(2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid hydrochloride; L- arginine HCl; (+)-L- arginine hydrochloride; arginine monochloride; L- arginine, hydrochloride ; arginine monohydrochloride cas no: 15595-35-4

Laroflex MP 45 Laroflex MP 45 a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl isobutyl ether. Used as a binder in paints for iron and steel structures, mineral substrates, plastics, shipbuilding and underwater applications, mechanical and automotive engineering, transportation, protection of buildings and in printing inks industry and road marking paints. Compatible with vinyl chloride copolymers, polyacrylates, unsaturated polyester resins, maleate resins, cyclohexanone resins, aldehyde resins, coumarone and hydrocarbon resins. Also compatible with urea resins, alkyd resins modified by oils and fatty acids, natural resins, drying oils, plasticizers, tars and bitumen. Laroflex MP 45 provides hydrolysis resistance. Laroflex MP 45 gradeschlorinated binders, resistant to hydrolysis, for the manufacture of physically drying coatings on iron and steel, nonferrous metals, mineral substrates as well as for printing inksand road marking paints Nature copolymers based on vinyl chloride and vinyl isobutyl ether Range Laroflex MP 15 Laroflex MP 25 Laroflex MP 35 Laroflex MP 45 Laroflex MP 60 Physical form fine white powderStorage Laroflex MP 45 grades can be stored for 2 years if kept away fromheat and moisture.Laroflex MP 45 Product specification MP 15 MP 25 MP 35 MP 45 MP 60 of 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades Application Laroflex MP 45 grades are binders resistant to hydrolysis. They can beused for anti-corrosion coatings, for coatings on galvanized steel,other non-ferrous metals, concrete, fiber cement, for road markingpaints, flame-retardant coatings on non-flammable building materials, printing inks, marine and container paints. They are compatiblewith most alkyd resins, dry oils, polyacrylic resins, liquid epoxy resins, tars and bitumens. Overview Laroflex MP 45 grades offer advantages to both manufacturers andusers of coatings: • broad choice of solvents, particularly budget-priced blends ofaromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons • good compatibility with other coatings raw materials • good pigment binding capacity even at high solids • unrestricted choice of pigments and extenders • easy application by all common techniques, no cob-webbingeven at high solids • thermal stability allows force drying • good adhesion on iron, steel and many unrelated coatings systems, good intercoat adhesion • good resistance of properly formulated coatings to aqueousalkalis and acids, salt solutions, to stress from water, humiditychanges, low and cyclic temperatures as well as to chalkingand yellowing • long lasting corrosion protection even under extreme outdoorconditions Differences in properties Laroflex MP 45 grades mainly differ in their viscosities and the rheology of their solutions. Viscosity ranges given in the table relate to20 % solutions in toluene at 23 °C (73 °F). The less polar the solvent,the greater the differences in viscosity. The low-viscous solutions of Laroflex MP 45 and Laroflex MP 45are diluted easiest with aliphatic hydrocarbons, their viscositychanges the least during storage and they produce highest gloss. The high-viscous solutions of Laroflex MP 45 tend to gel, particularly in non-polar solvents. Choosing the right solvent Suitable solvents are aromatic hydrocarbons or their blends withesters and glycolether acetates. Aliphatic hydrocarbons and/oralcohols are used as diluents. Ketones, in general, are less suited since they are retained by vinylchloride polymers longer than other solvents with equal volatility,resulting in slower drying coatings. 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades The diluent fraction of the solvent blend mainly depends on the solvency of the true solvent. Depending on the type of solvent andwhen Laroflex MP 45 or Laroflex MP 45 are used, the diluentproportion must be reduced by up to 40 % as compared with Laroflex MP 45. The diluent proportion can be increased if other raw materials inthe formulation are readily compatible with Laroflex MP 45 gradesand soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons or alcohols. Examples arehard resins such as Laropal K 80, many alkyd resins, higharomatic grades of tar, soft resins and plasticizers present ingreater proportions.Aromatic hydrocarbons or blends of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons are best suitable for coatings that are to be exposed towater very soon after application.High-volatile solvents and/or diluents produce faster drying coatings.Coatings containing a blend of xylene and butanol instead of xylenealone will dry faster. Polymers release esters more easily than ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons of the same volatility. The mostfavorable low-volatile solvent is ethoxypropyl acetate. Note that thesolvent retention also depends on the other constituents of theformulation. Gloss and flow of coatings can be improved by adding high-boilingsolvents, e.g., ethoxypropyl acetate. High proportions of low-volatilediluents, however, may result in precipitating of binder constituents,impairing both gloss and mechanical properties of the coatings. Greater proportions (20–25 %) of high-boiling solvents, e.g., ethoxypropyl acetate or blends of aromatic hydrocarbons with a boilingrange of 150 °C (302 °F) to 190 °C (374 °F) reduceblistering whichmay occur in airless-sprayed coatings, particularly those with a lowpigment content.High proportions of diluent in the solvent blend reduce the risk ofprevious coats pulling up. Clear or almost clear solutions can be obtained in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene or Solvesso1 100 as well as inchlorinated hydrocarbons, anone and tetrahydrofuran. Solutionswith other solvents may be somewhat cloudy but will not adverselyinfluence hardness and homogeneity of the film, provided the solution dries to form a clear film. Viscosity behavior of the solution The viscosity of solutions of Laroflex MP 45 grades not only dependson the concentration, the composition of the solvent blend and itstemperature, but also on the conditions under which they are prepared.registered trademark of Exxon Mobil Corporation of 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades The higher the temperature as well as duration and extent of shearforces, the lower the viscosity of the solution will be after coolingdown to room temperature. After extended storage, the viscositymay increase again, an effect that is more pronounced the less thesolvating power and the affinity between solvents and polymer. Unpigmented concentrated solutions of Laroflex MP 45 grades inxylene may tend to gel – often only months after they have beenprepared and without undergoing a gradual increase in viscosity. Adding ketones and esters reduces the tendency to gel, in particular if the binder concentration is high. By adding 10–20 % of analcohol to the solvent blend, gelling generally can be suppressedcompletely. Likewise, no gelling has been observed yet in formulations containing blends of high-boiling aromatics such asby intensive stirring, heating or by milling with pigments. This rheological behavior is quite pronounced in Laroflex MP 45. Itis scarcely noticed in Laroflex MP 45 and not at all in Laroflex MP 45 and Laroflex MP 45. Typical solvent blends 1. Coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades without significant amounts of cobinders:of 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades 2. Coatings based on 1:1 blends of Laroflex MP 45 grades and Plasticizing Laroflex MP 45 grades are internally plasticized. Coatings based on 4 F) or polyester resins in larger proportions of 15–30 %. In formulations based on Laroflex MP 45, the plasticizer propotion should be kept some 10–15 % lower than in those based onthe other Laroflex MP 45 grades. Too much plasticizer will adversely affect the hardness and thermostability of the dried coatings and can promote shrinkage, alligatoring and soiling of outdoor coatings. Coatings that have to withstand chemicals and salt water are formulated with plasticizers resistant to saponification, e.g., chlorinated paraffin waxes. Saponifiable plasticizers (phthalates, adulatesor phosphates) can be used when resistance to chemicals is lessimportant. Plastigen G is the plasticizer of choice for coatings onalkaline substrates (e.g., concrete) and for top coats extraordinarilyresistant to yellowing and