is indicated. Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) is commonly used and many injuries occur on the upper extremities following exposure to HFA. The use of calcium gluconate (CG) -containing gel or local injections of CG are widely used for the initial treatment of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure. However, severe pain continues in some cases despite the treatment. There was a report that trans-arterial CG infusion could improve Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns, however, such treatment is not an established clinical procedure. A 30-year-old male presented at our hospital with severe pain in his left thumb. He had been cleaning tiles with an HFA-containing detergent. We diagnosed him with a chemical burn due to Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) exposure. Local CG injections were tried several times, but his terrible pain continued. Therefore, a direct arterial sphygmomanometry line was inserted from the left radial artery, and continuous transarterial CG injection was performed. His terrible pain dramatically improved. Direct arterial sphygmomanometry systems are widely used in the critical care field to monitor the hemodynamics and ICU staffs are used to dealing with it. Moreover, continuous saline infusion prevents the tube obstruction. Continuous CG infusion from a direct arterial sphygmomanometry line is simple and safe way to administer CG in Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) burns. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly toxic poison that can be rapidly fatal. Death usually results from the many systemic effects of dissociated fluoride ions, including hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, and direct cardiotoxicity. A patient is described who accidentally ingested a hydrofluoric acid-containing substance and who likely benefited from hemodialysis. His fluoride level post-dialysis was reduced by approximately 70% from a level drawn three hours prior to the initiation of hemodialysis. However, the single treatment did not reduce the fluoride level to normal. A review of the pathophysiology of hydrofluoric acid intoxication and the outcomes of prior exposures suggests that hemodialysis could play a vital role in the management of poisonings with fluoride-containing substances. However, the initial hemodialysis treatment should be prolonged beyond the standard four-hour session. Ocular tissues are extremely sensitive to hydrofluoric acid. Concentrations as low as 5 mg/L (5 ppm) may produce irritation to the eye. Although the protein aqueous precipitation of coagulation necrosis limits the penetration of other inorganic acids, hydrofluoric acid is able to penetrate the ocular tissues and produces severe damage to ocular structures. Lacrimation, pain, and conjunctival injection are early symptoms of hydrofluoric acid exposure. Corneal and conjunctival epithelium may be denuded, leading to edema and ischemia. Corneal vascularization and scarring may result. Toxicity may be delayed by up to 4 days after dilute exposures. Global perforation has also been reported. Uses & Benefits of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Industrial/Manufacturing Uses of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) is used to make refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, stainless steel kitchen products, aluminum, plastics, electrical components and incandescent light bulbs (electric light with a wire filament, used in appliances, incubators, portable lighting). Sixty percent of the hydrogen fluoride used in manufacturing is for processes to make refrigerants used in refrigeration, freezer and air conditioning systems. In laboratories and industrial settings, hydrofluoric acid can be used for etching glass and enamel, removing rust, and cleaning brass and crystal. It also is used in manufacturing silicon semiconductor chips. Hydrogen fluoride also is used as an alkylation catalyst in oil refineries to make high-octane gasoline as well as power nuclear reactors. Cleaners and Rust Removers Due to Hydrofluoric acid (HFA)s strong corrosive qualities, a diluted form of hydrofluoric acid is used in some commercial automotive cleaners, rust and stain removers and water-spot removers. Safety Information of Hydrofluoric acid (HFA) Due to its strong corrosive qualities, a diluted form of hydrofluoric acid is used in some commercial automotive cleaners, and rust and stain removers. Care should be taken when using commercially available products containing hydrofluoric acid, and safety instructions on labels should always be followed. Skin contact or inhalation of hydrofluoric acid can cause moderate to severe health effects. What Hydrofluoric acid is Hydrofluoric acid is a chemical compound that contains fluorine. It can exist as a colorless gas or as a fuming liquid, or it can be dissolved in water. When Hydrofluoric acid is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid can be released when other fluoride-containing compounds such as ammonium fluoride are combined with water. Where Hydrofluoric acid is found and how it is used Hydrofluoric acid is used to make refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, high-octane gasoline, aluminum, plastics, electrical components, and fluorescent light bulbs. Sixty percent of the Hydrofluoric acid used in manufacturing is for processes to make refrigerants. Hydrofluoric acid is also used for etching glass and metal. How you could be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid In a natural disaster, you could be exposed to high levels of Hydrofluoric acid when storage facilities or containers are damaged and the chemical is released. This release could occur at an industrial site or even a retail location. You could be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid if it is used as a chemical terrorism agent. If you work in an occupation that uses Hydrofluoric acid, you may be exposed to this chemical in the workplace. You may be exposed to Hydrofluoric acid as part of a hobby. How Hydrofluoric acid works Hydrofluoric acid goes easily and quickly through the skin and into the tissues in the body. There it damages the cells and causes them to not work properly. The seriousness of poisoning caused by Hydrofluoric acid depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the person exposed. Breathing Hydrofluoric acid can damage lung tissue and cause swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may cause severe burns that develop after several hours and form skin ulcers. Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to Hydrofluoric acid Swallowing only a small amount of highly concentrated Hydrofluoric acid will affect major internal organs and may be fatal. Hydrofluoric acid gas, even at low levels, can irritate the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Breathing in Hydrofluoric acid at high levels or in combination with skin contact can cause death from an irregular heartbeat or from fluid buildup in the lungs. Even small splashes of high-concentration Hydrofluoric acid products on the skin can be fatal. Skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may not cause immediate pain or visible skin damage(signs of exposure). Often, patients exposed to low concentrations of Hydrofluoric acid on the skin do not show effects or experience pain immediately. And, severe pain at the exposure site may be the only symptom for several hours. Visible damage may not appear until 12 to 24 hours after the exposure. Depending on the concentration of the chemical and the length of time of exposure, skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid may cause severe pain at the point of contact; a rash; and deep, slow-healing burns. Severe pain can occur even if no burns can be seen. Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily m

SYNONYMS Peroxide; Hydrogen Dioxide; Albone; Inhibine; Perhydrol; Peroxan; Oxydol; Hydroperoxide; Hioxy; Dihydrogen Dioxide CAS NO. 7722-84-1

HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL; Castor oil, hydrogenated; CAS Number: 8001-78-3

castor oil hydrogenated; castor oil, hydrogenated; castor wax; castorwax;hydrogenated ricinus communis oil cas no: 8001-78-3

Hydrogenated castor oil is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EINECS Number: 232-292-2

Synonyms: Hydrogenated Castor Oil, 8001-78-3, Castor Oil, Hydrogenated, 232-292-2, Castor Wax, Castor oil hydrogenated, Castorwax, ZF94AP8MEY, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP IMPURITY), CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP MONOGRAPH), CASTOR OIL,HYDROGENATED, Castorwax MP-70, Castorwax MP-80, Castorwax NF, Caswell No. 486A, DTXSID8027666, EC 232-292-2, EINECS 232-292-2, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (II), HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (USP-RS), LUBLIWAX, OPALWAX, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Unitina HR.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Hydrogenated castor oil is resistance to moisture makes it useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.

Hydrogenated castor oil is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of Hydrogenated castor oil, which gives the oil a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.

After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated castor oil becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a derivative of castor oil that undergoes a hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor plant (Ricinus communis), and hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen to the oil in the presence of a catalyst.

The hydrogenation process changes the chemical structure of Hydrogenated castor oil by converting some of the unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones.
This results in a product with altered physical and chemical properties compared to regular Hydrogenated castor oil.
The Hydrogenated castor oil process makes the oil more stable and less prone to oxidation, giving it enhanced properties for certain applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated castor oil is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated castor oil exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.

Other technical application fields are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings.
Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.

In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated castor oil is an ingredient.
Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated castor oil and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc. .
Hydrogenated castor oil is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
There are numerous applications in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.

Chemically Hydrogenated castor oil is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a combination of synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) with natural castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white.
When melted Hydrogenated castor oil is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a white to yellow pasty liquid with a faint odor.

Hydrogenated castor oil is ideal for use in a wide range of applications in many industries, including Adhesives, Cosmetics, Greases, Inks, Lubricants, Personal care, Pharmaceuticals, Plastics, Rubber, Soaps, Textiles, and Urethanes.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced out of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil will be mixed with the catalyst nickel in a reactor and reched under addition of an hydrogen gas a temperature of 140°C.
During this process mainly the Iodine content will be reduced to a required value.
In the following filtration the added catalyst will be removed.

Finally the liquid oil will be brought over a cooling-drum into his flaked form.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.

Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.
In the case of Hydrogenated castor oil, this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.
This makes Hydrogenated castor oil extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil is soluble in hot solvents.

Hydrogenated castor oil also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.
Hydrogenated castor oil is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting odorless solid wax.

A triglyceride mainly of Hydrogenated castor oil that is insoluble in water, these are available as fully hydrogenated flakes and powders, partially hydrogenated, and in liquid form which is non-toxic and non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated castor oil is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white.
Hydrogenated castor oil is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As Hydrogenated castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, it becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated castor oil in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.

Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated castor oil in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated castor oil by Hannong Chemicals acts as a non-ionic surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer and dispersant.
Hydrogenated castor oil is recommended for use in cosmetics and personal care formulations.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is foam-enhancing properties make it ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated castor oil helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.

Furthermore, Hydrogenated castor oil helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is manufactured by adding hydrogen to refined Castor Oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst, the resultant oil is called Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid Hydrogenated castor oil goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

After filtration Hydrogenated castor oil is transformed into a hard, brittle wax with a melting point of approximately 85-86 degrees Centigrade.
This wax is extremely insoluble and is therefore well suited for products needing resistance to water, oils, petroleum and petroleum derivatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.

This makes Hydrogenated castor oil extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.

Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in manufacturing of greases, but it may also be used in a paper coating for food packaging.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be available with several different melting points, or in beaded or powdered form.
Partially Hydrogenated castor oil is used in cosmetic formulations such as lipsticks and stick deodorants.
Hydrogenated castor oil is often included in cosmetic and skincare products for its emollient properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil helps to soften and smooth the skin, providing a moisturizing effect.
Due to its increased viscosity compared to regular castor oil, Hydrogenated castor oil is used as a thickening agent in cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil helps give products a desired texture and consistency.

The hydrogenation process makes Hydrogenated castor oil more resistant to oxidation, contributing to improved stability.
This makes it suitable for use in formulations where a longer shelf life is desired.
In some cases, Hydrogenated castor oil can act as a surfactant. Surfactants help to reduce the surface tension of liquids and are commonly used in formulations like shampoos and cleansers.

Hydrogenated castor oil's lubricating properties make it suitable for certain industrial applications, such as in the production of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil may find use in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient and stabilizing properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil is almost odourless and tasteless.

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75

Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.

Hydrogenated castor oil is used in pharmaceutical applications and manufacture of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in a range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.

Hydrogenated castor oil is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated castor oil is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
This is done by bubbling Hydrogenated castor oil gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.

Hydrogenated castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.
The Hydrogenated castor oil is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil is this insolubility that makes HCO valuable to the lubricants markets.
Hydrogenated castor oil is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.

Hydrogenated castor oil, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.
Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained from the fruit seed of castor (Ricinus communis L.) a large shrub that grows mainly in India, Brazil and China.

Ricinoleic Acid is the major component of the oil, about 85% The Hydrogenated castor oil is obtained form castor oil hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a solid at room temperatureand melts above 85 ° C.
Hydrogenated castor oil is marketed in the form of flakes or granules, is white and opaque.

Hydrogenated castor oil is mainly used in the formulation of lubricants and greases, resins, synthetic waxes, rigid or plasticized films and chemical intermediates.
Hydrogenated castor oil has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also used in the cosmetics sector.
Hydrogenated castor oil derivatives are produced in India by manufacturers who have worked with Berg + Schmidt for many years.
Special attention is paid to the continuous development of quality standards.

India is already the most important procurement market for Hydrogenated castor oil, and its significance is steadily growing.
Hydrogenated castor oil is passed through Refined castor oil with Nickel as to get Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid HCO goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil is typically insoluble in water but soluble in oil and organic solvents.
This solubility profile can influence its application in different formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil has film-forming properties, making it useful in formulations where the creation of a protective film on the skin or hair is desirable.

This is often seen in cosmetics like lipsticks or hair care products.
Due to its emollient properties and relatively low likelihood of clogging pores, Hydrogenated castor oil is often used in skincare products, particularly those designed for individuals with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
In some formulations, especially in the production of shaving creams and foaming personal care products, Hydrogenated castor oil may serve as a foaming agent.

Hydrogenated castor oil is known for its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, allowing formulators to create stable and well-blended products.
Hydrogenated castor oil, is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor plant.
This bio-based origin is often valued in the formulation of natural or organic cosmetic products.

While hydrogenation is typically a chemical process, Hydrogenated castor oil can be derived from both natural castor oil and synthetic sources.
The choice between natural and synthetic HCO may depend on factors like cost, sustainability, and the desired level of purity in the final product.

Hydrogenated castor oil is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
To learn more about HCO safety, please review the Hydrogenated castor oil.
Acme-Hardesty is a reliable source for Hydrogenated castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated castor oil is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Personal Care There are multiple Hydrogenated castor oil uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.

Waxes Hydrogenated Caster Oil works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents Hydrogenated castor oil is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.
Textiles Hydrogenated castor oil makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.

Lubricants and Greases Hydrogenated castor oil is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil, also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odorless.
Chemically it is the triglyceride mainly of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.

Uses:
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the production of candles and waxes to enhance their structure and stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil can be employed as a plasticizer in the polymer industry, contributing to the flexibility and durability of certain plastic products.
Due to its thickening properties, Hydrogenated castor oil can act as a viscosity modifier in the formulation of adhesives and sealants, contributing to the desired consistency.

Hydrogenated castor oil's lubricating properties make it suitable for use in metalworking fluids, where it can enhance lubricity and reduce friction in cutting and machining processes.
In the textile industry, Hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a softening agent for fabrics, contributing to a softer feel and improved texture.

Hydrogenated castor oil can serve as a binder in the formulation of paints and coatings, helping to improve adhesion and durability.
In the rubber industry, Hydrogenated castor oil can function as a plasticizer and processing aid, improving the flexibility and processing characteristics of rubber compounds.
Hydrogenated castor oil's emollient properties can be beneficial in the leather industry, where it may be used as a softening agent for leather products.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated castor oil may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.
Hydrogenated castor oil is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.

Hydrogenated castor oil can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.
Hydrogenated castor oil can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, hydrogenated castor oil contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.

Hydrogenated castor oil may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
In the tire and rubber industry, hydrogenated castor oil can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.

Hydrogenated castor oil can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated castor oil is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated castor oil Ethoxylates have many uses, primarily as nonionic surfactants in various formulations both, industrial & domestic.
These are also used as cleaning agents, antistatic agents, dispersants or emulsifiers, defoamers, softeners in textile formulations.

Also these are used as emulsifiers, solubalizers in cosmetics , health care & agrochemical formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is commonly used an emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers in lubricants and softener formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil may also be used as a dispersant for pigments and clay.

Hydrogenated castor oil is used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and lip balms, for its emollient properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil helps soften and moisturize the skin.
Hydrogenated castor oil is increased viscosity makes it a useful thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, providing the desired texture to products like creams and ointments.

v's stability makes it suitable for stabilizing formulations and extending the shelf life of cosmetic products.
Similar to its use in cosmetics, Hydrogenated castor oil may be used in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient properties and ability to stabilize certain formulations.
Due to its lubricating properties, Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the production of industrial lubricants and greases.

In some industrial applications, Hydrogenated castor oil may serve as a surfactant to reduce surface tension.
Hydrogenated castor oil's film-forming properties make it suitable for use in hair care products, such as styling gels and creams, where the formation of a protective film on the hair is desired.
In formulations like shaving creams and foaming cleansers, Hydrogenated castor oil may act as a foaming agent.

In pharmaceuticals, Hydrogenated castor oil can serve as an excipient, helping to improve the texture and stability of certain formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil is bio-based origin from castor oil makes it suitable for use in natural and organic cosmetic and personal care products.
In the food industry, Hydrogenated castor oil can be used as a release agent in the production of molds and pans to prevent food from sticking.

Hydrogenated castor oils dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Hydrogenated castor oil of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
Hydrogenated castor oil is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.

In topical formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated castor oil, being a hydrogenated form of castor oil, can be a source of stearic acid.

Storage:
Hydrogenated castor oil is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of hydrogenated castor oil may be produced.
Hydrogenated castor oil may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the hydrogenated castor oil precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated castor oil should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Safety Profile:
Hydrogenated castor oil is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Acute oral toxicity studies in animals have shown that Hydrogenated castor oil is a relatively nontoxic material.
Irritation tests with rabbits show that Hydrogenated castor oil causes mild, transient irritation to the eye.

Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EC Number: 232-292-2
E-number / INCI name: N.A. / HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL
Molecul formula: C57H110O9

SYNONYMS:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG 40, CASTOR WAX, CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, hydrogenated castor oil flakes, Thixcin, Namlon T 206, Kolliwax HCO, PEG 40 CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, WNN 1, PEG 60, Cutina HR, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Unitina HR, Castorwax, Castorwax MP 70, Castorwax MP 80, Croduret, Fancol, ricini oleum hydrogenatum, PEG 60, PEG 40, OPAL WAX, Unitina HR, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Trihydroxystearin, CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT, CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Glyceryl tri(12-hydroxystearate), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester,

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.
The colour of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white.

When melted Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.

There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) known as PEG-40.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.
Hydrogenation refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.

In the case of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.

This makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless, supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a ricinoleic acid that is fully saturated and is similar to a viscous wax-like product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in most organic solvents, but soluble in hot solvents.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to creamish flakes or powder.
The melting point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is°C 83 - 87

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.

Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a powerful occlusive agent that not only hydrates the skin and hair but also creates a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.

Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is the more stable form of castor oil that has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in personal care products due to its varied benefits ranging from hydrating and soothing the skin to binding and controlling the viscosity of formulations.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also an excellent anti-aging ingredient.
The chemical formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is C57H110O9.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a Hard, Brittle Wax.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is Produced By Adding Hydrogen to Castor Oil in the Presence of a Nickel Catalyst. in the Hydrogenation Process, the Ricinoleic Acid Becomes Fully Saturated and Forms a Viscous Wax-like Product with a High Melting Point of 86°c.
Hydrogenation May Be Defined as the Conversion of Various Unsaturated Radicals of Fatty Glycerides Into More Highly or Completely Saturated Glycerides By the Addition of Hydrogen in the Presence of a Catalyst.

Hydrogenated oils are Created By a Controlled Heat Process in Which the Melting Point is Raised to Change the Oil Into a Waxy Substance.
The Hydrogenation Process Improves the Stability and Texture of a Product and is Heat Controlled to Avoid the Creation of Trans-fats.
The Object of the Hydrogenation is Not Only to Raise the Melting Point But also to Improve the Keeping Qualities, Taste, and Odor.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by hydrogenation of Ricinus communis (Castor) seed oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

This is done by bubbling hydrogen gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.
Hydrogenation of castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.

The Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), commonly abbreviated as HCO, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hydrogenated form of castor oil that is insoluble in water.

The hydrogenation process changes the chemical composition by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups and reducing the number of unsaturated bonds.
These changes can affect how the molecule interacts with other molecules and Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO)'s solubility in water.
Low energy activation energies have been reported for hydrogenated castor oil compared to other oils such as olive or sunflower oils.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is prepared by hydrogenation of castor oil, and its main component is 12-hydroxystearic acid triglyceride.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is slightly soluble in methylene chloride, insoluble in petroleum ether, very slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.
Chemically Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) commercial packaging includes a transport friendly and secure box with primary electrostatically dissipative PE packaging material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.

Available in wax, powder, or flakes, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is meticulously crafted through the hydrogenation process of Castor Oil, employing a Nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures.

This transformation results in a substance often referred
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) emerges as a white, crystalline solid in the form of flakes, distinguished by its unique physicochemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO)'s production involves a precise chemical alteration, enhancing its versatility and making it a sought-after industrial material.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), known for its excellent stability and texture, finds widespread applications across various industries.
Its diverse uses stem from the distinctive combination of properties it possesses, making it a valuable ingredient in formulations ranging from cosmetics to industrial products.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax-like compound obtained by controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odorless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes.

The Color of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is cream to white.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and has limited solubility in the solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a white to slightly yellowish fine free-flowing powder

In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also known as Synthetic Wax.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is white crystalline solid flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physic-chemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax with a high melting point.

Derived through a safe hydrogenation process from refined castor oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is known for its excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-toxic and non-hazardous product that transforms into a clear transparent liquid when melted.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has excellent viscosity-modifying properties, making it ideal for improving grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax derived through a safe hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a high melting point and is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and possesses excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated castor oil has been used as an antimicrobial agent for various detergent compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and topical formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has also been used as a polymerization aid for the production of insoluble polymers, including polyurethane elastomers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications.

Because of its excellent resistance to moisture, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works extremely well as a viscosity modifier, and it also provides significant improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Personal Care: There are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.

Waxes: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.

Textiles: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.
Lubricants and Greases: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in the cosmetics sector.

There are numerous applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.

There are many applications such as lubricants, plastics, and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.
Other technical application fields of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings. Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.
In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an ingredient.

Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Adhesives, Emulsifiers, and Lubricants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) — also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Its resistance to moisture makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.

After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
greases uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO): Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.

Other lubricants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used metal drawing lubes, PVC lubricants for PVC pipes, profiles, sheets, pharma tabletting, metal powders, ceramics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard brittle, high melting point waxy substance with faint characteristic of fatty wax odor and is tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with beeswax, carnauba and candelilla wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is relatively insoluble in most organic solvents though it will dissolve in a number of solvents and oils at an elevated temperature but on cooling will form gels or a paste like mass.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) forms a smooth, stable anionic emulsion with emulsifiers and triethanolamine stearate. Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can also be emulsified with a cationic emulsifying agent, making emulsions that are also stable.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is mainly used in plastics, textiles, lubricants etc.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Castor Oils & Castor Oil Derivatives, Flavor & Fragrance, Inks & Digital Inks, Lubricant & Grease, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Nutritionals
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physicochemical properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of multipurpose Lithium/Calcium grease and high-performance aviation grease.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of soaps & cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as mould release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a component of specialty wax blends like pencils, crayons, lipsticks and anti-deodorant sticks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of hot-melt coatings and sealant requiring resistance to water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a coating agent for paper & as anti-foaming agent.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of Automotive refinish Acrylics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used rheological agent that provides thixotropic in paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, sealants and numerous industrial compositions.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used thick film chlorinated rubber, epoxy and vinyl coating.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used flame Retardant and anti-static agent for fiber.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacture of Spin finish oil for polyamide fiber.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in preparation of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained release capsules, wetting/bodying agent, face paint.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as plasticizer for cellulosic.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used processing aid for Colour concentrates.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used surface treatment agents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of hot melt adhesives used in packaging books, binding footwear, carpet backing and in product assembly.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used anti-tack and slip additives for processing plastics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of specialty chemicals for applications such as metal working, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries in the form of derivatives such as esters, ethylates, sulfates etc.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Its foam-enhancing properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.

Furthermore, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, paper chemicals and dyes, cosmetics and personal care products and pharmaceuticals.

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, metal surface treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, lubricants and greases and pH regulators and water treatment products.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , textile, leather or fur and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for Coatings and Greases.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is utilized in the Manufacture of Waxes, Polishes, Carbon Paper, Candles and Crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds Use in Cosmetics, Hair Dressing, Ointments, and in Preparation of Hydroxyl-stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a Paint Additive, Pressure Mould Release Agent in the Manufacture of Formed Plastics and Rubber Goods.

It is this insolubility that makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) valuable to the lubricants markets. It is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as the Reaction Itself is Exothermic, the Chief Energy Requirements are in the Production of Hydrogen, Warming of the Oil, Pumping, and Filtering.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.

Inks & Toner: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
Lubricants & Greases: In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.

Adhesives & Sealants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.
Coatings & Paints: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.

Packaging: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
Cosmetics & Care: In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.

Pharmaceuticals: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
Tire & Rubber: In the tire and rubber industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.

Wax Blenders: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.
Cleaning & Household: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.

Agriculture: Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fertilisers, coating products and air care products.

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting).

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is accessible with high-drop point, high applicability and good stability.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as the viscosity modifier, made to improve resistance against grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has specific dispersal level that ensures its good use in the powder coatings, elastomer, hot-melt adhesives others.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for the production of daily cosmetics, shoe polish, pharmaceutical ointment, is the raw material for the preparation of 12-hydroxy stearic acid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used Hot-melt adhesive in packaging, Bookbinding, Footwear, Carpet back, Product Assembly, Thick film chlorinated rubber, Epoxy and vinyl coating, Personal care and cosmetic industries, and Micronized Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) derivative.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a viscosity modifier to improve grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, sealants, etc.
As Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) suppliers, we follow strict protocols to ensure that only the best quality product reaches our customers.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is hydrogenated castor powder for pharmaceutical application used as consistency factor in topical formulations, as lipohphillic lubricant in tablets and capsules and as plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) complies with IPEC GMP standards for critical pharmaceutical applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a consistency factor in topical formulations, as alipophillic lubricant in tablets and capsules, and as a plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ensures risk reduction in pharmaceutical applications and meets all relevant regulatory needs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used for all skin care applications, particularly for sticks.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.

It is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.here are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.
This versatile ingredient, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO), finds applications in various industries due to its exceptional properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in a variety of industrial applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is utilized in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives to improve their resistance to grease and oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings to enhance their performance and durability.
Its high-drop point and stable nature make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ideal for applications that require resistance to heat and chemicals.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularily suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.

-Plastics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.

-cosmetics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO): Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.

-Pharmaceutical Applications
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.

In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also used in cosmetics.

-Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in Various Industries:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) finds a wide range of applications across different sectors.
Its versatility and excellent properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an essential ingredient in various industries.

-Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO):
The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries extensively use Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO).
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a key ingredient in the production of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained-release capsules, and face paint.

Its ability to act as a wetting and bodying agent makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) useful in the preparation of different pharmaceutical formulations.
In the cosmetic industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in the manufacture of soaps, shampoos, creams, and lotions due to its stable nature and high-drop point

-Industrial Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in the Production of Greases, Lubricants, and Adhesives:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is widely used in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives.
Its viscosity-modifying properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an excellent choice for improving the grease and oil resistance of these products.
The powder form is particularly suitable for hot-melt adhesives, where Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) enhances the adhesion and strength of the adhesive.
Additionally, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as a mold release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.

-Use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) in Rubber, Plastic, Polishes, and Coatings:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) plays a crucial role in the rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings industries.
It is known for its excellent dispersal level in powder coatings and its ability to enhance the performance of elastomers and sealants.
In rubber and plastic applications, it improves the resistance to moisture, oil, and other petrochemical products.
Furthermore, it finds use in polishes and coatings where it provides durability and a glossy finish

-Topical formulations:
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can be used as consistency factor to enhance the viscosity of the formulation.
The typical concentration at about 0.1-2% Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes and can therefore be used in combination with fatty alcohols and other consistency factors.

Similar to emollients, waxes affect the sensory profile and the stability of a topical formulation.
They are solid at ambient temperatures and stabilize emulsions as the viscosity is increased by formation of lamellar structures in oil-in-water formulations.

Furthermore Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has a special advantage because of its high melting point and is able to support the formulation stability particularly at elevated temperatures.

-Lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine.
Lubricants also ensure that tablet formulations and ejection can occur with low friction.

Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, are most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules.
Lubricants are added in small quantities to tablet or capsule formulations to improve certain processing characteristics.

In tablet formulations Kolliwax® HCO can be used as a lubricant as an effective alternative to magnesium stearate.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible to a large number of actives and does not provide a metallic taste.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularly suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.

-Plasticizer in solid dispersions:
In solid dispersions, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used as plasticizer in solid polymeric matrices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is suitable for melt granulation, spray drying and hot melt extrusion processes.

WHAT IS HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) USED FOR?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a natural powerhouse ingredient overflowing with benefits for both hair and skin.

*Skin care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as an outstanding emollient that deeply nourishes the surface and prevents moisture loss.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) soothes the skin against sunburn and treats signs of aging like wrinkles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil also has antibacterial properties making it potent for fighting acne

*Cosmetic products:
Apart from its emollient properties, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is quite beneficial as a binding agent that keeps formulations together and stabilizes them.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a great thickening agent and gives products a rich, luxurious consistency.
In cosmetics, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) works wonders for dry skin and lips

*Hair care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has remarkable perks for overall hair health.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) aids the rapid growth of hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows while keeping them healthy and nourished.
Long-term use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) on hair leaves them lustrous, thick, and frizz-free

ORIGIN OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Castor oil is derived from castor beans, also known as ricinus communis, which is native to India, China, and Brazil.
This oil undergoes a hydrogenation process which involves reacting castor oil with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, typically nickel or palladium.

During hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids present in castor oil undergo saturation, converting double bonds into single bonds.
This results in a more solid and stable form of castor oil with improved oxidative stability and increased melting point.
The resulting Hydrogenated Castor Oil is then purified to remove impurities and make it safe for use in cosmetics.

WHAT DOES HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Skin conditioning
*Soothing
*Viscosity controlling

SAFETY PROFILE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil is non-toxic and extremely safe for use on hair and skin.
However, cosmetic-grade Hydrogenated Castor Oil is cleaned of all impurities and does not pose any risks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is also non-comedogenic, providing a safe solution for hydration without clogging the pores.
Further, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is vegan, halal, and kosher-certified.

ALTERNATIVES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes. The PhEur 6.0 describes hydrogenated castor oil as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil. It consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Emulsifier,
*Plasticizer

SAFETY OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.

STORAGE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may be produced.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

INCOMPATIBILITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes.

PRODUCTION METHODS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil using a catalyst.

UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Emollient:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has emollient properties, making it suitable for skin-care and cosmetic products, providing moisturization and a smooth texture.

*Thickening:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can serve as a thickening agent in various formulations, enhancing their viscosity and stability.

*Lubrication:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) functions as a lubricant, reducing friction and providing a smooth surface in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

*Release Agent:
In food processing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as a release agent, preventing sticking and enhancing the release of products from molds and equipment.

*Plasticizer:
In plastics and coatings, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) can function as a plasticizer, improving flexibility and durability.

*Alternative for:
The choice of using hydrogenated castor oil depends on specific application requirements.
Alternatives may include other types of oils, waxes, or chemical compounds that provide similar properties, depending on the desired characteristics and environmental considerations.

The selection is influenced by factors such as emollient properties, thickening ability, lubrication, release properties, and cost considerations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is preferred when its unique combination of properties aligns with the application's needs, particularly in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, where its safety and performance benefits are valued.

KEY FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
This is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.

BENEFITS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*At room temperature Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard wax with a high melting point (85-88°C)
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) has unique particle size distribution
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is particularly suitable for the formulation of sensitive APIs
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is compatible with several natural vegetable and animal waxes, as well as fatty alcohols to enhance viscosity of topical formulations
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is suitable as a plasticizer for melt granulation, spray drying, Hot melt extrusion

FUNCTIONALITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
*Additives,
*Lubricants,
*Film formers,
*Viscosity modifiers

WHAT ARE THE KEY BENEFITS OF USING HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) IN COSMETICS?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) offers several benefits when used in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) acts as an excellent emollient, providing hydration and moisturization to the skin.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) also helps in the formulation of various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and shampoos by enhancing their stability and texture.
The high-drop point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) ensures that the products remain stable even at elevated temperatures.

In conclusion, Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a versatile ingredient with various applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial sectors.
Its unique properties and exceptional stability make Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) an ideal choice for improving the performance of greases, lubricants, adhesives, rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings.

FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.
There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) known as PEG-40.
The Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
Appearance: White to creamish flakes or powder
Density (20°C): 0.970
Refractive index: N.A.
Melting point (°C): 83 - 87
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): 0.0 - 3.0
Gardner color: 0.0 - 3.0
Hydroxyl value (mg KOH/g): 180.0000
Melting point (°C): 85 - 88
Nickel content (ppm): 3
Saponification value (mg KOH/g): 0
Specific Gravity (25°C): 1.02
Color: White to Pale Yellowish
Appearance @ 20°C: Solid (Mobile liquid @ 30°C)
Odor: Almost none

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3 (27℃)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
FDA 21 CFR: 178.3280; 175.300; 176.170; 177.1200; 177.1210
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZF94AP8MEY
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil (8001-78-3)
Appearance: White flakes or powder

Odor: Like hardened vegetable oil
pH: Neutral
Boiling Point: > 300°C
Melting Point: 82 - 87°C
Flash Point: Above 310°C
Flammability (solid, gas): None
Auto flammability: None
Explosive Properties: Dust explodable
Oxidizing Properties: None
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable
Relative Density: About 0.99 at 25°C
Solubility - Water solubility: Insoluble
Fat solubility: Insoluble in most organic solvents at room temperature
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Melting Point: 85°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Viscosity: High

Appearance: White flakes
Iodine Value, gI2/100g: 3 MAX
Saponification Value, mg KOH/g: 175 - 185
Acid Value, mg KOH/g: 3 MAX
Hydroxyl Value, mg KOH/g: 155 MIN
Melting Point, °C: 84 - 88
Gardner Color: 3 MAX
CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20°C

Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 20°C
Appearance: Powder
Storage Condition: Room Temperature
Stability: Stable.
Additional Information:
Appearance: White to pale yellow powder, lump, or flake.
Base Number: Not more than 4.0.
Melting Point: 85-88 °C.
Hydroxyl Value: 150-165.
Iodine Value: Not more than 5.0.
Saponification Value: 176-182.
Color: 3

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is almost odourless and tasteless.

CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EINECS Number: 232-292-2

Hydrogenated Castor Oil, 8001-78-3, Castor Oil, Hydrogenated, 232-292-2, Castor Wax, Castor oil hydrogenated, Castorwax, ZF94AP8MEY, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP IMPURITY), CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP MONOGRAPH), CASTOR OIL,HYDROGENATED, Castorwax MP-70, Castorwax MP-80, Castorwax NF, Caswell No. 486A, DTXSID8027666, EC 232-292-2, EINECS 232-292-2, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (II), HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (USP-RS), LUBLIWAX, OPALWAX, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Unitina HR.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.
The PhEur 6.0 describes Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is resistance to moisture makes it useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), which gives the oil a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.

After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a derivative of castor oil that undergoes a hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is obtained from the seeds of the castor plant (Ricinus communis), and hydrogenation involves the addition of hydrogen to the oil in the presence of a catalyst.

The hydrogenation process changes the chemical structure of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) by converting some of the unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones.
This results in a product with altered physical and chemical properties compared to regular Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO).
The Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) process makes the oil more stable and less prone to oxidation, giving it enhanced properties for certain applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.

Other technical application fields are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings.
Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO).
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.

In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is an ingredient.
Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc. .
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
There are numerous applications in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.

Chemically Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a combination of synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) with natural castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is cream to white.
When melted Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a white to yellow pasty liquid with a faint odor.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is ideal for use in a wide range of applications in many industries, including Adhesives, Cosmetics, Greases, Inks, Lubricants, Personal care, Pharmaceuticals, Plastics, Rubber, Soaps, Textiles, and Urethanes.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is produced out of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) will be mixed with the catalyst nickel in a reactor and reched under addition of an hydrogen gas a temperature of 140°C.
During this process mainly the Iodine content will be reduced to a required value.
In the following filtration the added catalyst will be removed.

Finally the liquid oil will be brought over a cooling-drum into his flaked form.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.
In the case of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.
This makes Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is soluble in hot solvents.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), also known as Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting odorless solid wax.

A triglyceride mainly of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) that is insoluble in water, these are available as fully hydrogenated flakes and powders, partially hydrogenated, and in liquid form which is non-toxic and non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

The colour of Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is cream to white.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, it becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.

Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) by Hannong Chemicals acts as a non-ionic surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer and dispersant.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is recommended for use in cosmetics and personal care formulations.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is foam-enhancing properties make it ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.

Furthermore, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is manufactured by adding hydrogen to refined Castor Oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst, the resultant oil is called Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

After filtration Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is transformed into a hard, brittle wax with a melting point of approximately 85-86 degrees Centigrade.
This wax is extremely insoluble and is therefore well suited for products needing resistance to water, oils, petroleum and petroleum derivatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.

This makes Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in manufacturing of greases, but it may also be used in a paper coating for food packaging.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be available with several different melting points, or in beaded or powdered form.
Partially Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in cosmetic formulations such as lipsticks and stick deodorants.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is often included in cosmetic and skincare products for its emollient properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) helps to soften and smooth the skin, providing a moisturizing effect.
Due to its increased viscosity compared to regular castor oil, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used as a thickening agent in cosmetic and personal care formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) helps give products a desired texture and consistency.

The hydrogenation process makes Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) more resistant to oxidation, contributing to improved stability.
This makes it suitable for use in formulations where a longer shelf life is desired.
In some cases, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can act as a surfactant. Surfactants help to reduce the surface tension of liquids and are commonly used in formulations like shampoos and cleansers.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO)'s lubricating properties make it suitable for certain industrial applications, such as in the production of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may find use in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient and stabilizing properties.

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
To learn more about HCO safety, please review the Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO).
Acme-Hardesty is a reliable source for Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO).

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.
Personal Care There are multiple Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.

Waxes Hydrogenated Caster Oil works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.
Textiles Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.

Lubricants and Greases Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odorless.
Chemically it is the triglyceride mainly of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in pharmaceutical applications and manufacture of greases and lubricants.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in a range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is odorless and insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
This is done by bubbling Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.
The Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is this insolubility that makes HCO valuable to the lubricants markets.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is obtained from the fruit seed of castor (Ricinus communis L.) a large shrub that grows mainly in India, Brazil and China.

Ricinoleic Acid is the major component of the oil, about 85% The hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is obtained form castor oil hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a solid at room temperatureand melts above 85 ° C.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is marketed in the form of flakes or granules, is white and opaque.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is mainly used in the formulation of lubricants and greases, resins, synthetic waxes, rigid or plasticized films and chemical intermediates.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is also used in the cosmetics sector.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) derivatives are produced in India by manufacturers who have worked with Berg + Schmidt for many years.
Special attention is paid to the continuous development of quality standards.

India is already the most important procurement market for Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), and its significance is steadily growing.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is passed through Refined castor oil with Nickel as to get Hydrogenated Castor Oil.
After filtration, the liquid HCO goes either to Flaking machine to get Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) Flakes or to Spray Drying Tower to get HCO Powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is typically insoluble in water but soluble in oil and organic solvents.
This solubility profile can influence its application in different formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) has film-forming properties, making it useful in formulations where the creation of a protective film on the skin or hair is desirable.

This is often seen in cosmetics like lipsticks or hair care products.
Due to its emollient properties and relatively low likelihood of clogging pores, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is often used in skincare products, particularly those designed for individuals with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
In some formulations, especially in the production of shaving creams and foaming personal care products, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may serve as a foaming agent.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is known for its compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, allowing formulators to create stable and well-blended products.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor plant.
This bio-based origin is often valued in the formulation of natural or organic cosmetic products.

While hydrogenation is typically a chemical process, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be derived from both natural castor oil and synthetic sources.
The choice between natural and synthetic HCO may depend on factors like cost, sustainability, and the desired level of purity in the final product.

Uses:
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO)s dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.

In topical formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), being a hydrogenated form of castor oil, can be a source of stearic acid.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in the production of candles and waxes to enhance their structure and stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be employed as a plasticizer in the polymer industry, contributing to the flexibility and durability of certain plastic products.
In the food industry, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be used as a release agent in the production of molds and pans to prevent food from sticking.

Due to its thickening properties, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can act as a viscosity modifier in the formulation of adhesives and sealants, contributing to the desired consistency.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO)'s lubricating properties make it suitable for use in metalworking fluids, where it can enhance lubricity and reduce friction in cutting and machining processes.
In the textile industry, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may be used as a softening agent for fabrics, contributing to a softer feel and improved texture.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can serve as a binder in the formulation of paints and coatings, helping to improve adhesion and durability.
In the rubber industry, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can function as a plasticizer and processing aid, improving the flexibility and processing characteristics of rubber compounds.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO)'s emollient properties can be beneficial in the leather industry, where it may be used as a softening agent for leather products.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, hydrogenated castor oil contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
In the tire and rubber industry, hydrogenated castor oil can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) Ethoxylates have many uses, primarily as nonionic surfactants in various formulations both, industrial & domestic.
These are also used as cleaning agents, antistatic agents, dispersants or emulsifiers, defoamers, softeners in textile formulations.

Also these are used as emulsifiers, solubalizers in cosmetics , health care & agrochemical formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is commonly used an emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers in lubricants and softener formulas.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may also be used as a dispersant for pigments and clay.

Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, and lip balms, for its emollient properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) helps soften and moisturize the skin.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is increased viscosity makes it a useful thickening agent in cosmetic formulations, providing the desired texture to products like creams and ointments.

v's stability makes it suitable for stabilizing formulations and extending the shelf life of cosmetic products.
Similar to its use in cosmetics, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may be used in pharmaceutical formulations for its emollient properties and ability to stabilize certain formulations.
Due to its lubricating properties, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in the production of industrial lubricants and greases.

In some industrial applications, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may serve as a surfactant to reduce surface tension.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO)'s film-forming properties make it suitable for use in hair care products, such as styling gels and creams, where the formation of a protective film on the hair is desired.
In formulations like shaving creams and foaming cleansers, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may act as a foaming agent.

In pharmaceuticals, Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) can serve as an excipient, helping to improve the texture and stability of certain formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is bio-based origin from castor oil makes it suitable for use in natural and organic cosmetic and personal care products.

Safety Profile:
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Acute oral toxicity studies in animals have shown that Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is a relatively nontoxic material.
Irritation tests with rabbits show that Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) causes mild, transient irritation to the eye.

Storage:
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of hydrogenated castor oil may be produced.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the hydrogenated castor oil precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil 40 Ethoxylate, also known by its abbreviation Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate, is a nonionic surfactant derived from castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is formed by the reaction between hydrogenated castor oil and ethylene oxide.
The number '40' in its name refers to the degree of ethoxylation, indicating that 40 moles of ethylene oxide have reacted with hydrogenated castor oil.

CAS Number: 61791-12-6

APPLICATIONS

In cosmetic formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate serves as an emulsifier, aiding in the blending of water and oil-based ingredients in creams and lotions.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is commonly found in skincare products like moisturizers and serums to stabilize and create well-blended emulsions.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a significant role in formulating hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners to maintain stability and consistency.
In the production of bath products, it facilitates the uniform dispersion of oils and fragrances.
Its use in sunscreen formulations supports the dispersion of UV filters and active ingredients.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate finds application in makeup products, ensuring even blending of various components like pigments and oils.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the creation of stable and homogeneous blends in deodorants and antiperspirants.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in ointments and creams for its emulsifying and dispersing properties.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is instrumental in creating stable and well-dispersed emulsions in wound care products.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the formulation of topical medications, enabling the even distribution of active ingredients.
Its use extends to industrial processes where stable emulsification is required, such as in the production of adhesives.

In textile manufacturing, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the dispersion of dyes and chemicals in dyeing and finishing processes.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is employed in pesticide formulations to enable the proper mixing of active ingredients and additives.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the creation of stable emulsions in agricultural products, such as herbicides and fungicides.
Its application in household cleaning products ensures the effective dispersion and blending of various ingredients.

In the paint and coating industry, it serves as a dispersing agent for pigments and additives.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's emulsifying properties are utilized in the formulation of personal care products like body washes and shower gels.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the dispersion and blending of fragrances and essential oils in perfumes and colognes.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the production of pet care products, ensuring the proper dispersion of active ingredients.
In the food industry, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is employed as an emulsifier in certain food additives and processing aids.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is used in the creation of printing inks, ensuring the even dispersion of pigments and additives.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the formulation of industrial lubricants, contributing to the proper blending of oil-based components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the creation of stable emulsions in metalworking fluids and coolants.
In the creation of agricultural adjuvants, it helps disperse and stabilize active agents in formulations.
Its role in numerous industries highlights its significance in stabilizing, dispersing, and creating homogeneous blends in diverse formulations.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the formulation of hair styling products, aiding in the even dispersion of active components.
In the production of pet grooming products, it assists in dispersing oils and active ingredients.
Its emulsifying properties are beneficial in the creation of veterinary skincare and wound care products.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate finds application in the formulation of veterinary shampoos and conditioners, ensuring the proper blending of ingredients.
In the agricultural sector, it supports the production of crop protection products like insecticides and herbicides.
Its dispersing qualities are employed in the creation of crop nutrition formulations, ensuring effective blending.

In the formulation of industrial cleaning products, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the even distribution of active components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the creation of adhesive formulations, ensuring stability and proper blending.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is used in the formulation of automotive care products, facilitating the even dispersion of active ingredients.
In the creation of lubricants, it helps blend various oil-based components for optimal performance.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's emulsifying properties support the creation of printing ink formulations, ensuring proper dispersion.
In the manufacture of leather care products, it assists in creating stable and well-blended emulsions.

Its applications extend to the formulation of metal cleaning and treatment solutions, ensuring effective dispersion.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is employed in the creation of wood care products, facilitating proper mixing of active agents.
In the construction industry, it aids in the formulation of concrete additives, ensuring proper blending.

It plays a role in the formulation of sealants and caulks, aiding in the even distribution of components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the creation of wax-based polishes, ensuring a well-dispersed and stable product.
In the formulation of polymer additives, it contributes to the proper mixing of active agents.
Its emulsifying properties are beneficial in the creation of foam products for various applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the formulation of paper and pulp processing aids, ensuring proper dispersion.
In the creation of textile auxiliaries, it supports the blending of different fabric treatment components.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the formulation of detergent additives, aiding in the even distribution of active ingredients.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the formulation of personal hygiene products, ensuring effective dispersion of active components.

In the creation of pharmaceutical excipients, it aids in the proper mixing of various components.
Its versatile applications highlight its significance in diverse industries, ensuring proper blending and dispersion in various formulations.

In the production of textile dyes, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate facilitates the dispersion and blending of colorants and additives.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the formulation of textile softeners, aiding in the even distribution of active components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is instrumental in creating stable emulsions for textile sizing and finishing products.

