Silver nitrate is a staining compound for identification of proteins and nucleic acids
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


CAS No: 7761-88-8
EC Number: 231-853-9
MDL Number: MFCD00003414
Molecular Formula: AgNO3



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Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound of silver cation and nitrate anion.
Ions are charged particles, cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.
Silver nitrate is available as a prescription medication but is not approved by the FDA.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound that is often used as a versatile precursor to other silver compounds as it is the least expensive salt of silver, is non-hygroscopic and relatively stable to light.
Silver nitrate is a common natural substance.


Silver Nitrate is used indoors to extend the useful lifetime of
commercial cut flowers by limiting their ability to make ethylene.
Because silver nitrate solutions can cause brown stains on skin, users are required to wear appropriate protective equipment.


Silver Nitrate has no harmful effects to humans or the environment are expected if users follow label directions.
Silver nitrate is the most important silver salt.
Silver Nitrate forms colorless heavy crystals.


Silver Nitrate is used in medicine for cauterization and has antibacterial properties.
Silver nitrate binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions making it suitable as a stain for identification of proteins.


Silver Nitrate is very good in treating warts.
Silver Nitrate is also preferred in darkening leather and organic materials.
Silver Nitrate's components are silver and nitric acid.


Silver Nitrate's synthesis is done according to the formula in the example:
Ag + 2 HNO3 → AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Silver nitrate is a versatile compound.


The nitrate ion can easily be replaced by other ligands that bind to the silver ion.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver Nitrate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 tonnes per annum.
Silver Nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation (Ag+) and the nitrate anion (NO3–).


Due to the ionic nature of this compound, Silver Nitrate readily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver with the moon.
In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.


Silver nitrate appears as a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to light or organic material.
Silver(1+) nitrate is a silver salt and an inorganic nitrate salt.
Silver Nitrate has a role as an astringent.


Silver Nitrate is an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity.
Silver nitrate is a nitrate of silver.
Silver nitrate, caustic chemical compound, important as an antiseptic, in the industrial preparation of other silver salts, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.


Silver Nitrate's chemical formula is AgNO3.
Pure silver nitrate is an intermediate in the preparation of other silver salts, including the colloidal silver compounds used in medicine and the silver halides incorporated into photographic emulsions.


Silver nitrate is made in large quantities by dissolving silver in nitric acid.
Silver Nitrate crystallizes in transparent plates that melt at 212 °C (414 °F).
The solubilityof Silver Nitrate at 20 °C (68 °F) is 222 grams per 100 grams of water.


Silver Nitrate is moderately soluble in methyl and ethyl alcohols and to a lesser extent in various other organic solvents.
When heated to about 320° C (608° F), silver nitrate loses oxygen and forms silver nitrite.
At a red heat, silver is formed.


Ingestion of silver nitrate causes violent abdominal pains, vomiting, and diarrhea, with the development of gastroenteritis.
Treatment includes oral administration of common salt solutions, milk (or white of egg and water), and soap in water to protect the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach and precipitate the poisonous free silver ions as silver chloride.


Silver nitrate, AgNO3, is the least expensive silver salt and is relatively stable to light.
Silver Nitrate easily dissolves in water (2150 g/L at 20 °C).
As the nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands Silver Nitrate is a versatile starting point for the synthesis of other silver compounds.


Silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in with nitric acid:
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 arrow_right.gif 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O
When a sheet of copper is put into a silver nitrate solution, the silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of metallic silver and a blue solution of copper nitrate:


2 AgNO3 + Cu arrow_right.gif Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Silver Nitrate reacts with solutions of halide ions to give a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I), which are used in photographic films.
When heated, silver nitrate decomposes into metallic silver, oxygen and nitrogen oxide:


2 AgNO3 arrow_right.gif 2 Ag + O2 + 2 NO2
Silver salts have antimicrobial properties and are commonly used to disinfect drinking water.
When diluted silver nitrate is braught into contact with skin, the skin becomes brown/black after a short time due to elementary silver which is introduced into the skin according to the following reaction:


AgNO3 + H (from the skin) arrow_right.gif Ag + HNO3
Concentrated solutions of Silver Nitrate will cause burns due to the same reaction.
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


Silver nitrate consists of an ionic bond between the silver cation i.e., Ag+ and the nitrate anion NO−3.
Due to the ionic nature of silver nitrate, it easily dissolves in water and dissociates into its constituent ions.
Silver nitrate is a precursor to many other compounds of silver, including the silver compounds that are used in photography.