chalking. Laroflex MP 45 gradesAcronal 4 F and its mixtures with phthalates are particularly suitable to increaseadhesion to aluminum and its alloys and otherdifficult substrates. The flexibility and adhesion of films based on Laroflex MP 45 grades at low temperatures can be increased by using low-viscosity, high-efficiency plasticizers (Palatinol 911 andPlastomoll DOA). Plasticizers which are insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons (Palamoll 646) least impair the resistance of filmsbased on Laroflex MP 45 grades to lubricants and fuel oil.Modification by other coatings raw materialsHard resins Solids content, gloss and adhesion can be increased by adding hard resins.Non-saponifiable hard resins such as Laropal K 80 are recommended for coatings resistant to chemicals and water. For nonpale coatings or when less emphasis is put on resistance to light and weathering, coumarone, indene or hydrocarbon resins can beused. Saponifiable hard resins (e.g., maleate or modified phenolicresins) can be used if good resistance to chemicals is not required.Hard resins which are compatible with Laroflex MP 45 grades (e.g.,Laropal K 80 or Laropal A 81) are often able to overcome anyslight incompatibility on the part of other materials present in theformulation. Laropal K 80 and Laropal A 81 increase the diluenttolerance of coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades for aliphatic hydrocarbons.Air-drying bindersAir-drying binders reduce the thermoplasticity of Laroflex MP 45 grades.Combined with a predominant proportion of air-drying binder,Laroflex MP 45 grades improve the coating’s • surface drying and thus its initial hardness, • resistance to chemicals and water, • outdoor performance, particularly in industrial environments. If resistance to chemicals and water is essential, the proportion of Laroflex MP 45 should be at least the same as that of the air-drying binder. The lower acid value and average molecular mass of an alkyd resin, the better its compatibility – which should be checked in each case. The most compatible alkyd resins are those containing about 45– 55 % drying or 25–50 % semidrying oils. Other compatible binders are bodied oils with modified phenolic resins, various urethane/alkyd resins and some epoxy resins modified by oil fatty acids. 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades In many cases, air-drying binders can be made perfectly compatible with Laroflex MP 45 grades by including other compatible components, e.g., Laropal K 80, Laropal A 81 or plasticizers. In combinations of Laroflex MP 45 grades with alkyd resins, theamount of white spirit in the solvent blend can often be increasedwell above the proportion normally used in coatings solely containing Laroflex MP 45 grades (see Typical solvent blends earlier in this chapter). If these “hybrid binder” coatings are to be overcoated, care must betaken to ensure that oxidative drying has progressed so far thatthere is no risk of “pulling up” caused by excessive softening of thefirst coat by the solvent phase of the second coat. The tendency ofpulling up can be reduced by increasing the proportion of Laroflex MP 45 grades. Equally, the solvent can be diluted with more whitespirit. Solvent blends whose proportion of diluents increases gradually and only to a limited extent perform best. An example is a blendconsisting of equal parts of xylene and white spirit. Pigmentation Any conventional anti-corrosion pigment can be used in primersbased on Laroflex MP 45 grades as chemical reactions between thetwo are unlikely. Based on our current experience, the binder – ifstored under normal conditions – does not need to be stabilizedagainst attack by active metal powders such as aluminum bronze. If there are any doubts, small proportions of zinc oxide or epoxycompounds may be added. registered trademark of Resolution Nederland B. V. Laroflex MP 45 grades Higher proportions of flake extenders or pigments in the pigmentblend (e.g., talc, micaceous iron oxide or aluminum bronze) improve the coatings’ adhesion and impermeability to water vapor,they also facilitate airless spraying of thick coats. Pigments and extenders resistant to weathering should be preferredfor topcoats. Some extenders – including a few natural magnesium,aluminum or potassium-aluminum silicates as well as barytes –contain impurities, which may cause yellowing of white topcoats. Asmall amount of zinc white generally prevents such discoloration. Pigments resistant to acids and alkalis must be used for coatingsresistant to chemicals. Effective corrosion protection is achieved with coatings having apigment volume concentration (PVC) of 16–35 %. For coatingsparticularly resistant to chemicals, a lower PVC range of 16–22 %should be preferred. Well-formulated high-build finishes, on theother hand, can be pigmented up to about 35 %. In general, thepigmentation level should be limited to 90 % of the critical PVC. Stabilizers Laroflex MP 45 grades are sufficiently stable to dehydrochlorination. Thus no stabilizers are normally needed. Exceptions are coatingsthat are either exposed to heat or unpigmented or – in some casesof coatings based on transparent pigments – exposed to UV radiation for extended periods. Note that chlorinated binders are less stable if moisture or somechemicals are present. Generally, coatings systems based on Laroflex MP 45 grades shouldnot be exposed to heat above 70–80 °C (158–176 °F) for prolongedperiods.Heat stabilizers should be added for force drying at temperatures ofup to 130 °C (266 °F). Adding 2 % Mark®4 17 M and 3 % Drapex439 (respective to Laroflex MP 45) provides adequate stabilization. Dispersants,antisettling agents,thixotropes Some dispersants or antisettling agents, particularly in higher proportions, may act with chlorinated binders to cause corrosion ofmetal containers and thus reduce the coating’s anticorrosion protection. Trials are recommended. Thixotropes derived from hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., Luvotix5 or Thixatrol6 ST) can be used for high-build coatings. Manufacturer’s instructions on their use should be observed. registered trademark of Crompton Vinyl Additives registered registered trademark of Elementis plc 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades Further, suitable thickeners and antisettling agents consist of anapproximately 10 % gel paste made from Bentone®6 38 or Bentone®639 and Anti-Terra®7 U in aromatic solvents. Processing Production of coatings Laroflex MP 45 grades dissolve very rapidly even without heating. Caking is avoided by immediately and uniformly distributing thepowder: thoroughly stirring, it is slowly added to the diluent (aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols). Proportions of Laroflex MP 45 powder and diluent should be approximately equal. Then, solvent(s)and other diluents are added while stirring. Subsequently, plasticizers and combination resins may be added. Solutions of Laroflex MP 45 grades that contain plasticizers and possibly other binder components are used to paste and mill pigments. If alkyd resin cobinders are present in the formulation, thesecan be used to prepare the pigment paste. Application techniques Coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades are suitable for all common application techniques such as high-pressure spraying, airlessspraying, hot spraying, brushing, dipping, curtain or roller coatingor paint roller. No cob webbing occurs during the application of coatings basedon Laroflex MP 45 grades even at high solids or if they contain highlyvolatile solvents. Blistering and pore formation during airless spraying can beavoided by keeping the proportion of highly volatile esters (e.g.,ethyl acetate and butyl acetate) in the solvent blend low. The inclusion of high-boiling aromatic hydrocarbons or ethoxypropyl acetatein advantageous. Good results are also obtained with defoamers,especially in paints with low PVC. Solutions of Laroflex MP 45 grades that contain plasticizers and possibly other binder components are used to paste and mill pigments. If alkyd resin cobinders are present in the formulation, thesecan be used to prepare the pigment paste. Application techniques Coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades are suitable for all common application techniques such as high-pressure spraying, airlessspraying, hot spraying, brushing, dipping, curtain or roller coatingor paint roller. registered trademark of Byk-Chemie GmbH Laroflex MP 45 grades No cob webbing occurs during the application of coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades even at high solids or if they contain highlyvolatile solvents. Blistering and pore formation during airless spraying can beavoided by keeping the proportion of highly volatile esters (e.g.,ethyl acetate and butyl acetate) in the solvent blend low. Theinclusion of high-boiling aromatic hydrocarbons or ethoxypropyl acetatein advantageous. Good results are also obtained with defoamers,especially in paints with low PVC. Drying Coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades surface-dry rapidly butrequire some length of time to through-dry since Laroflex MP 45grades, like all polymers, tend to hold back residual solvent. Consequently, a drying time of one or two days should be left betweencoats to prevent pulling up. Coatings to be exposed to water orliquid chemicals must be allowed to through-dry thoroughly. In thiscase, polar solvents should be avoided as any residual solventcould absorb large amounts of water and cause swelling. Drying time can be reduced by choosing suitable solvent blends,reducing the plasticizer proportion, a higher PVC or adding voluminous extenders or diatomite. Excessive quantities of these extenders and inadequate pigment dispersion can easily lead to porouscoatings with greater permeability to water vapor. Fields of application Industrial corrosion protection Combinations of equal proportions of Laroflex MP 45 grades and airdrying binders have proven effective. Two to three coats of thixotropic high-build coatings are needed toobtain the overall thickness of 200–250 µm necessary for effectivecorrosion protection. Depending on the make-up of the system andthe quality of pigments and extenders, the PVC is 30–40 %. Lowerpigmented gloss coats may be used for top coats. Marine coatings, underwater corrosion protection Coatings having to withstand sea or river water can be formulatedwith Laroflex MP 45 grades and non-saponifiable hydrophobic plasticizers. Combinations with tar and/or hydrocarbon resins can also beused, some of the Laroflex MP 45 proportion may be replaced by apolyamine-cured epoxy resin. A PVC of 35–40 % is ideal for highbuild coatings. These adhere extremely well to sandblasted steel,commercial shop primers and other unrelated coating systems. Laroflex MP 45 grades being resistant to alkalis allow formulatingunderwater coatings that give excellent performance in cathodicprotection and on zinc/ethyl silicate primers. Since high-build coatings based on Laroflex MP 45 grades can be sprayed outstandinglywell, only two or three spray coats are needed to achieve perfectcorrosion protection. 11 of 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades Laroflex MP 45 grades can also be used as binders in antifoulingpaints. Hydrophylic cobinders like Lutonal M 40 approx. 70 % inethanol and/or rosin ensure that the antifouling agent is released ata uniform rate. Machinery, automotive and container finishes Suitable coatings can be formulated from Laroflex MP 45 grades androughly equal amounts of air-drying binder. Coatings on galvanized steel and aluminumAir-drying binders should be avoided in primers and top coats onaluminum or, in particular, galvanized steel. Coatings based onsuch binders could flake or peel off after prolonged exposure tomoisture and fluctuating temperature. Addition of special hardresins, talc and/or micaceous iron oxide allow coats with extremelygood adhesion. Coatings for mineral substrates Laroflex MP 45 grades and alkali-resistant plasticizers are used toobtain coatings for mineral substrates. The pigmentation dependson the desired degree of gloss. Architectural finishes with adequate permeability to water vaporshould have a PVC of 50–60 %.Combinations of Laroflex MP 45 grades, polyamine-cured epoxyresins and tar are used for underwater and underground mineralsubstrates. The PVC for swimming pool coatings should be at least 50 % inorder to avoid blisters forming from osmosis, even in high-buildcoats. Since they are resistant to hydrolysis, Laroflex MP 45 grades aresuitable binders for sealing and impregnating primers for stabilizingmineral substrates and reliably ensuring that subsequent coats ofarchitectural finishes adhere well. Depending on the substrate’sactual porosity, the binder concentration in these coatings shouldbe 8–15 %. Road marking paintsRoad marking paints can be formulated from Laroflex MP 45 gradesalone or combined with air-drying binders. Note, however, that airdrying binders will reduce the life of road markings.Flame-retardant coatings Laroflex MP 45 grades are suitable binders for flame-retardant coatings on non-flammable substrates. of 12 Laroflex MP 45 grades Other fields of application: • indoor and outdoor coatings on wood and duroplastics • printing inks • impregnating and coating of paper, cardboard and textiles • effect paints such as wrinkle, hammer and crackle finishes Safety When handling these products, advice and information given in thesafety data sheet must be complied with. Further, protective andworkplace hygiene measures adequate for handling chemicalsmust be observed.NoteThe data contained in this publication are based on our currentknowledge and experience. In view of the many factors that mayaffect processing and application of our product, these data do notrelieve processors from carrying out their own investigations andtests; neither do these data imply any guarantee of certain properties, nor the suitability of the product for a specific purpose. Anydescriptions, drawings, photographs, data, proportions, weights,etc. given herein may change without prior information and do notconstitute the agreed contractual quality of the product. It is theresponsibility of the recipient of our products to ensure that anyproprietary rights and existing laws and legislation are observed. olubility: Laroflex MP 45 is well soluble in aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, ester, ketone, glycol ether acetates, and some glycol ether. Usually Laroflex MP 45 is dissolved in 20% toluene/xylene solvent at normally temperatures. Compatibility: Laroflex MP 45 miscible with or partly miscible with vinyl chloride copolymer, polyacrylic ester, unsaturated polyester resins, aldehyde resins, petroleum resin, natural resins, alkyd resins modified by oil and fatty acids, drying oil, tars, and bitumen, etc. Application: Laroflex MP 45 is well used as basic resins in anticorrosion paint (steel structure, container, marine, underwater structure, machinery and automobile engineering, transport equipment & industrial paint) and it is also well-known in composite inks. Laroflex MP 45 is a binder resistant to hydrolysis. It can be used for anti-corrosion coatings, for coatings on galvanized steel, other non-ferrous metals, concrete, fiber cement, road marking paints, flame-retardant coatings on non-flammable building materials, and marine and container paints. Laroflex MP 45 is recommended for applications such as: •Interior/exterior general industrial metal coating applications •Interior/exterior plastic component applications •Interior/exterior concrete coating applications •Product Description •Laroflex MP 45 has good binding property as a result of its special molecular structure in which ester bond is resistance to hydrolysis and combined chlorine atom is very stable. So Laroflex MP 45 can be used to produce hign quality paints with good water resistance, salt resistance and chemical resistance. •Good adhesion •Laroflex MP 45 contain copolymer of vinyl chloride ester, which ensure the paints good adhesion on various materials. Even on the surface of aluminum or zinc, the paints still have good adhesion. •Good compatibility •Laroflex MP 45 is easily compatible with other resins in paints, and can modify and improve the characteristics of paints, which for mulated by drying oils, tars and bitumen. •Solubility •Laroflex MP 45 is soluble in aromatic and halohydrocarbon, esters, ketones, glycol, ester acetates and some glycol ethers. Aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols are diluents and not true solvents for Laroflex MP 45 •Compatibility •Laroflex MP 45 is compatible with vinyl chloride copolymers, unsaturated polyester resins, cyclohexanone resins, aldehyde resins, coumarone resins, hydrocarbon resins, urea resins, alkyd resins modified by oil and fatty acids, natural resins, drying oil, plasticizers, tars, and bitumen. •Fireproof Ability •Laroflex MP 45 contain chlorine atom, which gives the resins fireproof ability. With addition of other flame resistant pigment, filler and fire retardant, they can be used in fire retardant paint for construction and other fields.