In the construction sector, it aids in the creation of mortar additives, ensuring proper blending and dispersion.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the formulation of paint and coating additives, aiding in the even distribution of pigments.
In the production of household paints, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate ensures the proper dispersion of colorants and additives.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the creation of adhesives for woodworking, ensuring stable and uniform adhesion.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's emulsifying properties aid in the formulation of wood treatments and protectants.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the creation of metalworking fluids, ensuring proper blending and stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate assists in creating stable emulsions for industrial metal cleaners and degreasers.
In the manufacturing of printing inks, it supports the dispersion of pigments and colorants.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the formulation of resin additives, ensuring the even distribution of active components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the production of electronic cleaner formulations, ensuring effective dispersion.
In the creation of photographic chemicals, it aids in the even distribution of sensitive compounds.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the formulation of film processing solutions, ensuring proper blending of chemicals.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the creation of soldering fluxes, aiding in the even dispersion of active agents.
In the production of industrial cleaning agents, it ensures the proper blending of cleaning components.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is used in the creation of industrial degreasers, supporting the even distribution of cleaning agents.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate facilitates the formulation of metal treatment solutions for corrosion prevention and stability.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the creation of corrosion inhibitors for various industrial applications.
In the production of hydraulic fluids, it ensures stable emulsions and proper blending.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the creation of heat transfer fluids, ensuring stability and effective dispersion.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the creation of coolant additives for industrial equipment, ensuring proper blending.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the formulation of drilling fluids, supporting stability and proper blending.
Its extensive applications underscore its significance in various industrial processes, ensuring stable and well-blended formulations across a wide array of applications.

In the formulation of rust and corrosion inhibitors for industrial machinery, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in stabilizing and blending the protective agents.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the creation of industrial surfactants, ensuring proper dispersion and stability in cleaning solutions.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is employed in the production of mold release agents for various manufacturing processes, ensuring uniform application.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the formulation of polymer additives for enhancing the properties of plastics, ensuring proper blending and dispersion.

In the creation of industrial solvents, it facilitates proper blending of components for effective use.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the production of oilfield chemicals, ensuring the proper mixing of additives for enhanced functionality.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the creation of adjuvants for agricultural chemicals, ensuring proper dispersion and stability.

In the formulation of drilling muds for geotechnical purposes, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to stable and well-blended solutions.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the production of concrete additives, ensuring proper blending and dispersion in construction materials.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the creation of soil stabilizers, ensuring uniform dispersion of stabilizing agents.
In the formulation of rubber and tire treatments, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the even blending of enhancing agents.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the creation of wood preservatives, ensuring proper mixing and stability for effective treatment.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the formulation of asphalt additives for road construction, ensuring stability and proper blending.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the creation of ink additives for specialized printing applications, ensuring proper dispersion.

In the production of ceramics, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in creating stable emulsions and well-mixed solutions for glazes.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the creation of battery additives, ensuring the proper dispersion of active components.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is utilized in the formulation of fire-resistant compounds, ensuring proper blending and stability in applications.

In the creation of gas treatment chemicals, it supports the dispersion and even mixing of treatment agents.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the formulation of desiccants for moisture control in various industrial processes.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate aids in the creation of sealant additives, ensuring proper blending and dispersion in sealant solutions.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a role in the formulation of industrial gels and thickeners, ensuring proper viscosity and stability.
In the production of lubricant additives for heavy machinery, it ensures proper blending and stability.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to the formulation of insulation materials, ensuring stable and well-blended solutions.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate supports the creation of cooling agent additives for refrigeration systems, ensuring effective dispersion.
Its wide-ranging applications highlight its significance in ensuring stable, well-blended formulations across diverse industrial processes.

DESCRIPTION

Hydrogenated Castor Oil 40 Ethoxylate, also known by its abbreviation Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate, is a nonionic surfactant derived from castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is formed by the reaction between hydrogenated castor oil and ethylene oxide.
The number '40' in its name refers to the degree of ethoxylation, indicating that 40 moles of ethylene oxide have reacted with hydrogenated castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil 40 Ethoxylate, known as Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate, is a nonionic surfactant derived from castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is produced through the ethoxylation of hydrogenated castor oil with around 40 moles of ethylene oxide.

This process gives Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate its surfactant properties, making it an effective emulsifier and dispersant.
Its emulsifying action facilitates the blending of oil and water-based substances in various formulations.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate possesses an HLB value around 14-16, making it more lipophilic and suitable for oil-in-water emulsions.
As a nonionic surfactant, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is versatile and compatible with various surfactants, oils, and waxes.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate plays a significant role in stabilizing emulsions and maintaining the integrity of formulations.

In skincare products, Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate contributes to creating stable and well-blended emulsions in lotions and creams.
Its emulsifying capabilities extend to hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's surfactant properties aid in wetting agents, supporting the even spread of liquids in various applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate acts as a dispersing agent, promoting the even distribution of substances within a mixture.
Due to its emulsifying properties, it finds use in both cosmetic and industrial applications.

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate acts as a thickening agent in certain formulations, enhancing viscosity and texture.
Its stability in different environments makes it ideal for various cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate helps achieve the desired texture and stability in a range of consumer products.

Its nonionic nature means it is less likely to cause skin irritation, making it suitable for sensitive skin products.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is often found in ointments, creams, and topical pharmaceutical preparations.
In industrial settings, it plays a crucial role in processes that require stable emulsification.

Its compatibility with different ingredients allows for diverse formulations in cosmetic and industrial products.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's ability to enhance the texture and stability of formulations makes it a popular choice in the industry.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's versatility allows it to serve various roles in the formulation of cosmetic and personal care items.

Its emulsifying and stabilizing properties support the overall quality of formulated products.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is instrumental in maintaining the consistency and stability of numerous consumer goods.
Its surfactant properties ensure proper dispersion and blending of ingredients in various formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate's contribution to creating well-mixed and stable products makes it a valuable ingredient in numerous applications.

PROPERTIES

Physical Properties:

Appearance: Typically a waxy solid or liquid, which might depend on the ambient temperature.
Color: Ranges from pale yellow to colorless, depending on its purity and processing.
Odor: Generally odorless or with a faint, characteristic odor.
Solubility: Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate is soluble in water, alcohol, and many organic solvents.
Density: Varies according to its form and temperature.
Melting Point/Freezing Point: Depends on the exact composition, but it typically solidifies at lower temperatures.

Surface-Active Properties:

Surfactant: Acts as a nonionic surfactant, having emulsifying and dispersing properties.
Wetting Agent: Exhibits wetting properties, aiding in the even spreading of liquids.
Emulsifying Agent: Effective in forming stable emulsions of oil and water-based substances.
Dispersing Agent: Assists in the even dispersion of substances within a medium.

FIRST AID

Inhalation:

If inhaled and respiratory discomfort occurs, move the affected person to a well-ventilated area for fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
If skin irritation develops or persists, seek medical advice.

Eye Contact:

In case of contact with the eyes, immediately rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while keeping eyelids open.
If irritation persists or there is discomfort, seek medical attention.

Ingestion:

If ingested accidentally and the exposed individual is conscious, rinse the mouth and drink plenty of water.
Seek medical advice and provide details about the substance ingested.

General Measures:

Always consult the safety data sheet (SDS) or product label for specific first aid instructions.
If any symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical attention.
Be prepared to provide information about the substance involved to healthcare professionals.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protection:
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate to prevent direct skin or eye contact.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation of vapor or dust, if applicable.

Avoid Skin Contact:
In case of contact, wash the affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water.

Avoid Inhalation:
Use masks or protective gear to prevent inhalation of any aerosols or vapors, especially in powdered forms.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers to avoid confusion with other substances and always keep safety data sheets accessible.

Storage:

Controlled Environment:
Store Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight to maintain stability and quality.

Temperature:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures as they might affect the composition and properties of the compound.

Sealed Containers:
Use tightly sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption and ensure the integrity of the product.

Segregation:
Store away from incompatible substances to prevent reactions or contamination.

Compliance:
Follow local regulations and guidelines for storing chemical substances.

Specific Recommendations:

Handling Procedures:
Follow standard handling procedures, such as avoiding unnecessary exposure and spills.

Re-Sealing:
Close containers tightly after use to prevent moisture from compromising the compound.

Avoid Oxidizing Agents:
Keep away from strong oxidizing agents that might react with Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate.

SYNONYMS

Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate
Ethoxylated Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Ethoxylated Castor Oil
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Ethoxylate
Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Castorwax
Cremophor® RH 40
Emcol Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate
Nikkol Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate
PEG-HCO
Croduret® 40
Castor Oil Ethoxylate
Eumulgin® HRE 40
Lutrol® E 400
Macrogol Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Atlas G-1153
Admul P-40
Javachem Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate
Polyoxyl Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Polyoxyethylene (40) Castor Oil
Surfonol® 104 H
Alkox® E-40
Pearlitol® Hydrogenated castor oil 40 ethoxylate
Sovermol® 105
Emanon® 310P

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Ethoxylate Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, also known as castor wax, is a hardened vegetable wax produced from pure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate through the chemical process of hydrogenation. When hydrogen is introduced to pure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate in the presence of a nickel catalyst, the resulting product becomes waxy, highly viscous, and more saturated.Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is an ingredient prevalently found in many cosmetics, varnishes, and polishes. You most likely use it on a daily basis. Unlike pure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, which is said to have a slightly offensive smell, it is completely odorless. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is also insoluble in water.But why hydrogenate Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate when the pure oil works so well for so many different applications? What is the purpose of hydrogenating Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, exactly? ydrogenated Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, also known as castor wax, is derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis), which is typically a liquid at room temperature, that has been processed by adding hydrogen to make it more stable and raises its melting point so that it is a solid at room temperature. It is odorless and insoluble in water. Historically, ancient Egyptians used Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate as fuel for their lamps. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has also been used as a lubricant in machine and aircraft engines, and is added to certain paints, dyes and varnishes as well. Ingestion of pure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate works as a laxative to treat constipation. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a hard brittle, high melting point waxy substance with faint characteristic of fatty wax odor and is tasteless. It is compatible with beeswax, carnauba and candelilla wax. It is relatively insoluble in most organic solvents though it will dissolve in a number of solvents and oils at an elevated temperature but on cooling will form gels or a paste like mass. It forms a smooth, stable anionic emulsion with emulsifiers and triethanolamine stearate. It can also be emulsified with a cationic emulsifying agent, making emulsions that are also stable. It is mainly used in plastics, textiles, lubricants etc.As a pharmaceutical grade inactive ingredient, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is used to emulsify and solubilize oils and other water-insoluble substances. Identification CAS no. 61788-85-0 Label EC no. Value 500-147-5 Label Molecul formula Value C57H110O9 (C2H4O)n Label REACH status Value 01-2120775815-41 Label Synonyms Value Castor oil, hydrogenated, ethoxylated Label E-number / INCI name Value N.A. / PEG-n HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL A brand name product that contains Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is Cremophor and it contains a range of non-ionic polyethoxylated detergents. It was originally developed for use as solubilizers and emulsifiers. This research grade product is intended for use in R&D and development only. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate (castor wax) is also used an extended release agent; stiffening agent; tablet and capsule lubricant. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has been used as a stimulant laxative to relieve occasional constipation, but it is rarely used today due to gentler and safer alternatives. The purpose of the hydrogenation process is to improve Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate's melting point, texture, odor, and shelf-life.Once hydrogenated, the resulting Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate product is comprised of hard, brittle flakes. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is considered an organic ingredient, as well as a vegan one, as it is vegetable-derived.One application of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is to improve certain cosmetic products. You can add the flakes to cosmetic formulations until thoroughly melted. In this capacity, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate acts as an emollient and a thickener; increasing the viscosity of creams, ointments, and lotions when their composition is too runny. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate also stabilizes cosmetics that come in stick-form (like lipstick) and increases these products' melting points, making for a more stable product. In part thanks to Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, it's not the end of the world if we leave a tube of red lipstick in a hot car! Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate means our lipsticks maintain a solid structure even when they're pushed to the limit, and our deodorant doesn't crumble as we apply it.Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a hard, waxy substance with a unique structure. It works with the other oils and waxes in the antiperspirant base to give the stick a firm but spreadable consistency. In the baby diaper cream and lotion it provides a protective barrier of the lotion/cream on the skin. In all cases, because Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is insoluble in water, it is not readily washed away. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is especially present in these types of products when something requires resistance to moisture and oils, such as in polishes, varnishes, and paints. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, also known as castor wax, is derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis), which is typically a liquid at room temperature, that has been processed by adding hydrogen to make it more stable and raises its melting point so that it is a solid at room temperature. It is odorless and insoluble in water. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a hard, waxy substance with a unique structure. It works with the other oils and waxes in the antiperspirant base to give the stick a firm but spreadable consistency. In all cases, because Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is insoluble in water, it is not readily washed away. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has a long history of safe use in personal care products. PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is the Polyethylene Glycol derivatives of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, and it functions as a surfactant, a solubilizer, an emulsifier, an emollient, a cleansing agent, and a fragrance ingredient when added to cosmetics or personal care product formulations. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations. Its foam-enhancing properties make it ideal for use in liquid cleansers, and its soothing and softening emollient quality makes it a popular addition to formulations for moisturizers and hair care cosmetics. As a surfactant, PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids. Furthermore, it helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid. This makes it easier for them to be washed away and lends this ingredient popularity in facial and body cleansers. As an occlusive agent, PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate creates a protective hydrating layer on the skin's surface, acting as a barrier against the loss of natural moisture. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to cosmetics formulations, it can be blended in its cold state directly into the oil phase at a suggested ratio of 3:1 (PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to oil). Next, this can be added to the water phase. If the formula is cloudy, the amount of PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may be increased for enhanced transparency. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate Raw Material without the medical advice of a physician. This product should always be stored in an area that is inaccessible to children, especially those under the age of 7. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate Raw Material in 1 tsp of a preferred Carrier Oil and applying a dime-size amount of this blend to a small area of skin that is not sensitive. PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate must never be used near the inner nose and ears or on any other particularly sensitive areas of skin. Potential side effects of PEG 40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate include the itching, PEG-30 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, PEG-33 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, PEG-35 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, PEG-36 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate and PEG-40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate are polyethylene glycol derivatives of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. PEG-30 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate and PEG-40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate are polyethylene glycol derivatives of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. PEG-36 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a light yellow and slightly viscous liquid with a mild fatty odor. PEG-40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is an amber-colored liquid. PEG Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates and PEG Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates are used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is the polyethylene glycol derivatives of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, and is an amber colored, slightly viscous liquid that has a naturally mildly fatty odor. It is used in cosmetics and beauty products as an emulsifier, surfactant, and fragrance ingredient, according to research. Accordingly, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is principally 12-hydroxystearic triglyceride. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate (HCO) or castor wax is used in capacitors, coatings and greases, cosmetics, electrical carbon paper, lubrication, polishes, and where resistance to moisture, oils and other petrochemical products is required. Castor wax is also useful as a top coat varnish for leather, wood & rubber. 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid (12-HSA) is obtained by the hydrolysis of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid is a high melting, brittle, waxy solid at ambient temperatures and should be stored away from heat to avoid deterioration. A non-toxic, non-hazardous material, it has limited solubility in many organic solvents and is insoluble in water. It is used in lithium and calcium greases, and in the manufacture of acrylic polymers, as an internal lubricant for plastic mouldings, coatings for automotive, equipment, appliances and architectural applications. We are proud to boast industry leading products suitable for a wide array of application and product requirements. We believe industry leading customer service, delivery and innovation allow us to meet our ever increasing client demands. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a wax-like hydrogenated derivative of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has many industrial applications. Castor wax, also called Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, is an opaque, white vegetable wax. It is produced by the hydrogenation of pure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate often in the presence of a nickel catalyst to increase the rate of reaction. The hydrogenation of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate forms saturated molecules of castor wax; this saturation is responsible for the hard, brittle and insoluble nature of the wax. HCO (chemical name: Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate), also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications. What is Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate? HCO is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate beans. There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Caster Oil known as PEG-40. The Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n. Hydrogenation refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation. In the case of HCO, this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents. This makes HCO extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases. However, HCO is soluble in hot solvents. It also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps. To learn more about HCO safety, please review the Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate SDS (Safety Data Sheet).Acme-Hardesty is a reliable source for Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. We offer a complete selection of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate and Derivatives such as Ricinoleic Acid, 12HSA, #1 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, HCO and several others. We are known for being one of the largest and oldest Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate importers and distributors found anywhere in the United States. As one of the leading Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate suppliers, we can accommodate your company’s Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate needs, whether you require a bulk shipment, a pallet or a full truckload. USES & APPLICATIONS HCO is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications:CASE: Because of its excellent resistance to moisture, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate works extremely well as a viscosity modifier, and it also provides significant improvement in grease and oil resistance.Plastics: Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene. It is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.Personal Care: There are multiple Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.Waxes: Hydrogenated Caster Oil works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.Soaps and Detergents: Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.Textiles: HCO makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications. What does it do? Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a hard, waxy substance with a unique structure. It works with the other oils and waxes in the antiperspirant base to give the stick a firm but spreadable consistency. In all cases, because Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is insoluble in water, it is not readily washed away. In monolithic tablets, the core is either prepared by direct compression or by wet granulation followed by coating the core with water impermeable materials on all the faces except the face which is in contact with the mucosa. Water-impermeable materials include Teflon, ethyl cellulose, cellophane, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, and so on. Such a system begins unidirectional drug flow toward the mucosa and avoids drug loss [163]. The results of Kurihara et al. (1996) indicate that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate (HCO)-60 emulsions, when compared with conventional lecithin-stabilized emulsions, are more stable to LPL and show low uptake by RES organs, long circulations in the plasma and high distribution in tumors. Lin et al. (1992) confirmed that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate-60 is a good emulsifier for the preparation of NE with better stability and prolonged and selective delivery properties. Thus, these sterically stabilized NEs could show potential as effective carriers for highly lipophilic antitumor agents to enhance the drug delivery in tumors. This was confirmed by Sakaeda et al. (1994) who found that the rate of selective delivery of Sudan II to liver, lungs, and spleen could be suppressed by using Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate-60-based NE. Conversely, the use of saturated MCT in NE was the most effective way to increase blood concentration of Sudan II, resulting in higher distribution to liver, lungs, spleen, and brain (Sakaeda and Hirano, 1995). Furthermore, an o/w-type NE containing Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate-60 was shown to be superior in the selective distribution of adriamycin-HCl to the liver and in decreasing concentration in heart and kidney (Yamaguchi et al., 1995). Again, Ueda et al. (2003) reported the effect of using a series of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates having different oxyethylene numbers such as Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate10, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 20, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 30, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 60, and Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 100 on the pharmacokinetics of menatetrenone (vitamin K2) incorporated in SO (SO)–based NE in rats. Plasma half-life of menatetrenone after administration as the NE prepared by Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate with 10 oxyethylene units (SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 10) was similar to that after the administration as SO/egg yolk phosphatides (SO/EYP), but was shorter than that as the NEs prepared by Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates with >20 oxyethylene units (SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 20, SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 30, SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 60, and SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate 100). These findings clearly demonstrate that 20 oxyethylene units in Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates are the minimum requirement for the prolongation of the plasma circulation time of the incorporated drug in SO/Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylates NEs. The earlier described studies suggest the involvement of oil or structured lipids in the enhancement of systemic circulation of the NE. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a multi-purpose vegetable oil that people have used for thousands of years. It’s made by extracting oil from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. These seeds, which are known as castor beans, contain a toxic enzyme called ricin. However, the heating process that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate undergoes deactivates it, allowing the oil to be used safely. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has a number of medicinal, industrial and pharmaceutical uses. It’s commonly used as an additive in foods, medications and skin care products, as well as an industrial lubricant and biodiesel fuel component. In ancient Egypt, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate was burned as fuel in lamps, used as a natural remedy to treat ailments like eye irritation and even given to pregnant women to stimulate labor. Today, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate remains a popular natural treatment for common conditions like constipation and skin ailments and is commonly used in natural beauty products. Here are 7 benefits and uses of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. 1. A Powerful Laxative Perhaps one of the best-known medicinal uses for Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is as a natural laxative. It’s classified as a stimulant laxative, meaning that it increases the movement of the muscles that push material through the intestines, helping clear the bowels. Stimulant laxatives act rapidly and are commonly used to relieve temporary constipation. When consumed by mouth, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is broken down in the small intestine, releasing ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid in Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. The ricinoleic acid is then absorbed by the intestine, stimulating a strong laxative effect. In fact, several studies have shown that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate can relieve constipation. For example, one study found that when elderly people took Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, they experienced decreased symptoms of constipation, including less straining during defecation and lower reported feelings of incomplete bowel movements. While Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is considered safe in small doses, larger amounts can cause abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (4Trusted Source). Although it can be used to relieve occasional constipation, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is not recommended as a treatment for long-term issues. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate can be used as a natural remedy for occasional constipation. However, it can cause side effects like cramping and diarrhea and should not be used to treat chronic constipation. 2. A Natural Moisturizer Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is rich in ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid. These types of fats act as humectants and can be used to moisturize the skin. Humectants retain moisture by preventing water loss through the outer layer of the skin. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is often used in cosmetics to promote hydration and often added to products like lotions, makeup and cleansers. You can also use this rich oil on its own as a natural alternative to store-bought moisturizers and lotions. Many popular moisturizing products found in stores contain potentially harmful ingredients like preservatives, perfumes and dyes, which could irritate the skin and harm overall health. Swapping out these products for Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate can help reduce your exposure to these additives. Plus, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is inexpensive and can be used on the face and body. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is thick, so it’s frequently mixed with other skin-friendly oils like almond, olive and coconut oil to make an ultra-hydrating moisturizer. Though applying Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to the skin is considered safe for most, it can cause an allergic reaction in some people (6Trusted Source). Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate can help lock moisture in the skin. Though this natural alternative to store-bought products is considered safe for most, it can cause allergic reactions in some. 3. Promotes Wound Healing Applying Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to wounds creates a moist environment that promotes healing and prevents sores from drying out. Venelex, a popular ointment used in clinical settings to treat wounds, contains a mixture of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate and Peru balsam, a balm derived from the Myroxylon tree. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate stimulates tissue growth so that a barrier can be formed between the wound and the environment, decreasing the risk of infection. It also reduces dryness and cornification, the buildup of dead skin cells that can delay wound healing (8). Studies have found that ointments containing Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may be especially helpful in healing pressure ulcers, a type wound that develops from prolonged pressure on the skin. One study looked at the wound-healing effects of an ointment containing Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate in 861 nursing home residents with pressure ulcers. Those whose wounds were treated with Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate experienced higher healing rates and shorter healing times than those treated with other methods (9Trusted Source). Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate helps heal wounds by stimulating the growth of new tissue, reducing dryness and preventing the buildup of dead skin cells. 4. Impressive Anti-Inflammatory Effects Ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid found in Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, has impressive anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that when Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is applied topically, it reduces inflammation and relieves pain. The pain-reducing and anti-inflammatory qualities of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may be particularly helpful to those with an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. Animal and test-tube studies have found that ricinoleic acid reduces pain and swelling. One study demonstrated that treatment with a gel containing ricinoleic acid led to a significant reduction in pain and inflammation when applied to the skin, compared to other treatment methods. A test-tube component of the same study showed that ricinoleic acid helped reduce inflammation caused by human rheumatoid arthritis cells more than another treatment. Aside from Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate’s potential to reduce inflammation, it may help relieve dry, irritated skin in those with psoriasis, thanks to its moisturizing properties. Although these results are promising, more human studies are needed to determine the effects of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate on inflammatory conditions. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is high in ricinoleic acid, a fatty acid that has been shown to help reduce pain and inflammation in test-tube and animal studies. 5. Reduces Acne Acne is a skin condition that can cause blackheads, pus-filled pimples and large, painful bumps on the face and body. It’s most common in teens and young adults and can negatively impact self-esteem. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has several qualities that may help reduce acne symptoms. Inflammation is thought to be a factor in the development and severity of acne, so applying Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to the skin may help reduce inflammation-related symptoms. Acne is also associated with an imbalance of certain types of bacteria normally found on the skin, including Staphylococcus aureus. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has antimicrobial properties that may help fight bacterial overgrowth when applied to the skin. One test-tube study found that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate extract showed considerable antibacterial power, inhibiting the growth of several bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is also a natural moisturizer, so it may help soothe the inflamed and irritated skin typical in those with acne. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate helps fight inflammation, reduce bacteria and soothe irritated skin, all of which can be helpful for those looking for a natural acne remedy. 6. Fights Fungus Candida albicans is a type of fungus that commonly causes dental issues like plaque overgrowth, gum infections and root canal infections. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate has antifungal properties and may help fight off Candida, keeping the mouth healthy. One test-tube study found that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate eliminated Candida albicans from contaminated human tooth roots. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may also help treat denture-related stomatitis, a painful condition thought to be caused by Candida overgrowth. This is a common issue in elderly people who wear dentures. A study in 30 elderly people with denture-related stomatitis showed that treatment with Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate led to improvements in the clinical signs of stomatitis, including inflammation (17Trusted Source). Another study found that brushing with and soaking dentures in a solution containing Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate led to significant reductions in Candida in elderly people who wore dentures (18Trusted Source). Several studies have shown that Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may help fight fungal infections in the mouth caused by Candida albicans. 7. Keeps Your Hair and Scalp Healthy Many people use Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate as a natural hair conditioner. Dry or damaged hair can especially benefit from an intense moisturizer like Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. Applying fats like Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to the hair on a regular basis helps lubricate the hair shaft, increasing flexibility and decreasing the chance of breakage. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may benefit those who experience dandruff, a common scalp condition characterized by dry, flaky skin on the head. Though there are many different causes of dandruff, it has been linked to seborrhoeic dermatitis, an inflammatory skin condition that causes red, scaly patches on the scalp. Due to Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate’s ability to reduce inflammation, it may be an effective treatment for dandruff that is caused by seborrhoeic dermatitis. Plus, applying Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to the scalp will help moisturize dry, irritated skin and may help reduce flaking. The moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties of Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate make it an excellent option to keep hair soft and hydrated and help reduce dandruff symptoms. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate Precautions Many people use Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate to treat a variety of issues, either by ingesting the oil or applying it to the skin. Although Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is generally considered safe, it can cause adverse reactions and unwanted side effects in some people. Can induce labor: It’s used by medical professionals to induce birth. For this reason, women at all stages of pregnancy should avoid consuming Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate. Can cause diarrhea: While it can be an effective way to alleviate constipation, you may get diarrhea if you take too much. Diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Can cause allergic reactions: It may cause an allergic reaction in some people when applied to the skin. First try applying a small amount to a tiny patch of skin to see how your body reacts. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate can cause side effects, such as allergic reactions and diarrhea, in some people. It can also induce labor, so pregnant women should avoid it. The Bottom Line People have used Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate for thousands of years as a powerful natural treatment for a variety of health issues. It has been shown to help relieve constipation and moisturize dry skin, among many other uses. If you are searching for an affordable, multi-purpose oil to keep in your medicine cabinet, Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may be a good choice. Dehydrated Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is an unique drying oil, which imparts good flexibility, fine gloss, toughness, adhesion, chemical and water resistance to the dry paint film with non-yellowing properties. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a very suitable and even better substitute for Linseed oil. Paints with Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate are super white and offer superior finish. Dehydrated Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is used as a primary binder for house paints, enamels, caulks, sealants and inks. In “cooked” varnishes it is combined with all the basic resins, rosins, rosin-esters, hydrocarbons and phenolics to produce clear varnishes and vehicles for pigmented coatings. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is also used in the manufacturing of lithographic inks, linoleum, putty and phenolic resins. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is used with phenolics to obtain fast drying coatings with maximum alkali resistance as required in sanitary can lining, corrosion resistant coatings, traffic paints, varnishes, ink vehicles, wire enamels, aluminium paint appliance finishes and marine finishes. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is also used to obtain fast kettling rate which gives lighter colour and lower acid varnishes. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a release and antisticking agent used in hard candy pro- duction. its concentration is not to exceed 500 ppm. it is used in vitamin and mineral tablets, and as a component of protective coatings. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is a highly emollient carrier oil that penetrates the skin easily, leaving it soft and supple. It also serves to bind the different ingredients of a cosmetic formulation together. Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate is high in glycerin esters of ricinoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid). It is rarely, if ever, associated with irritation of the skin or allergic reactions. It is obtained through cold-pressing from seeds or beans of the Ricinus communis (Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate) plant. Impure Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate may cause irritation, as the seeds contain a toxic substance that is eliminated during processing. Its unpleasant odor makes it difficult to use in cosmetics. PEG-30 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, -30 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate (hydrogenated), -40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, -40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate (hydrogenated) are emollients, detergents, emulsifiers, and oil-in-water solubilizers recommended for fragrance oils, and for other oils that may be difficult to solubilize. The -40 Hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate version is a powerful solubilizer for solubilizing essential oils and perfumes in oil-in-water creams

Hydrogenated castor oil flake, also called Castor Wax, is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.
Chemically Hydrogenated castor oil flake is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.

CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2

Synonyms
OPAL WAX;PEG 60;PEG 40;CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED;CASTOR WAX;CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT;CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT;HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL;Hydrogenated Castor Oil;8001-78-3;Castor Oil, Hydrogenated;232-292-2;Castor Wax;Castor oil hydrogenated;Castorwax;ZF94AP8MEY;1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate);12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester;CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP IMPURITY);CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP MONOGRAPH);CASTOR OIL,HYDROGENATED;Castorwax MP-70;Castorwax MP-80;Castorwax NF;Caswell No. 486A;DTXSID8027666;EC 232-292-2;EINECS 232-292-2;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604;HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (II);HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (USP-RS);LUBLIWAX;OPALWAX;Olio di ricino idrogenato;Rice syn wax;UNII-ZF94AP8MEY;Unitina HR

Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is almost odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a wax used in applications ranging from manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated castor oil flake is hard and brittle with high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Castor Oil becomes HHydrogenated castor oil flake, a hard, brittle wax with a melting point of about 85 to 86 degrees Celsius, when hydrogen is added to it in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Hydrogenated castor oil flakes are a non-hazardous and non-toxic product that, when melted, transform into a clear, transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a powerful occlusive agent that not only hydrates the skin and hair but also creates a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.
Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated castor oil flake appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is the more stable form of castor oil that has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is widely used in personal care products due to its varied benefits ranging from hydrating and soothing the skin to binding and controlling the viscosity of formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is also an excellent anti-aging ingredient.
The chemical formula of Hydrogenated castor oil flake is C57H110O9.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a versatile ingredient for a number of applications.
Also called castor wax, Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a hard, brittle vegetable wax produced from the hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is available in powder or flake form.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is used in lithium greases, lithium complex greases, and as a thickening agent.

Hydrogenated castor oil flake Chemical Properties
Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil flake (8001-78-3)

Hydrogenated castor oil flake occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.
The PhEur 6.0 describes Hydrogenated castor oil flake as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake — also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake's resistance to moisture makes it useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives the oil a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.
After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated castor oil flake becomes hard and brittle to the touch.

Uses
Greases: Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Other lubricants: metal drawing lubes, PVC lubricants for PVC pipes, profiles, sheets, pharma tabletting, metal powders, ceramics.
Cosmetics: Hydrogenated castor oil flake of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).
dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil flake is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil flake is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the hydrogenated castor oil may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is also used in cosmetics.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Flakes is incredibly insoluble, making it ideal for items that need to be resistant to water, oils, petroleum, and petroleum derivatives.
In addition to being used to make greases, Hydrogenated castor oil flake can be used to coat paper used to package food.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake can be found in powdered or beaded form, or with a variety of melting degrees.
Due to its distinct combination of physico-chemical qualities, Hydrogenated castor oil flake has a wide range of diversified uses.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake serves as a mold release agent for processing plastics and rubber as well as in the production of soaps and cosmetics.
Additionally cosmetic products like stick deodorants and lipsticks, also utilize partially hydrogenated castor oil flakes.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated castor oil flake is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated castor oil flake exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.
Other technical application fields are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings.
Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated castor oil flake.
Hydrogenated castor oil flake is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.
In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated castor oil flake is an ingredient.
Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated castor oil flake and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc..

Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is almost odourless and tasteless.

CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2

Synonyms
OPAL WAX;PEG 60;PEG 40;CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED;CASTOR WAX;CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT;CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT;HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL;Hydrogenated Castor Oil;8001-78-3;Castor Oil, Hydrogenated;232-292-2;Castor Wax;Castor oil hydrogenated;Castorwax;ZF94AP8MEY;1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate);12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester;CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP IMPURITY);CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED (EP MONOGRAPH);CASTOR OIL,HYDROGENATED;Castorwax MP-70;Castorwax MP-80;Castorwax NF;Caswell No. 486A;DTXSID8027666;EC 232-292-2;EINECS 232-292-2;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604;HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (II);HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (USP-RS);LUBLIWAX;OPALWAX;Olio di ricino idrogenato;Rice syn wax;UNII-ZF94AP8MEY;Unitina HR

Hydrogenated castor oil powderHydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃.
Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of hydrogenated castor oil may be produced.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the hydrogenated castor oil precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated castor oil should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a hydrogenated form of castor oil that is insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder has been used as an antimicrobial agent for various detergent compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and topical formulations.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder has also been used as a polymerization aid for the production of insoluble polymers, including polyurethane elastomers.
The hydrogenation process changes the chemical composition by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups and reducing the number of unsaturated bonds.
These changes can affect how the molecule interacts with other molecules and its solubility in water.
Low energy activation energies have been reported for Hydrogenated castor oil powder compared to other oils such as olive or sunflower oils.

Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a white, odorless fat obtained by the hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder has very good compatibility with natural waxes.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is mostly used in the manufacture of calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
These lubricating greases exhibit excellent resistance to oils and fats, water and solvents.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is also used as raw materi-al for solvent based coating systems, for alkyd resins and as processing aid for phenolic resins, poly-ethylene, PVC and rubber and as an additive in powder coatings.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is also of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper additives.
Finally Hydrogenated castor oil powder can be used as an ingredient in polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) and in cosmetics (for creams, lipsticks,…).

Hydrogenated castor oil powder, also known as Castor Wax, is derived from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder undergoes a process known as hydrogenation, which involves adding hydrogen to make it solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder’s a white, waxy substance entirely devoid of smell or taste.
Within the realm of cosmetics, Hydrogenated castor oil powder serves several functions.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder’s primarily used as a skin conditioner, an emollient, and a surfactant.

Hydrogenated castor oil Chemical Properties
Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3（27℃）
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil powder

Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a solid at room temperature and is insoluble in water.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder’s a white, waxy substance entirely devoid of smell or taste . Within the realm of cosmetics, Hydrogenated Castor Oil serves several functions.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder’s primarily used as a skin conditioner, an emollient, and a surfactant.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes.
The PhEur 6.0 describes Hydrogenated castor oil powder as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder— also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.

Hydrogenated castor oil powder's resistance to moisture makes it useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.
The wax is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives the oil a higher melting point that allows Hydrogenated castor oil powder to remain solid at room temperature.
After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated castor oil powder becomes hard and brittle to the touch.

Uses
Greases: Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.
Other lubricants: metal drawing lubes, PVC lubricants for PVC pipes, profiles, sheets, pharma tabletting, metal powders, ceramics.
Cosmetics: HCO of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).
dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
Flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.

Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil powder is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated castor oil powder is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the Hydrogenated castor oil powder may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is also used in cosmetics.

Production Methods
Hydrogenated castor oil powder is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil using a catalyst.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.

CAS Number: 8001-78-3
EC Number: 232-292-2
E-number / INCI name: N.A. / HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL
Molecul formula: C57H110O9

SYNONYMS:
Cutina HR, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Unitina HR, Castorwax, Castorwax MP 70, Castorwax MP 80, Croduret, Fancol, ricini oleum hydrogenatum, PEG 60, PEG 40, OPAL WAX, Unitina HR, Rice syn wax, UNII-ZF94AP8MEY, Trihydroxystearin, CELLO-SEAL LUBRICANT, CELLO-GREASE LUBRICANT, Olio di ricino idrogenato, Glyceryl tri(12-hydroxystearate), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031604, 1,2,3-Propanetriol tri(12-hydroxystearate), 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG 40, CASTOR WAX, CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, hydrogenated castor oil flakes, Thixcin, Namlon T 206, Kolliwax HCO, PEG 40 CASTOR OIL HYDROGENATED, WNN 1, PEG 60,

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is prepared by hydrogenation of castor oil, and its main component is 12-hydroxystearic acid triglyceride.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white to light yellow powder, lumps or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is slightly soluble in methylene chloride, insoluble in petroleum ether, very slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to slightly yellowish, fine, free-flowing powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting solid which is tasteless and odourless.
Chemically Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is the triglyceride, which mainly consists of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and solubility in many organic solvents is also very limited.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous material.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder commercial packaging includes a transport friendly and secure box with primary electrostatically dissipative PE packaging material.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.

Available in wax, powder, or flakes, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil (HCO) is meticulously crafted through the hydrogenation process of Castor Oil, employing a Nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures.

This transformation results in a substance often referred
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder emerges as a white, crystalline solid in the form of flakes, distinguished by its unique physicochemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder's production involves a precise chemical alteration, enhancing its versatility and making it a sought-after industrial material.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, known for its excellent stability and texture, finds widespread applications across various industries.
Its diverse uses stem from the distinctive combination of properties it possesses, making it a valuable ingredient in formulations ranging from cosmetics to industrial products.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax-like compound obtained by controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odorless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes.

The Color of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and has limited solubility in the solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard, brittle, solid castor wax which has a high-melting-point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived after the safe hydrogenation process of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic, non-hazardous product which when melts turns into a clear transparent liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water, limited solubility in the solvents, high applicability, stability and high-drop point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to slightly yellowish fine free-flowing powder

In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.
In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also known as Synthetic Wax.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is white crystalline solid flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physic-chemical properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax with a high melting point.

Derived through a safe hydrogenation process from refined castor oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is known for its excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-toxic and non-hazardous product that transforms into a clear transparent liquid when melted.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has excellent viscosity-modifying properties, making it ideal for improving grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, solid castor wax derived through a safe hydrogenation process.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a high melting point and is available in the form of wax, powder, or flakes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and possesses excellent stability, high-drop point, and limited solubility in solvents.
Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white coloured.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a compound attained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, waxy, white to cream colored product with a high melting point of 83 to 87 C°, and is nearly tasteless and odorless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax like compound obtained by the controlled hydrogenation of refined Castor Oil.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, brittle, high melting point product that is practically odourless and tasteless.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.
The colour of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is cream to white.

When melted Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is clear, transparent to straw coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, also known as castor wax, is a very common oleochemical product that has many industrial and manufacturing applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.

There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder known as PEG-40.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.
Hydrogenation refers to a chemical process where an unsaturated compound is combined with hydrogen to produce saturation.

In the case of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, this increases the oil’s stability and raises its melting point, transforming it into a solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and most types of organic solvents.

This makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder extremely valuable in the manufacturing of lubricants and industrial greases.
However, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also has the ability to resist water while retaining its polarity, lubricity and surface wetting capabilities.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also an extremely safe, non-toxic material that is suitable for use in personal care products and soaps.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless, supplied in flakes and powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a ricinoleic acid that is fully saturated and is similar to a viscous wax-like product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in most organic solvents, but soluble in hot solvents.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax-like solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is derived from Castor Oil (extracted from the seeds of "Ricinus communis L.") by controlled hydrogenation.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced in form of flakes and powder.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a waxy compound obtained by the hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard product with a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is almost odourless and tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in flakes and powder. Hydrogenated castor oil is cream to white coloured.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a white to creamish flakes or powder.
The melting point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is°C 83 - 87

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by hydrogenation of castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a versatile integrant for various applications.
As castor oil reduces atmospheric moisture pick-up during handling and mixing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder becomes an essential additive agent for substantial applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is odourless and is available in wax, powder, or flake form with high-melting-point.
These different forms are used as a viscosity modifier and for improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in cosmetics is a popular addition as it is soluble in both water and oil and has foam-enhancing properties.

Therefore one can easily find Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in skincare products like moisturizers as well as hair care cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a powerful occlusive agent that not only hydrates the skin and hair but also creates a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss.

Also known as castor wax, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder appears in the form of a white-yellow solid, flakes, or powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is the more stable form of castor oil that has a high melting point.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in personal care products due to its varied benefits ranging from hydrating and soothing the skin to binding and controlling the viscosity of formulations.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also an excellent anti-aging ingredient.
The chemical formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is C57H110O9.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a Hard, Brittle Wax.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is Produced By Adding Hydrogen to Castor Oil in the Presence of a Nickel Catalyst. in the Hydrogenation Process, the Ricinoleic Acid Becomes Fully Saturated and Forms a Viscous Wax-like Product with a High Melting Point of 86°c.
Hydrogenation May Be Defined as the Conversion of Various Unsaturated Radicals of Fatty Glycerides Into More Highly or Completely Saturated Glycerides By the Addition of Hydrogen in the Presence of a Catalyst.

Hydrogenated oils are Created By a Controlled Heat Process in Which the Melting Point is Raised to Change the Oil Into a Waxy Substance.
The Hydrogenation Process Improves the Stability and Texture of a Product and is Heat Controlled to Avoid the Creation of Trans-fats.
The Object of the Hydrogenation is Not Only to Raise the Melting Point But also to Improve the Keeping Qualities, Taste, and Odor.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by hydrogenation of Ricinus communis (Castor) seed oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder or castor wax is a hard, brittle wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is odorless and insoluble in water.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is produced by addition of hydrogen to castor oil (hydrogenation process) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is supplied in the form of flakes or as powder.

This is done by bubbling hydrogen gas into the castor oil, during which the Ricinoleic Acid becomes fully saturated to give a viscous waxy like substance with a melting point of 61-69oC.
Hydrogenation of castor oil accounts for the largest single use of castor oil for a standard commodity.

The Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, but it is soluble in hot solvents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is water resistant while retaining lubricity, polarity and surface wetting properties.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, commonly abbreviated as HCO, is a derivative of castor oil that has undergone a hydrogenation process, resulting in changes to its chemical structure and properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hydrogenated form of castor oil that is insoluble in water.

The hydrogenation process changes the chemical composition by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups and reducing the number of unsaturated bonds.
These changes can affect how the molecule interacts with other molecules and Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder's solubility in water.
Low energy activation energies have been reported for hydrogenated castor oil compared to other oils such as olive or sunflower oils.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is accessible with high-drop point, high applicability and good stability.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as the viscosity modifier, made to improve resistance against grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has specific dispersal level that ensures its good use in the powder coatings, elastomer, hot-melt adhesives others.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for the production of daily cosmetics, shoe polish, pharmaceutical ointment, is the raw material for the preparation of 12-hydroxy stearic acid.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve the grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomer, sealants etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Hot-melt adhesive in packaging, Bookbinding, Footwear, Carpet back, Product Assembly, Thick film chlorinated rubber, Epoxy and vinyl coating, Personal care and cosmetic industries, and Micronized Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder derivative.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a viscosity modifier to improve grease and oil resistance.
The dispersal level of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is good in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, sealants, etc.
As Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder suppliers, we follow strict protocols to ensure that only the best quality product reaches our customers.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in pharmaceutical applications, manufacture of greases and lubricants, and range of cosmetics & toiletries.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hydrogenated castor powder for pharmaceutical application used as consistency factor in topical formulations, as lipohphillic lubricant in tablets and capsules and as plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularily suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder complies with IPEC GMP standards for critical pharmaceutical applications.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a consistency factor in topical formulations, as alipophillic lubricant in tablets and capsules, and as a plasticizer in solid dispersions using spray drying, melt granulation or hot melt extrusion processes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ensures risk reduction in pharmaceutical applications and meets all relevant regulatory needs.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as retardation component and pressing agent for the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical application.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for all skin care applications, particularly for sticks.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications: Viscosity Modifier, Plastics, Waxes, Personal Care, Soap, Detergent, Textiles, Lubricants and Greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.

It is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.here are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.
This versatile ingredient, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder, finds applications in various industries due to its exceptional properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives, elastomers, and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in a variety of industrial applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is utilized in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives to improve their resistance to grease and oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings to enhance their performance and durability.
Its high-drop point and stable nature make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ideal for applications that require resistance to heat and chemicals.

Hydrogenated castor oil has been used as an antimicrobial agent for various detergent compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and topical formulations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has also been used as a polymerization aid for the production of insoluble polymers, including polyurethane elastomers.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an extremely versatile oleochemical that has a number of industrial and manufacturing applications.

Because of its excellent resistance to moisture, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder works extremely well as a viscosity modifier, and it also provides significant improvement in grease and oil resistance.
Personal Care: There are multiple Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder uses in the manufacturing of personal care products, particularly as an emollient and thickening agent in ointments and deodorants, as well as hair care products and certain cosmetics.

Waxes: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder works as a binding agent in synthetic and petroleum waxes, as it makes the wax harder and more resistant to crumbling.
Soaps and Detergents: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is sometimes used as an emulsifying agent in liquid soaps and detergents to enhance the stability of the liquid formula.

Textiles: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder makes an effective processing agent in various textile manufacturing applications.
Lubricants and Greases: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a thickening agent in lithium grease and lithium complex grease, as well as multipurpose greases and metal-drawing lubricants.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a very wide use in the industries like: Lubricants, Paper Coatings, Processing Aids, Polishes, Investment Castings, Inks, Pencil & Crayons, Cosmetics, Electrical Applications, Hot Melt Adhesives.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in the cosmetics sector.

There are numerous applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in various industrial segments, such as a slip additive in paints, plastics (PE), and inks and as a dispersing agent in carbon papers, inks, and plastic color master batches and as a dispersing additive and flow control in sealants, hot-melt adhesives, powder coatings, and more.

There are many applications such as lubricants, plastics, and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a very high oxidative stability and acts very effectively as an internal and external lubricant in polymers.
This is an oil wit flexibility and ductility for the manufacturer of industrial resins, plastics, elastomers, dielectric, rubber products in general.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in the production of multi-purpose calcium and lithium lubricating greases.
Lubricating greases produced from Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder exhibit excellent resistances to oils and fats, water and solvents and they endue a long-life stability.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also is importand as thixotropic agent or as raw material in the production thereof for solvent-based coating systems.
Other technical application fields of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder are the use as processing aid for phenolic resins, polyethylene, PVC and rubber and as additive in the application of powder coatings. Non-drying alkyd resins can also be produced out of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is of importance concerning the production of hot melts like paper coatings for food packaging and the production of hot melt adhesives.
In several types of polishes (for cars, shoes, furniture) Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is an ingredient.