When silver nitrate is compared to silver halides, which are in use in photography because of their sensitivity to light.
Silver Nitrate is stable when it is exposed to light.
The nitrate ion in silver nitrate consists of one nitrogen atom that is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.
The nitrogen-oxygen bonds are similar to each other in this ion.


The formal charge of the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -2/3.
The net charge of nitrate ion is -1, it is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion through an ionic bond in AgNO3.
The structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized due to resonance.



USES and APPLICATIONS of SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is commonly used to stain protein gels for identification of proteins as it binds to selective amino acid residues under weakly acidic or neutral pH conditions, notably to lysine.
Silver Nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and of glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is used in the chromatography of lipids, by HPLC and by TLC.
In analytical chemistry, silver nitrate is used for the titrimetric determination of chloride content.
Key Applications of Silver Nitrate: Stain protein gels | Nucleic acids and glycoconjugates | Chromatography of lipids | Titrimetric determination of chloride content.


Silver nitrate is a solid that dissolves in water.
Silver Nitrate is prepared commercially by dissolving elemental silver in dilute nitric acid.
Pesticide products containing silver nitrate as the active ingredient are used in the commercial cut flower industry to prevent premature shrinking or dropping of buds and blooms.


When cut stems are placed in a dilute solution of silver nitrate, the plants are inhibited from making ethylene, a gas that promotes fruit ripening and aging in plants.
Main Applications of Silver Nitrate: Silver powder, Plating of electronic parts, Decoration and other plating, Catalysts, Reagents, Antibacterial agent,

Silver mirrors, and Photosensitive material.
Silver Nitrate's uses vary from silver staining in scanning electron microscopy, coating catheters to prevent infections to confirming the presence in analytical chemistry of chloride, bromide or iodide ions.


Silver Nitrate is used Cauterization of infected tissue around skin wounds, and Removal of warts, skin tags, and granulation tissue.
Silver Nitrate is used cauterization of wounds in mucous membranes including: Small ulcers in the mouth, Infected tonsils, Vaginal or cervical ulcerations and erosions, Rectal fissures and fistulae, Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, a condition that causes chronic inflammation in the area above the cornea in the eye.


Silver salt can be used as photographic materials, preservatives and catalyst raw materials, and also can be used in silver color dyeing, mirror production, etc.
Silver Nitrate can be used for analysis reagents.


Film film, X-ray photographic film and other photographic emulsions, Silver Nitrate can be used to produce photosensitive materials.
In the field of electronics industry, Silver Nitrate can be used for conductive adhesives, gas purification agents and silvering of electronic components.
The silver material of mirror production and thermal glass lining can also be used for voltage sharing coat and electronic work gloves.


Other craftsmen's silver color can also be used.
The battery industry used it in the production of silver-zinc batteries.
Silver Nitrate can be used as sterilization, corrosive reagent in pharmaceutical field.


Daily chemical industry used Silver Nitrate in the manufacture of dyed hair shampoo.
Silver Nitrate can also be applied to other silver catalyst production.
Silver Nitrate can be used for cyanide-free silver plating, such as thiosulfate silvering, hydrochloric acid silvering, imino ammonium di-sulfonate silvering and sulfosalicylic acid silvering.


Silver Nitrate is also the source of silver ion.
The content of silver nitrate has a certain effect on the conductivity, dispersibility and sedimentation rate of the silver plating solution.
Silver nitrate is also utilized in the staining of nucleic acids and glycoconjugates in gels.


Silver nitrate is a source of silver ions in biological studies, such as in toxicological investigations on yeast and marine animals.
Silver Nitrate has been shown to induce the protein conformational condition of amyloid A amyloidosis in mice.
Silver nitrate also has powerful germicidal activity.


Silver Nitrate is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
Silver Nitrate got its name as hell stone because it darkens the skin. Since Silver Nitrate is easily soluble in water and alcohol, it is used as a primitive substance in obtaining many silver compounds.