SYNONYMS 2-Aminobutanedioic acid; 2-aminosuccinic acid; Asp; L-2-Aminobutanedioic acid; L-Aminosuccinic acid; L-Aspartic acid; (S)-(+)-Aspartic Acid; sparaginic Acid; (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid; L-(+)-Aspartic acid; CAS NO:56-84-8

Dodecyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Amide; Lauric DEA; Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)lauramide; Diethanolamine lauric acid amide; diethanollauramide; Diethanol lauric acid amide; N,N-diethanollauramide; N,N-diethanollauric acid amide; N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)lauramide; Lauramide DEA; N,N-bis(2-hidroxietil)dodecanamida; N,N-bis(2-hydroxyéthyl)dodecanamide; cas no: 120-40-1

SYNONYMS n-Dodecylamine; 1-Dodecanamine; Lauramine; 1-Aminododecane; Laurinamine;CAS NO. 124-22-1

LAURETH-1, peg-1 lauryl ether, polyethylene glycol (1) lauryl ether, polyethylene glycol (1) lauryl ether, polyethylene glycol (1) monolauryl ether, polyoxyethylene (1) lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene (1) monolauryl ether, LAURETH-1, N° CAS : 4536-30-5, Nom INCI : LAURETH-1, Nom chimique : 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 224-886-5, Classification : Composé éthoxylé, Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile).Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : ALPHA-DODECYL-OMEGA-HYDROXYPOLY(OXY-1,2-ETHANEDIYL) ; ALPHA-DODECYL-OMEGA-HYDROXYPOLY(OXYETHYLENE); DODECYL POLY(OXYETHYLENE) ETHER; ETHER DE MONODODECYL POLY(OXY-1,2 ETHANE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) DODECYL ETHER; POLY(OXY-1,2-ETHANEDIYL), ALPHA-DODECYL-OMEGA-HYDROXY-; POLY(OXYETHYLENE) DODECYL ETHER; POLY(OXYETHYLENE) MONODODECYL ETHER; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL DODECYL ETHER; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL MONODODECYL ETHER; Éther de lauryl poly(oxyéthylène). Noms anglais : ALPHA-DODECYL-OMEGA-HYDROXY-POLYOXYETHYLENE; DODECYL ALCOHOL, ETHOXYLATED; DODECYL POLY(OXYETHYLENE)ETHER; Ethoxylated lauryl alcohol;HYDROXYPOLYETHOXYDODECANE ;LAURYL POLY(OXYETHYLENE) ETHER; LAURYL POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHER; OXYETHYLENATED DODECYL ALCOHOL; Poly(oxyethylene) lauryl ether;POLY(OXYETHYLENE) MONOLAURYL ETHER;POLYETHOXYLATED DODECANOL; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL LAURYL ALCOHOL ETHER; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL LAURYL ETHER;POLYOXYETHYLENE DODECYL ALCOHOL ETHER; POLYOXYETHYLENE LAURIC ALCOHOL; POLYOXYETHYLENE LAURYL ALCOHOL; POLYOXYETHYLENE LAURYL ALCOHOL ETHER;POLYOXYETHYLENE LAURYL ETHER. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent dispersant; 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol [ACD/IUPAC Name] 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 2-(Dodécyloxy)éthanol [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 224-886-5 [EINECS] 4536-30-5 [RN] Dodecylglycol Ethanol, 2-(dodecyloxy)- [ACD/Index Name] Ethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether IAC0DWO8W5 J89TKQ5R54 KK7650000 MFCD00042657 [4536-30-5] 2-(Decyloxy)ethanol [ACD/IUPAC Name] 2-(dodecyloxy)ethan-1-ol 2-decoxyethanol 2-dodecoxyethanol 2-dodecyloxyethan-1-ol 2-Hydroxyethyl lauryl ether 2-lauryloxyethanol 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxadocosan-1-ol [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 4-01-00-02386 [Beilstein] aethoxysklerol Asclera Brij 35 (Laureth-23) CE1 Cimagel Decylglycol Dodecanol, ethoxylate Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside Ethanol, 2-(decyloxy)- [ACD/Index Name] Ethanol,2-(dodecyloxy)- ethylene glycol dodecyl ether Ethylene glycol monodecyl ether Ethylene glycol monolauryl ether Ethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether ethyleneglycol monododecyl ether Ethyleneglycoldodecylether ethyleneglycolmonododecylether Laureth Laureth- 23 laureth-4 Lauryl ethoxylate Lauryl monoethoxylate LMT Nikkol BL O-DODECANYL OCTAETHYLENE GLYCOL Rokanol L Romopal LN Siponic L Slovasol O Slovasol S Thesat Thesit UNII:J89TKQ5R54 UNII-3Y76363WPB UNII-J89TKQ5R54 UNII-P30F471M6B VARITHENA

C12 Alcohol, predominately linear 23 EO; Tricosaethylene glycol mono-N-dodecyl ether; Polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether cas no: 9002-92-0

Synonyms: 8/5000 Emulsifier earth-sized - 3;C12-14 alcohol polyether;Penetrant JFC;AEO-3、4、5、7、9、15、20;Alcohols, C12-14, ethoxylated;FATTYALCOHOL(C12-C14)POLYGLYCOL(3OEO)ETHER;POLYALKOXYLATEDALIPHATICALCOHOL;Alcohol-(C12-C14), ethoxylated CAS: 68439-50-9

Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-dodecyloxy-, dihydrogen citrate cas no: 161756-30-5

Acide n-dodécanoïque, Acide dodécylique, Acide laurique, Origine(s) : Végétale, Animale. Autres langues : Acido laurico, Laurische Säure. Nom INCI : LAURIC ACID. Nom chimique : Dodecanoic acid. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-582-1. Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : Acide dodécanoïque; Acide laurique; Dodecanoic acid; LAURIC ACID; LAUROSTEARIC ACID. Famille chimique: Acide carboxylique; Utilisation : Fabrication de savons, fabrication de cosmétiques. Présent naturellement, à près de 50 %, dans l'huile de noix de coco et dans l'huile de palmiste

lauric acid; n-Dodecanoic acid; Dodecylic acid; Dodecoic acid; Laurostearic acid; Vulvic acid; 1-Undecanecarboxylic acid; Duodecylic acid; cas no:143-07-7

Inci : Lauric acid, Cas : 143-07-7, EC : 205-582-1, Synonyme de Acide dodécanoïque,Acide dodécanoïque, Acide laurique, Dodecanoic acid, LAURIC ACID, LAUROSTEARIC ACID. Acid lauric (ro), Acide laurique (fr), Acido laurico (it), Aċidu lawriku (mt), Ido láurico (pt), Kwas laurynowy (pl), Kyselina dodekánová (sk), Lauric acid (no), Lauriinhape (et), Lauriinihappo (fi), Laurinezuur (nl), Laurinsav (hu), Laurinska kiselina (hr), Laurinsyra (sv), Laurinsyre (da), Laurinsäure (de), Laurová kyselina (cs), Laurīnskābe (lv), Lavrinska kislina (sl), Uro rūgštis (lt), Ácido láurico (es), Λαυρικό οξύ (el), Додеканова киселина (bg), laurik asit, laurik asid, lorik asit, lorik asid, 1-Dodecansäure, docecanoic acid

LAURALDEHYDE, N° CAS : 112-54-9, Nom INCI : LAURALDEHYDE, Nom chimique : Lauryl aldehyde, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 203-983-6. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent masquant : Réduit ou inhibe l'odeur ou le goût de base du produit

CAS NUMBER: 308062-28-4

Lauryl amine oxide, also known as dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO), is an amine oxide based zwitterionic surfactant, with a C12 (dodecyl) alkyl tail.
Lauryl amine oxide is one of the most frequently-used surfactants of this type.
Like other amine oxide based surfactants Lauryl amine oxide is antimicrobial, being effective against common bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli, however it is also non-denaturing and may be used to solubilize proteins.
Lauryl amine oxide has a role as a plant metabolite and a detergent.

Lauryl amine oxide derives from a hydride of a dodecane.
Lauryl Amine Oxide (LAO) is a standard liquid surfactant.
Lauryl amine oxide appears as a clear yellow liquid.

USES of Lauryl Amine Oxide:
-Washes and Cleaners
-Body Washes
-Conditioners
-Alkaline and Acid Cleaners
-Bleach Cleaners
-Body Washes
-Bubble Bath
-Car and Truck Wash Soaps
-Conditioners
-Dishwash Detergents
-Facial Cleansers
-Foam Booster
-Green Products
-Industrial cleaners
-Roof and House washes

APPLICATIONS of Lauryl Amine Oxide:
-Fabric care
-Hard surface care
-Home & industrial care intermediates
-Industrial cleaners
-Institutional cleaners
-Soap/detergents
-Cationic surfactants used as disinfectants, fungicides, germicide and other uses Amphoteric surfactants and Amine oxides used as antistatic agent, textile scouring agent,
-ingredient for low irritation shampoo, liquid detergent, foam boosters
-As fabric softeners and other speciality chemicals
-Dispersants, lubricants, water treatment agents

Lauryl amine oxide was nonmutagenic in the Ames assay, but was mutagenic after nitrosation.
Lauryl amine oxide at 0.1% in drinking water was not carcinogenic in rats, but at 0.1% with 0.2% sodium nitrate did increase the incidence of liver neoplasms.
Lauryl amine oxide is an excellent, versatile highly efficent surfactant for cleaning, contributing good foam and solubilizing properties to all kinds of cleaners, shampoos, bath and body products, and even detergents and cleaners for hard surfaces and even formulations for washing fine fabrics.