Another important field is the use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder and its derivatives (e. g. ethoxylated HCO) in cosmetics like creams, lipsticks etc.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Adhesives, Emulsifiers, and Lubricants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a wax used in applications ranging from the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases, hot melts in sealants and coatings, mold release agents for plastic or rubber, paper coats, and personal care.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is hard and brittle with a high melting point, and is suitable for us as a structurant for antiperspirant sticks or lipstick.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder — also called HCO or castor wax — is a hard, white, opaque vegetable wax.
Its resistance to moisture makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder useful in many coatings, greases, cosmetics, polishes and similar applications.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is created by hydrogenating pure liquid castor oil, which is obtained from castor beans.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is heated under extreme pressure using a nickel catalyst during the hydrogenation process.
Afterward, the hydrogen creates saturated molecules of castor wax, which gives Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder a higher melting point that allows it to remain solid at room temperature.

After hydrogenation, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder becomes hard and brittle to the touch.
greases uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder: Lithium- and Calcium hydroxystearates dispersed in base oil to make multipurpose greases having higher dropping points, hardness, better rust-proofing, lubricity and durability than stearates.

Other lubricants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used metal drawing lubes, PVC lubricants for PVC pipes, profiles, sheets, pharma tabletting, metal powders, ceramics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a thickener, emulsifier in cosmetics.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in ointments as well as fragrances.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacturing of candles, lipsticks and crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard brittle, high melting point waxy substance with faint characteristic of fatty wax odor and is tasteless.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with beeswax, carnauba and candelilla wax.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is relatively insoluble in most organic solvents though it will dissolve in a number of solvents and oils at an elevated temperature but on cooling will form gels or a paste like mass.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder forms a smooth, stable anionic emulsion with emulsifiers and triethanolamine stearate. Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can also be emulsified with a cationic emulsifying agent, making emulsions that are also stable.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is mainly used in plastics, textiles, lubricants etc.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used Castor Oils & Castor Oil Derivatives, Flavor & Fragrance, Inks & Digital Inks, Lubricant & Grease, Plastic, Resin & Rubber, Nutritionals
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a number of diversified uses due to its unique combination of physicochemical properties.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of multipurpose Lithium/Calcium grease and high-performance aviation grease.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of soaps & cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as mould release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a component of specialty wax blends like pencils, crayons, lipsticks and anti-deodorant sticks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of hot-melt coatings and sealant requiring resistance to water.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a coating agent for paper & as anti-foaming agent.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of Automotive refinish Acrylics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used rheological agent that provides thixotropic in paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, sealants and numerous industrial compositions.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used thick film chlorinated rubber, epoxy and vinyl coating.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used flame Retardant and anti-static agent for fiber.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used manufacture of Spin finish oil for polyamide fiber.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in preparation of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained release capsules, wetting/bodying agent, face paint.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as plasticizer for cellulosic.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used processing aid for Colour concentrates.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used surface treatment agents.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of hot melt adhesives used in packaging books, binding footwear, carpet backing and in product assembly.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used anti-tack and slip additives for processing plastics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of specialty chemicals for applications such as metal working, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries in the form of derivatives such as esters, ethylates, sulfates etc.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is soluble in both water and oil and is traditionally used to emulsify and solubilize oil-in-water formulations.
Its foam-enhancing properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ideal for use in liquid cleansers.
As a surfactant, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder helps to decrease the surface tension between multiple liquids or between liquids and solids.

Furthermore, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder helps to remove the grease from oils and causes them to become suspended in the liquid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: polymers, lubricants and greases, paper chemicals and dyes, cosmetics and personal care products and pharmaceuticals.

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, metal surface treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, lubricants and greases and pH regulators and water treatment products.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, , textile, leather or fur and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for Coatings and Greases.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is utilized in the Manufacture of Waxes, Polishes, Carbon Paper, Candles and Crayons.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds Use in Cosmetics, Hair Dressing, Ointments, and in Preparation of Hydroxyl-stearic Acid.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a Paint Additive, Pressure Mould Release Agent in the Manufacture of Formed Plastics and Rubber Goods.

It is this insolubility that makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder valuable to the lubricants markets. It is perfect for metal drawing lubricants and multipurpose industrial greases.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in polishes, cosmetics, electrical capacitors, carbon paper, lubrication, and coatings and greases where resistance to moisture, oils and petrochemical products is required.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as the Reaction Itself is Exothermic, the Chief Energy Requirements are in the Production of Hydrogen, Warming of the Oil, Pumping, and Filtering.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is known for its versatility and is used in various industries and applications due to its unique characteristics.

Inks & Toner: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be used in the formulation of environmentally friendly inks and toners, contributing to sustainable printing and imaging solutions.
Lubricants & Greases: In lubricants and greases, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may act as a natural and renewable ingredient, providing eco-conscious solutions for machinery and mechanical systems.

Adhesives & Sealants: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is employed in adhesives and sealants, offering natural and renewable components for eco-friendly bonding solutions.
Coatings & Paints: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be incorporated into coatings and paints to enhance their performance, sustainability, and eco-friendliness.

Packaging: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be used in eco-conscious packaging materials and coatings, promoting sustainability in packaging solutions.
Cosmetics & Care: In cosmetics, personal care products, and skincare formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder contributes to natural and eco-friendly products.

Pharmaceuticals: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may find applications in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems.
Tire & Rubber: In the tire and rubber industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be employed in rubber compound formulations to enhance processing and performance.

Wax Blenders: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the formulation of wax blends for various applications, providing eco-friendly alternatives in wax-based products.
Cleaning & Household: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can find applications in eco-friendly cleaning products and household items, contributing to sustainable and natural alternatives.

Agriculture: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may have agricultural applications, such as in crop protection formulations and soil conditioning products, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, fertilisers, coating products and air care products.

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release, industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal) and industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting).

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and vehicles.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .

Other release to the environment of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

-Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in Various Industries:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder finds a wide range of applications across different sectors.
Its versatility and excellent properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an essential ingredient in various industries.

-Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries extensively use hydrogenated castor oil powder.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a key ingredient in the production of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained-release capsules, and face paint.

Its ability to act as a wetting and bodying agent makes Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder useful in the preparation of different pharmaceutical formulations.
In the cosmetic industry, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in the manufacture of soaps, shampoos, creams, and lotions due to its stable nature and high-drop point

-Industrial Applications of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in the Production of Greases, Lubricants, and Adhesives:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is widely used in the production of greases, lubricants, and adhesives.
Its viscosity-modifying properties make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an excellent choice for improving the grease and oil resistance of these products.
The powder form is particularly suitable for hot-melt adhesives, where Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder enhances the adhesion and strength of the adhesive.
Additionally, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as a mold release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers.

-Use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder in Rubber, Plastic, Polishes, and Coatings:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder plays a crucial role in the rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings industries.
It is known for its excellent dispersal level in powder coatings and its ability to enhance the performance of elastomers and sealants.
In rubber and plastic applications, it improves the resistance to moisture, oil, and other petrochemical products.
Furthermore, it finds use in polishes and coatings where it provides durability and a glossy finish

-Topical formulations:
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can be used as consistency factor to enhance the viscosity of the formulation.
The typical concentration at about 0.1-2% Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes and can therefore be used in combination with fatty alcohols and other consistency factors.

Similar to emollients, waxes affect the sensory profile and the stability of a topical formulation.
They are solid at ambient temperatures and stabilize emulsions as the viscosity is increased by formation of lamellar structures in oil-in-water formulations.

Furthermore Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has a special advantage because of its high melting point and is able to support the formulation stability particularly at elevated temperatures.

-Lubricant in tablet and capsule formulations:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine.
Lubricants also ensure that tablet formulations and ejection can occur with low friction.

Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, are most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules.
Lubricants are added in small quantities to tablet or capsule formulations to improve certain processing characteristics.

In tablet formulations Kolliwax® HCO can be used as a lubricant as an effective alternative to magnesium stearate.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible to a large number of actives and does not provide a metallic taste.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularly suitable for formulation of sensitive APIs.

-Plasticizer in solid dispersions:
In solid dispersions, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used as plasticizer in solid polymeric matrices.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is suitable for melt granulation, spray drying and hot melt extrusion processes.

-Plastics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder performs the role of a lubricant and release agent for PVC and improves processing, dispersion and grease resistance of sheeted polyethylene.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also useful in the preparation of various polyurethane coating formulas.

-cosmetics uses of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder: Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder of different melting points used in lipsticks, deodorant and antiperspirant sticks, cosmetic creams.
slip additive in inks, paints, plastics (PE).

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used dispersing agent in plastic colour master batches, carbon papers, inks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used flow control and dispersing additive in powder coatings, hot-melt adhesives and sealants.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used shoe polishing, furniture polishing creams.

-Pharmaceutical Applications
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard wax with a high melting point used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
In topical formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to provide stiffness to creams and emulsions.

In oral formulations, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used to prepare sustained-release tablet and capsule preparations; the Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may be used as a coat or to form a solid matrix.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is additionally used to lubricate the die walls of tablet presses; and is similarly used as a lubricant in food processing.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also used in cosmetics.

WHAT IS HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER USED FOR?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a natural powerhouse ingredient overflowing with benefits for both hair and skin.

*Skin care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as an outstanding emollient that deeply nourishes the surface and prevents moisture loss.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder soothes the skin against sunburn and treats signs of aging like wrinkles.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil also has antibacterial properties making it potent for fighting acne

*Cosmetic products:
Apart from its emollient properties, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is quite beneficial as a binding agent that keeps formulations together and stabilizes them.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a great thickening agent and gives products a rich, luxurious consistency.
In cosmetics, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder works wonders for dry skin and lips

*Hair care:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has remarkable perks for overall hair health.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder aids the rapid growth of hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows while keeping them healthy and nourished.
Long-term use of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder on hair leaves them lustrous, thick, and frizz-free

KEY FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is solid castor powder of high-melting-point.
This is safely derived after the process of hydrogenation of refined castor oil.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a non-hazardous as well as non-toxic product.

BENEFITS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
*At room temperature Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard wax with a high melting point (85-88°C)
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has unique particle size distribution
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is particularly suitable for the formulation of sensitive APIs
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with several natural vegetable and animal waxes, as well as fatty alcohols to enhance viscosity of topical formulations
*Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is suitable as a plasticizer for melt granulation, spray drying, Hot melt extrusion

FUNCTIONALITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
*Additives,
*Lubricants,
*Film formers,
*Viscosity modifiers

ORIGIN OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Castor oil is derived from castor beans, also known as ricinus communis, which is native to India, China, and Brazil.
This oil undergoes a hydrogenation process which involves reacting castor oil with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, typically nickel or palladium.

During hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids present in castor oil undergo saturation, converting double bonds into single bonds.
This results in a more solid and stable form of castor oil with improved oxidative stability and increased melting point.
The resulting Hydrogenated Castor Oil is then purified to remove impurities and make it safe for use in cosmetics.

WHAT DOES HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Binding
*Emollient
*Skin conditioning
*Soothing
*Viscosity controlling

SAFETY PROFILE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil is non-toxic and extremely safe for use on hair and skin.
However, cosmetic-grade Hydrogenated Castor Oil is cleaned of all impurities and does not pose any risks.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is also non-comedogenic, providing a safe solution for hydration without clogging the pores.
Further, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is vegan, halal, and kosher-certified.

ALTERNATIVES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
*HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated castor oil occurs as a fine, almost white or pale yellow powder or flakes. The PhEur 6.0 describes hydrogenated castor oil as the oil obtained by hydrogenation of virgin castor oil. It consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12-hydroxystearic acid.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
*Emulsifier,
*Plasticizer

WHAT ARE THE KEY BENEFITS OF USING HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER IN COSMETICS?
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder offers several benefits when used in cosmetics.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as an excellent emollient, providing hydration and moisturization to the skin.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder also helps in the formulation of various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and shampoos by enhancing their stability and texture.
The high-drop point of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder ensures that the products remain stable even at elevated temperatures.

In conclusion, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a versatile ingredient with various applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial sectors.
Its unique properties and exceptional stability make Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder an ideal choice for improving the performance of greases, lubricants, adhesives, rubber, plastic, polishes, and coatings.

FEATURES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is a hard, wax-like substance extracted from castor oil beans.
There is also a petroleum-based formula of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder known as PEG-40.
The Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder chemical formula of this material is C57H110O9(CH2CH2O)n.

SAFETY OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.

STORAGE OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is stable at temperatures up to 1508℃. Clear, stable, chloroform solutions containing up to 15% w/v of Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may be produced.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder may also be dissolved at temperatures greater than 908℃ in polar solvents and mixtures of aromatic and polar solvents, although the Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder precipitates out on cooling below 908℃.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

INCOMPATIBILITIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is compatible with most natural vegetable and animal waxes.

PRODUCTION METHODS OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil using a catalyst.

UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
*Emollient:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder has emollient properties, making it suitable for skin-care and cosmetic products, providing moisturization and a smooth texture.

*Thickening:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can serve as a thickening agent in various formulations, enhancing their viscosity and stability.

*Lubrication:
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder functions as a lubricant, reducing friction and providing a smooth surface in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

*Release Agent:
In food processing, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder acts as a release agent, preventing sticking and enhancing the release of products from molds and equipment.

*Plasticizer:
In plastics and coatings, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder can function as a plasticizer, improving flexibility and durability.

*Alternative for:
The choice of using hydrogenated castor oil depends on specific application requirements.
Alternatives may include other types of oils, waxes, or chemical compounds that provide similar properties, depending on the desired characteristics and environmental considerations.

The selection is influenced by factors such as emollient properties, thickening ability, lubrication, release properties, and cost considerations.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Powder is preferred when its unique combination of properties aligns with the application's needs, particularly in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, where its safety and performance benefits are valued.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
Appearance: White flakes
Iodine Value, gI2/100g: 3 MAX
Saponification Value, mg KOH/g: 175 - 185
Acid Value, mg KOH/g: 3 MAX
Hydroxyl Value, mg KOH/g: 155 MIN
Melting Point, °C: 84 - 88
Gardner Color: 3 MAX
CAS: 8001-78-3
EINECS: 232-292-2
Density: 0.97 g/cm3 at 20°C

Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Vapor Pressure: 0 Pa at 20°C
Appearance: Powder
Storage Condition: Room Temperature
Stability: Stable.
Additional Information:
Appearance: White to pale yellow powder, lump, or flake.
Base Number: Not more than 4.0.
Melting Point: 85-88 °C.
Hydroxyl Value: 150-165.
Iodine Value: Not more than 5.0.
Saponification Value: 176-182.
Color: 3

Appearance: White to creamish flakes or powder
Density (20°C): 0.970
Refractive index: N.A.
Melting point (°C): 83 - 87
Acid Value (mg KOH/g): 0.0 - 3.0
Gardner color: 0.0 - 3.0
Hydroxyl value (mg KOH/g): 180.0000
Melting point (°C): 85 - 88
Nickel content (ppm): 3
Saponification value (mg KOH/g): 0
Specific Gravity (25°C): 1.02
Color: White to Pale Yellowish
Appearance @ 20°C: Solid (Mobile liquid @ 30°C)
Odor: Almost none

Density: 0.97g/cm3 at 20℃
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,
chloroform, and methylene chloride.
Form: Powder
Dielectric constant: 10.3 (27℃)
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: 18.75
FDA 21 CFR: 178.3280; 175.300; 176.170; 177.1200; 177.1210
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: CASTOR OIL, HYDROGENATED
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: ZF94AP8MEY
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrogenated castor oil (8001-78-3)
Appearance: White flakes or powder

Odor: Like hardened vegetable oil
pH: Neutral
Boiling Point: > 300°C
Melting Point: 82 - 87°C
Flash Point: Above 310°C
Flammability (solid, gas): None
Auto flammability: None
Explosive Properties: Dust explodable
Oxidizing Properties: None
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable
Relative Density: About 0.99 at 25°C
Solubility - Water solubility: Insoluble
Fat solubility: Insoluble in most organic solvents at room temperature
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Melting Point: 85°C
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Viscosity: High

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL POWDER:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hydrogenated palm glycerides are the fatty acid component of palm oil.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides can be used for stable emulsions in the range up to pH 7.

CAS Number: 91744-66-0
EC Number: 294-631-0
Classification: Hydrogenated oil, Palm oil (Derivative)
Bio-compatible (COSMOS Reference)
Origin: Botanical, Synthetic
Molecular Formula: CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COOCH3

SYNONYMS:
Hydrogenated Palm Oil Glycerides, Hydrogenated palm glyceride, Glycerides, palm oil mono-, hydrogenated, Palm oil glyceride, hydrogenated, HYDROGENATED GLYCERYL PALMATE, HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES, HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES [INCI], MONOMULS 60-35C, PALM-OIL GLYCERIDES, MONOGLYCERIDES, DIGLYCERIDES AND TRIGLYCERIDES, HYDROGENATED, diglycerides and triglycerides, hydrogenated Glycerides palm-oil mono-, di- and tri-, hydrogenated, hydrogenated palm glycerides, glycerides, palm oil, hydrogenated, glycerides, palm-oil mono-, di- and tri-, hydrogenated, glycerides,palm-oil mono-, di- and tri-, hydrogenated, diglycerides, palm-oil,monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides, hydrogenated, monoglycerides,palm-oil, monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides, hydrogenated, monomuls 60-35c, glycerides, palm-oilmonoglycerides, DI- AND TRI- HYDROGENATED GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, HYDROGENATED, GLYCERIDES, PALM-OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, HYDROGENATED, HYDROGENATED GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, and HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES

Hydrogenated palm glycerides are an end product of controlled hydrogenation of Palm oil glycerides (q.v.).
Hydrogenated palm glycerides are a natural thickener for oil phase. Low melting point saturated glycerides particularly appropriate for sticks and crayons.
This vegetable emulsifier, Hydrogenated palm glycerides, is very well suited for the production of O/W emulsions.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides can be used for stable emulsions in the range up to pH 7.
If you incorporate raw materials from the acidic range (such as aloe vera), Hydrogenated palm glycerides is better to use an additional co-emulsifier (such as emulsan).

Then formulations of Hydrogenated palm glycerides in the pH range of 5-6 are also possible.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides are the fatty acid component of palm oil.
Hydrogenation allows the oily liquid to remain in a solid state at room temperature.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides are palm glycerols that transform into the structure of a specific molecule by reacting with the hydrogen atom.
The hydrogenation process is kept under control and only a certain number of hydrogen atoms can react.
Hydrogenation helps any oil change from liquid to solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides are the fatty acid component of palm oil.
Hydrogenation allows the oily liquid to remain in a solid state at room temperature.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
This fatty acid derivative, Hydrogenated palm glycerides, is used to stabilize or thicken the product.
Cosmetic Uses of Hydrogenated palm glycerides: skin conditioning, surfactants, and surfactant - emulsifying.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides are obtained from the fat content of palm oil.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides contain large amounts of oil.
As a result, Hydrogenated palm glycerides can nourish dry skin.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides can moisturize the skin by creating an occlusive or waterproof film on the skin or hair.

This film can protect the skin from environmental damage and also keep moisture close to the skin.
It keeps the skin soft and nourished.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides have both a moisture-loving and oil-loving structure.

Therefore, Hydrogenated palm glycerides are best used as emulsifiers.
The hydrogenated variety is more stable and can be used to increase viscosity as Hydrogenated palm glycerides transform from almost semi-solid to solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides are used in skin care, sun care, make-up and SPF increasing.
Hydrogenated palm glycerides are an End prod. of controlled hydrogenation of palm glyceride.

Hydrogenated palm glycerides use and applications include: Emollient; emulsifier, stabilizer, dispersant, opacifier for cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals; dispersant, mold release agent, processing aid, antistat, antifog, lubricant, antiblocking agent for PS, polyolefins, PVC, PU; defoamer in food-contact paperpaperboard; in food-contact textiles; thickener

INDUSTRY OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
Industry
*Cosmetic ,
*Pharmaceutical ,
*Textiles

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
*Emulsifier ,
*Dispersant ,
*Stabilizer ,
*Lubricant

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
*Emollient :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides softens and smoothes the skin
*Emulsifying :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides pthe formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil)
*Skin conditioning :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides maintains skin in good condition
*Viscosity controlling :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetics

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES IN COSMEIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Hydrogenated palm glycerides maintains the skin in good condition

*SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT
Hydrogenated palm glycerides softens and smoothens the skin

*SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING
Hydrogenated palm glycerides allows the formation of finely dispersed mixtures of oil and water (emulsions)

*VISCOSITY CONTROLLING
Hydrogenated palm glycerides increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetic products

ORIGIN OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
Hydrogenated palm glycerides is a plant/synthetic

ALL FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
Moisturizing (Occlusive), Emollient,Emollients fill the micro-cracks in the skin and leave it feeling soft and pleasant to the touch.
Emollients are often mistakenly perceived as moisturizing ingredients. Emulsifying, Viscosity Controlling

WHAT IS HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES?
Hydrogenated palm glycerides are the fatty acid component of palm oil.

WHAT ARE OTHER NAMES FOR HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES?
DI- AND TRI- HYDROGENATED GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, HYDROGENATED, GLYCERIDES, PALM-OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, HYDROGENATED, HYDROGENATED GLYCERIDES, PALM OIL MONO-, DI- AND TRI-, and HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES

WHAT IS HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES USED FOR
How Hydrogenated palm glycerides are classified;
Antioxidants, Skin-Replenishing, Emollients

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES DURING PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING:
Limited data suggests no known risk

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
*Emollient :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides softens and smoothes the skin
*Skin conditioning :
Hydrogenated palm glycerides maintains skin in good condition

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
CAS Number: 91744-66-0
Molecular Weight: N/A
Density: N/A
Boiling Point: N/A
Molecular Formula: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
MSDS: N/A
Flash Point: N/A

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMPS SODIUM SALT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
*Body Protection:
Impervious clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROGENATED PALM GLYCERIDES:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is more variable in composition than palm olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil, especially in terms of its solid fat content, and therefore has more variable physical characteristics.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is the solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallization at controlled temperature.

CAS number: 91079-14-0
EC number: 293-400-1

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in gasoline, and soluble in acetone, benzol, chloroform, and alcohol.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a source for producing specialty fats for coating in confectionery and the manufacturing of oleochemicals.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin provides functional and structural stability to foods and improves shelf life.

In normal temperature, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is white or slight yellow solid wax, non-soluble in water, little soluble in gasoline, soluble in acetone, benzol, chloroform, alcohol, etc, stable chemical properties.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a excellent fat with good stability for the bakery industry.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin's provides the essential solid fat content and stable beta prime crystalline when used in margarine an shortening production.
For industrial application such as candle industry, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin can be an alternative raw material for cost saving and also more environtmentally friendly.

Palm stearin is the co-product of the palm oil refining process.
The product undergoes a hydrogenation process to become hydrogenated palm stearin.
The difference between hydrogenated and regular RBD palm stearin is the number of unsaturated chains of fatty acid molecules.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is known for its higher melting point than regular RBD palm stearin.
At normal temperature, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin appears white to a slightly yellow solid wax.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is obtained from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), after a process of refining, bleaching and deodorizing, resulting in a palm oil known as RBD (Refined, Bleached and Deodorised).

After this process Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is subjected to a fractionation at low temperature, its crystallization and subsequent filtration.
The solid, palmitic acid rich fraction is known as Hydrogenated Palm Stearin, while the liquid part is palm olein (rich in oleic acid).
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a white to pale yellowish solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin's melting range is between 47 and 54ºC.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is the solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallization at controlled temperature.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a stearin in the sense of stearins and oleins being the solid and liquid fractions respectively of fats and oils; not in the sense of glyceryl tristearate.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is more variable in composition than palm olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil, especially in terms of its solid fat content, and therefore has more variable physical characteristics.
Like crude palm fruit oil, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin contains carotenoids, but physically refined palm oils do not, as they are removed or destroyed in the refining process.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a useful source of natural hard vegetable fat for food applications.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin consists of mostly glyceryl tripalmitate, with most of the rest of the fat content being glyceryl dipalmitate monooleate.
In terms of fatty acid composition, a typical soft Hydrogenated Palm Stearin might contain almost 50% palmitic acid and 35% oleic acid

As all vegetable oils and fats, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is a triglyceride (a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids by ester bonds).
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is characterized by a high proportion of palmitic acid (50-68%) and oleic acid (20-35%).
Other fatty acids presented in significant amounts are: linoleic acid (5-9%), stearic acid (4-6%) and myristic acid (1-2%).

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used as an essential raw material used by the shortening and margarine industries.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin also can be used in making stearates, soap, polish cream, candles, cosmetics, and fertilizers.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used in peanut butter, bakery mixes, breading mixes, seasoning mixes, and shortening.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is commonly used in the production of candles, soap, cosmetics, food, manufacturing industrial oils and other chemical products.
Its wide range of uses, diversity, and stability make Hydrogenated Palm Stearin an important raw material in many industrial and consumer goods fields.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin can be used in making stearates, it can also be used in making MonoGlycerindes, soap, polish cream, and candles.

Food: Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is utilized as hardstock for margarine and shortening manufacturing
Industrial: Hydrogenated Palm Stearin can be mixed with paraffine wax for candle making.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used in the production of different types of shortening and various margarine.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is the solid fraction from the fractionation of palm oil and blends with other vegetable oils to obtain suitable functional products such as margarine fats, shortenings, and vanaspati.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used coating Substitution Material.

The solid fraction rich in palmitic acid is known as Hydrogenated Palm Stearin, while the liquid part is precisely the part known as olein.
As for its use, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is very varied, since it can be used in animal feed or as a component in cosmetic products.
Among its many applications, and like the vast majority of fats, Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used in human food.

They are an important source of energy, due to their high yield in calories per gram metabolised.
Their most important use is in cooking, especially as oil for frying or grilling.

Other very important applications of Hydrogenated Palm Stearin are in the field of oleochemistry and in almost all known industries, from cosmetics to animal feed, although their derivatives are also widely used as alternative fuels (biodiesel), soaps, lubricants, surfactants, advanced detergents, paints, dyes, insecticides, soaps and veterinary products.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin use according to consistency: Soft consistency
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin has the ability to “aerate”, so it can be used for whipped candles.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used creation of candles in containers.

Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used moulding compounds and plasticine.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is used arious lubricants, hard consistency, and Pillar candles and candlesticks.
Hydrogenated Palm Stearin is sued crayons, coloured pencils, and waxing of surfaces.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
Physical Appearance: White Flakes
Colour in Gardner Scale: Maximum 3
Free Fatty Acid: Max 1 %
Iodine Value g/ 100 g: Max 3.0
Slip Melting Point Degree C: 58 – 60
Saponification Value Mg KOH/gm: 195 – 205

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust.
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Choose body protection
*Respiratory protection:
Respiratory protection is not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROGENATED PALM STEARIN:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

Hydrogenated palm stearin is the solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallization at controlled temperature.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is a stearin in the sense of stearins and oleins being the solid and liquid fractions respectively of fats and oils; not in the sense of glyceryl tristearate.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is more variable in composition than palm olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil, especially in terms of its solid fat content, and therefore has more variable physical characteristics.

CAS: 68514-74-9
EINECS: 271-056-3

Synonyms
Palm oil, hydrogenated;Oele, Palm-, hydriert;Akofine P;Akoflake Palm 58;Dub HPH;DUB-PPE 3;F 3 Oil;Grindsted PS 101

Hydrogenated palm stearin is a dietary supplement that can provide a number of health benefits.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is a rich source of essential fatty acids, which can help to reduce inflammation and improve cardiovascular health.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is also a good source of antioxidants, which can help to protect the body from free radical damage.
Additionally, Hydrogenated palm stearin can help to improve skin health, reduce cholesterol levels, and boost the immune system.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is the co-product of the palm oil refining process.
Hydrogenated palm stearin undergoes a hydrogenation process to become hydrogenated palm stearin.
The difference between Hydrogenated palm stearin and regular RBD palm stearin is the number of unsaturated chains of fatty acid molecules.

Hydrogenated palm stearin is known for its higher melting point than regular RBD palm stearin.
At normal temperature, Hydrogenated palm stearin appears white to a slightly yellow solid wax.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in gasoline, and soluble in acetone, benzol, chloroform, and alcohol.
Hydrogenated palm stearin in cosmetics is a derivative of palm oil subjected to hydrogenation, a process that solidifies the oil for enhanced stability and texture.
Hydrogenated palm stearin often appears as a creamy or solid substance and is widely used in skincare and beauty products for its emollient properties.
The chemical formula for Hydrogenated palm stearin involves adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated palm oil, resulting in a more saturated and solid form.
While Hydrogenated palm stearin contributes to product texture, it is essential to note that the environmental impact of palm oil production, even in its modified forms, raises concerns due to deforestation and biodiversity loss.

Uses
Hydrogenated palm stearin is a useful source of natural hard vegetable fat for food applications.
Oils, palm, hydrogenated is a processed fat treated with hydrogen to extend shelf life and improve stability.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is an FDA-approved food additive and is often used as a dietary supplement in the food industry, often as a substitute for butter or other animal fats.
Hydrogenated palm stearin is also an ingredient in cosmetics.
Overview of palm oil in saturated fatty acids> 85%, unsaturated fatty acids <15%, the melting point of 24~41 deg C, the relative density of 0.925; Refined palm oil color yellowish, pure no smell.

This kind of palm oil because Hydrogenated palm stearin contains high melting point hard fat, melting speed is slow, greasy feeling, bad mouth, so it can only be used for the manufacture of low-grade soft ice cream.
However, the Hydrogenated palm stearin with a melting point of 32 ° C, which is obtained by separating and removing the high melting point hard fat and then carrying out partial hydrogenation, can be used for the production of soft ice cream, and obtain satisfactory results, but the cost is quite high.

Composition
Hydrogenated palm stearin consists of mostly glyceryl tripalmitate, with most of the rest of the fat content being glyceryl dipalmitate monooleate.
In terms of fatty acid composition, a typical soft palm stearin might contain almost 50% palmitic acid and 35% oleic acid.

Manufacturing Process
Hydrogenated palm stearin is obtained from fractionating RBD Palm Oil to separate olein from stearin.
Dry Fractionation: Hydrogenated palm stearin is a fully physical process.
Hydrogenated palm stearin does not require the use of any chemicals or additives so there is no yield loss and no contamination.
There are no chemical changes to RBD palm oil.
First, the Hydrogenated palm stearinis heated to approximately 70ºC and homogenized to fully melt the glycerides, and then hot and homogenized oil is allowed to cool in a controlled manner.
Chilled water is circulated for cooling purposes.
When the oil temperature reaches the desired cooling temperature, which depends upon the quality of Hydrogenated palm stearin, the cooling process is stopped.
The thick crystallized mass is filtered using a drum rotary filter and membrane filter to liquid RBD palm olein and solid Hydrogenated palm stearin.

Polyisobutene 800;Butene, homopolymer, hydrogenated;Polybutene, hydrogenated;Polyisobutene, hydrogenated;isobutylene homopolymer, hydrogenated;Hydrogenated polyisobutylene cas no: 68937-10-0

Hydrogenated Polyisobutene, Cas : 68937-10-0, EC : polymer, Butene, homopolymer, hydrogenated Polybutene, hydrogenated, hydrogenated polyisobutene

Hydrolite 5 is colorless liquid, practically odorless
Hydrolite 5 is a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient.

CAS Number: 5343-92-0
EC Number: 226-285-3
MDL number: MFCD00010736
Chemical Name: pentane-1,2-diol
INCI: Pentylene Glycol
Linear Formula: CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2OH
Molecular Formula: C5H12O2

SYNONYMS:
1, 2-Dihydroxypentane, 1, 2-Pentylene glycol, 4-Methyl-1 2-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-dihydroxypentane, 1,2-pentanediol, 2r, acmc-20mbh5, acmc-1axdb, 3-01-00-02191 beilstein handbook reference, ksc271i3n, wcvrqhfdjllwfe-uhfffaoysa, (±)-Pentane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Dihydroxypentane, 1,2-Pentylene Glycol, Diol PD, Hydrolite 5, NSC 513, (+/-)-Pentane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Dihydroxypentane, 1,2-Pentylene Glycol, Diol PD, Hydrolite 5, NSC 513, 1,2-Pentanediol, Pentane-1,2-diol, 5343-92-0, 1,2-Dihydroxypentane, NSC-513, 50C1307PZG, MFCD00010736, EINECS 226-285-3, BRN 1719151, UNII-50C1307PZG, AI3-03317, NSC 513, 1,a2-aPentanediol, EC 226-285-3, 1,2-Pentanediol, 96%, SCHEMBL62155, 3-01-00-02191 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC513, WCVRQHFDJLLWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-, DTXSID10863522, PENTYLENE GLYCOL [WHO-DD], (+/-)-1,2-PENTANEDIOL, AKOS009156977, AS-40006, SY032914, CS-0017222, NS00001259, P1178, EN300-52018, A829586, Q3374899, InChI=1/C5H12O2/c1-2-3-5(7)4-6/h5-7H,2-4H2,1H3

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Hydrolite 5 reduces emulsion particle size to achieve better stability and improves formulation aesthetics.
Hydrolite 5 works synergistically with preservatives and enhances the bioavailability of cosmetic actives.
Hydrolite 5 possesses excellent safety profile.

Hydrolite 5 offers many hair care benefits and improves water-resistance of sunscreen formulations.
Hydrolite 5 is a true multifunctional.
Hydrolite 5 is made by a patented process from bagasse, a by-product coming from sugar cane, ethically and responsibly sourced.

In the context of increasing regulations, higher consumer expectations and escalating pressure on formulation cost, doing more with less is becoming an invitation to revisit the question of product protection - a perfect reason to discover (or rediscover), Hydrolite 5, a versatile 1,2-alkanediol with a long history of safe use and truly global compliance - USA, Europe, Japan (including quasi-drugs) and China.

Hydrolite 5 is a multifunctional ingredient derived from renewable raw materials from sugar cane.
Hydrolite 5 has the same properties as the original pentylene glycol.
Hydrolite 5 hydrates the skin and boosts the efficacy of active ingredients used in cosmetic formulations.

In addition, Hydrolite 5 improves both, the look and consistency as well as the protection of the product.
Hydrolite 5 can be used in a wide range of cosmetics.
Hydrolite 5 is 100% bio-based and COSMOS compliant.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROLITE 5:
Application/Recommended of Hydrolite 5: Sun care (Sun protection, After-sun & Self-tanning), Toiletries (Shower & Bath, Oral care…) > Oral care, Skin care (Facial care, Facial cleansing, Body care, Baby care), Decorative cosmetics/Make-up, Hair care (Shampoos, Conditioners & Styling).
Recommended use levels of Hydrolite 5 is < 5.0 %.

Pentylene Glycol Biobased, also known as Hydrolite 5, is a versatile product widely used in various industries.
Hydrolite 5 serves as a multifunctional ingredient in personal care products, acting as a humectant, solvent, and preservative.
Its biobased nature makes Hydrolite 5 an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-based glycols.

Hydrolite 5 finds applications in skincare, haircare, and cosmetic formulations, providing moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Additionally, Hydrolite 5 enhances the stability and shelf life of products, making it a valuable ingredient for manufacturers in the beauty and personal care industry.

Hydrolite 5 is used lotions, gels, creams, shampoos and emulsions.
Hydrolite 5 is used preservative-free preservation strategy option for some product types.
Hydrolite 5 is used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products, such as moisturizers, body lotions, facial serums, body washes and shampoos, to provide long-lasting hydration to skin and hair.

Hydrolite 5 acts as a co-emulsifier reducing surface tension and particle size in emulsions thus providing better stability
Hydrolite 5 is an excellent solvent for ingredients such as perfumes
Increases the dispersion of pigments, improves the intensity and homogenization of color in make-up applications

Hydrolite 5 boosts skin hydration up to +10% after 4 hours of application, using a product with 3% Hydrolite 5 Green
Hydrolite 5 strengthens the antimicrobial protection of products because it acts synergistically with preservatives, thus providing excellent effectiveness
Hydrolite 5 enhances the performance of dihydroxyacetone ( DHA ) in self - tanning products and therefore improves natural tanning.

Hydrolite 5 is suitable for use in most types of formulations.
Hydrolite 5 is ecocert, Cosmos, Halal certified, biodegradable 88% in 28 days.
Hydrolite 5 enhances self-tanning: The properties of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) are enhanced.

The perception of Hydrolite 5 is also improved: durable, uniform color.Hydrolite 5 moisturizes the skin better than glycerin, reduces the stickiness of polymers, and helps introduce poorly soluble components into water.
Most importantly, Hydrolite 5 improves the transport of polar active ingredients across the lipid barrier.

The Hydrolite 5 molecule is both hydrophilic and lipophilic, and at the same time small.
It surrounds the active, forming a micelle, and conducts Hydrolite 5 through the lipid barrier.
As a result, the cosmetic product works more effectively.

The organoleptic properties of Hydrolite 5 create a wonderful feeling on the skin: light, yet nourishing and velvety.
By reducing surface tension Hydrolite 5 improves the aesthetics of the formulation and acts as a co- emulsifier. Ideal for “green” products and also enhances the naturalness of classic recipes.

Hydrolite 5, also known as pentylene glycol, is a plant-based humectant that helps retain moisture in the skin and keep it hydrated.
Hydrolite 5 is a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to other synthetic moisturizers.
This a multifunctional ingredient, Hydrolite 5, that can be used in a diverse range of cosmetics for a range of applications.

These include; improving active efficacy, skin hydration, improves stability/solubility of ingredients and improving the efficacy of preservatives.
Hydrolite 5 is the ideal multifunctional ingredient that increases the performance of active ingredients, moisturizes the skin, bring benefits in hair care, improves the sensorial profile of formulas and enhances product protection

This a multifunctional ingredient, Hydrolite 5, that can be used in a diverse range of cosmetics for a range of applications.
These include; improving active efficacy, skin hydration, improves stability/solubility of ingredients and improving the efficacy of preservatives.
Microbes need water to be available to them so that they can thrive.

Humectants such as Hydrolite 5 capture and lock-up a formulations free water thus rendering the formulation environment stressful for microbes.
In some cases such as simple creams, spritzers and cleansers this can be used as the sole preservative if added at 4-5%.
In more challenging formulations such as those with lots of herbal extracts, clays or colours, the water-binding strategy may be too slow to knock-down the initial micro load and so may not be suitable.

A humectancy approach to product preservation, where free water is bound up is one of the healthiest strategies for the microbiome as Hydrolite 5 has no negative effect on the skins natural flora.
However, Hydrolite 5 is worth noting that the only way of assuring your product is protected is by investing in micro testing.

Hydrolite 5 has obtained the COSMOS natural raw material certification.
The natural raw materials used are internationally recognized.
Hydrolite 5's antibacterial properties are mild and safe, with minimal skin irritation.

Hydrolite 5 also does not contain potentially irritating short-chain unsaturated fatty acids, 1 ,2 Epoxypentane, peroxide, etc.
Hydrolite 5 contains both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups, which means it can be soluble in water and many oils, so it can be used as a good solvent in skin care products and cosmetic raw materials.

When used in serum or serum, Hydrolite 5 can help enhance the transparency of the system.
Since Hydrolite 5 can be dissolved in many oils, it can be used as a natural moisturizer in cosmetics with water-free formulas.
When used in sunscreen products, Hydrolite 5 helps to improve the water resistance of the product.

Hydrolite 5 is often used in preservative-free skin creams, eye creams, skin lotions, and baby care products.
Hydrolite 5 is especially suitable for sensitive skin, delicate skin such as infants and young children, and aging Care for dry skin.
Using Hydrolite 5 alone and adding 3% to 5% is enough to meet the application needs of skin care products and cosmetics without preservatives.

Hydrolite 5 can be stored at room temperature for up to 6 months.
Of course, the shorter the time after use, the better.
Effective antibacterial activity applies to a wide pH range of 3~12pH.

If you need a longer storage time, it is recommended to add 1% phenoxyethanol antibacterial agent (Phenoxyethanol) at the same time, which will have a synergistic effect.

Hydrolite 5 is the ideal multifunctional ingredient that moisturizes the skin, brings benefits in hair care, increases the performance of cosmetic ingredients, improves the sensorial profile of formulas and enhances product protection, while respecting the skin microbiome. 100% bio-based and COSMOS approved, Hydrolite 5 is derived from sugar cane and wood (ethically & responsibly sourced).

From classical to green formulations, from light to rich textures, Hydrolite 5 is the ideal multifunctional for any type of skin.
Hydrolite 5 hydrates the skin and boosts the efficacy of active ingredients used in cosmetic formulations.

WHERE IS HYDROLITE 5 USED?
Hydrolite 5 belongs to the group of hydroxyl group-containing substances such as ethanol, glycerol and sorbitol.
Hydrolite 5 is a colorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with water and has a boiling point of 242 degrees Celsius.

Hydrolite 5 is increasingly used in cosmetic products these days, although there are many other uses.
For example, Hydrolite 5 is widely used as a solvent and as a plasticizer in the plastics industry.
Hydrolite 5 is also frequently integrated into cleaning products.

Hydrolite 5 has both moisture-binding and antimicrobial properties.
As a dihydric alcohol, in a certain concentration Hydrolite 5 prevents undesirable microorganisms from multiplying.

WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE PROPERTIES OF HYDROLITE 5 IN COSMETICS?
Hydrolite 5 on the other hand, is classified neither as hazardous to health nor as toxic, since the substance cannot be detected in urine or human tissue.
Hydrolite 5 is therefore considered to be harmless.

Thanks to Hydrolite 5's very good tolerability, skin sensitization is also virtually ruled out.
Another immensely important advantage of Hydrolite 5 is that, in contrast to conventional alcohol, it does not have a drying effect even at higher dosages.
Hydrolite 5 also has a positive effect on the stability as well as on the haptic properties of various emulsions by influencing the droplet size.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 5:
*Skin conditioning
*Solvent

BENEFITS OF HYDROLITE 5:
*Hydrolite 5 reduces emulsion particle size: helps achieve better stability and improves formulation aesthetics
*Excellent solvent, especially for ingredients that are hard to dissolve
*Aid to enhance bio availability of actives
*Broad spectrum anti-microbial activity: works synergistically with preservatives
*Hydrolite 5 improves water-resistance of sunscreen formulations
*Beneficial for hair care formulations
*Excellent safety profile

MORE THAN 6 SUBSTANTIATED KEY BENEFITS OF HYDROLITE 5:
Hydrolite 5 is challenging the definition of multifunctionality with over 6 key features promoting product efficiency:

1. Efficacy enhancer
2. Moisturizer
3. Haircare performance
4. Formulation esthetics
5. Emulsion stability
6. Product protection

Hydrolite 5 also improves pigment dispersion, helps to get whiter and shinier emulsions, facilitates absorption on to the skin and enhances the efficacy of cooling agents.
All these properties delivered by a molecule stable at a wide pH range (3-12) and at high temperatures.

BENEFITS OF HYDROLITE 5:
· Excellent skin moisturizer
· Reduces emulsion particle size: helps achieve better stability and improves formulation aesthetics
· Works synergistically with preservatives
· Enhances the bioavailability of cosmetic actives
· Improves water-resistance of sunscreen formulations
· Many hair care benefits
· Excellent safety profile

FEATURES OF HYDROLITE 5:
• Plant-derived alkanediol
• Highly moisturizing and has a broad antibacterial spectrum
• Improves pigment dispersion
• Makes emulsion particles smaller
• Non-tacky, humectant, booster
• Excellent solubilizer
• Emulsion stabilizer
• Bioavailability enhancer
• Improves formulation aesthetics

COSMETIC EFFECTS OF HYDROLITE 5:
- enhances the effect of active ingredients
- moisturizes the skin (+ 10% to hydration when adding 3% Hydrolite 5)
- improves the sensory characteristics of formulations
- improves the aesthetics of the final product
- Hydrolite 5 improves the intensity and uniformity of color in decorative cosmetics
- increases the microbiological properties protection
- co-emulsifier
- reduces the stickiness of polymers in the formulation
- creates a velvety light feel in the formulation
- Hydrolite 5 enhances the active effect of the hydrophilic antioxidant carnosine, increasing its bioavailability. (this antioxidant is found, for example, in co2 extract of rosemary or sage
- By reducing the dosage of the active ingredient, Hydrolite 5 helps reduce costs

KEY FEATURES OF HYDROLITE 5:
- 100% bio-based carbon
- COSMOS approved
- Naturalness Index: 1
- Origin: sugar cane
- Using the bagasse (a by-product of sugar production)

CLAIMS OF HYDROLITE 5:
*Antimicrobials
*Moisturizing Agents
*water-resistant / waterproof
*moisturizing
*Thickeners & Stabilizers
*Moisturizing Agents
*protections
*bio/ organic

PROPERTIES OF HYDROLITE 5:
Hydrolite 5 is multifunctional in a cosmetic product, since it: - Improves the skin's ability to retain water by increasing its hydration by 10% (3%, one application to 13 volunteers - hand gel, counting after 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours) -
Hydrolite 5 has antimicrobial properties -

Hydrolite 5 acts as a solvent - Improves the texture of emulsions and stabilizes them by reducing the size of the fat droplets in them.
Hydrolite 5 is stable in cosmetic products whose pH is between 3.0-12.0
Hydrolite 5 remains stable when stored in a closed, light-protected container in a cool, dry place.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 5:
*Skin conditioning
*Solvent

DOSAGE OF HYDROLITE 5:
The dosage of Hydrolite 5 may vary depending on the specific formulation of the product.
Hydrolite 5 is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 5% in skin and hair care products.

PRECAUTIONS OF HYDROLITE 5:
Hydrolite 5n is considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is recommended to follow the manufacturer's recommended dosage guidelines and perform patch tests before using it on large areas of skin to avoid possible allergic reactions or irritation.