Silver Nitrate is most commonly used in photography, inks, hair dye making and silver plating.
Silver Nitrate has many applications in many fields like biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
The ability of silver nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions is in use while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives are prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of silver nitrate.
The branch of chemistry i.e., analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions like iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes are separated with the help of silver nitrate as the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
Silver nitrate serves as an antiseptic in many setups of medical.
Silver nitrate can be in use for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.


Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.
In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.


Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.
Silver nitrate is employed in Silver plating, photography, manufacturing of other silver compounds, mirrors, coloring porcelain, and staining in histology.


Silver Nitrate finds use as a stain in scanning electron microscopy, and a key ingredient in several silver-based antiseptic and antibacterial pharmaceutical compositions.
Silver Nitrate is used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption, and for deprotection and oxidation reactions in organic synthesis.


Silver Nitrate is widely used as an analytical reagent owing to its immediate reaction with halide ions forming insoluble precipitate of silver(I) halides.
Silver nitrate is a medication used for cauterization, which is a process of burning off the skin to stop bleeding or preventing a wound from becoming infected.


Silver Nitrate's also used to remove granulation tissue (pink, lumpy tissue over a healing wound) or warts on the skin.
Silver nitrate comes as an applicator stick that can be applied on the skin or mucous membranes, which is the moist, inner lining of areas like the nose or mouth.


Although silver nitrate doesn't cause many side effects, it can cause chemical burns or stains if not handled properly.
Silver Nitrate is a precursor to many compounds of silver, including the silver compounds used in photography.
When compared to silver halides, which are used in photography due to their sensitivity to light, AgNO3 is quite stable when exposed to light.


Silver nitrate has a wide range of applications in many fields such as biology, chemical synthesis, and medicine.
Silver nitrate is a very versatile compound because the nitrate ion can be replaced by other ligands that can bind to the silver ion.
Due to the ability of Silver Nitrate to form a precipitate of silver halides when treated with halide ions, it is used while making photographic films.


Many silver-based explosives can be prepared with a precipitation reaction of silver nitrate.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, halides are extracted with the help of this compound.
The branch of chemistry known as analytical chemistry uses this reaction to check for the presence of halide anions such as the iodide, bromide, or chloride ions.


Mixtures of alkenes can be separated with the help of this compound since the silver cation binds with alkenes in a reversible fashion.
When diluted with water to a concentration of 0.5%, silver nitrate can serve as an antiseptic in many medical setups.
A diluted solution of Silver Nitrate can be administered to the eyes of a baby which is born to a mother suffering from gonorrhea, which combats the gonorrhoea bacteria and protects the baby from the onset of blindness.


Silver Nitrate is also known to be used for the treatment and the removal of unwanted warts in human beings.
Silver Nitrate is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Silver Nitrate is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, preservation of fibres, leather, rubber, or polymers, preservation for liquid systems.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), manufacturing of the substance and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).


Silver Nitrate can be found in products with material based on: paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, photo-chemicals, adhesives and sealants, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, heat transfer fluids, inks and toners, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals and welding & soldering products.


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products and chemicals.
Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).


Other release to the environment of Silver Nitrate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Silver Nitrate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Silver Nitrate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).


Silver Nitrate is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development, building & construction work and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Silver Nitrate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment, textile, leather or fur and pulp, paper and paper products.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.


Release to the environment of Silver Nitrate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other silver salts with non-coordinating anions, namely silver tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate are used for more demanding applications.


Similarly, this reaction is used in analytical chemistry to confirm the presence of chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
Samples are typically acidified with dilute nitric acid to remove interfering ions, e.g. carbonate ions and sulfide ions.
This step avoids confusion of silver sulfide or silver carbonate precipitates with that of silver halides.


The color of precipitate varies with the halide: white (silver chloride), pale yellow/cream (silver bromide), yellow (silver iodide).
AgBr and especially AgI photo-decompose to the metal, as evidence by a grayish color on exposed samples.
The same reaction was used on steamships in order to determine whether or not boiler feedwater had been contaminated with seawater.