Lauryl amine oxide is a clear, pale-yellow, amine oxide liquid derived from coconut.
Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree.
Coconut palms grow around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low.
Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food and drink to fibers, building materials, and natural ingredients.
Lauryl amine oxide (LDAO), also known as dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO), is an amine oxide based zwitterionic surfactant, with a C12 (dodecyl) alkyl tail.

Lauryl amine oxide is one of the most frequently-used surfactants of this type.
Like other amine oxide based surfactants Lauryl amine oxide is antimicrobial, being effective against common bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli, however Lauryl amine oxide is also non-denaturing and may be used to solubilize proteins.
At high concentrations, LDAO forms liquid crystalline phases.

Despite having only one polar atom that is able to interact with water the oxygen atom (the quaternary nitrogen atom is hidden from intermolecular interactions), DDAO is a strongly hydrophilic surfactant: Lauryl amine oxide forms normal micelles and normal liquid crystalline phases.
High hydrophilicity of this surfactant can be explained by the fact that Lauryl amine oxide forms very strong hydrogen bonds with water: the energy of DDAO – water hydrogen bond is about 50 kJ/mol.
Dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide is a tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.

Lauryl amine oxide is used as a viscosity modifier and foam enhancer for shampoos and shower gels.
Lauryl amine oxide is also applied as a foam enhancer and detergent in hard surface cleaners, sanitizing products, dishwashing liquids, and car wash systems.
In addition, this product is suitable as a water-based nonionic surfactant compatible with anionic and cationic systems.
A 30% aqueous solution of lauryl dimethylamine oxide which is based on a tertiary amine derived from natural alcohols.

Lauryl amine oxide is a strongly hydrophilic surfactant and is a colourless, viscous and foamy water based surfactant with a mild odour.
When mixed with acids, LAO can behave as a cationic surfactant but in neutral or alkaline conditions, it acts as a non-ionic surfactant.
When blended with anionic surfactants, LAO is an excellent foam booster.
Lauryl amine oxide is commonly used in washing up liquids, shampoos, bubble baths, thickened bleach cleaners, vehicle cleaners and a wide range of other cleaners.

Compatible with bleach and hypochlorite.
Lauryl amine oxide is often added to them to produce foaming, allowing hypochlorite solutions to cling to surfaces and increase contact time.
Lauryl amine oxide also allows bleach stable fragrances to be added to hypochlorite to help reduce the odours associated with bleach.
In cosmetics and personal-care products, Lauramine and Stearamine Oxides are amine oxides that are used mostly in hair-care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents and wetting agents.

Lauramine and Steramine Oxides are used mainly in hair-care products such as shampoos, hair rinses, tonics and hair-grooming aids.
Lauryl amine oxide is a clear, pale-yellow, amine oxide liquid derived from coconut.
Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree.
Coconut palms grow around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low.
Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food to building materials to natural ingredients.

Lauryl amine oxide is a surfactant, meaning it breaks surface tension in liquids, allowing things to become clean.
Lauryl amine oxide is also a foam builder, stabilizer, viscosity enhancer, emollient, and conditioner.
Lauryl amine oxide can be found in personal care products such as shampoo, facial cleansers, body wash, sunscreen, and a variety of other products.

Lauryl amine oxide oxide is a cleaning agent, or "surfactant," that can also be found in a variety of products including shampoos and dishwashing detergents.
We use Lauryl amine oxide in our products to remove dirt and deposits by surrounding dirt particles to loosen them from the surface they're attached to, so they can be rinsed away.

Lauryl Myristyl Amine Oxide surfactant exhibits good tolerance to electrolytes which permits improved performance of formulations containing this surfactant in hard water.
Foaming properties are stable within a wide pH range of 5-12.
Lauryl Amine Oxide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.

Lauryl Amine Oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
An estimated BCF of 0.7 was calculated for Lauryl Amine Oxide(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation.

According to a classification scheme, this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
The Koc of Lauryl Amine Oxide is estimated as 5.5(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation.
According to a classification scheme, this estimated Koc value suggests that Lauryl Amine Oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for Lauryl Amine Oxide is estimated as 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method.
This Henry's Law constant indicates that Lauryl Amine Oxide is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2).
Lauryl Amine Oxide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not likely to occur(SRC).
Lauryl Amine Oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 91,001 workers

(38,251 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Lauryl Amine Oxide in the US. Occupational exposure may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Lauryl Amine Oxide is produced or used.
The general population may be exposed to Lauryl Amine Oxide via dermal contact with this compound and consumer products containing Lauryl Amine oxide(SRC).
Lauryl Amine Oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Lauryl Amine Oxide, present at 100 mg/L, was 100% removed in 4 weeks as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test.

An inherent biodegradability test using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L and Lauryl Amine Oxide at 30 mg/L showed the compound to reach 88% of its theoretical total organic carbon in 4 weeks.
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Lauryl Amine Oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method.
This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14.1 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm.
The general population may be exposed to Lauryl Amine Oxide via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing

Lauryl Amine Oxide.Lauryl Amine Oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Lauryl Amine Oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

Volatilization of Lauryl Amine Oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method.
Lauryl Amine Oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm

Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method.
In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl Amine Oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC).
Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Lauryl Amine Oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC).

Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method.
According to a classification scheme, an estimated BCF of 0.7(SRC), from its water solubility and a regression-derived equation, suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide enhance the appearance and feel of hair by increasing hair body and volume, suppleness or sheen.
These ingrediets may improve the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment.
Lauramine and Steramine Oxides also increase foaming capacity and prevents the buildup of static electricity in hair-care product formulations.

Lauryl amine oxide is usually classified as a non-ionic surfactant, as Lauryl amine oxide does not have any formal charges, and thus is compatible with anionic and cationic systems.
These products are often used as replacement of alkanolamides (CDE) due to their mildness and improved conditioning properties.
Technically speaking, amine oxides are the result of the oxidation of tertiary amines.

In other words, you have a tertiary amine and you oxidize Lauryl amine oxide, usually with hydrogen peroxide, and you obtain the amine oxide.
However, sometimes Lauryl amine oxide is also classified as cationic, as under pH below 3 it is protonated ,and the nitrogen receives a formal positive charge.
And some users also classify it as an amphoteric surfactant due to the strong ,dipolar moment between the oxygen and the nitrogen, almost as if there was a positive charge on the nitrogen and a negative charge on the oxygen.
But formally speaking under neutral or alkaline conditions it does not present any formal charges, and therefore is a non-ionic
This amine oxide presents many interesting properties, such as providing a good viscosity response thus allowing efficient thickening of surfactant solutions (the strong dipolar moment helps to structure the surfactant phase), because of its foam boosting and stabilizing it is very efficient even in low pH solutions making it interesting in industrial cleaners as well , with an good resistance to oxidation and excellent skin compatibility

USES:
Personal Care: Viscosity Modifier and Foam Enhancer for Shampoos and Shower GelsSoaps and Detergents: Foam Enhancer and Detergent in Hard Surface Cleaners, Sanitizing Products, Dishwashing Liquids and Car Wash SystemsSurfactants and Esters: Water Based Nonionic Surfactant Compatible with Anionic and Cationic Systems
Lauryl Amine Oxide (LAO) is a standard liquid surfactant.
Lauryl amine oxide appears as a clear yellow liquid.