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 5:
Humectant, antimicrobial, solubilises fragrances, reduces the surface tension of water, improves the antioxidant effect, improves the colour in coloured products, increases the permeability of the skin which makes the active ingredients penetrate better.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROLITE 5:
Molecular Weight: 104.15 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 104.083729621 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.083729621 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 37.1

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C5H12O2
Molecular Weight: 104.149 g/mol
SMILES: CCCC(O)CO

CAS Number: 5343-92-0
InChI: InChI=1/C5H12O2/c1-2-3-5(7)4-6/h5-7H,2-4H2,1H3
InChI Key: WCVRQHFDJLLWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
MDL Number: MFCD00010736
Density: 0.9710 g/mL
Flash Point: 105°C
Assay Percent Range: 95% min. (GC)
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH2OH
Specific Gravity: 0.971
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: miscible
Physical Form: Liquid

CAS Min %: 96.0
Color: Colorless to Yellow
Boiling Point: 206.0°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Refractive Index: 1.4387 to 1.4407
Beilstein: 01,II,548
IUPAC Name: pentane-1,2-diol
PubChem CID: 93000
Percent Purity: 96%
Chemical Name or Material: 1,2-Pentanediol, 97%

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROLITE 5:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROLITE 5:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROLITE 5:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROLITE 5:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROLITE 5:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROLITE 5:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Hydrolite 6 is clear, non-tacky liquid, suitable for sensitive skin.
Hydrolite 6 is a versatile 1,2-Alkanediol.

CAS Number: 6920-22-5
EC Number: 230-029-6
MDL number: MFCD00010737
INCI Name: 1,2-HEXANEDIOL
Chemical Composition: 1,2-alkanediol
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)3CH(OH)CH2OH
Molecular formula: C6H14O2

SYNONYMS:
1,2-Hexanediol, 6920-22-5, hexane-1,2-diol, DL-1,2-Hexanediol, 1,2-Dihydroxyhexane, 5,6-Dihydroxyhexane, dl-hexane-1,2-diol, MFCD00010737, TR046Y3K1G, UNII-TR046Y3K1G, (+/-)-Hexane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Dihydroxyhexane, 1,2-Hexyleneglycol, 5,6-Dihydroxyhexane, DL-1,2-Hexanediol, KMO 6, EINECS 230-029-6, 1,2-Hexylene Glycol, AI3-13210, 1,2-Hexanediol, 98%, EC 230-029-6, SCHEMBL53705, 1,2-HEXANEDIOL, DL, DTXSID40863959, AMY11157, AKOS015915402, CS-W013596, DB14108, DS-7407, PD085650, SY049796, 2,2,6,6-Tetrakis(hydroxymEt)cyclohexanol, H0688, NS00009391, F11270, EN300-1678327, J-800310, W-104641, Q27290177, 1,2-Dihydroxyhexane, 1,2-Hexyleneglycol, 5,6-Dihydroxyhexane, DL-1,2-Hexanediol, Dermasoft Hexiol, DL-hexane-1,2-diol, Purolan® HD-LO

Hydrolite 6 is a colorless liquid with hygroscopic nature.
Hydrolite 6 is ideal for use as an emollient, humectant, and wetting agent in cosmetic and skin care products.
Hydrolite 6 is broad-spectrum, water-soluble, preservative booster.

Hydrolite 6 is good solvent.
Hydrolite 6 is clear, non-tacky liquid, suitable for sensitive skin.
Hydrolite 6 is a versatile 1,2-Alkanediol.

Hydrolite 6 is stable at high, low pH and high temperature.
Hydrolite 6 helps to reduce or eliminate preservatives like parabens, formaldehyde donors or phenoxyethanol.
Hydrolite 6 can be combined with low doses of preservatives like phenoxyethanol & acid based preservatives such as sorbate, benzoate and dehydroacetate, for effective preservation of personal care formulations.

Hydrolite 6 is mild and perfectly suitable for sensitive skin applications.
Hydrolite 6 additionally helps to solubilise lipophilic cosmetic ingredients, improve the sensory profile of formulations, stabilise emulsions (due to its smaller droplet sizes) and enhance product protection.

Hydrolite 6 is a high quality, 100% nature-derived version of 1,2-hexanediol, a liquid multifunctional ingredient for cosmetics.
Hydrolite 6 will moisturize the skin, improve the sensory profile of formulations, stabilize emulsions, help solubilize other ingredients, and enhance product protection.

Hydrolite 6 with good water solubility is compatible with all formulation types.
Hydrolite 6 is a colourless to light yellow liquid with a
characteristic intrinsic odour.

Due to its chemical properties, Hydrolite 6 is readily soluble in water and oil.
Hydrolite 6 is a high purity 1,2-Hexanediol that can be used in personal care formulations not only as a humectant, but also as a safe substitute of traditional preservatives.

Hydrolite 6 has a broad anti-microbial ability with limited endocrine disrupting effect.
Manufacturing of Hydrolite 6 involves processes of reducing the undesirable odor of 1,2-Hexanediol and bringing the purity up to min 99.5%.
Hydrolite 6 is a very famous moisturising agent, being used for its silky touch in baby care.

Hydrolite 6 would also be efficient to increase skin’s moisture content.
Nearly odourless and colourless, Hydrolite 6 is suitable for most cosmetic systems and complies with US, European Union (including Danish), Japanese and Chinese regulations.

Hydrolite 6 stabilizes emulsions and is an excellent solvent.
Hydrolite 6 is suitable for use in the field of oral care.
Hydrolite 6 is a moisturizing agent.

Hydrolite 6 is also known by other names such as hexane-1,2-diol and 1,2-Dihydroxyhexane.
Hydrolite 6 is glycol alcohol (with two hydroxy groups on 1 and 2 positions and six carbon atoms), a multifunctional ingredient used as a solvent, emollient, moisturizing agent, and preservative in skin and hair care applications.

Hydrolite 6 is a clear, colorless hygroscopic liquid with a good humectant effect and spreadability.
Hydrolite 6 is freely soluble in water and can easily be incorporated into formulation.
Hydrolite 6 is nearly odorless.

Hydrolite 6 is an alcohol that belongs to the diol or glycol family.
This organic chemical ingredient, Hydrolite 6, contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH) and six carbon atoms.
Hydrolite 6 functions both as a solvent and a cosurfactant, enhancing the effectiveness of surfactants.

These can act as foaming agents, emulsifiers, detergents, dispersants, and wetting agents in a variety of skincare products.
Hydrolite 6's chemical formula is C6H14O2.
Hydrolite 6 also shows interesting properties to boost the antimicrobial efficacy of many common preservatives.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROLITE 6:
This liquid water-soluble multifunctional ingredient, Hydrolite 6, acts as an emollient, a moisturizer, and a solubilizer, and improves formulation esthetics and sensorial profile.
Hydrolite 6 also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.

Hydrolite 6 is also known for its mildness, which makes it suitable for all skin types, even the most delicate ones.
Hydrolite 6 acts as a multifunctional moisturizer and product protection enhancer.
Hydrolite 6 stabilizes the foam of surfactant solutions.

Hydrolite 6 is compatible with most anionic-, non-ionic & amphoteric cosmetic systems and formulation types.
Hydrolite 6 can go into conventional and green formulations and all formulation types.
Its exceptional mildness makes Hydrolite 6 compatible with all skin types, even the most delicate ones.

Hydrolite 6 represents a family of multifunctionals with particularly robust stability, safety, and versatility.
As product protection enhancers, Hydrolite 6 has become essential components of modern product protection systems.
The industry has used traditional Hydrolite 6 for decades, particularly for product protection.

Hydrolite 6 now enters the cosmetic market as the first completely green variant.
Hydrolite 6 is designed for use in conventional and green formulations and all formulation types.
Hydrolite 6 is a moisture-binding ingredient that has been scientifically proven as beneficial for the skin and hair, according to SpecialChem.

Hydrolite 6 is used in a wide range of products all across the cosmetic industry, such as cleansing and bath products.
Hydrolite 6 meets [quality and sustainability] requirements by combining high purity, multiple benefits and [environmentally] sustainable raw material source.

Hydrolite 6 moisturizes the skin.
Hydrolite 6 helps to solubilize lipophilic cosmetic ingredients.
Hydrolite 6 improves the sensory profile of formulations;

Hydrolite 6 stabilizes emulsions due to smaller droplet sizes and enhances product protection.
Hydrolite 6 can go into all formulation types and is compatible with all skin types.
Hydrolite 6 can be used in conventional and green formulations and all formulation types.

Its exceptional mildness makes Hydrolite 6 compatible with all skin types, even the most delicate ones.
Hydrolite 6 boosts the preservative efficacy of mild organic acids such as potassium sorbate and dehydroacetate, thus making the use of parabens and other controversial preservatives unnecessary.

Hydrolite 6 therefore offers an interesting alternative to manufacturers of skin care products for children, in a context where Danish authorities have banned propyl and butyl paraben in cosmetic products for children under the age of three, and where consumers increasingly favour natural and preservative-free products.

Hydrolite 6 is a synthetic preservative, solvent and moisture-binding agent.
Its primary action as a preservative is against bacteria, not molds or fungi, so Hydrolite 6 would never be used as the sole preservative in a water-based formula.

Because of its low molecular weight chemical structure, Hydrolite 6 is highly water soluble and can also help improve the efficacy of other preservatives.
Hydrolite 6 also has texture-enhancing and wetting properties when used in higher amounts, helping to create smooth-flowing gels and serums.
Usage levels of Hydrolite 6 in cosmetics ranges from 0.5–3%.

Hydrolite 6’s supplied as a colorless liquid.
Hydrolite 6 has been reviewed by the Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety.
The Expert Panel concluded that Hydrolite 6 is safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products.

Hydrolite 6 is considered non-sensitizing.
Hydrolite 6 is one of the most multi-functional ingredients in the cosmetic industry.
Hydrolite 6 is used in skin care, hair care as well as beauty products.

Hydrolite 6 is a great emollient as well as a humectant, that is, it preserves hydration on the skin while also softening it.
Not just this, Hydrolite 6 also acts as a preservative.
Hydrolite 6 prevents bacterial growth in the formulations that it is used in, thus increasing the overall shelf life.

Hydrolite 6 can undergo ruthenium-hydride catalyzed dehydrative coupling with anilines to form substituted indole and quinoline products.
A really multi-functional helper ingredient that can do several things in a skincare product: Hydrolite 6 can bring a soft and pleasant feel to the formula, it can act as a humectant and emollient.

Hydrolite 6 can be a solvent for some other ingredients (for example it can help to stabilize perfumes in watery products) and it can also help to disperse pigments more evenly in makeup products.
And that is still not all: Hydrolite 6 can also boost the antimicrobial activity of preservatives.

Therefore, Hydrolite 6 is suitable in particular for formulations with no or low fragrance content.
Suspending microbial growth, Hydrolite 6 is an ecologically friendly preservative and booster for other preservatives.
Used as an emollient, Hydrolite 6 stabilizes emulsions while helping solubilize other active ingredients.

In decorative cosmetics and anhydrous formulas, Hydrolite 6 is used for pigment wetting, control of viscosity, and stickiness.
Thanks to compatibility with a wide range of ingredients, Hydrolite 6 is readily incorporated into the formulations, working well with surfactants, oils, and violate compounds, improving sensation, consistency, and penetration.

Hydrolite 6 exhibits good compatibility with skin (losest irritation or sensibilization), excellent biological degradation profile, and antioxidant boosting effect.
This diol is found in Hydrolite 6's application in many cleansers, creams, lotions, masks, hair care, and sensitive skin care products.

Hydrolite 6 is a multi-functional ingredient used in the cosmetic industry.
Hydrolite 6 acts as a great humectant, preserving hydration on the skin while also softening it.
Hydrolite 6 also acts as a preservative, preventing bacterial growth in the formulations that it is used in, thus increasing the overall shelf life.

Recent studies have shown that Hydrolite 6 has anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal ingredient for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.
Hydrolite 6's ability to reduce inflammation can help to calm irritated skin and reduce the appearance of redness and blemishes.
Hydrolite 6 acts as cosurfactant, used for modifying the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.

Solubility of Hydrolite 6 in supercritical CO2 has been reported.
Hydrolite 6 has a tendency of self-association to form micelle-like aggregates.
Hydrolite 6 can be used in the ruthenium-catalyzed synthesis of oxazolidin-2-ones from urea.

WHAT IS HYDROLITE 6 USED FOR?
Hydrolite 6 is a moisture-binding ingredient that has proven to be beneficial for the skin and hair in more than one way.
Hydrolite 6 is used in a wide range of products all across the cosmetic industry such as cleansing and bath products.

*Skin care:
Hydrolite 6 is an amazing ingredient for extremely dry and flaky skin. Hydrolite 6 holds moisture on the topmost layers of the skin and keeps it hydrated.
This makes Hydrolite 6 a really effective humectant that is used in skin care products such as moisturizers and lotions

*Hair care:
Hydrolite 6 aids in smooth and detangled hair because of the high hydration that it provides.
Hydrolite 6 is a popular choice in hair care products as it can help disperse a lot of hair problems

*Cosmetic products:
Hydrolite 6 acts as a superb preservative - increasing the shelf life of products.
Hydrolite 6 stops bacterial formation in formulations.
Furthermore, Hydrolite 6 is also a solvent that dissolves other ingredients and helps them spread out evenly in the product.

ORIGIN OF HYDROLITE 6:
Hydrolite 6 is a synthetic ingredient that is made up of many chemicals such as diosgenin, chrysin, and alpha-lipoic acid.
These chemicals are good for skin and hair, and impart various beneficial properties to Hydrolite 6 like anti-inflammation and the qualities of a preservative.

WHAT DOES HYDROLITE 6 DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Emollient
*Hair conditioning
*Humectant
*Preservative
*Smoothing
*Solvent

SAFETY PROFILE OF HYDROLITE 6:
Hydrolite 6 is safe for skin and hair when used in lower concentrations.
A patch test is recommended prior to full application especially for people having highly sensitive skin.

ALTERNATIVES OF HYDROLITE 6:
*PENTYLENE GLYCOL,
*CAPRYLYL GLYCOL

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 6:
*Skin conditioning :
Hydrolite 6 maintains skin in good condition
*Solvent :
Hydrolite 6 dissolves other substances

CLAIMS OF HYDROLITE 6:
*Antimicrobials
*Moisturizing Agents
*protections
*mildness
*moisturizing

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 6:
*Humectant
*Emollient
*Solvent
*Preservative booster
*Skin conditioning

BENEFITS OF HYDROLITE 6:
*Hydration

CATEGORIES OF HYDROLITE 6:
*Preservative,
*Humectant,
*Solvent,
*Texture Enhancer

HYDROLITE 6 AT A GLANCE:
*Synthetic multi-tasking ingredient
*Works as a preservative, solvent, humectant, and texture enhancer
*Active against bacteria, not molds or fungi
*Considered non-sensitizing in amounts used in cosmetics

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLITE 6 IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*SKIN CONDITIONING
Hydrolite 6 maintains the skin in good condition

*SOLVENT
Hydrolite 6 dissolves other substances

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROLITE 6:
Hydrolite 6 offers numerous advantages
— The industry has used traditional Hydrolite 6 for decades, particularly for product protection.
— Hydrolite 6 now enters the cosmetic market as the first completely green variant.
— Hydrolite 6 comes with the following characteristics:
— Efficiently moisturizes the skin
— Helps to solubilize lipophilic cosmetic ingredients
— Improves the sensory profile of formulations
— Stabilizes emulsions due to smaller droplet sizes
— Enhances product protection

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROLITE 6:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.95100 @ 25.00 °C
Refractive Index: 1.44200 @ 20.00 °C
Boiling Point: 223.00 to 224.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.019000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F TCC (> 110.00 °C)
logP (o/w): 0.520 (est)
Shelf Life: 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly
Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers,
protected from heat and light

Soluble in: alcohol, water, water, 2.617e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CAS Number: 6920-22-5
Molecular Weight: 118.17
Beilstein: 1719244
EC Number: 230-029-6
MDL number: MFCD00010737
Boiling Point: 223-224 °C
Melting Point: 2.0 °C
Solubility: Miscible in water
Molecular Weight: 118.17 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2

Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 118.099379685 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 118.099379685 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 45.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROLITE 6:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROLITE 6:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROLITE 6:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROLITE 6:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROLITE 6:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROLITE 6:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Hydrolite CG has good moisturizing properties.
Hydrolite CG also supports the efficacy of cosmetic preservative systems.

CAS Number : 1117-86-8
EC Number: 214-254-7
MDL number: MFCD00010738
INCI Name: Caprylyl Glycol
Chemical Composition: 1,2-Octandiol
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)CH2OH
Molecular formula: C8H18O2

SYNONYMS:
1,2-OCTANEDIOL, 1117-86-8, octane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-Octylene glycol, DTXSID9036646, CHEBI:34056, 00YIU5438U, MFCD00010738, NSC-71546, Dermosoft Octiol, LexGard O, CAPRYL GLYCOL, UNII-00YIU5438U, EINECS 214-254-7, NSC 71546, JEECIDE CAP, ORISTAR CPG, racemic 1,2-octanediol, AI3-13058, 1,2-Octanediol, 98%, EC 214-254-7, NCIOpen2_000498, SCHEMBL62856, CHEMBL3186864, DTXCID7016646, 1,2-OCTANEDIOL [WHO-DD], BCP32882, NSC71546, Tox21_301019, LMFA05000089, (+/-)-OCTANE-1,2-DIOL, AKOS015837551, 1,2-Octylene glycol;Octane-1,2-diol, CS-W018222, DB14589, SB45338, NCGC00248257-01, NCGC00254921-01, AS-17606, SY031445, CAS-1117-86-8, DB-027314, NS00010217, O0277, F21409, O-0990, 1,2-Octanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, A802412, J-640303, J-660007, Q27115777, 1,2-DIHYDROXYOCTANE, 1,2-OCTANEDIOL, Octane-1,2-diol, (R,S)-Octane-1,2-diol, 1,2-0ctanediol, 1,2-Octandiol, 1,2-Octylene glycol, 1,2-Octyleneglycol, 7,8-Dihydroxyoctane, n-Octane-1,2-diol, octane-1, R,S-Octane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Octanediol (NODiol), CAPRYLYL GLYCOL, 1,2-OCTANEDIOL, 98+%, Octan-1,2-diol, 1,2-Octanediol, GC 98%, 1,2-OCTANEDIOL 96+%, 1,2-OCTANEDIOL 98.5%, 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane, 1,2-Octylene glycol, octane-1,2-diol, CAPRYLYL GLYCOL,Octane-1,2-diol,1,2-DIHYDROXYOCTANE,octane-1,,1,2-Octandiol,Octan-1,2-diol,1,2-OCTANEDIOL,1,2-OCLanediol,1,2-0ctanediol,n-Octane-1,2-diol, Octane-1,2-diol, 1,2-Octanediol, Caprylyl glycol, Glycol caprylyl, 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane, 1,2-Octylene glycol,

Hydrolite CG, 1,2-Octanediol, is a multi-functional moisturizing ingredient.
Hydrolite CG supports the efficacy of cosmetic preservative systems while reducing and/or eliminating the need for parabens, isothiazolinones and Phenoxyethanol.

Hydrolite CG is a multifunctional ingredient that acts as an emollient, a moisturizer, a pigment dispersant, and a viscosity regulator.
Hydrolite CG also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.
Hydrolite CG is 1,2-Octandiol, a multi-functional moisturizing
ingredient.

Hydrolite CG is a cosmetic Raw Material.
This new grade of caprylyl glycol offers all the properties, benefits, and high quality of the synthetic grade, Hydrolite CG with a greater degree of sustainability due to its 100% biobased sourcing.

Hydrolite CG has good moisturizing properties.
Hydrolite CG also supports the efficacy of cosmetic preservative systems.
Hydrolite CG is used hair and skin cosmetics

Hydrolite CG brings many benefits for formulations, such as moisturising as well as antioxidant properties and achieve full product protection by maintaining the microbiome.
Hydrolite CG is a excellent preservative booster

Hydrolite CG combines well with low levels of preservatives for broad-spectrum protection
Hydrolite CG is excellent for emulsion and anhydrous products
Hydrolite CG is stable at high/low pH and high temperature.

Hydrolite CG helps reduce or eliminate preservatives like parabens, formaldehyde donors or phenoxyethanol.
Hydrolite CG can be combined with low doses of preservatives like phenoxyethanol and acid-based preservatives like sorbate, benzoate and dehydroacetate for effective preservation of personal care formulations.

Hydrolite CG is 100% biodegradable and GMO-free.
Hydrolite CG is Halal and Kosher certified.
Hydrolite CG is a colorless to white low melting solid.

Hydrolite CG is a potential pediculicide and is useful for treating head louse infestation clinically.
Hydrolite CG is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.

Hydrolite CG is a compound used in preparation of halohydrin palmitates.
Hydrolite CG, also known as caprylyl glycol, is a diol with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)5CHOHCH2OH.
Hydrolite CG is an octanediol.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROLITE CG:
Hydrolite CG is also used in coating materials, slurries, paper mills and water circulation systems for the effective preservation against bacteria and fungi.
Hydrolite CG is used as an emollient, humectant, and wetting agent in cosmetic and skin care products.

Hydrolite CG is an emollient with moisturizing properties that may also be used as a cosmetic stabilizer.
When found in combination with phenoxyethanol these two ingredients work together as an anti-microbial.
Hydrolite CG is a novel surfactant used in the treatment of head louse.

Hydrolite CG is also used in the cosmetics industry in the formulations of sunscreen gels and eye make-up.
Hydrolite CG has a variety of applications.
Hydrolite CG is used to improve HPLC separation of organic acids and bases and to synthesize halohydrin palmitates.

Additionally, Hydrolite CG is studied for its potential use as a pediculicide and has been shown to be effective against louse infestations.
Hydrolite CG is a common component of many creams and ointments, where it is used as a skin conditioning agent.
Hydrolite CG is also noted to have some antimicrobial (preserving) ability.

Hydrolite CG is used in cosmetics, moisturizer with antibacterial activity.
Hydrolite CG is used in bath and shampoo products, with thickening and foam stabilizing effects.
Hydrolite CG was used as organic modifier to improve the HPLC separation of organic acids and bases.

Hydrolite CG was also used in preparation of halohydrin palmitates.
Hydrolite CG is categorized as a diol and aliphatic alcohol, indicating its origin from a hydrocarbon.
Hydrolite CG plays a role in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyamides.

Hydrolite CG is a compound used in preparation of halohydrin palmitates.
Hydrolite CG is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and fragrances, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.

Hydrolite CG is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .
Other release to the environment of Hydrolite CG is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Hydrolite CG is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and fragrances and inks and toners.

Release to the environment of Hydrolite CG can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Hydrolite CG is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products and pharmaceuticals.
Hydrolite CG is used in the following areas: health services.

Hydrolite CG is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Hydrolite CG can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Hydrolite CG is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Hydrolite CG is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, air care products and polishes and waxes.

Release to the environment of Hydrolite CG can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Other release to the environment of Hydrolite CG is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Hydrolite CG is recommended for hair and skin care applications.

Hydrolite CG also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.
Hydrolite CG supports the efficacy of cosmetic preservative systems while reducing and/or eliminating the need for parabens, isothiazolinones and Phenoxyethanol.

Cosmetic Uses of Hydrolite CG: hair conditioning, humectants, skin conditioning, and skin conditioning - emollient.
Hydrolite CG is 1,2-Octandiol, a multifunctional ingredient, that acts as an emollient and a moisturizer.
Hydrolite CG also helps to protect formulations as it supports the efficacy of cosmetic product protection systems.

Hydrolite CG acts as a multifunctional moisturizer and product protection enhancer.
Hydrolite CG can also create a better sensorial experience of formulations, improve pigment dispersions, and add wetting properties.
Hydrolite CG is compatible with most anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric cosmetic systems and most formulation types.

-Application of Hydrolite CG:
Diols contribute to high water solubility, hygroscopicity and reactivity with many organic compounds, on usually linear and aliphatic carbon chain.
Hydrolite CG, linear diol containing two primary hydroxyl groups, has bacteriostatic and bacteriacidal properties which are useful in cosmetics as a preservative.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROLITE CG:
Hydration: +15% vs untreated skin after 4hours (in vivo)
• Respects skin microbiome
• Co-wetting properties: improves the dispersion of pigments
• Product protection enhancer
• Suitable for oral care
• Colorless to white, liquid to solid, slight characteristic odor
• Water soluble
• Dosage: up to 2%
• pH of use: 3 to 12
• Up to 100°C

CLAIMS OF HYDROLITE CG:
*Moisturizing Agents
*Antimicrobials
*sensory enhancement
*protections
*moisturizing

PRODUCTION METHODS OF HYDROLITE CG:
Hydrolite CG could be obtained by epoxidation of 1-olefin with performic acid, a reaction product of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, hydroxylation with water, or transesterification of ester produced by side reaction with methanol.

PURIFICATION METHODS OF HYDROLITE CG:
Distil the diol in vacuo and/or recrystallise it from pet ether.
The -naphthylurethane has m 112-114o.
S-(-)-Octane-1,2-diol [87720-91-0] also crystallises from pet ether with m 35-37o and D -4.7o (c 35, EtOH); R-(+)-octane-1,2-diol [87720-90-9] has similar properties but with a positive optical rotation.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROLITE CG:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 36.00 to 38.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 243.00 to 244.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Boiling Point: 131.00 to 133.00 °C. @ 10.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.006000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 228.00 °F. TCC (109.10 °C.) (est)
logP (o/w): 1.539 (est)
Soluble in:
alcohol
water, 2933 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in: water
Molecular Weight: 146.23 g/mol

XLogP3: 1.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 146.130679813 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 146.130679813 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 64.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C8H18O2 = 146.23
Physical State (20 °C): Solid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature
(Recommended in a cool and dark place, CAS RN: 1117-86-8
Reaxys Registry Number: 1719619
PubChem Substance ID: 87574263
MDL Number: MFCD00010738

CBNumber: CB8747116
Molecular Formula: C8H18O2
Molecular Weight: 146.23
MDL Number: MFCD00010738
MOL File: 1117-86-8.mol
Melting Point: 36-38 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 131-132 °C @ 10 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 0.914
Vapor Density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure: 0.28 Pa at 25 °C
Refractive Index: 1.4505 (estimate)
Flash Point: >230 °F

Storage Temp.: Sealed in dry, Room Temperature
Solubility: 3 g/L (20 °C)
pKa: 14.60 ± 0.10 (Predicted)
Form: Low Melting Solid
Color: Colorless to white
Water Solubility: 3 g/L (20 °C)
BRN: 1719619
LogP: 2.1 at 25 °C
CAS Database Reference: 1117-86-8 (CAS Database Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: 00YIU5438U
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,2-Octanediol (1117-86-8)
EPA Substance Registry System: 1,2-Octanediol (1117-86-8)

CAS: 1117-86-8
Formula: C8H18O2
Molecular Weight: 146.23 g/mol
Quantity: 1X250MG
Storage Conditions: 20 °C
Chemical Formula: C8H18O2
Molar Mass: 146.227 g/mol
Appearance: White semi-solid
Melting Point: 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F; 303 to 308 K)
Boiling Point: 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K) at 16 mmHg
CAS Number: 1117-86-8
Synonyms: octane-1,2-diol
Molecular Form: C8H18O2

Appearance: NA
Mol. Weight: 146.23
Storage: 2-8 °C Refrigerator
Chemical Name: 1,2-Octanediol / Octane-1,2-diol / Caprylyl Glycol
CAS No.: 1117-86-8
Molecular Formula: C8H18O2
Molecular Weight: 146.23
Appearance: Colorless liquid or white solid
Assay: 98% (min)
Melting Point: 36-38 °C
CAS Number: 1117-86-8
Molecular Weight: 146.227
Density: 0.9 ± 0.1 g/cm³

Boiling Point: 243.0 ± 8.0 °C @ 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula: C8H18O2
Melting Point: 36-38 °C (lit.)
Molecular Formula: C8H18O2
Molecular Weight: 146.227
Flash Point: 109.1 ± 13.0 °C
Exact Mass: 146.130676
PSA: 40.46000
LogP: 1.32
Vapor Density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor Pressure: 0.0 ± 1.1 mmHg @ 25 °C
Index of Refraction: 1.453
Water Solubility: 3 g/L (20 °C)

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROLITE CG:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
*In case of eye contact:
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROLITE CG:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROLITE CG:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROLITE CG:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROLITE CG:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROLITE CG:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

Hydrolized Keratin is a large protein molecule that breaks down to penetrate the hair cuticle after a chemical treatment.
Hydrolized keratin is a fibrous structural protein found in hair, skin, nails, and other epidermal tissues in humans and animals.
Hydrolized keratin can be used as an effective ingredient to produce odor-removing and deodorizing composition.

CAS Number: 69430-36-0
Molecular Formula: C2H2BrClO2
Molecular Weight: 173.39308
EINECS Number: 274-001-1

Hydrolized keratin is a hydrolysate of keratin protein derived from acid, enzyme, and other method of hydrolysis, which has been applied in many areas including feed and food industry, pharmacy, fertilizers, pesticides, environmental protection, leather industry, and cosmetics.
Specifically, Hydrolized keratin can be mixed with polyamide 6 blend to prepare nanofibres for adsorption of chromium (Ⅵ).
Moreover, Hydrolized keratin may act as an effective component to fabricate shampoo, bath, and shower gel.

Besides, Hydrolized keratin has been demonstrated to function as an useful agent for hair fixatives.
Hydrolized Keratin results from a larger keratin molecule.
Hydrolized Keratin is broken down by cleavage of its bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).

Hydrolized Keratin is a cosmetic and hair care ingredient derived from natural sources, primarily animal keratin.
Hydrolized keratin is known for its role in providing strength, flexibility, and resilience to these tissues.

Hydrolized Keratin is produced naturally in the body, just like biotin.
Hydrolized Keratin, a water-soluble vitamin, aids in the metabolism of the protein that forms the basis of keratin.
Hydrolized Keratin reduces frizz, flaking and breakage.

Hydrolized Keratin increases smoothness and elasticity with its moisture binding property.
Essentially, Hydrolized Keratin helps rebuild hair's natural protective layer from the inside by increasing the diameter of each strand.
This gives a fuller appearance and replaces lost protein.

When hair treatments contain broken down or Hydrolized Keratin it creates a protective barrier in the hair and it also gives shine.
Hydrolized Keratin also works on the skin and restores moisture and improves skin elasticity.
The moisturizing properties of Hydrolized Keratin make shampoos and conditioners containing Hydrolized Keratin the preferred choice for those with brittle, dry or limp hair.

Hydrolized Keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolized Keratin is most popularly derived from wool protein, silk protein, or vegan wheat protein.
Hydrolized Keratin is a skin, hair, and nail conditioning ingredient used in a variety of cosmetics.

Hydrolized Keratin is a derivative of the protein keratin created by the process of hydrolysis, where an ingredient is transformed, usually by an enzyme or acid.
Hydrolized Keratin is the primary protein in skin and hair.
Like keratin itself, Hydrolized Keratin is considered a highly biocompatible ingredient and is derived from biological waste products such as hair, wool, horns, or feathers, making it a non-vegan ingredient.

Hydrolized Keratin contains a high number of amino acids and is considered a very good ingredient for softening and strengthening hair, skin, and nails.Hydrolized Keratin can come in either liquid or powder form and has a white (in powder form) or clear color (when in liquid form).
It has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics, where its maximum rate of usage is 5% in hair styling products.
Hydrolized Keratin is a skin, hair, and nail conditioning ingredient used in a variety of cosmetics.

Hydrolized Keratin is a derivative of the protein keratin created by the process of hydrolysis, where an ingredient is transformed, usually by an enzyme or acid.
Hydrolized Keratin is the primary protein in skin and hair.
Hydrolized Keratin contains a high number of amino acids and is considered a very good ingredient for softening and strengthening hair, skin, and nails.

Hydrolized Keratin can come in either liquid or powder form and has a white (in powder form) or clear color (when in liquid form).
Hydrolized Keratin has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics, where its maximum rate of usage is 5% in hair styling products.
Hydrolized Keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.

Hydrolized Keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Hydrolized Keratin is broken down by splitting its bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
At the end of the chemical process, the Hydrolized Keratin is reduced into smaller fragments that the hair can absorb, thanks to its lower molecular weight.

Hydrolized Keratin Protein is carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.
It is particularly useful for treating hair that has been damaged due to permanent waving and bleaching.
Hydrolized Keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, derived from sheep's wool and is naturally found in hair and nails.

Adding Hydrolized Keratin Protein to formulas not only protects the hair, but also increases the amount of cystine available to the hair, minimizing damage and increasing tensile strength.
It is recommended for application in hair care products and skin treatment products.
Hydrolized Keratin is a compound that can reverse the damage done to keratin.

Hydrolized Keratin is found in many hair care products and helps rejuvenate, strengthen, and moisturize the hair.
In addition, this protein increases the smoothness of the hair.
Hydrolyzed protein can repair and condition damaged hair.

These protein hydrolysates strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.
Protein hydrolysates are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.
Hydrolyzed protein protects the hair from the damaging effects of permanent bleaching, waving, and straightening products.

Hydrolized Keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and forms a protective coating to shield the strands.
Hydrolized Keratin, also known as Hydrolized Keratin protein, is a cosmetic and hair care ingredient derived from natural sources, primarily animal keratin.

Keratin is a fibrous structural protein found in various tissues, including hair, skin, nails, feathers, and horns.
Hydrolized Keratin plays a crucial role in providing strength, flexibility, and resilience to these tissues.

The hydrolyzed form of keratin is created through a chemical process called hydrolysis, in which the long and complex keratin protein chains are broken down into smaller, more soluble fragments.
This process makes Hydrolized Keratin suitable for use in cosmetic and hair care products.
Hydrolized Keratin is a common ingredient in hair care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, hair masks, and hair treatments.

Hydrolized Keratin is valued for its potential benefits for hair health and appearance.
Hydrolized Keratin Protein is a clear amber liquid popularly derived from wool protein.
Keratin is a structural protein that connects epithelial (skin) cells together and protects them from environmental damage.

Hydrolized Keratin is the perfect choice to tame unruly hair and make it more manageable.
Because hair is made of keratin, Hydrolized Keratin is one of the best proteins to treat heavily manipulated or damaged hair.
Usually, when the hair is exposed to chemical treatments, the amino acid cysteine breaks down, causing the hair to become weak and damaged.

Hydrolized Keratin increases cysteine content, which increases tensile strength and minimizes damage.
Hydrolized Keratin also increases volume, strengthens your hair and restores shine.
Hydrolized Keratin is a protein that makes up our hair, skin and nails.

Hydrolized Keratin is a compound that can reverse damage to keratin.
Hydrolized Keratin is found in many hair care products and helps rejuvenate, strengthen and moisturize hair.
In addition, this protein increases the smoothness of the hair.

Hydrolized Keratin is obtained from the nails, wool and horns of animals.
Hydrolized Keratin is a large protein molecule and is broken down or "hydrolyzed" into smaller molecules through enzymatic hydrolysis.
Smaller or hydrolyzed molecules have a lower molecular weight and penetrate the hair follicles, strengthening the hair structure.

Hydrolized Keratin has a similar amino acid structure to keratin naturally produced in humans.
Studies show that Hydrolized Keratin can repair and condition damaged hair.
These protein hydrolysates strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.

Protein hydrolysates are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.
Hydrolized Keratin protects hair from the harmful effects of permanent bleaching, waving and straightening products.
Hydrolized Keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and creates a protective coating to protect the hair strands.

Hydrolized Keratin increases the moisture and elasticity of the hair and protects the hair against heat and photo-damage.
Hydrolized Keratin maintains the water content in the cortex by binding to amino acid residues produced by hair proteins.
Research shows that Hydrolized Keratin can help promote hair growth.

Hydrolized Keratin protects hair from chemical and environmental aggressors to prevent hair damage
Hydrolized Keratin also helps seal hair cuticles.
This minimizes frizz and prevents flyaway.

Amino acids from Hydrolized Keratin neutralize the negative electrical charge in the hair, eliminating frizz and friction.
Hydrolized Keratin is a protein originally derived from wool.
Hydrolized Keratin is most often used in hair care and skin care products.

The hydrolysis process allows the keratin particles to be more easily absorbed by the skin or hair, making it an ideal ingredient for deep conditioning treatments.
This form of keratin provides essential proteins for restoring and maintaining healthy skin and hair.
Hydrolized Keratin has an amino acid structure similar to natural human hair.

Hydrolized Keratin is known to increase the tensile strength of damaged hair.
Hydrolized Keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has undergone a chemical process and is broken down to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolized Keratin is most commonly derived from wool protein, silk protein or vegan wheat protein.

Hydrolized Keratin is an ingredient used to improve hair strength, elasticity and shine.
Hydrolized Keratin can help boost naturally occurring keratin levels in hair follicles, helping to protect hair from damage from outside sources such as heat styling or exposure to harsh chemicals.
Hydrolized Keratin can help nourish and protect the hair follicle while improving texture as it seals in moisture in the hair.

Boiling Point: 215.0 °C
Melting Point: 31.5 °C
Flash Point: 230 °F
Density: 1.9848 g/cu cm
LogP3-AA: 1.3
Exact Mass: 171.89267
Monoisotopic Mass: 171.89267
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Å²
Physical Description: Crystalline compound
Vapor Pressure: 1.4X10-1 mm Hg
Chemical Classes: Other Classes -> Organic Acids
Odor: Characteristic
EWG's Food Scores: 1-2

Hydrolized Keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolized Keratin moisturizes and conditions both skin and hair and also forms a film when used on the skin or nails.
Hydrolized Keratin is put through a hydrolysate process which makes the keratin stronger.

Hydrolized Keratin also does not penetrate the hair shaft.
It acts as a film-forming ingredient, creating a protective coating on the hair.
This also helps to increase the shininess of the hair.

Hydrolized Keratin Protein is a highly specialized fibrous protein found in hair, feathers, wool and nails.
Hydrolized Keratin increases hair's moisture content, restores shine and fullness, and improves manageability.
Hydrolized Keratin differs from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid), which gives keratin its unique strength and protective quality.

Hydrolized Keratin is very useful in any hair and skin care formulation, as it is the essential component of skin and hair.
The Hydrolized Keratin protein, which is an important protein of the hair, can be easily absorbed by the hair thanks to the hydrolysis (hydrolysis) process.
Hydrolized Keratin can both protect and repair hair condition.

Hydrolized Keratin is used on hair that has been damaged by chemicals or heat, such as dye or perm, to help hair return to the strong, moist and shiny it was before.
Hydrolized Keratin is used on permed hair to help your hair look more beautiful.
This is because the polypeptide strands are absorbed by the hair, making the hair peptide bind more tightly.

Hydrolized Keratin preserves and strengthens the health and youthfulness of hair and nails: hair becomes shinier, less brittle, hair loss slows down, nails become more flexible.
Hydrolized Keratin strengthens, softens and makes the skin more supple by protecting it from free radicals.
Hydrolized Keratin is used in nail care products.

Hydrolized Keratin can help strengthen the hair shaft, improving its resistance to breakage and damage.
Hydrolized Keratin has the ability to attract and retain moisture, which can help keep the hair hydrated and reduce frizz.
Hydrolized Keratin can contribute to smoother hair cuticles, which can result in shinier and more manageable hair.

Hydrolized Keratin may assist in repairing damaged hair, particularly hair that has been exposed to heat styling, chemical treatments, or environmental stressors.
Some products containing Hydrolized Keratin claim to enhance hair volume and thickness.
Hydrolized Keratin can help reduce frizz and improve the overall texture of the hair.

Hydrolized Keratin, which is also used in anti-aging care products
Hydrolized Keratin undergoes a hydrosolate treatment that makes the keratin stronger.
Hydrolized Keratin also does not penetrate the hair shaft.

Hydrolized Keratin acts as a film-forming ingredient that creates a protective coating on the hair.
This also helps to increase the shine of the hair.
Hydrolized Keratin provides moisturizing benefits for both hair and skin.

Hydrolized Keratin is used in shampoo, conditioner, care (hair), rinse, styling, body wash, body lotion, care (body), cleanser, toner, facial moisturizer, care (face), make-up foundation, mascara, lipstick, coloring. cosmetics.
Fine, porous, damaged and chemically treated hair will get the most benefit from Hydrolized Keratin.
Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein reduces the porosity of the hair and strengthens it from the inside, making your hair healthier, shinier and easier to style.

Hydrolized Keratin increases your hair's ability to absorb and retain moisture.
Hydrolized Keratin helps reduce breakage, eliminates frizz and tangles, and makes your hair look fuller.
Hydrolized Keratin Protein is a highly specialized fibrous protein found in hair, feather, wool and nails.

Hydrolized Keratin increases the moisture content of the hair restoring luster, body and increasing manageability.
Hydrolized Keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality.
Chemical processes such as coloring, straightening, and relaxation, as well as exposure to heat and UV rays, can damage hair and leave it weak and lackluster.

Hydrolized Keratin is compatible with a wide range of other cosmetic ingredients commonly found in hair care formulations.
Hydrolized Keratin can be incorporated into shampoos, conditioners, serums, masks, and styling products to provide various benefits to the hair.
Hydrolized Keratin can be derived from various sources, including animal keratin (such as feathers, hooves, and horns), human hair, and plant-based sources.

The source of the Hydrolized Keratin can affect the properties and labeling of the product.
Hydrolized Keratin may specify the source on their labels.
Hydrolized Keratin is available in different forms, including liquid solutions, powders, and serums.

The choice of form depends on the product's intended use and formulation requirements.
Hydrolized Keratin is suitable for various hair types, from straight to curly, and can benefit both natural and chemically-treated hair.
It is often used in products designed for damaged or frizzy hair.

Some hair care products containing Hydrolized Keratin claim to provide heat protection when using hot styling tools like hair straighteners or curling irons.
This can help reduce heat-related damage to the hair.
With regular use, Hydrolized Keratin-containing products may contribute to the long-term improvement of hair health and appearance.

However, individual results can vary, and it's important to maintain a consistent hair care routine.
Hydrolized Keratin can help extend the longevity of hair color treatments by sealing the hair cuticle and preventing color fading caused by washing and environmental factors.

Hydrolized Keratin is often used in products designed to improve the texture and manageability of the hair, making it easier to style and reducing tangles.
Hydrolized Keratin is considered a protein-based ingredient, and it is sometimes included in products marketed as "protein treatments" or "reparative treatments" for damaged hair.

Uses
Hydrolized Keratin should be mixed with your moisturizing conditioner and used as a deep conditioner or protein treatment, depending on the porosity level of your hair.
Hydrolized Keratin is a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient used in personal care products to strengthen, repair and maintain hair health.
Hydrolized Keratin keeps hair strands moist for longer.

Amino acid-cysteine is broken down in damaged hair, which causes the hair to become damaged and brittle.
Hydrolized Keratin repairs damaged strands by increasing the cysteine content in the hair shaft.
Hydrolized Keratin softens dry and frizzy hair, making it more manageable.

Hydrolized Keratin creates a thin protective film on the hair, adding shine to the hair strands.
Hydrolized Keratin softens hair and increases its elasticity, preventing breakage and split ends.
Hydrolized Keratin is an important ingredient used in a variety of hair and skin care items, ranging from shampoos and conditioners to sunscreen lotions.

Hydrolized Keratin is used in shampoo, conditioner, treatment (hair), leave-in, styling, body wash, body lotion, treatment (body), cleanser, toner, facial moisturizer, treatment (face), makeup foundation, mascara, lipstick, color cosmetics.
Hydrolized Keratin is often included in shampoos to help strengthen hair, improve its resilience, and reduce breakage.
Hydrolized Keratin may also contribute to smoother and more manageable hair.

In conditioners, Hydrolized Keratin can provide moisturizing benefits, reduce frizz, and enhance the shine of the hair.
Hydrolized Keratin may help repair damaged hair and improve its overall texture.
Hydrolized Keratin is a common ingredient in hair masks and treatment products designed to provide deep conditioning and repair for damaged or stressed hair.

Hydrolized Keratints often target issues like split ends and breakage.
Some styling products, such as serums and leave-in conditioners, contain Hydrolized Keratin to provide additional protection against heat damage from styling tools and to improve the manageability of the hair.
Hydrolized Keratin can help maintain and protect hair color by sealing the hair cuticle and reducing color fading caused by washing and exposure to UV radiation.

Hair serums containing Hydrolized Keratin are used to reduce frizz, enhance shine, and provide a smooth and polished finish to the hair.
Hydrolized Keratin is often included in products marketed as protein treatments or reparative treatments for damaged hair.
These treatments aim to strengthen and revitalize weakened or chemically-treated hair.

Some hair growth products may include Hydrolized Keratin as an ingredient to promote healthier hair growth and reduce hair loss.
Hydrolized Keratin treatments, commonly known as "keratin hair treatments" or "Brazilian blowouts," are offered as salon services.
These treatments are designed to reduce frizz, improve hair texture, and provide long-lasting smoothness to the hair.

Besides hair care products, Hydrolized Keratin may also be found in certain skincare products, such as creams and lotions, where it is used to improve skin texture and hydration.
Hydrolized Keratin can be included in hair volumizing products to provide a fuller and thicker appearance to fine or thinning hair.
Some intensive hair repair and reconstruction treatments contain high concentrations of Hydrolized Keratin to address severe damage and restore the hair's health.

Hydrolized Keratin is used in products designed for curly and textured hair to help define curls, reduce frizz, and enhance the natural pattern of the hair.
Heat protectant sprays and hair serums may contain Hydrolized Keratin to shield the hair from damage caused by heat styling tools like hair dryers and flat irons.
Hydrolized Keratin can be included in daily hair care products as a preventative measure to maintain the overall health and strength of the hair, even before signs of damage become noticeable.

Leave-in conditioners often contain Hydrolized Keratin to provide continuous moisture and protection throughout the day, making hair more manageable and reducing tangles.
Hydrolized Keratin can be found in both conventional and natural or organic hair care products, catering to consumers with various preferences.
Some hair primers or styling primers include Hydrolized Keratin to create a smooth base for styling and to enhance the longevity of the desired hairstyle.