Silver Nitrate is still used to determine if moisture on formerly dry cargo is a result of condensation from humid air, or from seawater leaking through the hull.
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3.


In its solid form, silver nitrate is coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Silver Nitrate is often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds.
Silver Nitrate is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy.


Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.
In analytical chemistry, aqueous solutions of silver nitrate are used in the volumetric determination of halides, cyanides, and thiocyanates, as well as for the detection of reducing agents and of the cations of various acids that form insoluble silver salts.


Silver Nitrate is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography, and is commonly used in inorganic chemistry to abstract halides.
Silver nitrate is also used in organic synthesis and for silver staining of proteins and nucleic acids, such as in PAGE gels and scanning electron microscopy.


Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47.
It occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia.


Silver Nitrate is a silver salt with powerful germicidal activity.
Silver Nitrate has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.
Applied to the skin and mucous membranes, silver nitrate is used either in stick form as lunar caustic (or caustic pencil) or in solutions of 0.01 percent to 10 percent silver nitrate in water.


The stick is used for removing warts and granulation tissue and for cauterizing wounds and ulcerations.
Very dilute solutions are astringent and mildly antiseptic.
A 1 percent or 2 percent solution is effective against gonococcal bacteria and may be applied to the eyes of newborn infants to ensure against blindness from gonorrhea.


-Silver nitrate solution is used topically as an anti-infective agent to:
*Cauterize infected wound tissue, a procedure that destroys the infected cells on wounds
*Remove warts and excess granulation tissue, a type of tissue with new blood vessels that forms in wound repair phase
*Silver nitrate can protect wounds from bacterial infection and inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the two main classifications of bacteria based on their structure.
*Silver ions react with the bacterial proteins and alter the structure of the bacterial cell wall and membrane, killing them in the process.
*Silver ions coagulate the proteins in the wound tissue forming a layer of dead tissue (eschar), which stops bleeding, facilitates wound closure and healing, and also prevents the penetration of silver nitrate into deeper tissue.


-Indelible ink uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver nitrate produces long-lasting stain when applied to skin.
An electoral stain makes use of this to mark a finger of people who have voted in an election, allowing easy identification to prevent double-voting.


-Medicine uses of Silver Nitrate:
Silver salts have antiseptic properties.
In 1881 Credé introduced the use of dilute solutions of Silver Nitrate in newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother, which could cause blindness.

Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic".
Silver Nitrate is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma.
General Sir James Abbott noted in his journals that in India in 1827 Silver Nitrate was infused by a British surgeon into wounds in his arm resulting from the bite of a mad dog to cauterize the wounds and prevent the onset of rabies.

Silver nitrate is used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose bleeds.
Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate-infused swabs to heal oral ulcers.
Silver nitrate is used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed.

The Canadian physician C. A. Douglas Ringrose researched the use of silver nitrate for sterilization procedures, believing that silver nitrate could be used to block and corrode the fallopian tubes.
The technique was ineffective.


-Disinfection uses of Silver Nitrate:
Much research has been done in evaluating the ability of the silver ion at inactivating Escherichia coli, a microorganism commonly used as an indicator for fecal contamination and as a surrogate for pathogens in drinking water treatment.

Concentrations of silver nitrate evaluated in inactivation experiments range from 10–200 micrograms per liter as Ag+.
Silver's antimicrobial activity saw many applications prior to the discovery of modern antibiotics, when it fell into near disuse.
Its association with argyria made consumers wary and led them to turn away from Silver Nitrate when given an alternative.


-Against warts uses of Silver Nitrate:
Repeated daily application of silver nitrate can induce adequate destruction of cutaneous warts, but occasionally pigmented scars may develop.
In a placebo-controlled study of 70 patients, silver nitrate given over nine days resulted in clearance of all warts in 43% and improvement in warts in 26% one month after treatment compared to 11% and 14%, respectively, in the placebo group.



PRECURSOR TO OTHER SILVER COMPOUNDS:
Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver; it offers several other advantages as well.
It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate.
In addition, Silver Nitrate is relatively stable to light, and it dissolves in numerous solvents, including water.

The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile.
Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I).
When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester.

Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction.
Treatment of silver nitrate with base gives dark grey silver oxide:
2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O + 2 NaNO3 + H2O



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
*Colorless or white crystalline
*Very soluble in water
*Not very soluble in ethyl ether



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver nitrate is colourless and odourless.
In its solid state, the density of silver nitrate is 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
The density of silver nitrate in the liquid state at a temperature of 210oC is 3.97 g/cm3.

The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.
Silver nitrate, like other ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. The solubility of silver nitrate in water corresponds to 122g/100mL at 0oC and 256g/100mL at a temperature of 25oC.
The crystal structure of the silver nitrate is orthorhombic.



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The reaction of silver nitrate and ethanol is highly explosive.
Silver present in silver nitrate is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is;
2AgNO3+Cu→Cu(NO3)2+2Ag
When silver nitrate is heated to 440oC, it completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.



PREPARATION OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as silver ingots or silver foil, with nitric acid, resulting in oxides of silver nitrate, water, and nitrogen.

Reaction byproducts depend on the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO 3 (cold and dilute) → 3 AgNO 3 + 2 H 2 O + NONE
Ag + 2 HNO 3 (hot and condensed) → AgNO 3 + H 2 O + NO 2

A typical reaction with silver nitrate is suspending a copper rod in a silver nitrate solution and leaving it for several hours.
Silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairy silver metal crystals and a blue copper nitrate solution:
2 iodine 3 + Cu → Cu (NO 3 ) 2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 iodine 3 2 Ag (s) + → (I) O 2 (g) + 2 NO 2 (g)
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the corresponding oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at lower temperature than silver nitrate, so decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver.
Indeed silver nitrate can be prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid followed by evaporation of the solution.

The stoichiometry of the reaction depends upon the concentration of nitric acid used.
3 Ag + 4 HNO3 (cold and diluted) → 3 AgNO3 + 2 H2O + NO
Ag + 2 HNO3 (hot and concentrated) → AgNO3 + H2O + NO2
The structure of silver nitrate has been examined by X-ray crystallography several times.

In the common orthorhombic form stable at ordinary temperature and pressure, the silver atoms form pairs with Ag---Ag contacts of 3.227 Å.
Each Ag+ center is bonded to six oxygen centers of both uni- and bidentate nitrate ligands.
The Ag-O distances range from 2.384 to 2.702 Å.
Silver coordination environment in the crystal structure of silver nitrate



REACTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE:
A typical reaction with silver nitrate is to suspend a rod of copper in a solution of silver nitrate and leave it for a few hours.
The silver nitrate reacts with copper to form hairlike crystals of silver metal and a blue solution of copper nitrate:
2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

Silver nitrate decomposes when heated:
2 AgNO3(l) → 2 Ag(s) + O2(g) + 2 NO2(g)

Qualitatively, decomposition is negligible below the melting point, but becomes appreciable around 250 °C and fully decomposes at 440 °C.
Most metal nitrates thermally decompose to the respective oxides, but silver oxide decomposes at a lower temperature than silver nitrate, so the decomposition of silver nitrate yields elemental silver instead.



ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NITRATE:
Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidation.
Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption.
The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.
Silver nitrate is highly soluble in water but is poorly soluble in most organic solvents, except acetonitrile (111.8 g/100 g, 25 °C).



BIOLOGY OF SILVER NITRATE:
In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating reticular fibers, proteins and nucleic acids.
For this reason Silver Nitrate is also used to demonstrate proteins in PAGE gels.
Silver Nitrate can be used as a stain in scanning electron microscopy.



STRUCTURE OF SILVER NITRATE:
An illustration describing the structure of the silver nitrate molecule is provided below.
Silver Nitrate can be observed that silver has an oxidation number of +1 in this compound.
The nitrate ion described above consists of one nitrogen atom which is surrounded by three oxygen atoms.

The nitrogen-oxygen bonds in this ion are similar to each other.
The formal charge assigned to the nitrogen atom is -1, whereas each oxygen atom holds a charge of -⅔.
The net charge associated with the nitrate ion is -1, which is quenched by the +1 charge held by the Ag+ ion via an ionic bond in AgNO3.
Silver Nitrate can be noted that the structure of the nitrate ion is stabilized by resonance.



PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
Some important physical and chemical properties of silver nitrate are listed in this subsection.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The molar mass of silver nitrate is 169.872 grams per mole.
Silver Nitrate has a colourless appearance in its solid-state and is odourless.

In its solid state, Silver Nitrate has a density of 4.35 grams per cubic centimetre.
Silver Nitrate's density in the liquid state at a temperature of 210 oC corresponds to 3.97 g/cm3.
The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 482.8 K and 713 K respectively.

However, Silver Nitrate tends to decompose at temperatures approaching its boiling point.
Silver Nitrate, like most ionic compounds, dissolves readily in water. Its solubility in water corresponds to 122 g /100mL at 0 oC and 256g / 100mL at a temperature of 25 o
The crystal structure of Silver Nitrate is orthorhombic.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER NITRATE:
The hazards of Silver Nitrate include its toxic and corrosive nature.
The reaction between silver nitrate and ethanol is explosive.

The silver present in the silver nitrate compound is displaced by copper, which forms copper nitrate.
The chemical equation for this reaction is given by 2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
When heated to 440 oC, this compound completely decomposes to give oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and silver.

Silver nitrate on decomposition gives silver, oxygen gas and nitrite.
It can be noted that even though metal nitrates generally decompose to yield metal oxides, the decomposition reaction of silver nitrate gives rise to elemental silver because silver oxide decomposes at an even lower temperature than AgNO3.



PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SILVER NITRATE:
Chemical formula: AgNO3
Molar mass: 169.872 g·mol−1
Appearance: colorless solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.35 g/cm3 (24 °C)
3.97 g/cm3 (210 °C)
Melting point: 209.7 °C (409.5 °F; 482.8 K)
Boiling point: 440 °C (824 °F; 713 K)
decomposes
Solubility in water: 122 g/100 mL (0 °C)
170 g/100 mL (10 °C)
256 g/100 mL (25 °C)
373 g/100 mL (40 °C)
912 g/100 mL (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in acetone, ammonia, ether, glycerol
Solubility in acetic acid: 0.776 g/kg (30 °C)
1.244 g/kg (40 °C)
5.503 g/kg (93 °C)
Solubility in acetone: 0.35 g/100 g (14 °C)
0.44 g/100 g (18 °C)
Solubility in benzene: 0.22 g/kg (35 °C)
0.44 g/kg (40.5 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: 3.1 g/100 g (19 °C)
Solubility in ethyl acetate: 2.7 g/100 g (20 °C)
log P: 0.19
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.744

Viscosity: 3.77 cP (244 °C)
3.04 cP (275 °C)
Structure:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oP56
Space group: P212121, No. 19
Point group: 222
Lattice constant:
a = 6.992(2) Å,
b = 7.335(2) Å,
c = 10.125(2) Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 93.1 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 140.9 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −124.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −33.4 kJ/mol
Molecular Weight: 169.873 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 168.89291 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 62.9Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 18.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: solid
Color: colorless
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 212 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 440 °C - Decomposes on heating.

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 4,350 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available

Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 2.
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 7761-88-8
EC index number: 047-001-00-2
EC number: 231-853-9
Hill Formula: AgNO₃
Chemical formula: AgNO₃
Molar Mass: 169.88 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 21 00
Boiling point: 444 °C (1013 hPa) (decomposition)
Density: 4.350 g/cm3
Melting Point: 212 °C

pH value: 5.4 - 6.4 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 2350 kg/m3
Solubility: 2160 g/l
Synonyms: Citric acid trisilver salt
IUPAC Name: trisilver 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Molecular Weight: 512.7
Molecular Formula: C6H5Ag3O7
InChI Key: QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K
Boiling Point: 309.6ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 155.2ºC
Exact Mass: 295.90900
H-Bond Acceptor: 7
H-Bond Donor: 1



FIRST AID MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Call a physician immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available



ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.



FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SILVER NITRATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet.
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.



EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SILVER NITRATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.



HANDLING and STORAGE of SILVER NITRATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
No metal containers.
Tightly closed.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Do not store near combustible materials.
Light sensitive.



STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SILVER NITRATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available