This product is used as a viscosity modifier and foam enhancer for shampoos and shower gels.
Lauryl amine oxide is also applied as a foam enhancer and detergent in hard surface cleaners, sanitizing products, dishwashing liquids, and car wash systems.
In addition, Lauryl amine oxide is suitable as a water-based nonionic surfactant compatible with anionic and cationic systems.
(1-Dodecyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide (10 mg with 100 uCi of 14C) was applied to the skin of two humans to study cutaneous absorption and metabolism of Lauryl amine oxide.

Ninety-two percent of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the skin of the test subjects 8 hr after dosing, and 0.1 and 0.23% of the radioactivity was recovered from the excretion products of the test subjects.
The stratum corneum contained <0.2% of the applied dose.
Oral administration of a solution containing 50 mg (1-dodecyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide (100 uCi of 14C) to two humans resulted in excretion patterns of radioactivity similar to that of the other species studied.

Fifty percent and 37% of the radioactivity was found in the urine within 24 hr of dosing, and expired 14C02 contained between 18 and 22% of the radioactivity administered.
Four Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 22 mg (methyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide kg (specific activity 1.3 mCi/g).
Sixty-seven percent of the total radioactivity was eliminated in the urine, 8% was expired as I4CO2, and 6% was eliminated in the feces within 24 hr.

The distribution of radioactivity was essentially the same as that seen in rats given oral doses of Lauryl amine oxide.
The conclusion was that " microbial metabolism by gastrointestinal flora does not play a major role in the absorption and excretion of and absorption of the compound.
Over 72 hr, 14.2% of the total radioactivity was found in the urine, 2.5% in the CO2, and 1.8% in the feces.
Radioactivity was detected in the liver, kidneys, testes, blood, and expired CO2.

Characterization of metabolites of Lauryl amine oxide resulted in the positive identification of only one metabolite, N-dimethyl-4-aminobutyric acid N-oxide.
Several pathways exist for metabolism of Lauryl amine oxide: omega,beta-oxidation of alkyl chains (the most common pathway for surfactant metabolism), hydroxylation of alkyl chains, and reduction of the amine oxide group.

Lauryl amine oxide and stearamine oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used in cosmetics as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents.
Acute Exposure/ The ocular irritation potential of formulations containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide was evaluated by instilling 10 uL into the conjunctival sac of New Zealand White rabbits.

The eyes of some rabbits were rinsed with distilled water.
Irritation was scored according to the method of Draize (maximum possible score:). Slight irritation of the conjunctivae was observed in all unrinsed eyes and in two of three rinsed eyes at the 24-hr grading period.
The maximum average score was 2.0 for the animals with unrinsed eyes, and 1.3 for those whose eyes were rinsed.
All eyes were clear after 48 hr.
Acute Exposure/ Liquid droplet aerosol /formulation containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide/ at concentrations of 0.2, 1.0, and 5.2 mg/L were tested on three groups of four male Swiss-Webster mice.

Only the heads of the mice were exposed to the aerosol.
The average respiratory rate was monitored using plethysmography 5 min before, 10 min during, and 10 min after each exposure, and the percentage change in respiratory rate was calculated.
A decrease in respiratory rate was considered a response to upper airway irritation.
A transient decrease was observed in the respiratory rate of the 1.0 mg/L exposed group, but this was not considered significant because no signs of irritation were seen at greater exposure concentrations.

The groups treated with 1.0 mg/L and 5.2 mg/L had a 6% decrease in their average respiratory rates.
However, these decreases were not attributed to upper airway irritation because the respiratory rates were even lower during the postexposure recovery period.
No decrease in respiratory rate was observed in the 0.2 mg/L exposed mice.
Acute Exposure/ The acute inhalation toxicity of a liquid droplet aerosol formulation containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide was evaluated.
Five female and five male albino Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were exposed for 4 hr to this aerosol at a concentration of 5.3 mg/L.

The Equivalent Aerodynamic Diameter of the aerosol was 3.6 um with a geometric standard deviation of 1.91.
The animals were observed during the exposure and two times daily for 14 days, and body weights were recorded before exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 postexposure.
At necropsy, the major organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities were weighed and observed.
No deaths occurred during the study and all the rats appeared normal.

A slight drop in body weight was observed in the males on day 1, but weight was gained normally for the remainder of the study.
The weight gain in the females was normal.
The organ weights were all within the anticipated normal control ranges for both sexes.
No exposure-related pharmacotoxic signs were evident in any of the organs.
The 4-hr LD50 for this aerosol was greater than 5.3 mg/L nominal.

Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.
If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Lauryl amine oxide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere.
Vapor-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours.

Particulate-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition.
Luryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
If released to soil, Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole.

In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil and water is an important fate process.
If released into water, Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc.
Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant.

An estimated BCF of 0.7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
Occupational exposure to Lauryl amine oxide may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide.

Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization of Lauryl amine oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated

Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method.
Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method. In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC).

According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Lauryl amine oxide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method, will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere.
Vapor-phase Lauryl amine oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method Particulate-phase Lauryl amine oxide may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC).

Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Lauryl amine oxide, present at 100 mg/L, was 100% removed in 4 weeks as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test.

An inherent biodegradability test using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L and Lauryl amine oxide at 30 mg/L showed the compound to reach 88% of its theoretical total organic carbon in 4 weeks.
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Lauryl amine oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1).
This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14.1 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm.

Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 0.7 was calculated for Lauryl amine oxide(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation.
According to a classification scheme, this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
The Koc of Lauryl amine oxide is estimated as 5.5(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation.
According to a classification scheme, this estimated Koc value suggests that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for Lauryl amine oxide is estimated as 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method.
This Henry's Law constant indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces.
Lauryl amine oxide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not likely to occur(SRC).

Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 91,001 workers (38,251 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Lauryl amine oxide in the US.
Occupational exposure may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Lauryl amine oxide is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound and consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide(SRC).

Lauryl amine Oxide is a nonionic/amphoteric surfactant which is compatible with all surfactant classes: anionic, nonionic, amphoteric, and cationic.
Lauryl amine oxide provides high foaming and thickening properties and is stable at most pH ranges, including, stability in peroxide and hypochlorite solutions.
In addition, Lauryl amine Oxide can mitigate the irritation effects of anionic surfactants.
Major market segments for this product include home care, personal care, oil & gas, and agrochemicals.


LAURAMINE OXIDE is classified as :
-Antistatic
-Cleansing
-Foam boosting
-Hair conditioning
-Hydrotrope
-Surfactant
-Viscosity controlling
-Perfuming

Amine N-oxides are active components in body care products such as shampoo, bubble bath, and hand-soap formulations in combination with alkyl or olefin sulfates.
In acidic media, they are cationic and can act as a mild conditioner.
In neutral or weak basic media, they are featured as excellent foam stabilizer and viscosity building provider.
Lauryl amine oxide is used as a foam enhancer, stabilizer and viscosity builder.

Lauryl amine oxide is used in light duty liquid detergents, drain cleaners, fabric washer.
Dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant.
Formulation with anionic, nonionic and cationic materials.

Amphoteric surfactants have dual functional groups (both acidic and basic groups) in the same molecule.
They are polar solvents that have a high solubility in water but a poor solubility in most organic solvents.
They are electrically neutral but carries positive and negative charges on different atoms in an aqueous solution.

Depending on the composition and conditions of pH value, the substances can have anionic or cationic properties.
In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions but they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution in the presence of bases, which balances the pH.