Hydrolized Keratin is integrated into daily hair care regimens to help maintain the health and appearance of the hair, addressing issues like dryness, brittleness, and dullness.
Hydrolized Keratin is a key ingredient in products specifically marketed for strengthening and fortifying hair, particularly for individuals with weak or fragile hair.

Hydrolized Keratin is commonly found in products aimed at reducing frizz and promoting smoother, sleeker hair.
Some hair oil treatments incorporate Hydrolized Keratin to nourish and protect the hair while providing a luxurious feel and shine.

Safety Profile
While allergic reactions to Hydrolized Keratin are rare, they can occur in individuals who are sensitive or allergic to certain protein-based ingredients.
Hydrolized Keratin's advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing Hydrolized Keratin, especially if you have a history of skin allergies.

Products containing Hydrolized Keratin, like other cosmetic products, may cause eye and skin irritation if they come into direct contact with these areas.
In case of contact, rinse with plenty of water and seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Although the risk is low, inhaling aerosolized particles or vapors from certain hair care products containing Hydrolized Keratin may cause minor respiratory irritation in some individuals.
Besides Hydrolized Keratin, cosmetic and hair care products may contain other ingredients that individuals could be sensitive or allergic to.
Always check product labels for a full list of ingredients and discontinue use if you experience any adverse reactions.

Synonyms
Hydrolyzed animal keratin
69430-36-0
Hydrolized Keratin
Keratin, hydrolyzed
Keratins, hydrolyzates
Cattle hair
EINECS 274-001-1
Keratin hydrolyzate
Keratins, cattle horn, saponified and neutralized

Hydrolized rice protein extracted from sustainable, non-GMO rice bran, is a water soluble, cosmetic grade vegetable protein that is rich in amino acids beneficial to hair and skin.
Hydrolized rice protein, known for being a mild material, is often used by allergy-prone or sensitive individuals.
Hydrolized rice protein appears as a fine powder that is typically white or off-white in color.

CAS Number: 156715-40-1

Hydrolized rice protein is one of mankind's most ancient and valued sources of nutrients.
Hydrolized rice protein is naturally gluten-free.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is a derivative of rice protein that has undergone a process called hydrolysis.

During hydrolysis, larger protein molecules are broken down into smaller peptides or amino acids by the action of enzymes or acid.
This process results in a protein that is easier for the body to absorb and use.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has been shown to significantly increase total hair volume by up to 32%.

Hydrolized rice protein also adds natural shine and highlights to the hair.
By increasing the ability of the hair and skin to bind moisture, it leads to increased flexibility and tensile strength.
On the skin, the increased moisture retention creates a more hydrated and elastic surface.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is an effective anti-irritant and leaves a smooth, dry feel on the skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a protein-rich cosmetic ingredient that offers a range of different benefits for hair and skin.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has excellent moisturizing properties, helps to improve hair strength and elasticity, and promotes skin hydration.
Hydrolized rice protein is also responsible for evening out the skin tone and reducing the early signs of aging like fine lines and wrinkles.
This protein is often added to products like shampoos, conditioners, serums, and lotions.

Hydrolyzed rice protein (also known as rice protein hydrolysate) is typically categorized as a skin/hair conditioning agent, but research shows its benefits extend beyond that thanks to its antioxidant and peptide content.
Furthermore, studies indicate this ingredient has potential for evening skin tone and helps to inhibit certain processes in skin that cause dehydration.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein’s also worth noting that hydrolyzed rice protein is rich in amino acids.

Technically speaking, hydrolyzed rice protein is derived from rice grains that have undergone hydrolysis (chemically reacted) with an acid, enzyme or other methods.
This ingredient can be “upcycled” as a byproduct of the rice production process.
Hydrolyzed rice protein was reaffirmed as a safe cosmetic ingredient in the 2006 Cosmetic Ingredient Review report.

The notated concentrations levels of hydrolyzed rice protein at that time were between 0.1–2.0% but more recent usage levels suggested by cosmetic suppliers may be higher (up to 5% based on what we found).
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is an amber, low-viscous liquid with characteristic inherent odour.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is suitable as a care additive for application in the personal care products such as after-sun, body-, color- & face care, conditioning, liquid soaps, shampoos, hair coloring and styling products.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein also used in baby care & cleansing, face cleansing, personal care wipes and shower/bath formulations.
Hydrolyzed rice protein contains proteins with both cationic (positive) and anionic (negative) charges.
This opposing charges help add volume to hair by repelling one another.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has a thin and watery texture and has a pH somewhere in between 4.0 and 6.0.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is used in many skincare formulations due to its many benefits. One of the most essential benefits of hydrolysed rice protein is that it increases the skin’s ability to absorb and retain moisture.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein also benefits the hair by increasing its elasticity and tensile strength.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is derived from rice where rice protein is subjected to hydrolysis.
This involves breaking down the protein molecules into smaller peptides and amino acids.
This process can be achieved by using enzymes or acids, resulting in Hydrolyzed Rice Protein.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is an excellent addition to any skincare and hair care product, including shampoo and conditioner bars.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is made of natural rice bran fiber, which means it is gluten free and vegan.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a superb vegetable protein that delivers high amounts of amino acids to both hair and skin.

Using hydrolyzed rice protein in hair care products can help increase total hair volume and help to strengthen strands.
The key aminos are arginine, histidine, and lysine. These all contribute to stronger, healthier hair.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein does not have to be in wash-off formulas so consider using it in your leave-in hair care formulas.

Leave in conditioners, styling sprays, serums, scalp treatments and more! We have a huge compliment of excellent hair treatment ingredients.
When using it in skincare products, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein delivers high levels of moisture and the amino acids help to boost natural collagen production and build up skin density.

Hydrolyzed rice protein is a versatile alternative to cosmetic grade proteins, which is carefully processed to yield a low odor and color product, which is freely soluble in water.
This provides all the benefits of the more traditional animal-derived proteins but does not carry any negative connotation of said products.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is obtained from non-GMO rice, which is a hypo-allergenic protein source.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein forms a moisture-retentive film on the skin and hair.
These films have a variety of beneficial uses in cosmetic applications.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein works by depositing large amounts of cationic amnio acids.

These bond to the hair strands, smoothing the rough edges, then the anionic amino acids cause a repelling action to the naturally negatively charged hair fibers, giving hair more volume.
The more the hair is washed/conditioned with products using just 1% Hydrolyzed Rice Protein, the more volume shown without it just being fizzy.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein does not create “dry” strands, which then appear to be volume but are really just dry.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein smooths the hair follicles and creates volume.
Studies show anywhere from 13% to 32% increase with regular use.
Hydrolysed rice protein has calming and soothing properties due to its ingredients.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein helps in reducing the itchiness of the skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein peptides promote protection against the harmful UV rays of the sun.
They end up protecting the thin layer of skin from sun damage and photoaging.

Hydrolysed rice protein stimulates the synthesis of collagen in fibroblast cells of the skin.
Collagen is a protein that keeps the skin firm, plump and gives it its elasticity.
Thus, the application of rice protein on the skin leads to boosting collagen, thereby tightening the skin and keeping wrinkles and fine lines at bay.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has been shown to significantly increase total hair volume by up to 32%.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein also adds natural shine and highlights to the hair.
By increasing the ability of the hair and skin to bind moisture, it leads to increased flexibility and tensile strength.

On the skin, the increased moisture retention creates a more hydrated and elastic surface.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is an effective anti-irritant and leaves a smooth, dry feel on the skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein contains both cationic and anionic amino acids.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is derived from rice, a common cereal grain.
The hydrolysis process breaks down the complex protein structure into smaller components, making it more soluble and potentially easier for the body to digest.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is often used in cosmetic and personal care products.

Due to its smaller molecular size, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein can be incorporated into lotions, shampoos, and other formulations to provide benefits such as improved moisture retention and conditioning for the hair and skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein may be used as a protein supplement in the diet.
The hydrolysis process can enhance its digestibility and absorption.

Rice protein, including hydrolyzed rice protein, is considered hypoallergenic and is an alternative for individuals who are allergic to common protein sources like soy or dairy.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is naturally gluten-free, making hydrolyzed rice protein a suitable option for individuals with gluten sensitivities or celiac disease.
As a plant-derived protein, hydrolyzed rice protein is suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets.

pH: 4.0-6.0
Solubility: Soluble in water
Viscosity: Low

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a water soluble, cosmetic grade vegetable protein that is rich in amino acids beneficial to hair and skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein can be used in shampoos, conditioners, hair treatments, hand and nail creams, body lotions, facial cleansers and moisturisers of all types.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is rich in cationic amino acids which are substantive to hair and skin (such as Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine ) and anionic amino acids that repel hair fibers for greater volume (such as Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid).

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein extract is excellent for helping the skin bind with moisture.
This results in skin developing great flexibility and elasticity.
Since it helps in retaining moisture, skin becomes hydrated and its tensile strength also increases.

When the skin develops abnormal coloration in the form of dark patches or spots due to many factors including UV exposure and acne, the condition is called hyperpigmentation.
The spots get their colour from a pigment called melanin which is in turn released by the abnormal secretion of enzyme tyrosinase.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein peptides actively help in countering hyperpigmentation by controlling the release of this enzyme, thereby mitigating excess melanin production and deposition in the skin.

Being an anti-irritant, hydrolysed rice protein is excellent for people with skin conditions wherein their skin feels dry, itchy, flaky or scaly skin.
This is due to its ability to retain moisture in the skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein peptides are helpful in increasing the synthesis of ceramides.

These are small lipids that give the skin a barrier to aid in retaining moisture that can be lost due to harsh environmental elements, for instance, harmful UV radiations.
Thus, hydrolysed rice protein ends up not just hydrating the skin, but protecting it as well.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein, which is produced by secretion of enzyme tyrosinase, is a pigment responsible for skin colouration.

Since hydrolysed rice protein helps in controlling melanin production by decreasing tyrosinase production, the skin becomes lighter and the texture improves.
After a few applications, can get a calmer and even-toned skin.
Hydrolysed rice protein can help in boosting this process, thereby exfoliating the skin.

This results in skin looking smoother and helps in controlling acne as well.
When applied topically, Vitamin E has been found to provide hydration to the skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is fat-soluble property makes it restore the moisture and keep dryness at bay.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties that are capable of treating dry skin conditions such as psoriasis and dermatitis.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein boosts the blood supply to the epidermis.
This leads to nourishment reaching the skin and in turn making it healthy and supple.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is beneficial in combating melanin deposition in the skin.
This leads to even toned and lighter skin texture.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein help boost blood supply to the skin.

This property helps in slowing down the process of ageing.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is especially helpful in treating wrinkles around the eyes.
Due to its antioxidant and moisturising properties, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein acts as an excellent ingredient for diminishing the appearance of dark circles.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein acts as an excellent cleanser by unclogging the pores.
Hydrolyzed rice protein enhances the manageability and body of hair.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein smoothes hair cuticles and improves gloss and texture by providing a protective film on damaged hair.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein also increases hair moisture content resulting in greater flexibility and tensile strength.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is ability to increase the moisture capacity in hair results in a healthier and fuller appearance.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is low molecular weight with 1500-2000 dalton, thereby having the ability to penetrate the hair and may treat hair loss and damage.

Hydrolyzed rice protein is also great for skin, with anti-aging, and moisturization benefits.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is an excellent anti-irritant that leaves the skin feeling smooth and dry due to its hydration and skin elasticity benefits.
Hydrolyzed rice protein forms a non-tacky film that helps to minimize roughness and wrinkles.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein has a protective colloid effect which results in better skin resistance to pollutants and external irritants.
Due to its moisturizing and film-forming properties, a moisture-retentive barrier is formed which helps to plump up the skin and combat detergency aggressiveness.
In cosmetics and hair care products, hydrolyzed rice protein is often included for its potential benefits to the hair.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein can help improve the texture of hair, enhance manageability, and provide a conditioning effect.
The small molecular size allows Hydrolyzed Rice Protein to penetrate the hair shaft, offering moisturizing and strengthening properties.
Hydrolyzed rice protein has film-forming properties, which means it can create a thin film on the surface of the skin or hair.

This film can help retain moisture, improve texture, and contribute to a smoother appearance.
When included in skincare formulations, hydrolyzed rice protein can contribute to skin hydration.
The smaller peptides may help improve the absorption of moisture, providing a hydrating effect.

Some research suggests that hydrolyzed rice protein may possess antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, which can contribute to skin aging and damage.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is sometimes marketed as a collagen-boosting ingredient.

While it doesn't contain collagen itself, the amino acids and peptides derived from hydrolyzed rice protein may support collagen production in the skin.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is often considered a natural ingredient.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is derived from a plant source and is free from some of the common allergens found in other protein sources.
Due to its water-soluble nature, hydrolyzed rice protein can be easily incorporated into a variety of formulations, including lotions, creams, serums, shampoos, and conditioners.

Uses:
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a scientific/chemical process by which a substance is broken down typically using an acid or water.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein of a protein (like wheat, oat, silk, rice, etc..) has special applications in personal care products since it allows the product, with the hydrolysate added, to absorb more quickly in to hair or skin.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein contains certain amino acids from whichever protein used and those will be absorbed more rapidly than the intact proteins by the outermost keratin (protein) layer of skin or hair, thus maximizing nutrient delivery to the intended place.

Hydrolyzed rice protein can be incorporated into grooming products for pets, providing similar benefits to those in human hair care products, such as improved texture and conditioning.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein and its derivatives may find applications in tissue engineering, where it can contribute to the development of biomaterials with specific properties.
The film-forming properties of hydrolyzed rice protein may be utilized in the development of wound dressings to promote healing and provide a protective barrier.

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein might be used in the formulation of organic fertilizers or soil amendments to enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake.
The film-forming characteristics of hydrolyzed rice protein can be employed in the paper industry for coatings that improve paper quality and printability.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein can be explored as a component in the development of biodegradable adhesives with potential applications in various industries.

Some derivatives of hydrolyzed rice protein may have applications in water treatment processes, assisting in the removal of certain pollutants.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein could be considered as a bio-based material for the development of sustainable polymers and plastics.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein may contain bioactive peptides that could have health-promoting effects, and these peptides may be explored for various health and nutritional applications.

Hydrolyzed rice protein, with its neutral taste, might be used as a flavor enhancer in savory food products.
Hydrolyzed rice protein may be incorporated into protein bars, shakes, or other sports nutrition products to provide a plant-based protein source for individuals with dietary restrictions or preferences.
Given that rice protein is naturally gluten-free, hydrolyzed rice protein can be used in the formulation of gluten-free products, providing a protein source for individuals with gluten sensitivities or celiac disease.

Hydrolyzed rice protein may be used in the formulation of functional beverages, such as protein-fortified drinks or smoothies.
Hydrolyzed rice protein might find application in the production of baby formulas or infant nutrition products.
In the food industry, hydrolyzed rice protein might be used to improve the texture, mouthfeel, or structure of processed foods.

In the pharmaceutical industry, hydrolyzed rice protein may be explored for drug delivery systems, especially in cases where controlled release or improved solubility is desired.
Hydrolyzed rice protein can be used in the textile industry, contributing to processes such as fabric conditioning and finishing.
Hydrolyzed rice protein may be included in nutraceutical formulations, combining nutritional and pharmaceutical properties in products that offer health benefits.

Hydrolyzed rice protein, being plant-derived, is often used in formulations that aim to be environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is the chemical process that is used to break down protein into amino acids for easy absorption.
This process is applied to rice bran protein to make it water-soluble, and it is then called hydrolysed rice protein or rice peptides.

These peptides are in fact small proteins that benefit the skin in a number of ways.
Hydrolyzed rice protein is often included in shampoos, conditioners, and hair treatments.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein can help improve the texture and manageability of hair, providing a conditioning effect.

In skincare formulations such as lotions, creams, and serums, hydrolyzed rice protein can contribute to skin hydration and may have antioxidant properties.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is sometimes included in anti-aging products for its potential collagen-boosting effects.
Hydrolyzed rice protein, in its powdered form, may be used as a protein supplement in dietary products such as protein powders or nutritional shakes.

The hydrolysis process can enhance its digestibility.
While less common than other protein sources, hydrolyzed rice protein can be used in food products.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein may be added to enhance the protein content of certain foods, especially in products catering to individuals with allergies to common protein sources like soy or dairy.

Hydrolyzed rice protein might be used in the formulation of medical foods or nutritional products, particularly in cases where individuals have specific dietary requirements or restrictions.
Hydrolyzed rice protein can also find applications in pet food, contributing to the protein content of pet nutrition products.

The film-forming properties of hydrolyzed rice protein make it suitable for use in industrial applications, such as coatings or films for certain materials.
Given its plant-based origin, hydrolyzed rice protein is often used in the formulation of vegan and vegetarian food products.

Safety Profile:
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a safe ingredient that is well tolerated by most skin and hair types.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein does not have any known side effects, but patch testing must be done when using the ingredient for the first time.
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is also generally vegan and halal.

Synonyms:
PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES, RICE
156715-40-1
DTXSID901042242

HYDROLYZED GELATIN, N° CAS : 68410-45-7, Nom INCI : HYDROLYZED GELATIN, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 270-082-2, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Hydrolyzed elastin is mainly composed of the so-called β-elastin, the low molecular weight elastin peptide.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is an active ingredient obtained by enzymatic degradation of fiber protein elastin.

CAS Number: 91080-18-1
EC Number: 293-509-4
Chem/IUPAC Name: Elastins, hydrolyzates

Hydrolyzed Elastin is usually sourced from the skin of fish, which is why it can also be referred to as “marine elastin.”
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed hydrolyzed elastin and deemed it safe for use in cosmetics.
Typical usage levels for hydrolyzed elastin range from 1–5%.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is an active ingredient obtained by enzymatic degradation of fiber protein elastin.
Usually, the source of elastin is bovine.
This multifunctional ingredient is a non-viscous, amber-colored, clear to the slightly opalescent solution, which is clearly fluorescent under UV light.

Hydrolyzed elastin is mainly composed of the so-called β-elastin, the low molecular weight elastin peptide.
Besides, Hydrolyzed Elastin contains small quantities of elastin peptides of a higher molecular weight and some naturally occurring collagen hydrolysates.
Hydrolyzed Elastin (a.k.a. Marine Collagen) offers numerous benefits when it comes to skin care.

Not only does Hydrolyzed Elastin function as a humectant, but it can also promote cell growth and help maintain skin elasticity.
Elastin is naturally present in skin—the second most common protein in the human body, in fact—and it’s what gives skin its springy, elastic texture.
Hydrolyzed Elastin, also known as Marine Collagen, is a natural protein harvested from fish and other sources that can be used to replenish your skin.

Hydrolyzed elastin is elastin that’s been broken down into amino acids through the process of hydrolysis.
Elastin’s naturally occurring in the body, working hand-in-hand with collagen to promote a firm, tight appearance.
Elastin’s true talent comes in the form of physical resiliency, allowing skin to “bounce back” like elastic after stretching.

Although hydrolyzed elastin is derived from elastin protein, it cannot function like elastin does within the body, as its molecules are far too large to penetrate beyond skin’s surface when applied topically.
Unlike collagen, Hydrolyzed Elastin’s much harder to stimulate the regeneration of elastin within the extracellular matrix (area of skin between the epidermis and dermis).

That’s why it’s important to maintain the health of the elastin already present in skin through the consistent usage of sun safe practices, such as the application of a broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen every day.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a hydrolyzed elastin protein obtained from fish skin and carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is a highly specialized elastic protein which is found in the connective tissue of the skin and blood vessels.
Hydrolyzed Elastin contains 10-15% of protein.
Specific gravity of Hydrolyzed Elastin is 1.04.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is Gluten-free.
Hydrolyzed Elastin revitalizes, nourishes and moisturizes the skin and improves the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.
Hydrolyzed Elastin works best in firming/lifting and tightening applications.

Hydrolyzed Elastin powder is extracted from pork tendons by biotechnology and is amphipathic, i.e. hydrophilic and lipophilic, which makes it compatible with most of the ingredients.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a fiber protein made up of polypeptide subunits and one of the most important structural proteins in the human body.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is a fermented, hydrolyzed elastin from the connective tissue of bonito fish.
As the name implies, Elastin is a highly elastic protein in the connective tissue that allows the skin to return to its original position when stretched.
Collagen is the main component of skin; elastin holds the collagen bundles together and gives skin its elasticity.

Aging causes elastin production to slow down, therefore skin loses elasticity, and wrinkles begin to form.
Hydrolyzed Elastin helps restore the elasticity of skin.
Hydrolyzed Elastin has been shown to provide additional benefits, including improvements in vascular elasticity and blood flow.

Hydrolyzed Elastin supports joint mobility, healthy ligaments, and a healthy, non-sagging bust.
Hydrolyzed Elastin can also be considered for a surgical recovery product.
Hydrolyzed elastin is protein obtained from fish skin.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is a highly specialized elastic protein which is found in the connective tissue of the skin that gradually lessens as we age.
Further, Hydrolyzed Elastin is a humectant that helps trap moisture, holding it against the skin.
Hydrolyzed Elastin belongs to the following substance groups Haircare substances / Conditioning agents, Ingredients for skincare.

A hydrolysate of natural elastin, Hydrolyzed Elastin works synergetically with hydrolyzed collagen, and has been documented to prevent and counteract premature loss of elasticity to restore a young and smooth appearance to the skin.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is an essential component of the skin.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is similar to collagen, but can be stretched (elastic) more, thus making our skin flexible.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is also an important structure that keeps skin cells properly aligned.
So that Hydrolyzed Elastin can be absorbed into the skin more easily.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is white powder-light color.
Hydrolyzed Elastin can dissolve in water.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a naturally derived, water-soluble protein of bovine origin.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is one of the three main proteins found in the skin, along with collagen and reticulin.
Specific gravity of Hydrolyzed Elastin is 1.04.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is clear to slightly hazy yellow to medium amber liquid.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is slight characteristic odor.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is soluble in water.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is preserved with butylene glycol, phenoxyethanol, and ethylhexlglycerin.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
The activity of elastin hydrolysates ( α-, β-, κ-elastin) after the local external application has not yet been clarified completely and exhaustively.
Studies showed that elastin fragments activate skin fibroblast and boos extracellular matrix components production, including collagen and elastin.
Also, Hydrolyzed Elastin's a perfect source of building blocks for producing those essential proteins.

However, Hydrolyzed elastin may be regarded as a protective protein with affinity to skin and hair.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is used as an additive to skincare cosmetics such as nourishing creams and body lotions; it is also very suitable for hair treatment products.

In skin care, Hydrolyzed Elastin’s humectant properties are used to help hydrate skin through the attraction of moisture to skin’s surface.
Hydrolyzed Elastin provides a layer of protection to the hair and improves e.g. skin elasticity by preventing dry skin and reducing wrinkles.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is suitable for various applications such as in skin creams, firming creams, sunscreens, masks, hair products.

Hydrolyzed Elastin, which helps maintain skin elasticity.
Hydrolyzed Elastin strengthens the tone of the skin, strengthens it and therefore prevents the formation of wrinkles.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a protein which along with hyaluronic acid and collagen, are the main components of the connective tissue of the skin.

Hydrolyzed Elastin offers protection, keeping the cells hydrated while improving the elasticity of the skin.
Hydrolyzed Elastin's use is recommended for facial cream products for normal and mature skin and for hair care products.
Hydrolyzed Elastincan be easily incorporated into cosmetic formulas during the cooling process.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is used in almost all anti-aging, repair and rejuvenating care products.
Use of Hydrolyzed Elastin for making cosmetics: Recommended use dosage 5-10%.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue and used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored.

Hydrolyzed Elastin gives skin and hair a protective layer. Rebuilds elastic strength to hair and reduces breakage.
Hydrolyzed Elastin effectively reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is used for all Anti-aging products.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is used Dietary Supplement, and Cosmetics & Cosmeceuticals.
Applied topically, Hydrolyzed Elastin helps attract and retain moisture.
Hydrolyzed elastin protein obtained from fish skin and carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.

Hydrolyzed Elastin is a highly specialized elastic protein which is found in the connective tissue of the skin and blood vessels.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue and used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored. pH value: 4.5-5.5.
Hydrolyzed Elastin can be used added to formulas as is; add to water-phase of formula.

Recommended use level of Hydrolyzed Elastin: 1-5%. Store in refrigerator.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is used Anti-aging and anti-wrinkle skin care products; hair care products including shampoos, hair conditioners, hair balms, and hair pomades.

-Cosmetic Uses of Hydrolyzed Elastin:
*antistatic agents
*film formers
*hair conditioning
*humectants
*skin conditioning

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN BENEFITS:
- Hydrolyzed Elastin serves to give flexibility to the skin.
- Skin looks moist

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
*HAIR CONDITIONING:
Hydrolyzed Elastin leaves the hair easy to comb, supple, soft and shiny and / or imparts volume

*SKIN CONDITIONING:
Hydrolyzed Elastin maintains the skin in good condition

*SKIN CONDITIONING - EMOLLIENT:
Hydrolyzed Elastin softens and smoothens the skin

PROPERTIES OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
~ Anti-wrinkle.
~ Firming the body.
~ Against stretch marks.

COSMETIC BENEFITS OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
*low molecular weight Elastin with >= 80 %, that is extracted from pork *tendon by biotechnological methods
*amphipathic, i.e., hydrophilic & lipophilic
*shows a build-up effect on the hair
*acts as a natural conditioning agent and strengthens the hair
*shows a significant delay of swelling degree on hair during alkaline *process (perms and dying)
*reduces breakage of hair
*improves skin elasticity
*helps to prevent dry skin
*reduces wrinkles and delays aging

FUNCTIONS OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
*Emollient:
Hydrolyzed Elastin softens and softens the skin
*Hair conditioner:
Hydrolyzed Elastin leaves hair easy to comb, supple, soft and shiny and/or gives volume, lightness and shine
*Skin conditioning agent:
Hydrolyzed Elastin keeps the skin in good condition

WHAT DOES HYDROLYZED ELASTIN DO IN A FORMULATION?
*Antistatic
*Film forming
*Hair conditioning
*Humectant
*Skin conditioning

FORMULATIONS WITH HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
*Hair care:
Clear Conditioning and Strengthening Rinse
*Hair care:
2-Layer Hair Tonic "Shake before use"

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN AT A GLANCE:
*Elastin that’s been separated into amino acids through hydrolysis
*Serves as a humectant, attracting water to skin
*Promotes a soft, hydrated appearance
*Safe for use in cosmetics

FUNCTION OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
Hydrolyzed elastin protein is an active aqueous solution of marine derived elastin from fish skin. It is an excellent moisturizer and film former.
Hydrolyzed Elastin provides an easy way to add marine elastin to skin care emulsions, toners and surfactant systems for body and hair care.
"Hydrolyzed" means: hydrolysed or a hydrolysate (product of the separation of a chemical compound by reaction with water, often by means of enzymes).

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a hydrolyzed form of elastin, this allows the product to be more bioavailable and digestible.
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a one-of-a-kind product to create a Beauty from Within cosmetic product.
Hydrolyzed Elastin contains Desmosine and Isodesmosine. These are cross-linking molecules that are only found in elastin and give elastin its unique properties.

BENEFITS OF HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
Hydrolyzed Elastin is a humectant. Humectants are valuable in any skin care routine because they trap moisture, holding it against the skin.
Elastin, in particular, is a skin conditioner that will help your skin maintain its elasticity as you age.
This protein also has use as a skin booster.
When applied topically, Hydrolyzed Elastin stimulates cell growth so, when used over time, elastin’s renewing effect makes your skin look smoother and fresher.

DERMATOLOGICAL TIPS, HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
While Hydrolyzed Elastin can be used in the morning or evening, we recommend that you make sure this ingredient is a part of your evening routine.
That way your skin reaps the benefits as you sleep.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
INCI: Hydrolyzed Elastin
Appearance, odour: light yellow powder
Solubility: water soluble
Use concentration: 0.5 - 5.0 %

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROLYZED ELASTIN:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available

SYNONYMS:
Hydrolyzed Elastin 25%
Unilastin 25
Hydrolyzed animal elastinHydrolyzed elastin
Elastin Hydrolysate
Unilastin

HYDROLYZED MILK PROTEIN; Hydrolyzed proteinCAS Number‎: ‎92797-39-2

Hydrolyzed keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin moisturizes and conditions both skin and hair and also forms a film when used on the skin or nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used in creams, lotions, moisturizers, nail creams as well as shampoos, leave on cream, conditioners, serums.

CAS: 69430-36-0
MF: C2H2BrClO2
MW: 173.39308
EINECS: 274-001-1

Hydrolyzed keratin is a hydrolysate of keratin protein derived from acid, enzyme, and other method of hydrolysis, which has been applied in many areas including feed and food industry, pharmacy, fertilizers, pesticides, environmental protection, leather industry, and cosmetics.
Specifically, this substance can be mixed with polyamide 6 blend to prepare nanofibres for adsorption of chromium (Ⅵ).
Moreover, Hydrolyzed keratin may act as an effective component to fabricate shampoo, bath, and shower gel.
In addition, Hydrolyzed keratin can be used as an effective ingredient to produce odor-removing and deodorizing composition.
Besides, Hydrolyzed keratin has been demonstrated to function as an useful agent for hair fixatives.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a compound that can reverse the damage done to keratin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is found in many hair care products and helps rejuvenate, strengthen, and moisturize the hair.
In addition, Hydrolyzed keratin increases the smoothness of the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin is most popularly derived from wool protein, silk protein, or vegan wheat protein.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a skin, hair, and nail conditioning ingredient used in a variety of cosmetics.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a derivative of the protein keratin created by the process of hydrolysis, where an ingredient is transformed, usually by an enzyme or acid.
Hydrolyzed keratin is the primary protein in skin and hair.
Like keratin itself, hydrolyzed keratin is considered a highly biocompatible ingredient and is derived from biological waste products such as hair, wool, horns, or feathers, making it a non-vegan ingredient.
Hydrolyzed keratin contains a high number of amino acids and is considered a very good ingredient for softening and strengthening hair, skin, and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin can come in either liquid or powder form and has a white (in powder form) or clear color (when in liquid form).
Hydrolyzed keratin has been ruled safe as used in cosmetics, where its maximum rate of usage is 5% in hair styling products.

Bromochloroacetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine.
A low-melting (27.5-31.5℃), hygroscopic crystalline solid, Hydrolyzed keratin can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a monocarboxylic acid, an organochlorine compound and a 2-bromocarboxylic acid.

Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein is a clear amber liquid popularly derived from wool protein. Hydrolyzed keratin is a structural protein that connects epithelial (skin) cells together and protects them from environmental damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a form of protein that has been broken down into smaller parts such that it can penetrate hair cuticles.
Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens the hair, reduce frizz and increase hair elasticity and shine.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also good for the skin, keeping it firm and less prone to sagging.

Hydrolyzed keratin Chemical Properties
Odor: Characteristic
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydrolyzed keratin (69430-36-0)
Boiling Point: 214.8°C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 31.5°C
pH: 5.5-7.5
Solubility: Soluble in water

Hydrolyzed keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Hydrolyzed keratin is broken down by splitting its bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
At the end of the chemical process, Hydrolyzed keratin is reduced into smaller fragments that the hair can absorb, thanks to its lower molecular weight.

Uses
Hydrolyzed keratin is a processed form of keratin that facilitates its use in skin care formulations.

Benefits
Hydrolyzed protein can repair and condition damaged hair.
These protein hydrolysates strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.
Protein hydrolysates are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.
Hydrolyzed protein protects the hair from the damaging effects of permanent bleaching, waving, and straightening products.
Hydrolyzed keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and forms a protective coating to shield the strands.

Toxicology
Hydrolyzed keratin sourced from sheep wool and hoof meal was non-toxic in oral studies in rats (i.e. the LD50 was greater than 40 ml/kg in a 20% solution).
Keratin (MW = 8000 Da and 33,000 Da; buffalo horn/hoof source) and Hydrolyzed Keratin (MW = 310 Da; sheep wool source) were non-toxic in intravenous studies in mice.

Synonyms
Bromochloroacetic acid
5589-96-8
2-bromo-2-chloroacetic acid
Acetic acid, bromochloro-
Keratins
Chlorobromoacetic acid
68238-35-7
69430-36-0
Keratin from Wool,
bromo(chloro)acetic acid
UNII-AL8MZ37Y51
2-Bromo-2-chloroethanoic acid
AL8MZ37Y51
CCRIS 8228
DTXSID4024642
CHEBI:64206
HSDB 7619
KERATIN
C2H2BrClO2
BROMOCHLOROACETICACID
Cheratina
Detoxin
Animal keratin
acetic acid, 2-bromo-2-chloro-
bromochloracetic acid
Cheratina [Italian]
BCAA
BrCH(Cl)COOH
bromochloroethanoic acid
BrCH(Cl)CO2H
2-bromo-2-chloroaceticacid
C2-H2-Br-Cl-O2
Bromochloroacetic acid, 97%
SCHEMBL135012
CHEMBL504842
DTXCID604642
GEHJBWKLJVFKPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
EINECS 269-409-1
Tox21_200894
BROMOCHLOROACETIC ACID [IARC]
CHLOROBROMOACETIC ACID [HSDB]
LMFA01090146
MFCD00143872
AKOS016010266
CS-O-30541
LS-1370
NCGC00091488-01
NCGC00091488-02
NCGC00258448-01
BS-52910
Bromochloroacetic acid, analytical standard
CAS-5589-96-8
FT-0623228
FT-0627572
FT-0627573
C19212
E78199
Q27133122
Bromochloroacetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methyl-tert-butyl ether

HYDROLYZED KERATIN = KERATIDE = PROMOIS WK-F

CAS Number: 69430-36-0
EC Number: 274-001-1
MDL Number: MFCD00131434
Molecular Formula: C2H2BrClO2

Hydrolyzed keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Essentially, hydrolyze means to fragment the protein or break into smaller pieces in a non-specific manner.
The broken-down proteins deposit themselves on the hair’s shaft.

Firstly, keratin is a protein that’s naturally found in your hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is responsible for your hair’s health.
While keratin makes your hair strong, it’s also prone to damage due to environmental aggressors.
For this reason, hydrolyzed keratin has been introduced into several hair care formulations to supplement what has been weakened.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Keratin is broken down by splitting its bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
At the end of the chemical process, the keratin is reduced into smaller fragments that the hair can absorb, thanks to its lower molecular weight.

Essentially, hydrolyze means to fragment the protein or break into smaller pieces in a non-specific manner.
The broken-down proteins deposit themselves on the hair’s shaft.
Due to the low molecular weight and the small size, the hydrolyzed keratin proteins go beyond the cuticle, penetrate the hair shaft and reduce damage.

Don’t confuse hydrolyzed keratin with Brazilian keratin treatments.
Hydrolyzed keratin doesn’t possess any straightening properties.
Keratin is a protein that makes up our hair, skin, and nails.
Unfortunately, constant exposure to heat styling equipment and harsh chemicals can damage it.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a compound that can reverse the damage done to keratin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is found in many hair care products and helps rejuvenate, strengthen, and moisturize the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin increases the smoothness of the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is extracted from the nails, wools, and horns of animals.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a large protein molecule and is broken down or “hydrolyzed” into smaller molecules through enzymatic hydrolysis.
The smaller or hydrolyzed molecules have lower molecular weight and penetrate the hair shafts and strengthen the hair structure.
Hydrolyzed keratin has a similar amino acid structure as the keratin produced naturally in humans.
Hydrolyzed keratin is one of the components whose importance has increased as nutritional supplements, which are one of the alternative methods in hair care, are gradually starting to take their place in our lives.

Keratin protein, which has a large molecular weight, whose name we have started to hear frequently in hair and nail health, has passed through different processes and has become a part of our care routine with its various forms.
One of these processes is carried out by breaking down the keratin protein, that is, by hydrolyzing it.
Thus, Hydrolyzed keratin is better absorbed by the body with its small molecular weight.

Keratin is a structural protein that makes up hair and nails.
We owe the shine and durability of our hair and the strength of our nails to the naturally occurring keratin protein in their structure.
Of course, this protein is not capable of maintaining its effectiveness and quantity under all conditions.
As we age and are exposed to harmful factors, the production of keratin in our hair and nails decreases.

Therefore, as a part of our care routine, we need to include products containing keratin into our lives.
At this point, it is necessary to distinguish the most effective methods of keratin care, in which way and in which form the keratin will be used.
Although some recommended methods and procedures for keratin care create positive changes in the appearance of your hair in the short term, they may be damaging the hair cells due to the chemicals applied.

Apart from that, keratin is a large molecule in its natural state.
In other words, as long as it has not undergone any enzymatic treatment, it has such dimensions that hair and nail cells cannot benefit because of its low bioavailability.
In order to achieve the most efficient effects from keratin, it must have a small molecular weight and be easily absorbed by our cells.

This is where the important function of hydrolyzed keratin comes into play.
Hydrolyzed keratin is created by breaking down the keratin protein by adding hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
Hydrolyzed keratin, which has a lower molecular weight, is absorbed much more quickly and easily by the hair cell and begins to show its numerous benefits in a short time.

Despite the fact that the keratin care applied in beauty salons contains processes that wear out the hair, using hydrolyzed keratin as a food supplement has both healthier and more effective benefits.
A large protein molecule that penetrates the hair shaft to strengthen hair, reduce frizz, and increase elasticity, this multifunctional ingredient can temporarily turn back the clock on damage and fortify hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin is most popularly derived from wool protein, silk protein, or vegan wheat protein.
Hydrolyzed keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.

Hydrolyzed keratin moisturizes and conditions both skin and hair and also forms a film when used on the skin or nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin is derived from wool and is a light yellow to amber transparent liquid with a special odor.
Hydrolyzed keratin must be treated with a special biological treatment, into a short peptide, can be bioavailable.
The treated keratin is a potential source of high quality protein with high nutritional value and stable quality.

Hydrolyzed Keratin is water soluble.
Easy to add Hydrolyzed Keratin to existing or your own custom formulas.
Pure hydrolyzed keratin will make a difference in your hair the first time you use Hydrolyzed Keratin.
Hydrolyzed Keratin will only get better every time after that!

Each strand of hair will become thicker, stronger and more resilient, making the appearance of your hair overall thicker and fuller, shiny & fabulous!
Keratin that has been hydrolyzed is stronger than regular keratin.
Hydrolyzed Keratin penetrates and coats hair resulting in smooth appearance.

You can add 1-2 ml straight, directly to your dry hair about 10-15 minutes before shampooing and conditioning.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is put through a hydrosolate process which makes the keratin stronger.
Hydrolyzed Keratin also does not penetrate the hair shaft.
Sheep-wool-derived, hydrolyzed keratin protein is carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and low ash.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein found in hair, feathers, wool, and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality.
Sheep-wool derived, hydrolyzed alpha-keratin protein carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in hair, feathers, wool and nails. Keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality.
Derived from sheep's wool.

Hydrolyzed keratin appears as a light yellow powder.
Hydrolyzed keratin , Hydrolyzed is a sheep-wool derived, hydrolyzed alpha-keratin protein carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.
Keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in hair, feathers, wool and nails.

Hydrolyzed keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality.
Derived from sheep's wool.
Contains 20-23% of protein.

Developed using the most recent advances in proteomics, the amino acid sequences of the peptides found in this product match those present in the keratin proteins found in cuticular and cortical regions of human hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a protein that makes up your hair, skin and nails – as much as 85% of it.
Hydrolyzed keratin is stronger than steel and its resilient nature is what helps hair to hold up against daily wear and tear.

However, regular heat styling, colouring and exposure to harsh environmental conditions damages the structure of the keratin proteins, which gradually makes the hair weaker and more prone to split ends.
Hydrolyzed keratin can be added to products to help reinforce the strands – but the size of the molecules are often too large to penetrate through the hair cuticles so the protein simply sits on the top of hair and doesn’t actually improve the condition.

Hydrolyzed keratin goes through a process called ‘enzymatic hydrolysis’, breaking down the large keratin molecules into smaller ones.
Hydrolyzed keratin is done by splitting the bond with hydrogen and water so the molecules are able to penetrate the hair shaft and strengthen it from the inside.
Hydrolyzed keratin works by filling any microscopic gaps within the cuticle and medulla, which gradually increases the diameter of individual strands.

This leaves them feeling smoother, softer and thicker while also making them more resistant to further damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a product derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of wool keratin resulting in an aqueous solution.
Thanks to its composition of amino acids, hydrolyzed keratin is very similar to the keratin of human hair, while due to its balanced molecular weight it creates a protective film on the hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin is therefore an excellent addition to shampoos, conditioners, masks or lotions for hair damaged by dyes or other technical treatments, dull and dry hair and brittle nails!
Hydrolyzed keratin is one of the main substances that make up the hair structure.
However, over time, due to chemical effects, the use of tools such as a dryer and flat iron and even washing, parts of this component are lost.

The problem is even greater in frizzy hair which, due to its shape, has irregular deposits.
One of the solutions is to replace this material with hydrolyzed keratin.
This product is a hydrolyzed keratin of low molecular weight.
Hydrolyzed keratin is one of the structural proteins composing the stratum corneum, hair, and nails.

Hydrolyzed keratin comprises 80% of human hair.
In terms of its amino acid composition, Hydrolyzed keratin has cystine, which is rarely seen in any other kinds of protein.
In association with disulfide bond, Hydrolyzed keratin has a very unique molecular structure, so the peptide is well cross-linked.
Because of this structure, many functional end groups such as amino groups and carboxyl groups exist within a single molecule.

Consequently, high adsorption can be achieved with keratin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a compound that can reverse the damage done to keratin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is found in many hair care products and helps rejuvenate, strengthen, and moisturize the hair.
In addition, Hydrolyzed keratin increases the smoothness of the hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin can repair and condition damaged hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.
Hydrolyzed keratin are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.
Hydrolyzed keratin protects the hair from the damaging effects of permanent bleaching, waving, and straightening products.

Hydrolyzed keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and forms a protective coating to shield the strands.
Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein is a clear amber liquid popularly derived from wool protein.
Keratin is a structural protein that connects epithelial (skin) cells together and protects them from environmental damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a form of protein that has been broken down into smaller parts such that it can penetrate hair cuticles.

Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens the hair, reduce frizz and increase hair elasticity and shine.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also good for the skin, keeping it firm and less prone to sagging.
Hydrolyzed keratin is water soluble, add to water phase
Hydrolyzed keratin is heat stable, Store in refrigerator.

Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein Keratin which is an important protein of hair Through the process of hydrolysis (hydrolysis) so that it can be easily absorbed into the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin can both protect and restore hair condition.
Hydrolyzed keratin is suitable for damaged hair from dyeing, perming or bleaching.

Mixing method: Can be mixed in water (water phase) directly.
Product characteristics: White-light powder
Solubility: can dissolve in water
Keratin is a protein which is naturally found on the hair shaft.

It is a prerequisite for maintaining healthy hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is hydrolyzed .i.e broken down into smaller fragments by treating it with water, acid and the hydrolyzed keratin thus formed is of relatively smaller size and has a lower molecular weight which can be easily absorbed into the hair shaft.
Hydrolyzed keratin deposits easily on the hair shaft and repairs the damaged strands, thus providing strength to your strands.

Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein is well known and one of the most reviewed ingredients.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is put through a hydrosolate process which makes the keratin stronger.
Hydrolyzed Keratinalso does not penetrate the hair shaft.
Hydrolyzed keratin acts as a film forming ingredient which creates a protective coating on the hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in hair, feathers, wool and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality
Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein is a clear amber liquid popularly derived from wool protein.

Hydrolyzed Keratin is known to increase cysteine available to the hair, thus, diminishing and curing the hair of damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also known to increase the tensile strength of the hair.
Hydrolyzed Keratin increases hair cell elasticity and volume.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also known to have very high moisture binding capabilities thereby aiding hair strenght and fluidity, this in turn increases hair luster, body, and increasing manageability.

Hydrolyzed Keratin is a fibrous protein of the epidermis and its adnexa such as hair and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin enhances and strengthens the structure of damaged hair and nails, restoring their polish and healthy look; besides Hydrolyzed keratin maintains a proper level of moisturizing.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a powerful hair rebuilder that strengthens the hair by replenishing the Keratin that the hair loses over time with chemical and physical processes, thus improving the structure of the fiber, leaving hair healthier and completely renewed.

Hydrolyzed keratin recomposes the capillary mass, controlling elasticity.
Hydrolyzed keratin provides anti-drying action leaving hair resistant to breakage, soft, malleable and shiny.
Hydrolyzed Keratin can make your hair soft and frizz-free by keeping it hydrated and well-conditioned.
Hydrolyzed keratin forms a protective layer by filling the gaps, replacing the lost protein, and enhancing the overall diameter of the hair, thus improving its density.

Many haircare brands are incorporating Hydrolyzed Keratin in the product formulation to supplement the loss of Keratin.
Keratin is a large protein molecule that cannot penetrate the hair shaft easily and need to be broken down into smaller fragments so that they can penetrate the hair shaft.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is a smaller protein easily absorbed into the hair's cuticle.

Hydrolyzed keratin comes from a larger keratin molecule.
Keratin is broken down into smaller fragments by enzymatic hydrolysis to allow easier penetration into the hair shaft.
The hydrolyzed Keratin is smaller and has a relatively low molecular weight due to its low molecular weight.
Hydrolyzed keratin penetrates the hair shaft and repairs the damaged strands, adding strength, elasticity, and shine to your hair.

Sheep-wool derived, hydrolyzed alpha-keratin protein carefully monitored during its manufacture to ensure the lowest possible odor and a low ash.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in hair, feathers, wool and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin is distinct from other proteins in that it is rich in cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) giving keratin a unique strength and protective quality.

Hydrolyzed keratin is derived from sheep's wool.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is a product that contributes to hair health from the inside out.
The keratin derives from bird feathers. Hair is approximately 80-95% keratin.
Psychologically, hair is an important aspect of body image for men and women.

We regularly change this image, for example by adapting our hair to a specific occasion or to the latest fashion.
Cosmetic changes to our hair, such as coloring and curling, are accompanied by chemical processes that change the normal structure of the hair shaft.
Extra support with hydrolysed keratin can help out.
Hydrolyzed Keratin is probably not vegan.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a chemically altered Keratin, used in cosmetics.
Keratin is a protein usually derived from ground-up hooves, horns, feathers, quills, and hair of various captive and killed animals.
However, just in the last few years some vegan plant-derived keratins have become available.
Hydrolyzed Keratin Cas No: 69430-36-0 is made from waterfowl feather, which is consisted of Keratin like human hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin is Amino Acid composition very similar to human hair.
Besides, the structure of the Keratin from feather is different with Wool’s keratin.
The feather keratin molecules have many β-sheet structures, so we call β-keratin.

Because of its planar structure, it has a very flexible molecular structure.
By biological enzyme hydrolysis processing, we cut the high molecular weight Keratin to keratin peptide with small molecular weight, which is water-soluble and better compatibility with cosmetics formulations.

Type of ingredient: Strengthener
Main benefits of Hydrolyzed keratin: Reduces breakage, minimizes damage, and increases elasticity and shine
Who should use Hydrolyzed keratin: Curly, kinky, and dry/damaged hair
How often can you use Hydrolyzed keratin: Every six to eight weeks
Works well with: Your average shampoo and conditioner

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Due to the low molecular weight and the small size, the hydrolyzed keratin proteins go beyond the cuticle, penetrate the hair shaft and reduce damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used to build up bonds rather than break them.
You can find many hair care products like shampoos, conditioners, hair masks, and serums containing Hydrolyzed keratin.

Hydrolyzed keratin acts as a moisturizer that traps moisture in the hair layers.
In cosmetics, Hydrolyzed keratin is used to smooth and moisturize the damaged hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin fills cracks and eliminates frizz associated with dryness.
UHydrolyzed keratin is used as Antistatic, Film forming, Hair conditioning, Humectant, Skin conditioning.

Hydrolyzed keratin is used in creams, lotions, moisturizers, nail creams as well as shampoos, leave on cream, conditioners, serums.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used to smooth and moisturize the damaged hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin fills cracks and eliminates frizz associated with dryness.
Hydrolyzed keratin helps fill the minor gaps throughout the hair shaft, including its three layers known as the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.

Filling these microscopic gaps with broken-down protein helps to strengthen hair's structure, thereby improving its overall elasticity.
Hydrolyzed keratin minimizes the damaging effects of sun exposure, heat styling, chemical treatments, and combing hair - tangled tresses.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used as an antistatic agent that reduces static electricity by neutralizing the electrical charge on the surface of hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin conditions the hair and leaves them easy to comb, soft and shiny and/or gives volume, lightness and shine

Hydrolyzed keratin provides moisturizing benefits for both hair and skin.
Hydrolyzed Keratin can be used in hair treatment, shampoo, conditioner, styling, leave-in, bodywash, body lotion, body treatments, cleanser, toner, facial moisturizer, face, treatment, mascara, lipstick, color cosmetics, makeup foundation.
Revitalizes the hairs natural protective layer and rebuilds tensile strength.

Hydrolyzed keratin returns elasticity and reduces breakage.
Hydrolyzed keratin reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals.
Hydrolyzed keratin acts also as a protective care substance on the skin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used for Complete range of hair care, Strengthening care, Nail care, Anti-ageing care.

Hydrolyzed keratin is preserved with butylene glycol, phenoxyethanol, and ethylhexlglycerin.
Hydrolyzed Keratin provides moisturizing benefits for both hair and skin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used in shampoo, conditioner, treatment (hair), leave-in, styling, body wash, body lotion, treatment (body), cleanser, toner, facial moisturizer, treatment (face), makeup foundation, mascara, lipstick, color cosmetics.

Hydrolyzed keratin acts as a film-forming ingredient, creating a protective coating on the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin also helps to increase the shininess of the hair.
Revitalizes the hairs natural protective layer and rebuilds tensile strength
Returns elasticity and reduces breakage

Hydrolyzed keratin reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals
Hydrolyzed keratin acts also as a protective care substance on the skin
Hydrolyzed keratin can be added to formulas as is; add to water-phase of formula.
Recommended use level: 0.2-3%.

All kinds of hair care products including shampoos, hair conditioners, hair balms, hair pomades and also skin care products including lotions and creams.
Thanks to high bio-availability, Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens hair, nails and skin, and prevents their ageing.
Youth strengthener for hair, nails and skin

Hydrolyzed keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also the key structural component of hair and nails.
Offers detangling and also provides targeted repair to the most damaged areas of the hair's surface.
Hydrolyzed keratin finds use in hair care.

Hydrolyzed keratin acts as a conditioning agent.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used for chemically treated hair.
Conditions hair, strengthens the strand and improves its elasticity, contributing to make it resistant to breakage.
This daily-use formula leaves hair more manageable and easier to style, because it keeps it sealed from roots to ends.

Contributes to improve the health of the hair follicles, promoting the growth of stronger and healthier strands.
Liquid organic fertilizer based on concentrated keratin hydrolysate in NPK 9-2-3 formulation with amino acids, specially designed for stages of vegetative growth.
With free amino acids that provide resistance to water stress factors, inclement weather, pests and diseases and a great implicit bio stimulant effect.

Hydrolyzed keratin is used for damaged hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is an ideal option for daily use, repairing the hair structure and strengthening it.
Contains hydrolyzed keratin that contributes to improve the health of the strand, to maintain the cuticle sealed and to improve the hair’s sheen.
Perfect complement to prolong and give maintenance to straightening procedures, especially those keratin-based.

Hydrolyzed keratin reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals
Acts also as a protective care substance on the skin
Hydrolyzed keratin can be added to formulas as is; add to water-phase of formula.
Recommended use level: 1-5%. Store in refrigerator.

Applications include All kinds of hair care products including shampoos, hair conditioners, hair balms, hair pomades and also skin care products including lotions and creams.
Hydrolyzed keratin recovers hair elasticity, restoring lost keratin to the hair.
Rebuilding hair strands, Hair Brasil Liquid Keratin restores the vitality, elasticity and shine of your hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin reinforcing and repairing existing damage.
Functions are actives-hydrolized protein.
Applications are Hair Conditioner, MaskBaby Product, Hair Fixative Shampoo, Shower Gel, Body Wash.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a hydrolysate of keratin protein derived from acid, enzyme, and other method of hydrolysis, which has been applied in many areas including feed and food industry, pharmacy, fertilizers, pesticides, environmental protection, leather industry, and cosmetics.

Specifically, Hydrolyzed keratin can be mixed with polyamide 6 blend to prepare nanofibres for adsorption of chromium (Ⅵ).
Moreover, Hydrolyzed keratin may act as an effective component to fabricate shampoo, bath, and shower gel.
In addition, Hydrolyzed keratin can be used as an effective ingredient to produce odor-removing and deodorizing composition.
Besides, Hydrolyzed keratin has been demonstrated to function as an useful agent for hair fixatives.

Hydrolyzed keratin is a processed form of keratin that facilitates its use in skin care formulations.
Hydrolyzed keratin reduces hair breakage and damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin act as a natural protective layer and improve tensile strength
Hydrolyzed keratin reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals and sun

Hydrolyzed keratin acts also as a protects and hydrates skin and hair
Coats damaged hair with protein preventing split end
Strengthens and smooths hair
Hydrolyzed keratin reduces frizz and static electricity caused by dryness

Hydrolyzed keratin boosts volume and body, allows hair to hold styles much better
Hydrolyzed keratin is very effective in hair care, forming a protective barrier to prevent moisture loss and damage
Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens hair, increasing elasticity and reduces breakage
Hair feels silky, soft and more manageable

Hydrolyzed keratin is used Conditions and moisturises skin
Hydrolyzed keratin is used for dry, damaged, or processed hair
Hydrolyzed keratin is used in Hair care products, Shampoos, Conditioners, Creams & Lotions
Hydrolyzed keratin is suitable for all skin types

Hydrolyzed keratin is used on damaged hair from being damaged by chemicals or heat, such as through dyeing or perming, to help restore hair To come back strong, moisturized and shiny as before.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used on permed hair to help make your hair look more beautiful.
This is because the polypeptide strands are absorbed into the hair and make the hair peptide binding more tightly.

Hydrolyzed keratin is used For hair restoration and nourishing products, which may be in the form of shampoos, conditioners, hair conditioners, hair sprays.
Hydrolyzed keratin is widely used in personal care products.
A major chunk of Hydrolyzed keratin is composed of cysteine which is known to fill the gaps in the cuticle and repair it.

When used in hair protection sprays, Hydrolyzed keratin makes hair more resilient to heat damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin increases the tensile strength of the hair and ensures that breakage is minimised.
Hydrolyzed keratin is added to serums which are marketed to prevent the occurrence of split ends.
With continuous use, Hydrolyzed keratin makes the hair strands thicker and the overall hair look voluminous.

Hydrolyzed keratin is increasingly been used in hair treatment products like hair masks, conditioners, and salon treatments.
Hydrolyzed keratin is used as ANTISTATIC, FILM FORMING, HAIR CONDITIONING, HUMECTANT, SKIN CONDITIONING
Hydrolyzed keratin is used in Personal care, Hair care and cosmetics
Hydrolyzed keratin is used in Concentrations of 1-5% and added to the diluent phase of mixtures

Revitalizes the hairs natural protective layer and rebuilds tensile strength
Reduces hair damage from harsh chemicals
Hydrolyzed Keratin is a Hair Conditioning ingredient and helps to increase the softness or smoothness of hair, reduce tangles, and to reduce surface roughness.

Functions of Hydrolyzed keratin are Revitalizing, moisturizing, luster restoring, protection,
increases the amount of hair cystine and tensile strength.
Applications are Hair shampoo, conditioner, hair care treatment,

Skin care treatment of Hydrolyzed keratin include serum and moisturizer.
Cosmetic Uses of Hydrolyzed keratin are cleansing agents, hair conditioning, skin conditioning, surfactants
In hair conditioners, keratin supplements the lack of building components of a hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin's particles build themselves in damaged places of hair sheath subsequently strengthening them and increasing their elasticity as well as volume by means of the creation of protective colloids which protect the hair against harmful effects of oxidative (paints) and reducing preparations.

Hydrolyzed keratin is used in hair and nail conditioners, hair sprays, nail enamels, bubble baths, after-shaves, anti-dandruff shampoos and preparations, preparations for stylization of hair, permanent wave, bleaching preparations, preparations in the form of foam, regenerative hair conditioners (a type of "fluid hair").
Applied For Nourishment & Moisturization

Hydrolyzed keratin is a protein fragment that not only coats but also penetrates the hair shaft to replace missing keratin in microscopic gaps along the hair shaft, resulting in smooth and shiny hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is not meant to be used for straightening your hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin helps rebuild the hair’s natural protective layer, making it stronger and more elastic while reducing hair breakage and splitting.

Hydrolyzed keratin increases the diameter of hair fibers, giving a fuller appearance to fine and thin hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin also increases the hair’s ability to retain moisture and reduces frizz and flyaways caused by dryness.
If your expensive salon keratin treatment has started to wear off, adding hydrolyzed keratin to your shampoo, conditioner or leave-in conditioner could help extend the time between salon straightening services.

Hydrolyzed keratin can be incorporated into all kinds of water-based hair care products.
You can add it to your shampoo and conditioner at a concentration between 0.2%-3%.
The optimum use rate may vary depending on the condition of your hair.
Make sure not to exceed the maximum concentration of up to 3%, because if you use too much, your hair can become stiff or look greasy.

Hydrolyzed keratin can also be added to your deep conditioner and left in your hair under a shower cap for about an hour.
Make sure to rinse thoroughly and follow up with a moisturizing conditioner.
Hydrolyzed Keratin Cas No: 69430-36-0 is used in all kinds of Hair care products, such as shampoo, conditioner.

-Usage rate: 1-10% at the cool down phase.
Try Hydrolyzed keratin at a percentage:
*5% for frequent use hair conditioner
*8-10% in reinforced dry hair intensive treatment mask
*3% in hand and nail cream!
*0.5-2.0% (1.0% recommended for hair rejuvenation in shampoo or conditioner formula, rinse-off type and recommended 2.0% for leave-on hair treatment/mask)

-Antistatic:
Reduces static electricity by neutralizing the electrical charge on a surface
-Film forming agent:
Produces a continuous film on the skin, hair or nails
-Hair conditioner:
Leaves hair easy to comb, supple, soft and shiny and/or gives volume, lightness and shine

-Humectant:
Maintains the water content of a cosmetic in its packaging and on the skin
-Skin conditioning agent:
Keeps the skin in good condition

-Skin care:
Hydrolyzed keratin is used as a humectant to keep the moisture intact and skin conditioning agent, to maintain softness, suppleness.
Hydrolyzed keratin is also used as a film forming agent to produce a continuous film on the skin as well as nails

-Cosmetic Uses:
*antistatic agents
*emulsion stabilisers
*hair conditioning
*viscosity controlling agents
*In nail enamels and conditioners:
Hydrolyzed keratin regenerates the structure of damaged plaque and results in its hardening and strengthening, prevents hair breaking and splitting as well as bears extreme similarity to proteins existing in skin and hair.

-Hydrolyzed keratin is especially recommended for the production of conditioners for the following types of nails:
*yellow with discolorations,
*damaged and splitting,
*thin and easily cracking,
*breaking,
*with dried and cracking epidermis as well as preparations hiding nail irregularities and becoming the basis for enamel.

HOW HYDROLYZED KERATIN WORKS:
Hydrolyzed keratin works by getting absorbed into the hair because of its low molecular weight.
Hydrolyzed keratin works by replenishing the hair of the protein loss and by depositing the proteins on it.
Hydrolyzed keratin is usually used in the range of 1%-5%.
Hydrolyzed keratin is soluble in water and insoluble in oil.

HOW TO USE- HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Add to the water phase of any formula.
Must be added at room temperature or temperature below 40oC to avoid masking its effectiveness.
Add emulsifying ingredients and then add solvents.

HYDROLYZED KERATIN - NATURE:
Hydrolyzed keratin is a 3 kinds of branched chain amino acid L A LEUCINE, L isoleucine, L_valine composition of the sterilization solution, is colorless or almost colorless clear liquid.
Each lOOmL contains L-leucine 1.65g,L-isoleucine 1. 35g, and L-valine 1.26g.
The pH was 5.5-7.5. In addition to the high content, other properties are with a 3 amino acid injection a 3 41-like.

WHY YOU SHOULD BE USING HYDROLYZED KERATIN PROTEIN?
Hair consists of about 80% Keratin.
Keratin will strengthen all 3 layers of the hair i.e. Cuticle, Cortex and Medulla.
Keratin protein is the strongest of the proteins found in hair products.

WHY IS HYDROLYZED KERATIN PROTEIN IMPORTANT?
Hydrolyze means to break up into smaller pieces, in a nonspecific manner, basically to fragment the protein.
The Hydrolyzed Keratin proteins have been broken down in order to deposit itself on to the hair shaft in the regions of porosity and damage due to it’s low molecular structure.

The Hydrolyzed Keratin Proteins are small enough to go beyond the cuticle and penetrate the hair shaft due to it's low molecular weight; therefore, reducing damage.
Since hair is made from Keratin, it is by far the best protein to treat hair that has been damaged by chemicals and heavy manipulation.

Keratin is known to replace the amino acid cysteine, which is lost during chemical processing.
The cysteine bridges are broken, during the chemical process, resulting in a damaged and weakened hair.
Hydrolyzed Keratin increases the amount of cysteine available to the hair, thus, minimizing damage and increasing tensile strength.

Keratin has a unique strength and protective quality.
Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein particles are known to fill in the cracks along damaged areas in the hair shaft subsequently strengthening the hair, increasing elasticity and volume.

Due to its moisture binding capabilities, Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein increases the moisture content in the hair, restoring luster, body, and increasing manageability.
Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein Is Not A permanent ‘fix’ for damaged hair/split ends! Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein is ‘attracted’ to the hair and it will still rinse off the hair eventually - in fact rather quickly.

HOW CAN YOU REPAIR DAMAGED HAIR?
By applying protein reconstructor treatments (with Keratin) to your hair regularly to maintain the desired result.
By conditioning with products that contain Hydrolyzed Keratin Protein, you are effectively replacing the missing and damaged keratin from your hair, thus, keeping the hair strong, resilient, as well as pliable.

HYDROLYZED KERATIN - STANDARD:
Hydrolyzed keratin is a fully methylated cyclic siloxane containing a repeating unit [-(c h 3) 2sk), wherein> is 4, 5, or 6, or a mixture thereof. (C2H6OSi).
The content shall not be less than 98.0% based on the total amount of cyclomethyl silicone 4, cyclomethyl silicone 5 and cyclomethyl silicone 6.
The unit containing cyclomethyl silicone shall be 95.0% to 105 of the labeled amount, 0%.

HYDROLYZED KERATIN - TRAIT:
Hydrolyzed keratin is colorless and transparent oily liquid.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Hydrolyzed keratin is derived from wool and is a light yellow to amber transparent liquid with a special odor.
Hydrolyzed keratin must be treated with a special biological treatment, into a short peptide, can be bioavailable.
The treated keratin is a potential source of high quality protein with high nutritional value and stable quality.

PREPARATION OF HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Hydrolyzed Keratin may be prepared from sheep wool.
The wool is first washed to remove soil and debris and then boiled to remove residual oils.
Next, the wool is enzyme-hydrolyzed under mild conditions for 4-6 hours.
When the target molecular weight is reached, the pH is adjusted to neutralize the enzyme.

The resultant solution is a mixture of Hydrolyzed Keratin fractions with a molecular weight of ~ 1000 Da.
The solution may be diluted to produce a 30% active material.
Hydrolyzed Keratin products (MW = 310 Da, 320 Da, and 11,000 Da, respectively) are prepared by acidic, alkaline and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of sheep wool until the molecular weight reaches the target range.

HOW TO USE HYDROLYZED KERATIN
How to use hydrolyzed keratine in haircare?
If you are struggling with dry, dull, rough, and coarse hair, then you should consider incorporating hair keratin into your haircare regime.
Hydrolyzed Keratin can be used in two ways to improve the structure of your hair, giving it a fuller appearance.
You can apply a store-brought protein treatment or go for a DIY protein treatment.

-Store-brought keratin & protein treatment:
Most store-bought Keratin or protein treatments have moisturizing ingredients in the formulation so that you can apply the treatment easily to hair.
To ensure that hair is not over-processed:
Follow the instructions on the label.
You may need a processing cap, hooded dryer, or processing cap for specific treatments.
Make sure you have everything you need.
Don't exceed the time or measurements recommended.

-DIY keratin treatment:
The best part of DIY keratin treatment is that you can customize it according to your needs.
For the DIY hair keratin treatment, follow these simple steps:
The first step is to decide the hair product you'll add hydrolyzed Keratin to deep conditioner shampoo, conditioner, or all three.
If you add protein to your hair products, you can use them as you usually would.
Measure how much hair product you'll use after you have chosen the product.
Calculate the amount of protein you need based on the recommended concentration.
You will need between 2 and 10 ml hydrolyzed Keratin.
After you have determined the portion size, measure it, pour it into the desired container, and mix it up.
Apply the mixture evenly to your hair. Avoid touching the scalp to prevent clogged pores.
Rinse your hair thoroughly after the time is up.

HOW TO CHOOSE HYDROLYZED KERATIN IN HAIRCARE?
You have two options for choosing hydrolyzed Keratin for your hair- Store-Brought Keratin Treatment & DIY Keratin Treatment.
You can choose anyone depending upon the requirements of your hair.
Due to time constraints, If you want to go hassle-free, you can go for a store-bought one, or if you want to customize the keratin treatment according to your haircare needs, you can choose a DIY hair keratin treatment.

WHERE DOES HYDROLYZED KERATIN COME FROM?
Keratin is naturally produced within the body, just like biotin.
Biotin, a water-soluble vitamin, assists in the metabolism of protein which provides a foundation for keratin.
You can also find keratin in food sources.
Foods high in vitamin C, biotin, lean protein and whole grains are keratin-rich and improve keratin in your nails and hair.
Topical products like nail treatments, lotions, shampoo and conditioner also contain hydrolyzed keratin.

WHAT DOES HYDROLYZED KERATIN DO TO YOUR HAIR?
When you use hydrolyzed keratin on your hair topically, it helps fill the minor gaps throughout the hair shaft, including its three layers - the medulla, cortex and cuticle.
It’s like pouring cement into a crack.
When the broken down protein fills these microscopic gaps, hair gets the strength to minimize damage from chemical treatments, heat styling, mechanical manipulation and the sun.

BENEFITS OF HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Hydrolyzed keratin can repair and condition damaged hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.
Hydrolyzed keratin are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.

Hydrolyzed keratin protects the hair from the damaging effects of permanent bleaching, waving, and straightening products.
Hydrolyzed keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and forms a protective coating to shield the strands.
Hydrolyzed keratin boosts hair moisture and elasticity and protects it from heat and photo-damage .

Hydrolyzed keratin retains water content in the cortex by bonding with residual amino acids produced by hair proteins .
Research shows that hydrolyzed keratin can help stimulate hair growth.
Protein hydrolysates protect the hair from chemical and environmental aggressors to prevent hair damage.

Hydrolyzed keratin also helps seal hair cuticles.
This minimizes frizz and prevents flyaways.
The amino acids from hydrolyzed proteins neutralize the negative electrical charge on the hair to eliminate frizz and friction.

Hydrolyzed keratin has a similar amino acid structure to that of natural human hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is known to improve the tensile strength of damaged hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin maintains the health and youth of hair and nails and strengthens them: hair is shinier, less brittle, hair loss is slowed down, nails are more supple.

Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens skin by protecting from free radicals, and softens it and makes it more supple.
Reduces frizz, shedding and breakage.
Increases smoothness and elasticity with its moisture-binding abilities.
Essentially, hydrolyzed keratin helps rebuild the hair’s natural protective layer from the inside by increasing the diameter of each strand.

This gives a fuller appearance and replaces lost protein.
When hair treatments contain broken down or hydrolyzed keratin, it creates a protective barrier on the hair and simultaneously imparts shine.
Hydrolyzed keratin works on the skin too, and it restores moisture and improves the elasticity of the skin.

Hydrolyzed keratin's moisturizing properties make shampoos and conditioners that contain hydrolyzed keratin a go-to option for those with brittle, dry or limp hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin is an excellent choice to tame unruly hair and make it more manageable.

As hair is made from keratin, Hydrolyzed keratin is one of the best proteins to treat hair that’s heavily manipulated or chemically damaged.
Usually, when hair undergoes chemical processes, the amino acid cysteine breaks down and results in weakened and damaged hair.
Keratin is known to replace this lost cysteine.

Hydrolyzed keratin increases cysteine content, which increases tensile strength and minimizes damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin also increases volume, strengthens your hair, and restores luster.
Simply put, hydrolyzed keratin protein gets the job done because it has a low molecular weight.

Hydrolyzed Keratin can penetrate the hair cuticle.
This helps Hydrolyzed Keratin to take effect with more potency than say, something that merely sits on top of the hair.
Because Hydrolyzed keratin has a low molecular weight, Hydrolyzed keratin can penetrate the hair cuticle.

Helps repair damaged, broken and processed hair and helps hair grow.
Pure keratin oil is a protein that provides protection from the harmful rays of the sun.
Hydrolyzed keratin shows a straightening effect on hair that is electrified, swells and does not take shape easily.

Hydrolyzed keratin is applied directly to the hair.
To put it briefly, drinkable hydrolyzed keratin is a unique option for you to achieve the results you want in hair and nail health.
Hydrolyzed keratin can penetrate down to the lowest layer of hair and nails.

Hydrolyzed keratin can easily reach the cavities of the three layers that make up the hair - the medulla, cortex and cuticle.
By filling these gaps, Hydrolyzed keratin enables the hair to develop defense against external factors and increases its durability.
While protecting it from possible damage, Hydrolyzed keratin brings the hair that has lost its vitality back to life and makes them look brighter.

Hydrolyzed keratin strengthens the hair and prevents possible hair loss and breakage.
Hydrolyzed keratin repairs the dry and lifeless look created by dangerous sun rays, chemical treatments and hair styling that requires high heat.
Hydrolyzed keratin improves hair texture.

Thus, the problem of electrification is reduced in the hair, which has a smoother texture.
Hydrolyzed keratin increases the density of the hair.
Because by adding a new protein to replace the lost protein, Hydrolyzed keratin supports the protective layer of the hair from the inside and gives it a fuller appearance.

In addition to its positive effects that strengthen the hair, Hydrolyzed keratin also increases the durability of the nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin prevents breakage and weakness while extending the nails.
By repairing the damage caused by chemical applications such as permanent nail polish on the nails, Hydrolyzed keratin allows the nails to regain their former vitality.

Hydrolyzed keratin contributes to the healing process of thinned, damaged and dull nails that have lost their lively and shiny appearance.
Fights hair loss and promotes hair growth.
Helps restore life, volume and density to your hair.

Reduces frizz and smoothens hair.
Improves hair texture and adds shine instantly.
Free from silicone and other nasty toxins.

Suitable for all hair types.
Hair Fiber Reconstruction
Break strength

Healthy strands
Softness
Silkyness

Extra Brightness
Thermal protection
Supports hair brightness, density, and volume by bonding with hair strands.

Supports healthy, lustrous-looking hair.
Helps strengthen, nourish, and hydrate hair.

*Strengthens and protects:
When hydrolyzed keratin is used topically on the hair, it helps fill the minor gaps throughout the hair shaft, including its three layers known as the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
Filling these microscopic gaps with broken-down protein helps to strengthen hair's structure, thereby improving its overall elasticity.

*Reduces damage:
Hydrolyzed keratin minimizes the damaging effects of sun exposure, heat styling, chemical treatments, and combing hair—tangled tresses, especially.

*Fights frizz:
Studies show that hydrolyzed keratin can improve hair's texture so that it looks and feels smoother.
In other words, Hydrolyzed Keratin's a frizz-fighting machine.

*Softens hair:
After chemical treatments that use hydrolyzed keratin, hair will feel softer and bouncier.

*Moisturizes:
Hydrolyzed Keratin acts as a humectant, which draws moisture into the hair.

*Increases density:
Hydrolyzed Keratin also helps to rebuild the natural protective layer of hair from the inside by replacing lost protein and increasing each strand’s diameter, which gives it a fuller appearance.

*Moisturizes hair:
Hydrolyzed keratin keeps the strands well moisturized for a longer period of time.

*Repairs the damaged strands:
In the damaged hair, the amino acid-cysteine breaks down which leads to damaged and brittle hair, hydrolyzed keratin protein increases the cysteine content in the hair shaft, thus repairing the damaged strands.

*Tames frizzy hair:
Hydrolyzed keratin conditions the dry and frizzy hair, makes it more manageable.

*Adds shine to hair:
Hydrolyzed keratin forms a thin protective film over the hair, adding shine to the strands.

*Increases tensile strength of hair:
Hydrolyzed keratin makes the hair soft and improves the elasticity, prevents breakage and split ends.

*Strengthens:
The application of hydrolyzed Keratin topically can fill in the small gaps along the hair shaft.
This includes the three layers of the cuticle, cortex, and medulla. Keratin helps fill these minor gaps along the hair shaft, strengthening the hair and improving its overall elasticity.

*Reduces damage:
Hydrolyzed keratin forms a protective layer on the surface of the hair, protecting it from heat and extreme climatic conditions, and reducing the chances of hair damage.

*Fights frizz:
Hydrolyzed Keratin can make your hair soft and frizz-free by keeping it hydrated and well-conditioned.

*Moisturizes:
A powerful humectant hydrolyzed Keratin is effective in keeping your hair well moisturized.

*Improves hair density:
Hydrolyzed keratin forms a protective layer by filling the gaps, replacing the lost protein, and enhancing the overall diameter of the hair, thus improving its density.

MECHANISM OF HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
A triple novelty and superiority compared to other keratin products:
The different proteins that make up the Hydrolyzed keratin are separated, with very specific activities.
They are intact and therefore similar to native keratin.
The activity of the cysteine is fully restored.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Hydrolyzed keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Keratin is broken down by splitting its bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
At the end of the chemical process, the keratin is reduced into smaller fragments that the hair can absorb, thanks to its lower molecular weight.

HOW TO USE HYDROLYZED KERATIN?
Before choosing a product containing hydrolyzed keratin, it is necessary to pay attention to the function of the other components it contains and how it results.
In addition, instead of turning to products that will cause you to get a superficial care; you need to choose healthy methods that nourish your hair and nails from the inside.

At this point, you can take advantage of the power of nutritional supplements.
Drinkable hydrolyzed keratin supplement, suitable for all hair types, that you can use daily, is the shortest way to revitalize your hair and nails!
Sincere support has a positive effect on your health in general, while also helping you achieve the aesthetic appearance and durability you desire.

Whether your hair is difficult to style, dry or damaged, include hydrolyzed keratin in your haircare arsenal.
In no time will your hair look and feel shinier, softer, fuller and stronger.
Hydrolyzed Keratin provides moisturizing benefits for both hair and skin.

Can be used in hair treatment, shampoo, conditioner, styling, leave-in, bodywash, body lotion, body treatments, cleanser, toner, facial moisturizer, face, treatment, mascara, lipstick, color cosmetics, makeup foundation.
You can find many hair care products like shampoos, conditioners, hair masks, and serums containing Hydrolyzed keratin.
Use these products regularly to improve the hair texture and tensile strength and repair damaged hair.

*DIY Hair Products:
Add a concentration of 0.5-3% of hydrolyzed keratin to your regular shampoo, conditioner, or hair mask to condition and protect the hair.

*Deep Conditioning Treatment:
You can add 0.5-3% concentration of hydrolyzed keratin to any deep conditioning treatment.
Apply the product, put on a shower cap, and leave the treatment on overnight.
Wash it off in the morning.

HAIR TYPE CONSIDERATIONS:
Hydrolyzed keratin is beneficial for most hair types, but will have more benefits for people with curly, kinky, dry, or damaged hair.
High porosity hair types that have been weakened from chemical processes like color treatments, chemical relaxers, or sun damage benefit from keratin treatments.
The hydrolyzed keratin will fill the gaps in the hair strands that are weak.
Hydrolyzed keratin is a powerful ingredient, so it shouldn’t be applied as often as, say, a moisturizing deep conditioner.

IS HYDROLYZED KERATIN GOOD FOR CURLY HAIR?
Curly and kinky hair is porous and brittle and has a weak hair structure.
Hydrolyzed keratin can easily penetrate curly hair and improve its protein content to strengthen the strands and enhance the hair structure.
Hydrolyzed keratin may help enhance curl definition, so Hydrolyzed keratin is often suggested to be used in DIY hair masks and products.
Curly hair is more prone to damage and dryness, and hydrolyzed keratin can help minimize these issues.
Hydrolyzed keratin makes curly hair more manageable and frizz-free.
Hydrolyzed keratin also improves hair color and shine.

IS HYDROLYZED KERATIN VEGAN?
Hydrolyzed keratin is not vegan.
Keratin is derived from feathers, wool, nails, and other parts of animals.
However, hydrolyzed protein can be synthesized from the amino acid extracted from soy, wheat, and corn.
It is not be as effective as animal-derived keratin and may not restore the damaged hair structure.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
Boiling Point: 214.8°C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 31.5°C
pH: 5.5-7.5
Solubility: Soluble in water
Physical state: solid
Colour: various
Odour: characteristic
pH (value): not applicable
Melting point/freezing point: 354 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 116 °C
Flash point: 12 °C
Evaporation rate: not determined
Flammability (solid, gas): this material is combustible, but will not ignite readily
Explosion limits of dust clouds: not determined

Vapour pressure: not determined
Density: not determined
Vapour density: this information is not available
Relative density: information on this property is not available
Solubility(ies): not determined
Partition coefficient - n-octanol/water (log KOW): this information is not available
Auto-ignition temperature: not determined
Viscosity: not relevant (solid matter)
Explosive properties: none
Oxidising properties: none
pH value: 5.0-5.8.
Contains: 20-23% of protein
Molecular weight: 1,100-3,300 Dal
Derived: From Sheep's Wool

Ph: 5.0 - 7.5
Moisture: 7% Max.
Ash: 6% Max.
Protein: 90% Min.
Density: 0.2g/Ml Min.
Heavy Metal: 10ppm Max.
Lead: 1ppm Max.
Arsenic: 1ppm Max.
Mercury: 0.5ppm Max.
Average Molecular Weight: 2000da Max.
Total Bacterias: Coliforms: Salmonella: Absent /25g
Molds And Yeasts: Storage Condition: Keep Package Sealed Under Cool And Dry Place
Shelf Life: Two Years

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-General notes:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Never give anything by mouth.
-Following inhalation:
Provide fresh air.
-Following skin contact:
Rinse skin with water/shower.
-Following eye contact:
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
Irrigate copiously with clean, fresh water for at least 10 minutes, holding the eyelids apart.
-Following ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-Environmental precautions:
Keep away from drains, surface and ground water.
-Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
*Advice on how to contain a spill:
Covering of drains, Take up mechanically.
*Advice on how to clean up a spill:
Take up mechanically.
-Other information relating to spills and releases:
Place in appropriate containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water, Foam, ABC-powder

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
General ventilation.
-Individual protection measures (personal protective equipment):
*Eye/face protection:
Wear eye/face protection.
*Hand protection:
Wear protective gloves.
*Respiratory protection:
Particulate filter device (EN 143).
-Environmental exposure controls:
Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.
Keep away from drains, surface and ground water.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on general occupational hygiene:
Wash hands after use.
Do not eat, drink and smoke in work areas.
Never keep food or drink in the vicinity of chemicals.
Never place chemicals in containers that are normally used for food or drink.
Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffs.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROLYZED KERATIN:
-Chemical stability:
The material is stable under normal ambient and anticipated storage and handling conditions of temperature and pressure.

SYNONYMS:
HP (eluent)
Promois WK-F
Nutrilan Keratin W
K-D
Keratide
qua, Laurdimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed
INSTANT BCAA
KERATIN (5% IN WATER)
Proteinhydrolysat
Hydrolysed protein
HYDROLYSED KERATINE
Keratin hydrolyzate
Branched amino acid
CL245
from Wool
Keratin hydrozylates (powder)
Keratins, hydrolyzates
Keratins, hydrolyzates
aminomethylpropanol salt of the condensation product of isostearic acid chloride with hydrolyzed keratin
hydrolyzed animal keratin
extrapone cashmere GW (Symrise)
extrapone cashmere GW N (Symrise)
crotein cashmere
crotein cashmere PE
crotein HKP powder
crotein K
crotein WKP
kerasol
keratin amino acids
keratin hydrolysate
keratin hydrolyzed
keratin, hydrolyzed
keratins, hydrolyzates
BCAA
Cattle hair
Proteinhydrolysat
Hydrolyzed keratin
HYDROLYZED KERATIN
Keratin hydrolyzed
Keratin, hydrolyzed
Keratin hydrolyzate
Compound amino acid
HYDROLYSED KERATINE
Keratins, hydrolyzates
Hydrolyzed animal keratin
Keratins,cattle horn,saponified and neutralized
Keratins, cattle horn, saponified and neutralized

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a cosmetic and personal care ingredient derived from keratin, a fibrous protein that is a fundamental structural component of hair, skin, and nails in humans and animals.
The hydrolysis process breaks down the large keratin protein molecules into smaller fragments, called peptides, or individual amino acids.
This hydrolyzed form of keratin is used in various hair and skin care products due to its purported benefits for strengthening, conditioning, and nourishing hair and skin.

CAS Number: 69430-36-0
EC Number: 274-001-1

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APPLICATIONS

Hydrolyzed keratin protein finds extensive application in hair care products, including shampoos and conditioners, to improve hair strength and manageability.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is commonly used in leave-in hair treatments, offering continuous nourishment and protection against environmental stressors.

Salon treatments often incorporate hydrolyzed keratin for professional-grade hair repair and rejuvenation.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a key ingredient in hair masks, providing an intensive conditioning experience for damaged or brittle hair.

Styling products such as hair serums and creams utilize hydrolyzed keratin to impart a glossy finish and control frizz.
Volumizing hair products often feature hydrolyzed keratin to enhance the structural integrity of individual hair strands.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is prevalent in products designed for color-treated hair, helping maintain vibrancy and protect against color fading.
Certain nail care formulations include Hydrolyzed keratin protein to strengthen and nourish nails, promoting overall nail health.
Anti-aging skincare products may incorporate Hydrolyzed keratin protein for its potential to improve skin texture and hydration.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein's film-forming properties make it suitable for hair styling products, offering hold and structure.
In hair serums and oils, hydrolyzed keratin contributes to a lightweight and non-greasy formulation for easy application.

Scalp treatments often utilize hydrolyzed keratin to nourish the scalp and promote a healthy environment for hair growth.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein-infused hair sprays provide a protective barrier, helping to shield hair from humidity and environmental factors.
Products designed for chemically treated hair, such as permed or relaxed hair, may contain hydrolyzed keratin for repair and strengthening.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in the formulation of heat protectant sprays to minimize damage caused by styling tools.
Hair primers and pre-styling products often feature hydrolyzed keratin to create a smooth canvas for styling.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into detangling sprays and leave-in conditioners to ease the combing and brushing of hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in hair restructuring treatments, providing long-lasting benefits for damaged or over-processed hair.
Certain skincare formulations may include hydrolyzed keratin for its moisturizing properties and potential skin barrier support.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is found in hair volumizing foams, contributing to lift and body without compromising hair health.
Conditioners for curly or textured hair may contain Hydrolyzed keratin protein to enhance curl definition and reduce frizz.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in certain hair-repairing capsules or ampoules for targeted treatment of specific hair concerns.
Products formulated for fine or thinning hair often incorporate Hydrolyzed keratin protein to enhance thickness and volume.

Hair-nourishing leave-in creams and lotions frequently feature Hydrolyzed keratin protein for sustained benefits throughout the day.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein's versatility allows its inclusion in a wide array of hair and skincare products, addressing diverse concerns and preferences.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a common ingredient in split-end repair products, aiming to mend and prevent split ends for healthier-looking hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in deep conditioning treatments, providing an extra layer of hydration and repair for dry or damaged hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in hair primers, creating a smooth foundation for subsequent styling products.
Anti-frizz hair serums often leverage Hydrolyzed keratin protein to control frizz and promote smoother, more manageable hair.

Products designed for frequent heat styling, such as flat irons or curling wands, may contain hydrolyzed keratin for thermal protection.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in volumizing mousses, contributing to enhanced fullness and body in the hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a key component in split-end menders, helping to temporarily seal and strengthen damaged hair tips.
Certain hair-repairing masks use hydrolyzed keratin alongside other nourishing ingredients for a comprehensive treatment.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into color-enhancing shampoos and conditioners, preserving the vibrancy of colored hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a popular choice in lightweight hair lotions, providing a subtle and natural finish without weighing down the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often present in hair-repairing oils, offering an extra boost of nourishment for dry or brittle hair.

Styling gels may contain Hydrolyzed keratin protein to provide structure and hold while maintaining a flexible and touchable finish.
Certain hair-thickening products feature Hydrolyzed keratin protein for added volume and thickness, particularly in fine or thinning hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in hair glosses and shine sprays, contributing to a glossy and polished appearance.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in detangling leave-in sprays, making combing and brushing more manageable, especially for tangled hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in overnight hair masks, offering prolonged repair and nourishment while sleeping.

In certain hair growth products, Hydrolyzed keratin protein may play a role in supporting a healthy scalp environment for optimal hair growth.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner formulations, providing convenience in a single product.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in pre-shampoo treatments to offer a protective barrier before the cleansing step, especially for chemically treated hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is found in hair-setting sprays, helping to maintain the structure and longevity of styled looks.
Certain frizz-control hair creams utilize hydrolyzed keratin to combat humidity and keep hair smoother for longer periods.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in hair-fortifying supplements, aiming to support overall hair health from within.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in protective hair serums for swimming, providing an additional layer of defense against chlorine and saltwater damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein may be present in hair perfumes or scented hair mists, combining fragrance with hair-nourishing properties.
In styling powders or dry shampoos, hydrolyzed keratin can contribute to texture and volume while refreshing the hair between washes.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a key ingredient in keratin-infused hair masks designed to repair and strengthen hair fibers.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often included in smoothing hair serums, contributing to the reduction of frizz and the promotion of sleek, polished hairstyles.

Curl-defining creams may incorporate Hydrolyzed keratin protein to enhance the natural curl pattern while providing moisture and structure.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in scalp treatments to nourish the scalp and create an optimal environment for healthy hair growth.
Certain hair-repairing leave-in conditioners feature Hydrolyzed keratin protein for continuous protection and nourishment throughout the day.

Volumizing dry shampoos may contain Hydrolyzed keratin protein to add texture and fullness while refreshing the hair between washes.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in split-end prevention sprays, acting as a proactive measure to minimize future damage.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in specialized color-protecting hair oils, offering both color preservation and overall hair health benefits.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is found in revitalizing hair tonics, promoting circulation and rejuvenating the scalp for healthier hair.

Leave-in detangling sprays often use Hydrolyzed keratin protein to ease the combing process and prevent breakage in tangled hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into hair-building fibers, helping to create the appearance of fuller and thicker hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in hair primers for upstyling or intricate hairstyles, providing a smooth base for intricate styling.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in repairing hair balms, offering targeted care for specific damaged areas.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in post-sun exposure hair masks, providing soothing and replenishing properties for sun-damaged hair.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a common component in hair-nourishing capsules, offering a concentrated dose of repair for damaged hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in humidity-resistant hair sprays, helping to maintain styles in damp or humid conditions.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in split-end binding lotions, temporarily sealing and reinforcing damaged hair tips.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into lightweight hair mousses, providing volume and structure without a heavy or sticky feel.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in multi-action hair creams, offering a combination of styling, repair, and protection.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in UV-protective hair products, shielding the hair from the damaging effects of sun exposure.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in strand-strengthening hair elixirs, promoting resilience and reducing breakage.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in sulfate-free clarifying shampoos, offering a gentle cleanse while maintaining hair's natural moisture.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in flexible-hold hair gels, providing structure without stiffness for versatile styling.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in hair-setting lotions, aiding in the creation and maintenance of long-lasting curls or waves.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in nourishing overnight hair serums, delivering reparative benefits while sleeping.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in lightweight hair foams, providing styling support while maintaining a natural feel.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is commonly included in keratin-infused hair glosses, enhancing shine and promoting a polished appearance.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in rejuvenating hair tonics, contributing to scalp health and revitalizing hair follicles.
In split-end binding sprays, hydrolyzed keratin helps temporarily mend and strengthen damaged hair ends.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in protective hair serums with added antioxidants, shielding hair from environmental damage.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in nourishing hair lotions designed for daily use, offering continuous hydration and care.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in quick-dry hair mists, providing a fast-setting solution for on-the-go styling.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in anti-breakage hair masks, fortifying strands to reduce breakage and improve elasticity.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is utilized in lightweight hair powders for added texture and volume without weighing down the hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in revitalizing hair sprays, offering a refreshing burst of hydration throughout the day.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in humidity-resistant hair balms, helping to combat frizz in damp or humid conditions.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in styling creams for textured or curly hair, enhancing definition and manageability.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in shine-enhancing hair oils, providing a luminous finish and promoting a healthy-looking sheen.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in hair-strengthening capsules, offering a targeted treatment for weakened areas.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into hair-repairing ampoules, delivering concentrated care for specific hair concerns.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in color-protecting hair primers, preserving vibrancy while preparing the hair for styling.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in revitalizing dry shampoos, providing a quick refresh while maintaining hair health.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in flexible-hold hair sprays, allowing for natural movement while providing control.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is included in strand-repairing leave-in conditioners, offering ongoing care for damaged or chemically treated hair.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is present in nourishing hair creams for textured or natural hair, promoting moisture and definition.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in multi-action hair serums, combining reparative, protective, and styling benefits in a single product.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein can be found in hair-building supplements, aiming to support overall hair health and growth.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is featured in weightless hair tonics, providing scalp care and promoting a balanced environment for hair growth.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is used in protective hair masks for swimmers, counteracting the effects of chlorine and saltwater.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is incorporated into shine-enhancing hair mists, offering a subtle and radiant finish for styled hair.

DESCRIPTION

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a cosmetic and personal care ingredient derived from keratin, a fibrous protein that is a fundamental structural component of hair, skin, and nails in humans and animals.
The hydrolysis process breaks down the large keratin protein molecules into smaller fragments, called peptides, or individual amino acids.
This hydrolyzed form of keratin is used in various hair and skin care products due to its purported benefits for strengthening, conditioning, and nourishing hair and skin.

The chemical composition of hydrolyzed keratin protein can vary depending on the source and specific manufacturing processes.
Keratin itself is rich in amino acids, including cysteine, methionine, arginine, and others, which contribute to its structural and functional properties.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often included in hair care formulations such as shampoos, conditioners, and treatments, as well as in skincare products like creams and lotions.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is believed to help improve the appearance and health of hair by reinforcing its structure, increasing shine, and reducing frizz.
In skincare, Hydrolyzed keratin protein is sometimes used for its potential moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein, a cosmetic ingredient, is derived from the structural protein keratin found in hair, skin, and nails.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein undergoes a hydrolysis process, breaking it down into smaller peptides for use in various beauty formulations.
Renowned for its strengthening properties, Hydrolyzed keratin protein is a staple in hair care products designed to fortify and rejuvenate strands.

When applied, Hydrolyzed keratin protein forms a protective film on the hair, reducing frizz and enhancing overall manageability.
Hydrolyzed keratin's amino acid profile mirrors that of natural hair, contributing to its affinity for bonding with damaged areas.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often incorporated into shampoos and conditioners to improve elasticity and promote a smoother texture.
In skincare, Hydrolyzed keratin protein may offer moisture-retention benefits, contributing to a softer and more supple complexion.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein's small molecular size allows it to penetrate the hair shaft, aiding in the repair of damaged cuticles.
Products containing Hydrolyzed keratin protein are sought after for their potential to revitalize chemically treated or heat-damaged hair.

Its ability to reinforce weak or brittle nails makes it a valued ingredient in certain nail care formulations.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is known for its film-forming properties, which can help protect hair from environmental stressors.
The lightweight nature of Hydrolyzed keratin protein allows for easy absorption into the hair, ensuring deep nourishment.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein's affinity for hair's natural structure makes it an excellent choice for products targeting split ends and breakage.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often found in leave-in treatments, offering prolonged benefits for continuous hair health.
Beyond its reparative properties, it imparts a glossy finish to the hair, enhancing its natural luster.

Hydrolyzed keratin protein is compatible with various hair types, making it versatile in formulations for different textures and styles.
In certain skincare products, Hydrolyzed keratin protein contributes to a smoother skin surface and improved hydration.
Its ability to strengthen hair's structural integrity makes it a popular choice for products targeting volumizing effects.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein is often featured in professional salon treatments aimed at restoring and rejuvenating damaged hair.

For those with color-treated hair, products containing this protein may help extend the vibrancy of the color.
The inclusion of Hydrolyzed keratin protein in hair masks provides an intensive treatment for deep conditioning and repair.

Due to its water-soluble nature, Hydrolyzed keratin protein easily blends into various formulations without leaving a residue.
The application of hydrolyzed keratin-infused products can result in hair that feels smoother, softer, and more resilient.
Its biocompatibility with the skin makes it a sought-after ingredient for skincare products focusing on anti-aging benefits.
Hydrolyzed keratin protein's popularity in the beauty industry stems from its multifaceted benefits, addressing a spectrum of hair and skin concerns.

PROPERTIES

Boiling Point: 214.8°C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 31.5°C
pH: 5.5-7.5
Solubility: Soluble in water

FIRST AID

Inhalation:

If inhaled, move the person to fresh air.
If breathing difficulties persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:

In case of skin contact, immediately remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
If irritation or redness persists, seek medical advice.

Eye Contact:

In case of contact with eyes, flush the eyes gently with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, holding eyelids open.
Seek immediate medical attention if irritation persists.

Ingestion:

If hydrolyzed keratin is ingested, do not induce vomiting.
Rinse the mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention.
Provide the medical professional with information about the product.

General First Aid:

If a person is unconscious, not breathing, or experiencing severe symptoms, call emergency services immediately.
Provide the medical professional with information about the product, including the product name and any available safety data sheets.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves and safety goggles, to prevent skin contact and eye exposure.
If handling in an area with potential inhalation exposure, use respiratory protection as needed.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Avoid inhaling vapors or dust.

Avoid Contact:
Minimize skin contact with the substance.
Avoid eye contact.
In case of contact, rinse eyes thoroughly with water.

Hygiene Practices:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Remove and wash contaminated clothing promptly.

Storage:

Temperature:
Store hydrolyzed keratin in a cool, dry place.
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight, as this may affect the stability of the substance.

Containers:
Store in containers made of materials compatible with the substance to prevent contamination.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.

Separation:
Store away from incompatible materials and substances.

Handling Precautions:
Follow good manufacturing practices (GMP) and use proper hygiene measures during handling to prevent contamination.

Labeling:
Ensure proper labeling of containers with the product name, hazard symbols, and relevant safety information.

Hydrolyzed milk protein; Protein hydrolysates, milk; Proteins, milk, hydrolysate. cas no: 8049-98-7

soy protein hydrolyzate; soy protein hydrolyzate with enzyme-modified lecithin; soyaline; soybean peptone cas no: 68607-88-5

manduline; hydrolyzed prunus amugdalus dulcis protein; hydrolysate of sweet almond cas no: 235433-31-5

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN; Glutens, enzyme-modified; WHEATPROTEINHYDROLYSATE; Wheat gluten, enzyme-modified;HYDROYZED WHEAT PROTEIN; Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein Concentrate cas no: 70084-87-6

HYDROQUINONE; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene; p-Dihydroxybenzene; 1,4-Benzenediol; Quinol; 1,4-benzenediol; p Benzendiol; Benzoquinol; 1,4-Hydroxybenzene; p-Hydroquinone; p-Dihydroxybenzene; 1,4-Benzendil; Aida; Black and White Bleaching Cream; Eldoquin; Elopaque; quinnone; 1, 4-dihydroxy-benzeen cas no: 123-31-9

Hydrolyzed wheat protein is an aqueous solution of a wheat protein hydrolysate that is obtained by the action of a selected enzyme pool which yields a high level of free amino acids and short peptides.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein provides high substantivity to hair and can impart hair repairing properties, improve the ease of hair combing in cleansing formulations and improve colour deposition and retention of dyes on hair.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is miscible with water and compatible with surfactants, electrolytes, cationic polymers and most vegetable extracts.

CAS: 70084-87-6
EINECS/ELINCS No: 305-225-0

Hydrolyzed wheat protein is recommended for use in leave-on and rinse-off applications.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is a powder derived from wheat through a chemical process called hydrolysis, which involves the reaction of the substance (in this case wheat protein) with water and an acid.
The process is necessary to make the wheat protein small enough to access keratin through cuticles breakage.

The protein will increase the tensile strength of the hair to make Hydrolyzed wheat protein less susceptible to breakage.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein also adds volume, texture and condition to the hair, preventing it from drying out and leaving it soft and silky.

Hydrolyzed wheat protein comes from the controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat and is gluten free.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is rich in proteins and amino acids, essential elements for a healthy metabolism.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein increases skin’s firmness and helps to form a film to retain moisture and provide luminosity.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein prevents the skin from drying out and diminishes the appearance of wrinkles.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein nourishes and repairs hair, detangles, provides shine and hydration.

Hydrolyzed wheat protein is basically small-sized protein molecules that are easily absorbed by the skin and hair to provide multiple benefits and nutrition.
Protein molecules in general are large in size so they are broken down to make them easily absorbed.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein ingredient comes in the form of an amber-colored liquid that is found in a wide range of beauty products - from moisturizers and shampoos to eye creams and cleansers.
Additionally, hydrolyzed wheat protein is not gluten-free, but since it is not supposed to be consumed, Hydrolyzed wheat protein is safe for use.

Origin
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is generally derived from wheat germ.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is industrially produced following a short and simple process.
First water is added to a reaction kettle then an alkaline protease is stirred in to make a uniform mixture.
Wheat gluten protein powder is then added and alkaline is stirred in until the pH of the mixture reaches 9-10.
The hydrolyzing process then starts by adding trypsin and hydrolyzing the mixture for 30-80 minutes.
Once this process is completed, the mixture is filtered and spray dried to result in hydrolyzed wheat protein.

Uses
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is a skin-conditioning ingredient.
This is a neutralized alcohol-soluble wheat protein/ fatty acid condensate.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein can be found in skin tonics.
hydrolyzed wheat protein offers conditioning, moisturizing, and film-forming properties.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is an effective moisturizer in skin care products, where it helps retain moisture in the skin.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is almost always used as a replacement for hydrolyzed animal protein.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is produced by an enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten.

Benefits of Wheat Protein for Hair
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is a type of non-animal protein derived from wheat germ, like gluten or glutamine.
Garshick explains that Hydrolyzed wheat protein is more effective when applied topically if it is broken down into smaller proteins, known as hydrolyzed wheat protein, which can then pass through the hair cuticle.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is thought to help hydrate and strengthen the hair and works by locking in moisture, Garshick explains.
This combination of hydration and strengthening is exactly what most products designed to treat hair damage promise.

Synonyms
Glutens, enzyme-modified
70084-87-6
DTXSID80894585
Wheat Protein, hydrolyzed
hydrolized wheat protein
HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN
Glutens, enzyme-modified
WHEATPROTEINHYDROLYSATE
HydrolyzedWheatProteinConcentrate
Wheat gluten, enzyme-modified
HYDROYZED WHEAT PROTEIN
HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN USP/EP/BP
Hydrolysis Wheat protein peptide

Hydrolyzed wheat protein is basically small-sized protein molecules that are easily absorbed by the skin and hair to provide multiple benefits and nutrition.
Protein molecules in general are large in size so they are broken down to make them easily absorbed.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein ingredient comes in the form of an amber-colored liquid that is found in a wide range of beauty products - from moisturizers and shampoos to eye creams and cleansers.

CAS: 70084-87-6
EINECS: 615-058-8

Synonyms:
HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN;Glutens, enzyme-modified;WHEATPROTEINHYDROLYSATE;HydrolyzedWheatProteinConcentrate;Wheat gluten, enzyme-modified;HYDROYZED WHEAT PROTEIN;HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN USP/EP/BP;Hydrolysis Wheat protein peptide

Additionally, hydrolyzed wheat protein is not gluten-free, but since it is not supposed to be consumed, it is safe for use.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is generally derived from wheat germ.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is industrially produced following a short and simple process.
First water is added to a reaction kettle then an alkaline protease is stirred in to make a uniform mixture.
Wheat gluten protein powder is then added and alkaline is stirred in until the pH of the mixture reaches 9-10.
The hydrolyzing process then starts by adding trypsin and hydrolyzing the mixture for 30-80 minutes.
Once this process is completed, the mixture is filtered and spray dried to result in hydrolyzed wheat protein.

Hydrolyzed wheat protein has moisturizing and film-forming properties and might be able to counteract the irritating effects of cleansing agents in cleansers and shampoos.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein can also condition and repair damaged hair leaving it soft, silky and smooth.

Physical form
Powder, white-yellowish to brown
Molecular weight
Molecular weight 0.1 – 90 kDa. Mostly between 25 and 90 kDa.
Solubility
Soluble in water

Uses
Hydrolyzed wheat protein has many benefits for the hair and skin.
The small molecules of this ingredient easily penetrate the surface and repair the tissues from deep within. Hydrolyzed wheat protein is used in many skin care and hair care products such as facial serums, lotions, and hair sprays.
Skin care: It tends to form a layer on the skin to prevent moisture loss and give a luminous feel to the skin.
It increases the firmness of the skin and prevents it from drying out.
Further, hydrolyzed wheat protein has anti-aging properties and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the skin.
Hair care: It is known for treating dry and damaged hair.
It provides deep moisture and strengthens hair shafts, thus reducing hair fall and breakage.
Products like hydrolyzed wheat protein shampoo make hair shinier and improve the overall texture.

Hydrolyzed wheat protein offers conditioning, moisturizing, and film-forming properties.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is an effective moisturizer in skin care products, where it helps retain moisture in the skin.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is almost always used as a replacement for hydrolyzed animal protein.
Hydrolyzed wheat protein is produced by an enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten.

Because hydrolyzed wheat protein is so easily absorbed into your hair strands, they quickly swell with water and plump up.
As a result, your hair appears fuller and thicker, creating more volume.
This can make your wavy hair easier to style and give it that desired fullness that most of us in the wavy hair community love.
It’s also great for anyone who struggles with thinning hair.

Hydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
Hydroquinone occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

CAS: 123-31-9
MF: C6H6O2
MW: 110.11
EINECS: 204-617-8

Synonyms
Hydroquinone;123-31-9;Benzene-1,4-diol;1,4-benzenediol;Quinol;1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;p-Benzenediol;p-Hydroquinone;p-Hydroxyphenol;4-Hydroxyphenol;p-Dihydroxybenzene;Benzoquinol;hydroquinol;Dihydroquinone;Eldoquin;p-Dioxybenzene;Solaquin forte;Eldopaque;Hydroquinole;Idrochinone;Tecquinol;Phiaquin;Benzohydroquinone;Hidroquinone;Arctuvin;Tequinol;Dihydroxybenzene;Eldopaque Forte;Eldoquin Forte;Derma-Blanch;Hydrochinon;Tenox HQ;Diak 5;Benzene, p-dihydroxy-;Hydrochinone;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol;Artra;Usaf ek-356;1,4-Diidrobenzene;p-Dioxobenzene;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen;para-Dioxybenzene;para-Hydroquinone;NCI-C55834;Black and White Bleaching Cream;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen;para-Dihydroxybenzene;beta-quinol;HE 5;Pyrogentistic acid;Epiquin;Melanex;Sunvanish;Idrochinone [Italian];p-Dihydroquinone;alpha-hydroquinone;CHEBI:17594;NSC 9247;Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish];CCRIS 714;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech];1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian];HSDB 577;DTXSID7020716;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch];1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German];AI3-00072;CHEMBL537;UNII-XV74C1N1AE;NSC-9247;EINECS 204-617-8;XV74C1N1AE;UN2662;Hydroquinone (USP);Hydroquinone [USP];MFCD00002339;HQ;DTXCID70716;NSC9247;EC 204-617-8;Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison];1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4);TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE;NCGC00015523-02;HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA;HYDROQUINONE (IARC);HYDROQUINONE [IARC];para-Hydroxyphenol;HYDROQUINONE (MART.);HYDROQUINONE [MART.];HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS);HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS];quinnone;Eldopacque;p-Phenylenediol;p Benzendiol;HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH);HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH];p-Quinol;1,4-Benzoquinol;CAS-123-31-9;SMR000059154;1,4-Hydroxybenzene;SR-01000075920;BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY);BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY];4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;hydroquinon;BQ(H);Hydroquinoue;Balancer;MedisilkeNight;Supermax;hydroq uinone;hydroquinone gr;MiracleFade;Reduced quinone;a-Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
Hydroquinone is a chemical compound used in various skincare products for its skin-lightening properties.
Hydroquinone is commonly used to treat hyperpigmentation, such as age spots, melasma, and acne scars, by inhibiting the production of melanin in the skin.
Hydroquinone works by disrupting the enzymatic processes involved in melanin production, leading to a lighter complexion over time.
Hydroquinone is available in various forms, including creams, gels, and serums, and is often used in combination with other skincare ingredients for enhanced effectiveness.
However, prolonged and excessive use of hydroquinone can lead to side effects such as skin irritation, redness, and potentially ochronosis, a condition characterized by blue-black pigmentation of the skin.
Therefore, it is important to use hydroquinone under the guidance of a healthcare professional and to follow the recommended usage instructions.

Hydroquinone Chemical Properties
Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
Vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
Refractive index: 1.6320
Fp: 165 °C
Storage temp: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
Pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability:: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, oxygen, ferric salts. Light and air-sensitive. Discolours in air.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP 0.59 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference 123-31-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroquinone(123-31-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. 15, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroquinone (123-31-9)

Uses
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

Hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although Hydroquinone occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.

Production Methods
There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Diisopropylbenzene is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide.
This hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone.
The purified product is isolated by filtration and packaged. The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
Hydroquinone can also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.
p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to Hydroquinone using iron oxide.
The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried.
The process occurs in a closed system.
HQis also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent.
The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Natural occurrences
Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Hydroquinone is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.

Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone is known for its ability to inhibit the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Hydroquinone bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: 110.11
EINECS Number: 204-617-8

Synonyms: hydroquinone, Benzene-1,4-diol, 123-31-9, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, Eldoquin, hydroquinol, Eldopaque, Phiaquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, Benzohydroquinone, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Hydroquinone, NCI-C55834, Pyrogentistic acid, Black and White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Epiquin, Sunvanish, Idrochinone [Italian], p-Dihydroquinone, alpha-hydroquinone, para-Hydroxyphenol, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish], CCRIS 714, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech], 1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian], quinnone, Eldopacque, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, p-Phenylenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch], 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German], p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, 1,4-Benzoquinol, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, BQ(H), DTXCID70716, Black & White Bleaching Cream, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4), Hydroquinone (USP), TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00015523-02, HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA, HYDROQUINONE (IARC), HYDROQUINONE [IARC], HYDROQUINONE (MART.), HYDROQUINONE [MART.], HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS), HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS], HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH), HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH], CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, SR-01000075920, BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydrokinone, hydroquinon, Hidroquinona, Hydrokinon, Hydroquinoue, Accutin, Elopaque, hydroq uinone, hydroquinone gr, p-fenilenediol, p-hidroquinona, p-hidroxifenol, Reduced quinone, a-Hydroquinone, p-Dioxibenceno, 4-hidroxifenol, p-Diphenol, p-Hydroxybenzene, b-Quinol, 4-Benzenediol, Dihydroxybenzen e, 14-Benzoquinol, p-Dihidroxibenceno, Hydroquinone, HQ, .beta.-Quinol, 1,4 benzenediol, 1,4-Bencenodiol, Hydroquinone,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, p -Dihydroxybenzene, PLQ, 1,4-Benzendil, Artra (Salt/Mix), HYDROP, .alpha.-Hydroquinone, 1 4-p-Benzenediol, Hydroquinone (8CI), phenol derivative, 4, 1 4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihidroxibenceno, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, 4e3h, HDQ (CHRIS Code), PYROGENTISIC ACID, SpecPlus_000769, 1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone, ELDOQUIN (TN), HYDROQUINONE BAKER, hydroquinone for synthesis, Spectrum2_001672, Spectrum3_000656, Spectrum4_000633, Spectrum5_001430, HYDROQUINONE [MI], Lopac-H-9003, WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, D03UOT, D08LQA, Epitope ID:116206, HYDROQUINONE [HSDB], HYDROQUINONE [INCI], HYDROQUINONE [VANDF], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, BIDD, DivK1c_006865, HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD], Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH), SPBio_001883, BDBM26190, Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%, KBio1_001809, KBio2_002237, KBio2_004805, KBio2_007373, KBio3_001511, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-, HMS1922H15, HMS2093E08, HMS3261D16, HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK], LS-23, Pharmakon1600-01504237, HY-B0951, Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison], Tox21_110169, Tox21_202345, Tox21_300015, Tox21_500577, CCG-39082, NA2662, NSC758707, s4580, STK397446, UN3435, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%, NCGC00015523-01, NCGC00015523-03, NCGC00015523-04, NCGC00015523-05, NCGC00015523-06, NCGC00015523-07, NCGC00015523-08, NCGC00015523-09, NCGC00015523-10, NCGC00015523-11, NCGC00015523-12, NCGC00015523-13, NCGC00015523-19, NCGC00090880-01, NCGC00090880-02, NCGC00090880-03, NCGC00090880-04, NCGC00090880-05, NCGC00254037-01, NCGC00259894-01, NCGC00261262-01, BP-21160, Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%, SBI-0050559.P002, Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, H0186, Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, EN300-18053, Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Q419164, J-004910, J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, 094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2, F1908-0167, Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT

Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.

Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.
Hydroquinone is a potent skin-lightening agent that is often used to diminish skin discolouration and promote an even skin tone.
Hydroquinone functions by reducing the production and increasing the degradation of melanin pigments in the skin.

This two-pronged action not only helps lighten the skin but also ensures a more uniform skin tone.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.

Hydroquinone, a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
The reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone is weakly acidic, similar to that of other phenols.

The resulting conjugated base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Hydroquinone is highly sensitive to ring substitution by Friedel-Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited to obtain popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).

The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
Some naturally occurring Hydroquinone derivatives exhibit such reactivity; an example of this is coenzyme Q.

Industrially, this reaction is used both with Hydroquinone itself and more often with its derivatives in which an OH is present.
Colorless Hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are co-crystallized in a 1:1 ratio to give a dark green crystal.
A charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydron (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.

This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses, mainly related to its action as a water-soluble reducing agent.
Hydroquinone is a key ingredient in most black and white photo developers for film and paper.

Hydroquinone methol reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone is a dihydroxybenzene compound, and it is also known as p-dihydroxybenzene.

Hydroquinones chemical structure consists of two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
This structure makes it an effective inhibitor of melanin production in the skin.
Hydroquinone works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin. By reducing the amount of melanin produced, hydroquinone can help lighten areas of hyperpigmentation or dark spots on the skin.

In skincare products, hydroquinone is typically applied topically in the form of creams, gels, or lotions.
Hydroquinone is available in both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription-strength formulations, with the latter being more potent.
Prescription-strength hydroquinone is often used for more severe cases of hyperpigmentation or melasma.

While hydroquinone can be effective in treating skin conditions, it is important to use it with caution.
Prolonged or excessive use of hydroquinone may lead to side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or a condition called ochronosis, which can result in a bluish-black pigmentation of the skin.
This is one reason why some countries have regulations and restrictions on the use of hydroquinone in cosmetics.

Hydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
There are also various other uses associated with reducing power.
Leveraging its antioxidant properties as a polymerization inhibitor, hydroquinone prevents the polymerization of acrylic acid.

Hydroquinone, cyanoacrylate and other monomers susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Hydroquinone serves to extend the shelf life of photosensitive resins by acting as a free radical scavenger.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from either hydroxyl group to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternative comonomer unit in polymer production.
Skin depigmentation Hydroquinone is used as a topical application to reduce skin discoloration in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as methol.

This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries under the Directives, including member states of the European Union.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked the previous approval of hydroquinone and recommended that it be banned.
The FDA officially banned Hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.

The FDA stated that Hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
Hydroquinone is typically used for a limited duration, and once the desired results are achieved, users are advised to discontinue its use.
Hydroquinone can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.

Hydroquinone's essential to use sunscreen and sun protection measures when using hydroquinone-containing products to prevent further hyperpigmentation and sun damage.
While hydroquinone is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects in some individuals.
Common side effects may include skin dryness, redness, irritation, and a condition called "exogenous ochronosis," which can result in darkening of the skin in the treated areas.

This is more commonly associated with long-term or misuse of hydroquinone.
Before using hydroquinone, especially in higher concentrations or for more severe skin conditions, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist.
They can recommend an appropriate treatment plan and monitor your progress.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative skin-lightening agents, such as kojic acid, alpha arbutin, and licorice root extract, which are sometimes used as alternatives or in conjunction with hydroquinone for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Studies in which adult rats have found increased rates of tumors, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia, anisokaryosis (change in nucleus size), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Safe Cosmetics Campaign also drew attention to concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that taking Hydroquinone by mouth can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in the body, which blue-black pigments are deposited in the skin; but skin preparations containing this ingredient applied topically.
The FDA classified hydroquinone as a safe product in 1982; however, it was generally considered safe and effective (GRASE).
Additional studies have been proposed within the scope of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in order to determine whether there is a risk from the use of hydroquinone to humans.

NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.
In some countries, hydroquinone is available both by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).
The concentration of hydroquinone in OTC products is typically lower than in prescription-strength products.

Hydroquinone is generally not recommended for long-term, continuous use.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone's essential to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for safe alternatives during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

In some cases, dermatologists may recommend combination therapies that include hydroquinone alongside other skin-lightening agents, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment and reduce potential side effects.
Hydroquinone is typically used for a limited duration, often in cycles of a few months, to target specific areas of hyperpigmentation.
After achieving the desired results, users may be advised to switch to maintenance therapy, which typically involves milder products to prevent recurrence of hyperpigmentation.

Hydroquinone typically works gradually, and improvement in skin tone and reduction of hyperpigmentation may take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the condition.
Individuals with darker skin tones may be more prone to side effects like skin irritation or darkening (exogenous ochronosis) when using hydroquinone.
Dermatologists often recommend lower concentrations or alternative treatments for individuals with darker skin.

Hydroquinone is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain hydroquinone at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.
Hydroquinone is marketed most aggressively to women of color for its whitening ability in skin creams.

The chemical is allowed in personal care products in the United States in concentrations up to two percent.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.
Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.

Hydroquinone is linked to cancer and organ-system toxicity.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.

While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Creams with Hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin they have always wanted.
Hydroquinone is also a skin irritant in humans.

Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to hydroquinone dust can result in eye irritation, corneal effects, and impaired vision.
No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of hydroquinone in humans.
There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in orally-exposed rodents.

Increased skin tumor incidence has been reported in mice treated dermally.
Hydroquinone has not classified hydroquinone for carcinogenicity.
Hydroquinone are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
In the manufacturing industry Hydroquinone may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.
Hydroquinone is a chemical compound that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetics for its skin-lightening and depigmenting properties.

Hydroquinone is considered a skin-lightening agent and is used to treat various skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation, such as melasma, age spots, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots left after skin inflammation or injury).
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.

Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.

Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
As a result, Hydroquinone is used topically in products such as creams, lotions, and serums to treat skin conditions like hyperpigmentation, melasma, age spots, and other forms of uneven skin tone.

Hydroquinone can help reduce the appearance of dark spots and promote a more even complexion.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.

Hydroquinone works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes.
By blocking this enzyme, hydroquinone reduces the production of melanin, leading to a gradual lightening of the skin in areas where hyperpigmentation is present.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent.

Hydroquinone occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
refractive index: 1.6320
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible, Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃

Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
The detection of Hydroquinone along with resorcinol and phenol in air samples by synchronous fluorescence method has been proposed.

The electrochemical oxidation of Hydroquinone has been studied using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
Hydroquinones enthalpies of sublimation, vaporization and fusion have been reported.
Hydroquinone may be used to synthesize bicyclic phosphonate derivative by reacting with phosphonic dichloride.

Unlike skin lightening surgery, hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of these home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, erosion of the gastric mucosa, edema of internal organs, cyanosis, convulsions, delirium, and collapse may result from the ingestion of a large amount of hydroquinone in humans.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Hydroquinone is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs, notably the kidney.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products, it is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.

Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone may irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.

Hydroquinone has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite. Hydroquinone is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Hydroquinone is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing.

Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.

Hydroquinone reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol): C6H5OH + H2O2 ⟶C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols. Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.

Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.

This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.

Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.

Creams that contain hydroquinone are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use hydroquinone as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.

Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Hydroquinone is also known as 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene.

Hydroquinone is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Hydroquinone is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects, some individuals seek alternative skin-lightening ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), vitamin C, and natural extracts like licorice root or kojic acid.

These ingredients may offer skin-brightening benefits without the potential risks associated with hydroquinone.
The use of hydroquinone in cosmetics and skincare products is regulated by health authorities in different countries.
In some places, Hydroquinone may be available over-the-counter, while in others, it requires a prescription.

Some countries have banned or restricted Hydroquinone is use in cosmetics due to concerns about safety.
Before using products containing hydroquinone, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate and safe treatment plan for your specific skin concerns. They can guide you on how to use hydroquinone effectively and minimize the risk of side effects.

Production Methods:
There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Hydroquinone is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide.
This hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone.

The purified Hydroquinone is isolated by filtration and packaged.
The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
Hydroquinone can also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.

p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to Hydroquinone using iron oxide.
The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried.
The process occurs in a closed system.

Hydroquinone is also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent.
The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Uses:
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Hydroquinone has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Hydroquinone is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Hydroquinone is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Hydroquinone is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.

Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although it occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Hydroquinone application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.

Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned hydroquinone from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Hydroquinones use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.

Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Hydroquinone is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.

Hydroquinone is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing
Hydroquinone is primarily used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, sunspots, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Some individuals use hydroquinone for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.

Hydroquinone is most commonly used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, which includes.
Hydroquinone is used skin condition characterized by dark patches on the face, often triggered by hormonal changes, pregnancy, or sun exposure.
Hydroquinone is used age Spots (Liver Spots): Dark spots that commonly appear on areas of the skin exposed to the sun, typically with age.

Hydroquinone is used small, brown spots on the skin, often related to sun exposure and genetics.
Hydroquinone is used dark spots or discoloration that remain after an inflammatory skin condition or injury, such as acne, eczema, or a wound.
Some individuals use hydroquinone for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.

Hydroquinone can be used to address concerns about uneven pigmentation or dark areas on the skin.
Hydroquinone is sometimes used in combination with other dermatological treatments, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance its effectiveness in treating hyperpigmentation.
Dermatologists may recommend hydroquinone to prepare the skin for certain procedures, such as chemical peels or laser therapy, as it can help improve the uniformity of skin tone.

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone is used as a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.

By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.

Hydroquinone is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Hydroquinone is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Hydroquinone is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids (to reduce irritancy).

In New Zealand and many other countries, hydroquinone is only available on prescription, and may need to be compounded by the pharmacist.
Hydroquinone must be distinguished from monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone which can cause irreversible pigment loss.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.

The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.

Health Hazard:
Hydroquinone is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb.
Hydroquinone is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.

Exposures to hydroquinone in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.
The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.

DESCRIPTION:

Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.

CAS NUMBER: 123-31-9

EC NUMBER: 204-617-8

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C6H6O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 110.12

DESCRIPTION:

Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone may irritates the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Hydroquinone is mildly toxic by ingestion or skin absorption.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.

Hydroquinone is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone has come under scrutiny due to several complications associated with its use, including dermal irritation, exogenous onchronosis, and carginogenicity.

As a result of these concerns, hydroquinone has been banned in the EU and UK.
Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Hydroquinone is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids.

Hydroquinone is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Hydroquinone is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of hydroquinone is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of hydroquinone is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.

While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
Hydroquinone has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
In the manufacturing industry, Hydroquinone may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.

Hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although Hydroquinone occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
Hydroquinone interferes with the production of the pigment melanin by epidermal melanocytes through at least two mechanisms.

Hydroquinone competitively inhibits tyrosinase, one of the principal enzymes responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin, and it selectively damages melanocytes and melanosomes (the organelles within which melanin is stored).
Hydroquinone is used in photography developers (black and white, X-ray, and microfilms), in plastics, in hair dyes as an antioxidant and hair colorant.
Hydroquinone is found in many skin bleaching creams.

Creams with hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin you have always wanted. Unlike skin lightening surgery, hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of your own home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
If you have dark patches or old sunspots, creams with hydroquinone can lighten them and – when combined with other suitable skincare ingredients – can help your skin recover from sun damage.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.

The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved. Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Hydroquinone is used as an antioxidant in tire industry.
Hydroquinone is used as a small additive to prevent homopolymerization to all monomers in the liquid phase.

Hydroquinone is used as a barrier to polymerization in bone cement due to heat and light.
Hydroquinone is used in the photography sector in radiography and filmmaking.
Hydroquinone is an active substance used in creams that cause skin color in this sector.
Because of the side effects of hydroquinone such as skin irritation, cytotoxicity and exogenous ochronosis, it has been possible to develop alternative colorants.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound.

In the United States, Hydroquinone may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products.
When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone is used as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Due to its outstanding photo developing properties, Hydroquinone is also used as a photo developer, and as a raw material in manufacturing dye intermediates.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Hydroquinone is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs.

Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.
Hydroquinone is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.

Hydroquinone is a white, odorless, crystalline solid with an extremely low vapor pressure.
Hydroquinone is moderately soluble in water and highly soluble in alcohol.
Hydroquinone occurs in the environment as a result of anthropogenic processes, as well as in natural products from plants.
In the soil, hydroquinone is expected to biodegrade under aerobic conditions.
Hydroquinone may be removed from the soil by oxidation processes or by direct photolysis on the surface.
In the water, Hydroquinone would degrade under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Hydroquinone can also slowly oxidize to quinone, which is more volatile.
In the air, hydroquinone undergoes photochemical degradation.
Hydroquinone is a skin lightening agent available as either a pharmaceutical or a cosmeceutical.
Hydroquinone's mechanism of action depends on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase synthesis, thereby inhibiting the production of melanin.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.

Hydroquinone contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.
Hydroquinone is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
Formula of hydroquinone is C6H6O2.

The Molecular Weight is 110.11 g/mol.
The Boiling Point of hydroquinone is 287°C
Also, the Melting Point of hydroquinone is 172°C.
The Density of hydroquinone is 1.3gcm−3.
Hydroquinone is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone has a white-solid appearance.
Industrial production of hydroquinone usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, it includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4diisopropyl benzene.
The compound reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and hydroquinone.Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.

APPLICATIONS:

-As a reducing agent.
-For the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.
-In skin whitening.
-Helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
-By photographic developers
-In the treatment of acne scars
-In various cosmetic products

APPLICATIONS:

-Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
-Hydroquinone is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
-There are several other applications for its reducing power.
-As a polymerization barrier, hydroquinone inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.
-By serving as a free-radical scavenger, hydroquinone helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
-Hydroquinone can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.

USAGE:

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.

As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

-Skin depigmentation:

Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of hydroquinone and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.

The FDA stated that hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that hydroquinone, if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified hydroquinone in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.

While hydroquinone remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proven to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.

PRODUCTION:

Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. Hydroquinone reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.

Other, less common methods include:

-A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
-Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
-Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.
-Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
-Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

Hydroquinone lightens epidermal, but not dermal, pigmentation by reducing the production of new melanin:

-Reversible inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in converting L3,4-diphenylalanine to the skin pigment melanin
-Selective damage to melanocytes and melanosomes.

HOW TO USE IT:

Hydroquinone is applied topically just to the hyperpigmented skin only, twice daily for 3 months, after which time many patients maintain their improvement by using it twice each week.
If there has been no benefit after 3 months of treatment, then the hydroquinone should be stopped.
Management of the underlying cause of the hyperpigmentation is also recommended.

When initiating hydroquinone treatment, Hydroquinone is advisable to:

-Start with a test area about 1 cm in diameter.
-If there is no irritation or redness within 24 hours, the cream can be used more widely on the affected areas.
-Apply a thin film initially daily and if there is no irritation after one week, the application frequency can be increased to twice a day.
-Do not apply close to the eyes or mouth.
-Do not use any other topical medication, particularly benzoyl peroxide.
-Wait for 10 minutes before applying sunscreen or cosmetics over the hydroquinone.
-Treatment should be discontinued if undue redness, scaling, itch, or weeping occurs.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
-Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
-density: 1.32
-vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
-vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
-refractive index: 1.6320
-Fp: 165 °C
-storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
-solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
-pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
-form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
-color: White to off-white
-Odor: odorless
-Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
-Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive

BENEFITS:

Hydroquinone is particularly effective for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation which is unlikely to recur provided the underlying inflammatory dermatosis is also controlled.
In melasma, 70% of sufferers notice clearance or reduction in pigmentation with twice daily hydroquinone used for three months.
This improvement can be maintained in 50% of individuals with twice weekly application.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES:

Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide, which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.

USES:

-raw material
-intermediate or auxiliaries
-widely used in dye
-rubber
-photograph
-pesticides
-cosmetics
-pharmaceuticals industries

PROPERTIES:

-CAS No.：123-31-9
-Molecular formula：C6H6O2
-Molecular weight：110.12
-Appearance：White or off-white crystal
-Solubility：Easily soluble in hot water, soluble in cool water, ethanol and diethyl ether, slightly soluble in benzene
-Density：1.32g/cm3
-Flash point：141.6℃

REACTIONS:

The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.

-Redox:

Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

-Boiling point: 287 °C (1013 hPa)
-Density: 1.332 g/cm3 (15 °C)
-Flash point: 165 °C
-Ignition temperature: 515 °C
-Melting Point: 171 °C (decomposition)
-pH value: 3.7 (70 g/l, H₂O)
-Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (132 °C)
-Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
-Solubility: 70 g/l

PROPERTIES:

-CAS number: 123-31-9
-EC index number: 604-005-00-4
-EC number: 204-617-8
-Hill Formula: C₆H₆O₂
-Chemical formula: C₆H₄(OH)₂
-Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol

SPECIFICATIONS:

-Molecular Weight: 110.11 g/mol
-XLogP3: 0.6
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
-Rotatable Bond Count: 0
-Exact Mass: 110.036779430 g/mol
-Monoisotopic Mass: 110.036779430 g/mol
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5Å²
-Heavy Atom Count: 8
-Complexity: 54.9
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

STORAGE:

Stored in a cool, dry, ventilated place with sealed packing, abstaining from moistness and away from oxidizing agents, alkalis

SYNONYM:

hydroquinone
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
1,4-benzenediol
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
4-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
Benzoquinol
Eldoquin
hydroquinol
Eldopaque
Phiaquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Benzohydroquinone
Hidroquinone
Arctuvin
Tequinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Derma-Blanch
Hydrochinon
Tenox HQ
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
Hydrochinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Artra
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
NCI-C55834
Pyrogentistic acid
Black and White Bleaching Cream
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
para-Dihydroxybenzene
beta-quinol
HE 5
Epiquin
Sunvanish
Idrochinone [Italian]
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
para-Hydroxyphenol
CHEBI:17594
NSC 9247
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
CCRIS 714
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
quinnone
Eldopacque
HSDB 577
DTXSID7020716
p-Phenylenediol
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
p Benzendiol
p-Quinol
AI3-00072
CHEMBL537
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC-9247
1,4-Benzoquinol
EINECS 204-617-8
XV74C1N1AE
UN2662
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
Hydroquinone [USP]
MFCD00002339
HQ
BQ(H)
DTXCID70716
Black & White Bleaching Cream
NSC9247
EC 204-617-8
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4)
Hydroquinone (USP)
TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE
NCGC00015523-02
HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA
HYDROQUINONE (IARC)
HYDROQUINONE [IARC]
HYDROQUINONE (MART.)
HYDROQUINONE [MART.]
HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS)
HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS]
HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH)
HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH]
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
SR-01000075920
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
hydrokinone
hydroquinon
Hidroquinona
Hydrokinon
Hydroquinoue
Accutin
Elopaque
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
p-fenilenediol
p-hidroquinona
p-hidroxifenol
Reduced quinone
a-Hydroquinone
p-Dioxibenceno
4-hidroxifenol
p-Diphenol
p-Hydroxybenzene
b-Quinol
4-Benzenediol
Dihydroxybenzen e
14-Benzoquinol
p-Dihidroxibenceno
Hydroquinone, HQ
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
1,4-Bencenodiol
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
p -Dihydroxybenzene
PLQ
1,4-Benzendil
Artra (Salt/Mix)
HYDROP
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
1 4-p-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone (8CI)
phenol derivative, 4
1 4-Dihydroxybenzene
1,4-Dihidroxibenceno
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
Spectrum_001757
4e3h
HDQ (CHRIS Code)
PYROGENTISIC ACID
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
ELDOQUIN (TN)
HYDROQUINONE BAKER
hydroquinone for synthesis
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
HYDROQUINONE [MI]
Lopac-H-9003
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
D03UOT
D08LQA
Epitope ID:116206
HYDROQUINONE [HSDB]
HYDROQUINONE [INCI]
HYDROQUINONE [VANDF]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD]
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK]
LS-23
Pharmakon1600-01504237
HY-B0951
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
CCG-39082
NA2662
NSC758707
s4580
STK397446
UN3435
AKOS000119003
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
DB09526
LP00577
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
EN300-18053
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
C00530
D00073
H 9003
AB00053361_08
Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Q419164
J-004910
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167

IUPAC NAME:

1,4-Benzenediol
1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, HQ, Quinol
1,4-Benzodiol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene; hydroquinone; quinol
1,4-dyhydroxybenzene; hydroquinone, quinol
benzene, 1,4-dihydroxy
Benzene-1,4-diol
benzene-1,4-diol
Benzene-4,1-diol
hydoquinone
Hydrochinon
HYDROQUINONE
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
hydroquinone
quinol

Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2

Hydroquinone is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Hydroquinone is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin

Hydroquinone in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.
Hydroquinone is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Hydroquinone's chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.

Creams that contain Hydroquinone are available with a prescription from a doctor.
Hydroquinone is colourless, crystalline organic compound formed by chemical reduction of benzoquinone.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Hydroquinone comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
People may use hydroquinone as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.

Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Hydroquinone bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Hydroquinone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.
Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.

Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is the name recommended for Hydroquinone by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.

Hydroquinone can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone can be considered a simple polyphenol.

Substituted derivatives of Hydroquinone are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline solid, C6H4(OH)2; r.d. 1.33; m.p. 170°C; b.p. 285°C.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.

Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol.
Hydroquinone, also known as Hydroquinone, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
Hydroquinone appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

Substituted derivatives of Hydroquinone are also referred to as hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.

The effect of skin lightening caused by hydroquinone is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone's chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Hydroquinone is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Hydroquinone has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is a white granular solid.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE:
There are various other uses associated with Hydroquinone's reducing power.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.

Hydroquinone is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.

Hydroquinone is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.

By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
In human medicine, Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metal does.

Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.

Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
In the field of water treatment, Hydroquinone is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system, and the corrosion inhibition of the water side Metal energy is carried out.

Hydroquinone is used as raw material, intermediate or auxiliaries, and widely used in dye, rubber, photograph, pesticides, pharmaceuticals industries etc.
Hydroquinone has role skin lightening agent.
Hydroquinone is used in making dyes.

Hydroquinone is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone cream is the standard depigmentation or skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

Clinically Hydroquinone is used to treat areas of dyschromia, such as in melasma, chloasma, solar lentigines, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.

This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring of hydroquinone, so providers can direct patient therapy to optimal outcomes in conditions where it is indicated.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.

Popularized by its usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline phenol, Hydroquinone, is used as an antioxidant, photographic developer, stabilizer, and reagent.
Common conditions include melasma, freckles, lentigines, age spots and acne scars.

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with Hydroquinone's action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Skin sensitivity to hydroquinone may be determined before treatment by applying a small amount of cream to the hyperpigmented area and noting any redness or itching.

If no reaction occurs, initiate treatment.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a general rule, always ensure the area is clean and dry then apply a thin film to the lesion and rub Hydroquinone into the skin well.

Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Hands should be washed after the application to avoid unwanted lightening of the fingers.
As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.

To maintain the desired affect, hydroquinone should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen.
Hydroquinone is a white crystalline compound, C6H6O2, formed by the reduction of quinone, used chiefly in photography and to inhibit autoxidation reactions.
Many preparations are available as a combination product.

Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.

Hydroquinone is a white crystalline soluble phenol used as a photographic developer.
Hydroquinone decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.

Hydroquinone is used as an OTC topical lightening agent for disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots and freckles.
Hydroquinone is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.

Hydroquinone has role antioxidant.
Hydroquinone has role cofactor.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.

While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Hydroquinone creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

Creams with Hydroquinone as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin you have always wanted.
Hydroquinoneis a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, Hydroquinone reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Unlike skin-lightening surgery, Hydroquinone creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of your own home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.

Hydroquinone has role Escherichia coli metabolite.
Hydroquinone has role human xenobiotic metabolites.
Hydroquinone is used as an oxygen scavenger for boiler water, and Hydroquinone is added thereto to remove residual dissolved oxygen when the boiler water is preheated for oxygen removal.

If you have dark patches or old sunspots, creams with Hydroquinone can lighten them and – when combined with other suitable skincare ingredients – can help your skin recover from sun damage.
Hydroquinone is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils
Hydroquinone is used in photographic processing.

-Melasma:
People with melasma have brown or gray-brown patches on their skin.
These patches tend to develop on the face, such as the cheeks or nose.
They can also appear on areas of skin with high sun exposure, such as the forearms and neck.

-Freckles:
Freckles are darker spots or patches that usually occur in fair skin.
They can become more noticeable with exposure to sunlight.

-Lentigines:
Lentigines, or age spots, develop on areas of skin with the highest sun exposure.
For example, they can appear on the face or the backs of the hands.
They tend to be flat, dark, and between 0.2 centimeters (cm) and 2 cm in width.

-Acne scars:
Excess oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria can build up in skin pores and cause acne.
The body tries to repair the damage, but sometimes, it leaves scars.

-Other uses:
Some people may want to lighten their skin for cosmetic reasons.
This can have benefits for confidence and self-esteem.
However, it is important to note that the above conditions are all harmless.

PRODUCTION OF
Hydroquinone is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.

Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

REACTIONS OF
The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.

PRODUCTION of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone is produced industrially by two main routes.

*The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

*A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.

Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols.

Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Aniline is oxidized to p-benzoquinone with manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid medium and then reduced to hydroquinone with iron powder.

REDOX:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless Hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

CATEGORIES of HYDROQUINONE:
*Antioxidants
*Benzene Derivatives
*Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
*Depigmenting Agents
*Dermatologicals
*Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor
*Melanin Synthesis Inhibitors
*Mutagens
*Noxae
*Phenols
*Protective Agents
*Radiation-Protective Agents

HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE WORK?
Hydroquinone bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.
In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
It takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.
It may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.

EXTERNAL DESCRIPTORS of HYDROQUINONE:
*Hydroquinones
*Benzenediol
*An electron-transfer-related quinol
*A benzenediol

REACTIONS of HYDROQUINONE:
The reactivity of Hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.

Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.

AMINATION OF HYDROQUINONE:
An important reaction is the conversion of hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:

C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O
Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2 aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)6H5)2+2H2O

SKIN DEPIGMENTATION OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.

REDOX of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2•C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.

This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

Hydroquinone has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.

AMINATION of HYDROQUINONE:
An important reaction is the conversion of Hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2 + CH3NH2 → HOC6H4NHCH3 + H2O

Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2 + 2 C6H5NH2 → C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2 + 2 H2O

HOW TO USE HYDROQUINONE CREAM:
Follow all directions on the product package, or use as directed by your doctor.
Before using, apply a small amount of this medicine to an area of unbroken skin, and check the area within 24 hours for any serious side effects.
If the test area is itching, red, puffy, or blistering, do not use this product and contact your doctor.
If there is just mild redness, then treatment with this product may begin.

Apply this medication to the affected areas of skin, usually twice daily or as directed by your doctor.
This medication is for use on the skin only.
If it is used incorrectly, unwanted skin lightening may occur.
If you do get this medication in those areas, flush with plenty of water.

This medication may make the treated areas of skin more sensitive to the sun.
Use a sunscreen and wear protective clothing on the treated areas of skin when outdoors.
Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it.
To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES of HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.

This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
In bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), arbutin is converted to hydroquinone.

MECHANISM OF HYDROQUINONE:
Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.

OBJECTIVES OF HYDROQUINONE:
Outline the indications for using hydroquinone therapy.
Describe the mechanism of action of hydroquinone.
Summarize the potential adverse events associated with hydroquinone.
Review interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance improved outcomes using hydroquinone when indicated.

REACTIONS KNOWN to PRODUCE HYDROQUINONE:
4-aminophenol degradation :
4-aminophenol + H2O + H+ → Hydroquinone + ammonium

4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation :
4-hydroxyphenylacetate + H2O → Hydroquinone + acetate

4-nitrophenol degradation I :
1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH + H+ → Hydroquinone + NADP+

echinenone and zeaxanthin biosynthesis (Synechocystis) :
all-trans-β-carotene + 2 1,4-benzoquinone + H2O → echinenone + 2 Hydroquinone

Not in pathways:
arbutin-6-phosphate + H2O → β-D-glucose 6-phosphate + Hydroquinone
4-hydroxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + oxygen + 2 H+ → CO2 + Hydroquinone + NAD(P)+ + H2O

HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE WORK?
For some people, melanocytes produce excessive amounts of melanin, resulting in dark patches of skin — a condition known as Melasma.
These can appear as grey-brown patches, normally on the cheeks, nose, chin, forehead, and upper lip.
In some cases, dark patches may also appear on the neck and the arms.

Although it’s women who are normally affected by Melasma, Hydroquinone does affect a small number of men too.
Melasma is also very common among pregnant women due to the fluctuation of their hormones.
Sun exposure can also be a common cause of the condition.

Whatever your reasons for considering using creams with hydroquinone, it’s vital you discuss treatment with a trained professional.
The effects are not immediate, and you will need to apply the hydroquinone cream correctly for the time specified by your doctor.
Generally, it takes around four weeks for effects to become noticeable, although some patients may find that it takes longer to see visible results with even the best hydroquinone creams.

HYDROQUINONE in NATURE:
White needle-like crystals.
Soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene.
Visible light in the air easily turned to light red.

The aqueous solution can be oxidized to Brown in air.
Hydroquinone is a weak acid.
Hydroquinone reacts with most of the oxidizing agents and is converted to O-and p-benzoquinones.
Hydroquinone has a, beta and gamma; Three crystal forms.

Type A is a triangular needle-like or diamond-like crystal, crystallized from water and stable.
Lu is a triangular crystal, crystallized from methanol, unstable.
The & gamma; Type is monoclinic crystal, which is obtained by sublimation method and is unstable.
All three crystals can be rubbed to emit fluorescence.
Hydroquinone is the flash point is high, the vapor pressure is low.

WHAT SKIN CONDITIONS CAN BENEFIT FROM HYDROQUINONE CREAMS?
The most common use of hydroquinone creams is to treat skin conditions that cause hyperpigmentation.
Besides Melasma, these conditions include:
– Acne scars
– Age spots
– Freckles
– Psoriasis and/or eczema marks.

What’s often overlooked by those untrained in the use of hydroquinone is that it can’t treat actively inflamed areas.
Hydroquinone creams can certainly help with old acne scars, for example, but they can’t help if you currently have an active acne breakout that’s causing dark redness.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of HYDROQUINONE:
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives

SUBSTITUENTS of HYDROQUINONE:
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

THE REASON FOR THE BOILING POINT of HYDROQUINONE BEING HIGHER THAN THAT OF BENZENE-1,3-DIOL:
Hydroquinone has a boiling point of 287°C and Benzene-1,3-diol has a boiling point of 277°C and Benzene-1,2-diol has a boiling point of 245.5°C.
This could be attributed to the ease of formation of 2 intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the 2 hydroxy groups of these molecules increasing when the hydroxy groups are placed apart, to minimise steric hindrance and repulsion.
Hydroquinone could form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with more stability than Benzene-1,3-diol or Benzene-1,2-diol as these two will get destabilised by steric repulsion when large groups have to reach nearer to form hydrogen bonds.

Thus, the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in :
Hydroquinone > Benzene-1,3-diol > Benzene-1,2-diol
To overcome this attraction, more energy is needed.
Hence the same is the order of their Boiling Points.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE:
CAS No.：123-31-9
Molecular formula：C6H6O2
Molecular weight：110.12
Appearance：White or off-white crystal
Solubility：Easily soluble in hot water, soluble in cool water, ethanol and diethyl ether, slightly soluble in benzene
Density：1.32g/cm3
Flash point：141.6℃
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa

Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L
logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 Å³
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE:
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

SYNONYMS:
Hydroquinone
Idrochinone
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-Hydroxy benzene
1,4-Benzenediol
HQ
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Hydroquinone
Quinol
P-Hydroquinone
Hydrochinon
Dihydroquinone
Hydroquinol
Benzoquinol
Hydrochinone
Hidroquinone
Hidroquin
Idrochinone
Para-Hydroquinone
Hydroquinole
Hidroquilaude
1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen
1, 4-Diidrobenzene
Pyrogentistic Acid
Hydroquinoue
Ccris 714
Diak 5
1,4-Benzenediol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
4-Hydroxyphenol
Benzene-1,4-diol
Eldoquin
Hydroquinone
hydroquinone
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-hydroxyphenol
Quinol
1,4-benzenediol
benzene-1,4-diol
p-dihydroxybenzene
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
hydroquinol
p-hydroquinone

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
White needle-like crystals or crystalline powder.

CAS: 123-31-9
MF: C6H6O2
MW: 110.11
EINECS: 204-617-8

Synonyms
Hydroquinone, 99.5%, 99.5%;HYDROXYQUINOL;HYDROCHINONE;HYDROQUINONE;AKOS BBS-00004220;hydroquinone--1,4-benzenediol;Idrochinone;Melanex;hydroquinone;123-31-9;Benzene-1,4-diol;1,4-benzenediol;Quinol;1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;p-Benzenediol;p-Hydroquinone;p-Hydroxyphenol;4-Hydroxyphenol;p-Dihydroxybenzene;Benzoquinol;hydroquinol;Dihydroquinone;Eldoquin;p-Dioxybenzene;Solaquin forte;Eldopaque;Hydroquinole;Idrochinone;Tecquinol;Phiaquin;Benzohydroquinone;Hidroquinone;Arctuvin;Tequinol;Dihydroxybenzene;Eldopaque Forte;Eldoquin Forte;Derma-Blanch;Hydrochinon;Tenox HQ
;Diak 5;Benzene, p-dihydroxy-;Hydrochinone;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol;Artra;Usaf ek-356;1,4-Diidrobenzene;p-Dioxobenzene;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen;para-Dioxybenzene;para-Hydroquinone;NCI-C55834;Black and White Bleaching Cream;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen;para-Dihydroxybenzene;beta-quinol;HE 5;Pyrogentistic acid;Epiquin;Melanex;Sunvanish;Idrochinone [Italian];p-Dihydroquinone;alpha-hydroquinone;CHEBI:17594;NSC 9247;Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish];CCRIS 714;1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech];1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian];HSDB 577;DTXSID7020716;1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch];1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German];AI3-00072;CHEMBL537;UNII-XV74C1N1AE;NSC-9247;EINECS 204-617-8;XV74C1N1AE;UN2662;Hydroquinone (USP);Hydroquinone [USP];MFCD00002339;HQ;DTXCID70716;NSC9247;EC 204-617-8;Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison];1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4);TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE;NCGC00015523-02;HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA;HYDROQUINONE (IARC);HYDROQUINONE [IARC];para-Hydroxyphenol;Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;HYDROQUINONE (MART.);HYDROQUINONE [MART.];HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS);HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS];quinnone;Eldopacque;p-Phenylenediol;p Benzendiol;HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH);HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH];p-Quinol;1,4-Benzoquinol;CAS-123-31-9;SMR000059154;1,4-Hydroxybenzene;SR-01000075920;BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY);BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY];4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;hydroquinon;BQ(H)

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) interferes with the production of the pigment melanin by epidermal melanocytes through at least two mechanisms: it competitively inhibits tyrosinase, one of the principal enzymes responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin, and it selectively damages melanocytes and melanosomes (the organelles within which melanin is stored).
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
The name "Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
Vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
Refractive index: 1.6320
Fp: 165 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
Pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
Form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant: (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): <2.07 at 20 °C (approximate - calculated from water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, oxygen, ferric salts. Light and air-sensitive. Discolours in air.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 123-31-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) (123-31-9)
IARC: 3 (Vol. 15, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System: Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) (123-31-9)

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
In the manufacturing industry Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.

Uses
Reducing agent prevents polymerization of resin monomers lightens darkened skin, light sensitive.
Use as photographic reducer and developer; as reagent in the determination of small quantities of phosphate; as antioxidant.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned hydroquinone from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.
Photographic reducer and developer; antioxidant; stabilizing agent for some polymers; intermediate in the manufacturing of some dyes and pigments; in cosmetic formulations.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.

While Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proved to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

Clinical Use
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.

Production Methods
There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Diisopropylbenzene is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide.
This Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone.
The purified product is isolated by filtration and packaged.
The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.
p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to HQ using iron oxide.
The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried.
The process occurs in a closed system.
HQis also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent.
The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Manufacturing Process
Into a pressure reactor there was charged 100 ml of methanol and 1 g of diruthenium nonacarbonyl.
The reactor was closed, cooled in solid carbon dioxide/acetone, and evacuated.
Acetylene, to the extent of 1 mol (26 g), was metered into the cold reactor.
Carbon monoxide was then pressured into this vessel at 835-980 atmospheres, during a period of 16.5 hours; while the reactor was maintained at 100°C to 150°C.
The reactor was then cooled to room temperature and opened.
The reaction mixture was removed from the vessel and distilled at a pressure of 30-60 mm, and a bath temperature of 30°C to 50°C until the methanol had all been removed.

The extremely viscous tarry residue remaining in the still pot was given a very crude distillation, the distillate boiling at 82°C to 132°C/2 mm.
In an attempt to purify this distillate by a more careful distillation, 5.3 g of a liquid distilling from 53°C to 150°C/5 mm was collected.
At this point, much solid sublimate was noted not only in this distillate but in the condenser of the still. 7 g of the solid sublimate was scraped out of the condenser of the still.
Recrystallization of the sublimate from ethyl acetate containing a small amount of petroleum ether gave beautiful crystals melting at 175°C to 177°C (5 g).
Infrared analysis confirmed that this compound was hydroquinone (9% conversion).

Reactivity Profile
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a slight explosion hazard when exposed to heat. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Also incompatible with bases.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with oxygen and sodium hydroxide.
Reacts with ferric salts.
Hot and/or concentrated NaOH can cause Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) to decompose exothermically at elevated temperature.
Exposures to Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.

The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.
Hydroquinone is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb. person.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.
Death is apparently initiated by respiratory failure or anoxia.

Production
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.
Other, less common methods include:

A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed.
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.

Reactions
The reactivity of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) with phthalic anhydride.

Redox
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2 / C6H4(OH)2

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Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.

The mechanism of action of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
The physiologic effect of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a natural product found in Spiranthes vernalis, Phomopsis velata, and other organisms with data available.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
The presence of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid.

Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).
The name "Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinone.
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol), also known quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as a white to white-grayish powder.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s chemical structure, shown in the table at right, has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is an aromatic organic compound with a chemical formula C6H6O2.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has two hydroxyl groups binding to a benzene ring in the para position.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a melanin synthesis Inhibitor.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also known as benzene-1, 4-diol or Quinol.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a derivative of phenol and has antioxidant properties.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) appears as a granular solid white in colour.
The name Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was coined in the year 1843 by Friedrich Wohler.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

In human medicine, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as it does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as Metol does.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species,
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products.

In human medicine, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.

There are various other uses associated with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.

By acting as a free radical scavenger, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is usually associated with use in skin lighteners.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure.

The presence of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) works by decreasing the production of melanin pigments in the skin.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used to treat melasma.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in the prevention of methyl methacrylate.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used for benzene exposure as a biomarker.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used by photographic developers.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in the treatment of acne scars.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used in various cosmetic products.

PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.

This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).

A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives

SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

THE MOST WIDELY USED INDUSTRIAL METHODS OF PRODUCING, HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are hydroxylation of phenol and cumene process.
Other less common methods are oxidation of various phenols, oxidation of aniline by manganese dioxide, and the dry distillation of quinic acid or from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is widely used for benzene exposure as a biomarker.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) naturally occurs in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other chemicals, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

OTHER, LESS COMMON METHODS INCLUDE:
A potentially significant synthesis of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.

Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.

Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.

REACTIONS OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
The reactivity of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol)'s hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.

Similarly, Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) with phthalic anhydride.

REDOX OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.

Some naturally occurring Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.
Industrially this reaction is exploited both with Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.

When colorless Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

AMINATION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
An important reaction is the conversion of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) to the mono- and diamine derivatives. Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O
Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2+2H2O

SKIN DEPIGMENTATION OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinones (benzene-1,4-diol) into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) is the name recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol).

Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.
The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (benzene-1,4-diol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L

logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 Å³
Number of Rings: 1
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No

Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name: α-hydroquinone
Formula: C6H6O2
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular weight: 110.1106
Exact mass: 110.036779436
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Average Molecular Weight: 110.1106
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 110.036779436
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional Name: α-hydroquinone

CAS Registry Number: 123-31-9
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (HPLC)
Beilstein: 06, 836

Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15, 4845
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,
readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Needle-like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, 99%
C6H6O2: Hydroquinone
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
Density: 1.3 g cm−3
Boiling Point: 287 °C
Melting Point: 172 °C

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE (BENZENE-1,4-DIOL):
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

DESCRIPTION:
Hydroquinone (quinol), also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones.
The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2

Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.

This parent compound’s substituted derivatives are also known as hydroquinones.
Friedrich Wöhler coined the term “hydroquinone” in 1843.

Hydroquinone (quinol) appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
May irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Mildly toxic by ingestion or skin absorption.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a benzenediol and a member of hydroquinones.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a topical lightening product found in OTC products, and is used to correct skin discoloration associated with disorders of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmention, sunspots, and freckles.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can be used alone, but is more frequently found in combination with other agents such as alpha-hydroxy acids, corticosteroids, retinoids, or sunscreen.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has come under scrutiny due to several complications associated with its use, including dermal irritation, exogenous onchronosis, and carginogenicity.
As a result of these concerns, Hydroquinone (quinol) has been banned in the EU and UK.

PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone.

A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O

Other, less common methods include:
A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed
Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.

Hydroquinone (quinol) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols, such as aniline and DIPB.
Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Hydroquinone (quinol) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.

Hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol, described as being used in China.
Note that methods such as hydrolysis of chlorinated phenol and oxidation of phenols are much more polluting methods than some others.

Industrial production of hydroquinone usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, it includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4-diisopropyl benzene.
The compound reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and hydroquinone.

The second method includes the hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion process uses hydrogen peroxide and provides a combination of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):
C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O

Some other methods for producing hydroquinone are:
Oxidation of various phenols can also produce hydroquinone and its derivatives.
Examples of such method are Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
French chemists Pelletier and Caventou first obtained hydroquinone in 1820 through the dry distillation process of quinic acid.

REACTIONS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
The reactivity of hydroquinone's hydroxyl groups resembles that of other phenols, being weakly acidic.
The resulting conjugate base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, hydroquinone is highly susceptible to ring substitution by Friedel–Crafts reactions such as alkylation.

This reaction is exploited en route to popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride.

Redox:
Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
This process can be reversed.
Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q.

Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine.
When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2•C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.

Amination:
An important reaction is the conversion of hydroquinone to the mono- and diamine derivatives.
Methylaminophenol, used in photography, is produced in this way:
C6H4(OH)2+CH3NH2methylamine⟶HOC6H4NHCH3+H2O

Diamines, useful in the rubber industry as antiozone agents, are similarly produced from aniline:
C6H4(OH)2+2C6H5NH2aniline⟶C6H4(N(H)C6H5)2+2H2O

USES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.

As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, hydroquinone prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.

The disodium diphenolate salt of hydroquinone is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.

Skin depigmentation:
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin.
Hydroquinone (quinol) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976.

In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked its previous approval of hydroquinone and proposed a ban on all over-the-counter preparations.
The FDA officially banned hydroquinone in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that hydroquinone cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.

This conclusion was reached based on the extent of absorption in humans and the incidence of neoplasms in rats in several studies where adult rats were found to have increased rates of tumours, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasias, anisokaryosis (variation in nuclei sizes), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics has also highlighted concerns.

Numerous studies have revealed that hydroquinone, if taken orally, can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in which blue-black pigments are deposited onto the skin; however, skin preparations containing the ingredient are administered topically.
The FDA had classified hydroquinone in 1982 as a safe product - generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE), however additional studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were suggested in order to determine whether there is a risk to humans from the use of hydroquinone.

NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects
While hydroquinone remains widely prescribed for treatment of hyperpigmentation, questions raised about its safety profile by regulatory agencies in the EU, Japan, and USA encourage the search for other agents with comparable efficacy.
Several such agents are already available or under research, including azelaic acid, kojic acid, retinoids, cysteamine, topical steroids, glycolic acid, and other substances.

One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proved to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter.

The uses of hydroquinone are:
Hydroquinone is used As a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone is used For the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.
Hydroquinone is used In skin whitening.

Hydroquinone is used Helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone is used By photographic developers
Hydroquinone is used In the treatment of acne scars
Hydroquinone is used In various cosmetic products

APPLICATIONS OF HYDROQUINONE
Hydroquinone has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water. It is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.
There are several other applications for its reducing power. As a polymerization barrier, hydroquinone inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.
By serving as a free-radical scavenger, hydroquinone helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinones are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases. When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is gathered from the beaver's castor sacs.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:

If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.

If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.

Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.

Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.

If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.

Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Q.1. How is hydroquinone used in hyperpigmentation treatment?
Answer. Hydroquinone is useful in lightening the dark areas of skin, also known as hyperpigmentation, melasma, “liver marks,” “ageing spots,” and freckles that occur due to pregnancy, birth control drugs, hormone therapy, or damage to the skin.
This drug works by suppressing the process in the skin that leads to discolouration.

Q.2. What is an appropriate alternative for hydroquinone?
Answer. Mequinol (4-Hydroxyanisole) is the most common prescription substitute for hydroquinone.
Methoxy phenol is also known as monomethyl ether with hydroquinone and p-hydroxyanisole.
Hydroquinone is equally as effective as hydroquinone.

Q.3. What are the side-effects of hydroquinone?
Answer. The most common side-effects of hydroquinone are mild burning, stinging, redness, and dryness may occur.
Unlikely but serious side effects that occur include blistering, skin cracking, blue-black darkening of the skin.
Rare side-effects that may occur include symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Chemical formula, C6H6O2
Molar mass, 110.112 g•mol−1
Appearance, White solid
Density, 1.3 g cm−3, solid
Melting point, 172 °C (342 °F; 445 K)
Boiling point, 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K)
Solubility in water, 5.9 g/100 mL (15 °C)
Vapor pressure, 10−5 mmHg (20 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa), 9.9[3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ), −64.63×10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight
110.11 g/mol
Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2021.05.07)
XLogP3
0.6
Computed by XLogP3 3.0 (PubChem release 2021.05.07)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
2
Rotatable Bond Count
0
Exact Mass
110.036779430 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass
110.036779430 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area
40.5Å²
Heavy Atom Count
8
Formal Charge
0
Complexity
54.9
Isotope Atom Count
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count
1
Compound Is Canonicalized
Yes

SYNONYMS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
1,4-benzenediol
1,4-dihydroxybenzene
Artra
beta-quinol
Eldopaque
Eldoquin
Esoterica
Hidroquilaude
Hidroquin
Hidroquinona Isdin
hydroquinone
hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt
hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1)
hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt
Licostrata
Lustra
Melanasa
Melanex
Melpaque
Melquin
Neostrata HQ
p-benzenediol
Phiaquin
Solaquin
Ultraquin
hydroquinone
Benzene-1,4-diol
123-31-9
1,4-benzenediol
Quinol
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
p-Benzenediol
p-Hydroquinone
p-Hydroxyphenol
4-Hydroxyphenol
p-Dihydroxybenzene
Benzoquinol
hydroquinol
Eldoquin
p-Dioxybenzene
Solaquin forte
Dihydroquinone
Eldopaque
Hydroquinole
Idrochinone
Tecquinol
Phiaquin
Benzohydroquinone
Hidroquinone
Arctuvin
Tequinol
Dihydroxybenzene
Eldopaque Forte
Eldoquin Forte
Derma-Blanch
Hydrochinon
Tenox HQ
Diak 5
Benzene, p-dihydroxy-
Hydrochinone
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol
Artra
Usaf ek-356
1,4-Diidrobenzene
p-Dioxobenzene
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen
para-Dioxybenzene
para-Hydroquinone
NCI-C55834
Black and White Bleaching Cream
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen
para-Dihydroxybenzene
beta-quinol
HE 5
Pyrogentistic acid
Epiquin
Melanex
Sunvanish
Idrochinone [Italian]
p-Dihydroquinone
alpha-hydroquinone
CHEBI:17594
NSC 9247
Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish]
CCRIS 714
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech]
1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian]
HSDB 577
DTXSID7020716
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch]
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German]
AI3-00072
CHEMBL537
UNII-XV74C1N1AE
NSC-9247
EINECS 204-617-8
XV74C1N1AE
UN2662
Hydroquinone (USP)
Hydroquinone [USP]
MFCD00002339
HQ
DTXCID70716
NSC9247
EC 204-617-8
Hydroquinone [UN2662] [Poison]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4)
TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE
NCGC00015523-02
HYDROQUINONE COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA
HYDROQUINONE (IARC)
HYDROQUINONE [IARC]
para-Hydroxyphenol
HYDROQUINONE (MART.)
HYDROQUINONE [MART.]
HYDROQUINONE (USP-RS)
HYDROQUINONE [USP-RS]
quinnone
Eldopacque
p-Phenylenediol
p Benzendiol
HYDROQUINONE (USP MONOGRAPH)
HYDROQUINONE [USP MONOGRAPH]
p-Quinol
1,4-Benzoquinol
CAS-123-31-9
SMR000059154
1,4-Hydroxybenzene
SR-01000075920
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE
hydroquinon
BQ(H)
Hydroquinoue
Balancer
MedisilkeNight
Supermax
hydroq uinone
hydroquinone gr
MiracleFade
Reduced quinone
a-Hydroquinone
Activator Light
Corrector Light
Skin Lightener
Black & White Bleaching Cream
Clear Action
Double White
Exence White
Hydroquinone gel
Idole Carrot
Movate Carrot
Movate Lemon
p-Hydroxybenzene
Scarlight Md
b-Quinol
Caro Light
Hot Movate
Idole Black
4-Benzenediol
Hydroquinone 4%
Hydroquinone cream
Nova Complex HQ
Hydroquinone, HQ
Light The Way
.beta.-Quinol
1,4 benzenediol
Clarite 4
Hydro-Q
Obagi-C
Seequin 2
Seequin 4
Active 4
Hydroquinone,(S)
p-dihydroxy benzene
PLQ
Artra (Salt/Mix)
HQLA
HYDROP
I-max Lightening 5
PIONA
.alpha.-Hydroquinone
Skin lightening Cream
African Formula Black
NeovaComplex HQ Plus
phenol derivative, 4
Skin Beautifying Milk
African Formula Carrot
Essential Fade Complex
Clear-N-Smooth PLUS
4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol
NU-DERM BLENDER
NU-DERM CLEAR
Skin Lightening Complex
Spectrum_001757
SYMBA Skin Lightening
4e3h
Image Md Lightening Rx
BRIGHTENLIGHTENING
HYDROQUINONE 6%
HYDROQUINONE 8%
SpecPlus_000769
1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone
Clear-N-Smooth Ultimate
Clear-N-Smooth SuperMax
Clear-N-Smooth UltraMax
ELDOQUIN (TN)
EB5 Age Spot Treatment
Gold Cosmetics Adi Clear
hydroquinone for synthesis
Hydroquinone Time Release
Rejuvaderm Medispa Fading
Spectrum2_001672
Spectrum3_000656
Spectrum4_000633
Spectrum5_001430
HYDROQUINONE [MI]
Lopac-H-9003
HYDROQUINONE 8%.
WLN: QR DQ
bmse000293
Dark Spot Lightening Cream
Epitope ID:116206
Sh18
HYDROQUINONE [HSDB]
HYDROQUINONE [INCI]
Skin LighteningRodan Fields
PLUS Skin lightening Cream
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream
Vividly Brilliant Perfecting
HYDROQUINONE [VANDF]
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol
Lopac0_000577
SCHEMBL15516
BSPBio_002291
KBioGR_001246
KBioSS_002237
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII
MLS000069815
MLS001074911
Pure Valley Miracle Age Spot
BIDD:ER0340
DivK1c_006865
HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD]
Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%
SPECTRUM1504237
Clear-N-Smooth Super-Ultimate
Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH)
SPBio_001883
Precious Beauty Skin Lightening
Body Fade CremeMaximum Strength
PLEXADERM Dark Spot Fade Gel
ULTIMATE Skin lightening Cream
BDBM26190
Hydroquinone, puriss., 99.0%
KBio1_001809
KBio2_002237
KBio2_004805
KBio2_007373
KBio3_001511
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream Forte
HQ Plus Brightening CreamVI Derm
HMS1922H15
HMS2093E08
HMS3261D16
HYDROQUINONE [ORANGE BOOK]
OLIVIA QUIDO BLEMISH ERASER
Pharmakon1600-01504237
Ageless Total Skin Bleaching Serum
DermisaSkin Fade Vitamin C infused
Gold Cosmetics Bleach Cream Silver
Divine Derrier Skin Bleaching cream
Dr. Lightening Ultra-Potent Facial
HY-B0951
Obagi-C Rx system C-Therapy Night
Tox21_110169
Tox21_202345
Tox21_300015
Tox21_500577
141010 HYDROQUINONE 4%
141011 HYDROQUINONE 6%
141030 HYDROQUINONE 8%
141055 HYDROQUINONE 6%
141067 HYDROQUINONE 8%
CCG-39082
MD Acne Medicated Dark Spot Remover
NSC758707
Olivia Quido Skincare Blemish Eraser
s4580
AKOS000119003
Obagi C Rx System C Clarifying Serum
Teatrical Pro-Aclarant Skin Lightening
Tox21_110169_1
AM10548
DB09526
LP00577
NSC-758707
SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003
UN 2662
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Hydroquinone, USP, 99.0-100.5%
NCGC00015523-01
NCGC00015523-03
NCGC00015523-04
NCGC00015523-05
NCGC00015523-06
NCGC00015523-07
NCGC00015523-08
NCGC00015523-09
NCGC00015523-10
NCGC00015523-11
NCGC00015523-12
NCGC00015523-13
NCGC00015523-19
NCGC00090880-01
NCGC00090880-02
NCGC00090880-03
NCGC00090880-04
NCGC00090880-05
NCGC00254037-01
NCGC00259894-01
NCGC00261262-01
BP-21160
Dr. Throwers Skin Lightening Moisturizing
Hydroquinone, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%
SBI-0050559.P002
Hydroquinone, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
NU-DERM CLEARSkin Bleaching and Corrector
EU-0100577
FT-0606877
H0186
Hydroquinone, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
MEDITOWELILLUMINATING SKIN BRIGHTENING
NU-DERM BLENDERSkin Lightener and Blending
EN300-18053
Hydroquinone, meets USP testing specifications
Advanced Dual Complex FadeMaximum Strength Plus
C00530
D00073
H 9003
AB00053361_08
Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
Q419164
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Creme Hydroquinone
J-004910
J-521469
SR-01000075920-1
SR-01000075920-4
Q27102742
Z57127551
094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2
F1908-0167
Hydroquinone, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
OBAGI-C Rx system C-CLARIFYING SERUM NORMAL TO oily
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Program Plus Hydroquinone
CONDITION AND ENHANCE BLENDERSkin Lightener and Blending
CONDITION AND ENHANCE CLEARSkin Bleaching and Corrector
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control Plus Blending Creme Hydroquinone
ELASTIDERM DECOLLETAGE SKIN LIGHTENING COMPLEXChest and Neck
Hydroquinone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
InChI=1/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8
Obagi-C Rx system C-Therapy NightSkin Lightening with Vitamins C and E
Hydroquinone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
ZO MEDICAL MELAMIN-C Skin Bleaching and Correcting with Vitamin C Hydroquinone
ZO Skin Health Pigment Control plus Brightening Creme Hydroquinone plus Vitamin C
OBAGI-C Rx system C-CLARIFYING SERUM NORMAL TO oilySKIN LIGHTENING SERUM WITH VITAMIN C

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent.
Its chemical formula is C6H4(OH)2, Hydroquinone (quinol) is also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol.

CAS Number: 123-31-9
EC Number: 204-617-8
MDL number: MFCD00002339
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2 / C6H4-1,4-(OH)2 / C6H4(OH)2

SYNONYMS:
Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, 1,4-Benzenediol, HQ, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone, Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, Hydroquinone, hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol, 1,4-benzenediol, benzene-1,4-diol, p-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, hydroquinol, p-hydroquinone, hydroquinone, 123-31-9, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, Dihydroquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Quinol, 1,4-benzenediol, p Benzendiol, Benzoquinol, para-Hydroxyphenol, Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Benzendil, Aida, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Eldoquin, Elopaque, quinnone, Tecquinol, Hydroquinol, p-Diphenol, Hydrochinon, hydrokinone, p-benzenediol, p-dioxobenzene, alpha-hydroquinone, benzohydroquinone, beta-quinol, arctuvin, eldopaque, tenox hq, tequinol, Benzene-1,4-diol, HQ, 1,4-Benzenediol, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, Arctuvin, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Diak 5, Eldopaque, Eldoquin, Hidroquinone, Hydroquinol, HE 5, Phiaquin, Quinol, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dioxobenzene, Hydrochinone, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, NCI-C55834, Tequinol, USAF EK-356, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, UN 2662, Dihydroquinone, Aida, Eldopacque, Eldopaque forte, Eldoquin forte, Solaquin forte, p-Dihydroquinone, Black & White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Benzenediol (hydroquinone), Artra (Salt/Mix) p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, hydroquinol, Dihydroquinone, Eldoquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldopaque, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, Phiaquin, Benzohydroquinone, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Hydroquinone, NCI-C55834, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Pyrogentistic acid, Epiquin, Melanex, Sunvanish, p-Dihydroquinone, alpha-hydroquinone, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, Hydroquinone (USP), Hydroquinone [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, DTXCID70716, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Hydroquinone, TRI-LUMA COMPONENT HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00015523-02, quinnone, Eldopacque, p-Phenylenediol, p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, 1,4-Benzoquinol, CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, SR-01000075920, 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydroquinon, BQ(H), Hydroquinoue, Balancer, MedisilkeNight, Supermax, hydroq uinone, hydroquinone gr, MiracleFade, Reduced quinone, a-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinone gel, Idole Carrot, Movate Carrot, Movate Lemon, p-Hydroxybenzene, Scarlight Md, b-Quinol, Caro Light, Hot Movate, Idole Black, 4-Benzenediol, Hydroquinone 4%, 1,4 benzenediol, Clarite 4, Hydro-Q, Obagi-C, Active 4, Hydroquinone,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, PLQ, HQLA, HYDROP, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, Lopac-H-9003, HYDROQUINONE 8%., WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, Sh18, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, HYDROQUINONE [WHO-DD], Hydroquinone, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, s4580, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, RP10102, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, BP-21160, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, EN300-18053, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Q419164, J-004910,
J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, F1908-0167, Benzene-1,4-diol, Hydroquinone, Idrochinone, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene,
p-dihydroxybenzene, p-hydroxyphenol, 1,4-Hydroxy benzene, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Imp. A (EP), Dobesilate Imp. A (EP), Hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Aida, Arctuvin, BQ(H), Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Black & White Bleaching Cream, Diak 5, Dihydroquinone, Eldopacque, Eldopaque, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin, Eldoquin Forte, HE 5, Hydroquinol, NSC 9247, Phiaquin, Quinol, Solaquin Forte, Solution Q, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quin, Calcium Dobesilate Monohydrate Impurity A, Etamsylate Impurity A, Calcium Dobesilate Impurity A, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Artra, Eldopaque, Esoterica, Hidroquilaude, Hidroquin, Hidroquinona isdin, Licostrata, Lustra, Melanasa, Melanex, Melpaque, Melquin, Neostrata HQ, Phiaquin, Solaquin, Ultraquin, beta-Quinol, Hydroquinone, copper (1+) salt, Hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1), Hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) salt, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol,
1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, a-Hydroquinone, alpha-Hydroquinone, b-Quinol, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Dihydroquinone, Dihydroxybenzene, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinone, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Hydroquinone for synthesis, Hydroquinone GR, Hydroquinoue, Idrochinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, P-Dioxobenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, P-Hydroxybenzene, Solaquin forte, Eldoquin forte, Stratus brand 1 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 1 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 2 OF hydroquinone, Eldopaque forte, ICN brand 4 OF hydroquinone, Black and white, ICN brand 2 OF hydroquinone, ICN brand 3 OF hydroquinone,
Plough brand 1 OF hydroquinone, Stratus brand 2 OF hydroquinone, 1,4-Benzoquinol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Phenylenediol, p-Quinol, hydroquinone, 1,4-benzenediol, quinol, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, p-benzenediol, 4-hydroxyphenol, p-hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, p-dihydroxybenzene, benzoquinol, ?-Hydroquinone, ?-Quinol, P-Hydroquinone, Hydrochinon, Dihydroquinone, Hydroquinol, Benzoquinol, Hydrochinone, Hidroquinone, Hidroquin, Idrochinone, Para-Hydroquinone, Hydroquinole, Hidroquilaude, 1, 4-Dihydroxy-Benzeen, 1, 4-Diidrobenzene, Pyrogentistic Acid, Hydroquinoue, Ccris 714, Diak 5, 1,4-Benzene-2,3,5,6-d4-diol-d2, 1,2,4,5-Tetradeuterio-3,6-dideuteriooxybenzene, 1,4-Hydroquinone-d6, Hydroquinone-d6, Perdeuteriohydroquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-p-Benzenediol, 1,4-Phenylenediol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Benzene-1,4-diol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, benzene-1,4-diol, Benzene-1,4-diol, Eldoquin, hydroquinone, Hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, p-Hydroquinone, p-hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Hydroquinone, p-Benzenediol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzene-1,4-diol, Quinol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Quinol, Melanex, Idrochinone, HYDROQUINONE, HYDROCHINONE, Hydroquinone, HYDROXYQUINOL, Hydroxyquinone, 1,4-Benzenediol, benzene-1,4-diol, AKOS BBS-00004220, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxy benzene, hydroquinone--1,4-benzenediol, 6,7-dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one, 1,4-Benzenediol, 1,4-Benzenediol (hydroquinone), 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, 4-Hydroxyphenol, Aida, Arctuvin, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Benzohydroquinone, Benzoquinol, Black & White Bleaching Cream, Black and White Bleaching Cream, Derma-Blanch, Diak 5, Dihydroquinone, Eldopacque, Eldopaque, Eldopaque forte, Eldoquin, Eldoquin forte, HE 5, Hidroquinone, Hydrochinon, Hydrochinone, Hydroquinol, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, NCI-C55834, Phiaquin, Quinol, Solaquin forte, Tecquinol, Tenox HQ, Tequinol, UN 2662, USAF EK-356, p-Benzenediol, p-Dihydroquinone, p-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, p-Dioxybenzene, p-Hydroquinone, p-Hydroxyphenol, p-quinol, 1,4-Benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, HQ

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a metabolite found in the aging mouse brain.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.
The mechanism of action of Hydroquinone (quinol) is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor.

The physiologic effect of Hydroquinone (quinol) is by means of Depigmenting Activity.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, which is a kind of phenol and also a derivative of benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) contains two hydroxyl groups bonded in a para position to the benzene ring.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a granular white solid.
Hydroquinone (quinol)’s substituted derivatives are also known as hydroquinones.
Friedrich Wöhler coined the term “Hydroquinone (quinol)” in 1843.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is an inhibitor and antioxidant, also is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white to off-white needle form crystal or freely flowable crystalline powder; Assay: Not less than 99.5%; Melting Point: 171 175.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a skin-lightening agent.
Hydroquinone (quinol) bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Historically, there’s been some back-and-forth on the safety of Hydroquinone (quinol).

In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognized Hydroquinone (quinol) as safe and effective.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white needle-like crystal with a molecular formula of C6H4(OH)2, a molecular weight of 110.11, a specific gravity of 1.332, a melting point of 172 degC, a boiling point of 286 degC, and a flash point of 165 degC.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in water, ethanol and ether, and slightly soluble in benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is an aromatic organic compound.
Its chemical formula is C6H4(OH)2, Hydroquinone (quinol) is also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol.

Two hydroxyl groups bound to a benzene ring in the para position to form Hydroquinone (quinol).
Hydroquinone (quinol) is known as a melanin synthesis inhibitor and is a phenol derivative that has antioxidant properties.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has the appearance of granular solid white.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white needle-like crystals.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in water, slightly soluble in benzene.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is visible light in the air easily turned to light red.

The aqueous solution oof Hydroquinone (quinol) can be oxidized to Brown in air.
Reactions with strong oxidants may occur.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a weak acid.

Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with most of the oxidizing agents and is converted to O-and p-benzoquinones.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a, beta and gamma; Three crystal forms.
Type A is a triangular needle-like or diamond-like crystal, crystallized from water and stable.

Lu is a triangular crystal, crystallized from methanol, unstable.
The & gamma; Type is monoclinic crystal, which is obtained by sublimation method and is unstable.
All three crystals can be rubbed to emit fluorescence.
Hydroquinone (quinol), also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.

Hydroquinone (quinol)'s chemical structure, shown in the table at right, has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a quinone small molecule with efficacy as a topical preparation.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is mainly used as a developer in photography.
Hydroquinone (quinol) and its alkylates are widely used as polymerization inhibitors added during the storage and transportation of monomers, the commonly used concentration is about 200ppm;2.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as antioxidant for rubber and gasoline.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as corrosion inhibitor, stabilizer and antioxidant in detergents, etc.
In the treatment field, Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system to inhibit corrosion of metals on the water side.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used as a deoxidizer for boiler water.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the boiler water when it is preheated and deoxygenated to remove residual dissolved oxygen.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a raw material for manufacturing anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes, medicines, etc.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is an intermediate of some herbicides, including quizalofop-ethyl, lactofen, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenthiaprop, fluazifop-butyl, etc.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used in the hair dye field of cosmetics.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as analytical reagent, reducing agent and developer for copper and gold.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component of most black and white photographers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it transforms silver halides into elemental silver.

There are several other applications for Hydroquinone (quinol)'s reducing power.
As a polymerization barrier, Hydroquinone (quinol) inhibits the polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers vulnerable to radical-initiated polymerization by using its antioxidant properties.

By serving as a free-radical scavenger, Hydroquinone (quinol) helps in improving the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can form a diphenolate ion by losing a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has several applications, which are primarily associated with its function as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.

Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, coating products, inks and toners and polymers.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.

Other release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, water treatment chemicals and fuels.

Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a photographic reducer and developer (except in color film), as a dye intermediate inhibitor, as a stabilizer in paints, varnishes, motor fuels and oils, as an antioxidant for fats and oils, as an inhibitor of polymerization, as a reagent in the determination of small quantities of phosphate and as a depigmentor.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used inhibitor in acrylic monomers and polyester resins.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used antioxidant in animal feed.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used present in many bleaching creams.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used occupational exposure in people working with antioxidants, bacteriostatics, furs, organic chemical synthesis, paints, plastics, rubber, drugs.
Hydroquinone (quinol) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
In the field of water treatment, Hydroquinone (quinol) is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed-circuit heating and cooling system, and the corrosion inhibition of the water side Metal energy is carried out.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an oxygen scavenger for boiler water, and Hydroquinone (quinol) is added thereto to remove residual dissolved oxygen when the boiler water is preheated for oxygen removal.
Release to the environment of Hydroquinone (quinol) can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
In human medicine, Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin as it does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as Metol does.

The disodium diphenolate salt of Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
As a polymerization inhibitor, Hydroquinone (quinol) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, etc.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is also used as a raw material of herbicides, rubber antioxidants and dye stuffs.

Hydroquinone (quinol) has been found to reduce the viable cell number of some tumor cells.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as an intermediate in the production of dyes and other organic compounds.
Hydroquinone (quinol) also acts as a antioxidant and bleaching agent.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as imaging agent and dye, drug raw material
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used as a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used for the preventive measures of methyl methacrylate.

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in skin whitening.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used helpful as a biomarker for benzene exposure.
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used by photographic developers

Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in the treatment of acne scars
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used in various cosmetic products

WHO USES HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL)?
Hydroquinone (quinol) is most commonly used in bleaching creams by patients aged 13 years and over with a dark skin type.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can be used, often in combination with other medications, to treat:
*Melasma
*Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation such as subsequent to acne
*Freckles and lentigines
*Poikiloderma of Civatte
*Drug-induced pigmentation due to chemotherapy agents
*Folliculitis barbae and pseudofolliculitis barbae
*Hydroquinone (quinol) may also be used as a pretreatment before fractional laser therapy or chemical peels.

WHAT SKIN CONDITIONS CAN BENEFIT FROM HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL)?
Hydroquinone (quinol) is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation.
This includes:
*acne scars
*age spots
*freckles
*melasma
*post-inflammatory marks from psoriasis and eczema

Although Hydroquinone (quinol) can help fade red or brown spots that have lingered, it won’t help with active inflammation.
For example, Hydroquinone (quinol) can help minimize acne scarring, but it won’t have an effect on redness from active breakouts.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
*Benzene and substituted derivatives
*Organooxygen compounds
*Hydrocarbon derivatives

SUBSTITUENTS OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*Hydroquinone
*1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
*Monocyclic benzene moiety
*Organic oxygen compound
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

NATURAL OCCURRENCES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other chemicals, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.

The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
This chamber is lined with cells that secrete catalases and peroxidases.

When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Hydroquinone (quinol) into p-quinones.

These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

HOW DOES HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL) WORK?
Hydroquinone (quinol) bleaches your skin by decreasing the number of melanocytes present.
Melanocytes make melanin, which is what produces your skin tone.

In cases of hyperpigmentation, more melanin is present due to an increase in melanocyte production.
By controlling these melanocytes, your skin will become more evenly toned over time.
It takes about four weeks on average for the ingredient to take effect.

It may take several months of consistent use before you see full results.
If you don’t see any improvements within three months of OTC use, talk to your dermatologist.
They may be able to recommend a prescription-strength formula better suited to your needs.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C6H4O2, often called p-quinone or simply quinone.
Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to Hydroquinone (quinol).

Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of Hydroquinone (quinol) or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.

The hydroxyl groups of Hydroquinone (quinol) are quite weakly acidic.
Hydroquinone (quinol) can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion.

NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Hydroquinone (quinol) is the name recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in its 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry

PREPARATION METHOD OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Aniline is oxidized to p-benzoquinone with manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid medium and then reduced to Hydroquinone (quinol) with iron powder.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Physical and Chemical Properties
Character: White needle crystal.
melting point 172~175 ℃
boiling point 285~287 ℃
relative density 1.328g/cm3
flash point 165 ℃
solubility, ethanol and ether, benzene-soluble.

PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
Industrial production of Hydroquinone (quinol) usually happens in two ways.
The most commonly used technique is identical to the cumene process in the reaction mechanism and, Hydroquinone (quinol) includes the dialkylation of benzene with propene to produce 1,4-diisopropyl benzene.

Hydroquinone (quinol) reacts with air to form bishydroperoxide, which has a similar structure compared to cumene hydroperoxide and, it rearranges in acid to form acetone and Hydroquinone (quinol).

The second method includes the hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion process uses hydrogen peroxide and provides a combination of Hydroquinone (quinol) and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol):

C6H5OH+H2O2⟶C6H4(OH)2+H2O
Some other methods for producing Hydroquinone (quinol) are:

Oxidation of various phenols can also produce Hydroquinone (quinol) and its derivatives.
Examples of such method are Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
French chemists Pelletier and Caventou first obtained Hydroquinone (quinol) in 1820 through the dry distillation process of quinic acid.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
*Formula of Hydroquinone (quinol) is C6H6O2.
*The Molecular Weight of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 110.11 g/mol.
*The Boiling Point of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 287°C
*Also, the Melting Point of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 172°C.
*The Density of Hydroquinone (quinol) is 1.3gcm−3.
*Hydroquinone (quinol) is soluble in water.
*Hydroquinone (quinol) has a white-solid appearance.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
CAS number: 123-31-9
EC index number: 604-005-00-4
EC number: 204-617-8
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O₂
Chemical formula: C₆H₄(OH)₂
Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2907 22 00
Boiling point: 287 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.332 g/cm3 (15 °C)
Flash point: 165 °C
Ignition temperature: 515 °C
Melting Point: 171 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 3.7 (70 g/l, H₂O)
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (132 °C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 70 g/l

Chemical Name: HYDROQUINONE
CAS No: 123-31-9
Main Material: HYDROQUINONE
Storage: Other
Boiling point: 287 °C (549 F; 560 K)
HS Code: 29072200
Grade: Industrial Grade
Taste: Other
Molecular Weight: 110.112 g/mol
Molecular Formula: 110.112 g/mol
Classification: Other
Smell: Other
Other Names: Quinol

Density: 1.3 g/cm3, solid Kilogram per litre (kg/L)
Melting Point: 172 °C (342 F; 445 K)
Solubility: 5.9 g/100 mL (15 °C)
Structural Formula: C6H6O2
Form: Solid
CAS: 123-31-9
EINECS: 204-617-8
InChI: InChI=1/C9H6O4/c10-6-3-5-1-2-9(12)13-8(5)4-7(6)11/h1-4,10-11H
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molar Mass: 110.11
Density: 1.32
Melting Point: 172-175°C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 285°C (lit.)
Flash Point: 165 °C

Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg (132 °C)
Vapor Density: 3.81 (vs air)
Appearance: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Color: White to off-white
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
pKa: 10.35 (at 20°C)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Refractive Index: 1.6320
Molecular Weight: 110.11
Appearance Form: crystalline

Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 3,7 at 70 g/l
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 172 - 175 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 285 °C - lit.
Flash point: 165 °C at ca.1.013 hPa
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa at 132 °C
Vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)

Density: 1,332 g/cm3 at 15 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility 72 g/l at 25 °C - completely soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water
log Pow: 0,59 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature: 515,56 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:

Relative vapor density: 3,80 - (Air = 1.0)
Water Solubility: 95.5 g/L
logP: 0.71
logP: 1.37
logS: -0.06
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 9.68
pKa (Strongest Basic): -5.9
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 40.46 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 30.02 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.75 Å³
Number of Rings: 1

Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name: α-hydroquinone
Formula: C6H6O2
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular weight: 110.1106
Exact mass: 110.036779436
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
Chemical Formula: C6H6O2
Average Molecular Weight: 110.1106
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 110.036779436

IUPAC Name: benzene-1,4-diol
Traditional Name: α-hydroquinone
CAS Registry Number: 123-31-9
SMILES: OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI Key: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Melting Point: 170.0°C to 174.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.32
Boiling Point: 285.0°C to 287.0°C
Flash Point: 165°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Assay Percent Range: 98.5% min. (HPLC)
Beilstein: 06, 836

Fieser: 05,341; 14,249
Merck Index: 15, 4845
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 70g/L in water (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and ether,slightly soluble in benzene,
readily soluble in ethanol,acetone and methanol
Formula Weight: 110.11
Percent Purity: 99%
Physical Form: Needle-like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Chemical Name or Material: Hydroquinone, 99%
C6H6O2: Hydroquinone
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 110.11 g/mol
Density: 1.3 g cm−3
Boiling Point: 287 °C
Melting Point: 172 °C

FIRST AID MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety goggles.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use protective clothing.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
*Hygiene measures:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HYDROQUINONE (QUINOL):
-Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

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