Such actions make buffer solutions which resist change to the pH.
In the detergency ability amphoteric surfactants which change their charge according to the pH of the solution affects properties of foaming, wetting and detergentcy through a surface action that exerts both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
In biochemistry amphoteric surfactant is used as a detergent for purifying, cleansing and antimicrobial effects.
Alkylbetains and aminoxides are amphoteric surfactants.
Learn all about lauryl amine oxide, including how Lauryl amine oxide's made, and why Puracy uses lauramine oxide in our products.

FUNCTIONS:
Lauryl amine oxide is an Amine N-oxide, an active component primarily found in shampoo, bubble bath and hand soap thanks to its foam building properties (Source).
Because Lauryl amine oxide has dual functional groups in the same molecule (both asidic and basic groups), Lauryl amine oxide is very versatile.

Lauryl amine oxide can have high solubility in some solutions and low in others; Lauryl amine oxide creates positive charges and negative charges on different atoms; Lauryl amine oxide carries anionic or cationic properties depending on pH value.
Therefore although Lauryl amine oxide is seen most frequently as a foam builder in beauty products, Lauryl amine oxide can also be used as a dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant, surfactant, anti-static agent, and viscosity controlling agent, according to research.

Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
Occupational exposure to Lauryl amine oxide may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Lauryl amine oxide is produced or used.
The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide.

Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in Lauryl amine oxides release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization of Lauryl amine oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated

Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method.
Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method.
In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC).

PROPERTIES:

Lauryl Amine Oxide Lauryldimethylamine oxide (Lauryl amine oxide), also known as dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO), is an amine oxide based zwitterionic surfactant, with a C12 (dodecyl) alkyl tail. It is one of the most frequently-used surfactants of this type.[4] Like other amine oxide based surfactants it is antimicrobial, being effective against common bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli,[1] however it is also non-denaturing and may be used to solubilize proteins. At high concentrations, Lauryl amine oxide forms liquid crystalline phases.[5] Despite having only one polar atom that is able to interact with water – the oxygen atom (the quaternary nitrogen atom is hidden from intermolecular interactions), DDAO is a strongly hydrophilic surfactant: it forms normal micelles and normal liquid crystalline phases. High hydrophilicity of this surfactant can be explained by the fact that it forms very strong hydrogen bonds with water: the energy of DDAO – water hydrogen bond is about 50 kJ/mol. Parameters Specifications Test Methods Appearance Clear Liquid — Odor Characteristic — Color Colorless to Pale Yellow — pH (10% Solution W/V) 5.5 – 7.5 — Assay, % by mass 27 – 29 — Free Amine, % 0.5 max — Microbial Count (Plate Method), cfu/mL < 10 — Molecular Weight 240 — USES & APPLICATIONS Personal Care: Viscosity Modifier and Foam Enhancer for Shampoos and Shower GelsSoaps and Detergents: Foam Enhancer and Detergent in Hard Surface Cleaners, Sanitizing Products, Dishwashing Liquids and Car Wash SystemsSurfactants and Esters: Water Based Nonionic Surfactant Compatible with Anionic and Cationic Systems Lauryl Amine Oxide (LAO) is a standard liquid surfactant. It appears as a clear yellow liquid. This product is used as a viscosity modifier and foam enhancer for shampoos and shower gels. It is also applied as a foam enhancer and detergent in hard surface cleaners, sanitizing products, dishwashing liquids, and car wash systems. In addition, this product is suitable as a water-based nonionic surfactant compatible with anionic and cationic systems. (1-Dodecyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide (10 mg with 100 uCi of 14C) was applied to the skin of two humans to study cutaneous absorption and metabolism of Lauryl amine oxide. Ninety-two percent of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the skin of the test subjects 8 hr after dosing, and 0.1 and 0.23% of the radioactivity was recovered from the excretion products of the test subjects. The stratum corneum contained <0.2% of the applied dose. Oral administration of a solution containing 50 mg (1-dodecyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide (100 uCi of 14C) to two humans resulted in excretion patterns of radioactivity similar to that of the other species studied. Fifty percent and 37% of the radioactivity was found in the urine within 24 hr of dosing, and expired 14C02 contained between 18 and 22% of the radioactivity administered. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 22 mg (methyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide kg (specific activity 1.3 mCi/g). Sixty-seven percent of the total radioactivity was eliminated in the urine, 8% was expired as I4CO2, and 6% was eliminated in the feces within 24 hr. The distribution of radioactivity was essentially the same as that seen in rats given oral doses of Lauryl amine oxide. The conclusion was that "... microbial metabolism by gastrointestinal flora does not play a major role in the absorption and excretion of [Lauryl amine oxide] in rats." Aqueous (methyl-14C)Lauryl amine oxide (10 mg containing 1.3 mCi/g) was applied to the skin of four Sprague-Dawley rats to test metabolism and absorption of the compound. Over 72 hr, 14.2% of the total radioactivity was found in the urine, 2.5% in the CO2, and 1.8% in the feces. Radioactivity was detected in the liver, kidneys, testes, blood, and expired CO2. Characterization of metabolites of Lauryl amine oxide resulted in the positive identification of only one metabolite, N-dimethyl-4-aminobutyric acid N-oxide. Several pathways exist for metabolism of Lauryl amine oxide: omega,beta-oxidation of alkyl chains (the most common pathway for surfactant metabolism), hydroxylation of alkyl chains, and reduction of the amine oxide group. Lauryl amine oxide and stearamine oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used in cosmetics as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents. Acute Exposure/ The ocular irritation potential of formulations containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide was evaluated by instilling 10 uL into the conjunctival sac of New Zealand White rabbits. The eyes of some rabbits were rinsed with distilled water. Irritation was scored according to the method of Draize (maximum possible score: 110). Slight irritation of the conjunctivae was observed in all unrinsed eyes and in two of three rinsed eyes at the 24-hr grading period. The maximum average score was 2.0 for the animals with unrinsed eyes, and 1.3 for those whose eyes were rinsed. All eyes were clear after 48 hr. Acute Exposure/ Liquid droplet aerosol /formulation containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide/ at concentrations of 0.2, 1.0, and 5.2 mg/L were tested on three groups of four male Swiss-Webster mice. Only the heads of the mice were exposed to the aerosol. The average respiratory rate was monitored using plethysmography 5 min before, 10 min during, and 10 min after each exposure, and the percentage change in respiratory rate was calculated. A decrease in respiratory rate was considered a response to upper airway irritation. A transient decrease was observed in the respiratory rate of the 1.0 mg/L exposed group, but this was not considered significant because no signs of irritation were seen at greater exposure concentrations. The groups treated with 1.0 mg/L and 5.2 mg/L had a 6% decrease in their average respiratory rates. However, these decreases were not attributed to upper airway irritation because the respiratory rates were even lower during the postexposure recovery period. No decrease in respiratory rate was observed in the 0.2 mg/L exposed mice. Acute Exposure/ The acute inhalation toxicity of a liquid droplet aerosol formulation containing 0.3% active Lauryl amine oxide was evaluated. Five female and five male albino Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were exposed for 4 hr to this aerosol at a concentration of 5.3 mg/L. The Equivalent Aerodynamic Diameter of the aerosol was 3.6 um with a geometric standard deviation of 1.91. The animals were observed during the exposure and two times daily for 14 days, and body weights were recorded before exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 postexposure. At necropsy, the major organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities were weighed and observed. No deaths occurred during the study and all the rats appeared normal. A slight drop in body weight was observed in the males on day 1, but weight was gained normally for the remainder of the study. The weight gain in the females was normal. The organ weights were all within the anticipated normal control ranges for both sexes. No exposure-related pharmacotoxic signs were evident in any of the organs. The 4-hr LD50 for this aerosol was greater than 5.3 mg/L nominal. Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Lauryl amine oxide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours. Particulate-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 5.5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil and water is an important fate process. If released into water, Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 0.7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Lauryl amine oxide may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide. Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap(1), as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Lauryl amine oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(6), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Lauryl amine oxide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Lauryl amine oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3) Particulate-phase Lauryl amine oxide may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Lauryl amine oxide, present at 100 mg/L, was 100% removed in 4 weeks as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). An inherent biodegradability test using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L and Lauryl amine oxide at 30 mg/L showed the compound to reach 88% of its theoretical total organic carbon in 4 weeks(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Lauryl amine oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14.1 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). An estimated BCF of 0.7 was calculated for Lauryl amine oxide(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The Koc of Lauryl amine oxide is estimated as 5.5(SRC), using a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The Henry's Law constant for Lauryl amine oxide is estimated as 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Lauryl amine oxide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not likely to occur(SRC). Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 91,001 workers (38,251 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Lauryl amine oxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Lauryl amine oxide is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound and consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide(SRC). Lauryl amine Oxide is a nonionic/amphoteric surfactant which is compatible with all surfactant classes: anionic, nonionic, amphoteric, and cationic. It provides high foaming and thickening properties and is stable at most pH ranges, including, stability in peroxide and hypochlorite solutions. In addition, Lauryl amine Oxide can mitigate the irritation effects of anionic surfactants. Major market segments for this product include home care, personal care, oil & gas, and agrochemicals. LAURAMINE OXIDE is classified as : Antistatic Cleansing Foam boosting Hair conditioning Hydrotrope Surfactant Viscosity controlling Perfuming Amine N-oxides are active components in body care products such as shampoo, bubble bath, and hand-soap formulations in combination with alkyl or olefin sulfates. In acidic media, they are cationic and can act as a mild conditioner. In neutral or weak basic media, they are featured as excellent foam stabilizer and viscosity building provider. Lauryl amine oxide is used as a foam enhancer, stabilizer and viscosity builder. It is used in light duty liquid detergents, drain cleaners, fabric washer. dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant. formulation with anionic, nonionic and cationic materials. Amphoteric surfactants have dual functional groups (both acidic and basic groups) in the same molecule. They are polar solvents that have a high solubility in water but a poor solubility in most organic solvents. They are electrically neutral but carries positive and negative charges on different atoms in an aqueous solution. Depending on the composition and conditions of pH value, the substances can have anionic or cationic properties. In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions but they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution in the presence of bases, which balances the pH. Such actions make buffer solutions which resist change to the pH. In the detergency ability amphoteric surfactants which change their charge according to the pH of the solution affects properties of foaming, wetting and detergentcy through a surface action that exerts both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. In biochemistry amphoteric surfactant is used as a detergent for purifying, cleansing and antimicrobial effects. Alkylbetains and aminoxides are amphoteric surfactants. Learn all about lauryl amine oxide, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses lauramine oxide in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (LORA-meen \ˈäk-ˌsīd\) Type: Naturally-derived What Is Lauryl amine oxide? Lauryl amine oxide is a clear, pale-yellow, amine oxide liquid derived from coconut.[1,2,3] Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree. Coconut palms grow around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low.[4,5] Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food and drink to fibers, building materials, and natural ingredients.[6,7] What Does Lauryl amine oxide Do in Our products? Lauryl amine oxide is a surfactant, meaning it breaks surface tension in liquids, allowing things to become clean. It is also a foam builder, stabilizer, viscosity enhancer, emollient and conditioner.[8] It can be found in personal care products such as shampoo, facial cleansers, body wash, sunscreen, and a variety of other products.[9,10] Why Puracy Uses Lauryl amine oxide We use Lauryl amine oxide as a surfactant and cleanser. The Cosmetics Ingredient Review has deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetic products and in leave-on products in which the concentration is limited to 3.7%.[13] Research shows the ingredient is typically not a skin or eye irritant. How Lauryl amine oxide Is Made Commercial production of Lauryl amine oxide occurs largely by mixing the amine with 35% hydrogen peroxide at 60 degrees Celsius. The mixture is heated to 75 degrees Celsius and sodium sulfite or manganese dioxide are added. The mixture is then filtered to get rid of extra peroxide. Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used mostly in hair care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents. Both compounds are susceptible to nitrosation and can form nitrosamines in the presence of nitrosating agents. In rats, up to 40% of Lauryl amine oxide applied to the skin was absorbed. In two human volunteers, 92% of the dose applied to the skin was recovered from the skin. The oral LD50 in rats for a formulation containing 0.3% Lauryl amine oxide was estimated to be >20 g/kg. At a concentration of 30%, Lauryl amine oxide produced severe dermal reactions in rabbits, but at 0.3% only slight to moderate erythema with slight edema, Assuring, and slight to moderate epithelial desquamation were found. Stearamine Oxide applied to rabbit skin at 5% did not cause irritation. Both ingredients caused mild, transient ocular irritation in rabbits. Clinical data showed dermal exposure to 3.7% Lauryl amine oxide to be a mild irritant, with a slight potential for mild cumulative skin irritation at concentrations as low as 2%. At 0.3%, Lauryl amine oxide was not a sensitizer in clinical studies. Lauryl amine oxide was nonmutagenic in the Ames assay, but was mutagenic after nitrosation. Lauryl amine oxide at 0.1% in drinking water was not carcinogenic in rats, but at 0.1% with 0.2% sodium nitrate did increase the incidence of liver neoplasms. Based on this animal data, neither ingredient should contain N-ni-troso compounds nor be used in formulations containing nitrosating agents. On the basis of the available animal and clinical data, it is concluded that Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide are safe as cosmetic ingredients for rinse-off products, but that the concentration in Lauryl amine oxide leave-on products should be limited to 3.7% and that of Stearamine Oxide limited to 5%. Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used mostly in hair care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents. Both compounds are susceptible to nitrosation and can form nitrosamines in the presence of nitrosating agents. In rats, up to 40% of Lauryl amine oxide applied to the skin was absorbed. In two human volunteers, 92% of the dose applied to the skin was recovered from the skin. The oral LD,, in rats for a formulation containing 0.3% Lauryl amine oxide was estimated to be >20 &g. At a concentration of 30%, Lauryl amine oxide produced severe dermal reactions in rabbits, but at 0.3% only slight to moderate erythema with slight edema, fissuring, and slight to moderate epithelial desquamation were found. Stearamine Oxide applied to rabbit skin at 5% did not cause irritation. Both ingredients caused mild, transient ocular irritation in rabbits. Clinical data showed dermal exposure to 3.7% Lauryl amine oxide to be a mild initant, with a slight potential for mild cumulative skin initation at concentrations as low as 2%. At 0.3%, Lauryl amine oxide was not a sensitizer in clinical studies. Lauryl amine oxide was nonmutagenic in the Ames assay, but was mutagenic after nitrosation. Lauryl amine oxide at 0.1% in drinking water was not carcinogenic in rats, but at 0.1% with 0.2% sodium nitrate did increase the incidence of liver neoplasms. Based on this animal data, neither ingredient should contain N-nitrow compounds nor be used in formulations containing nitrosating agents. On the basis of the available animal and clinical data, it is concluded that Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide are safe as cosmetic ingredients for rinseoff products, but that the concentration in Lauryl amine oxide leave-on products should be limited to 3.7% and that of Stearamine Oxide limited to 5%. Key Words: Safety assessment-Lauryl amine oxide-Stearamine Oxide. Lauryl amine oxide is an excellent, versatile highly efficent surfactant for cleaning, contributing good foam and solubilizing properties to all kinds of cleaners, shampoos, bath and body products, and even detergents and cleaners for hard surfaces and even formulations for washing fine fabrics. Lauryl amine oxide is compatible with most with nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants. Works well in neutrral, acid, and alkaline formulations. Lauryl amine oxide is effective, plus it is an environmentally responsible surfactant that can often replace ngredient that replaces products that are petroleum based, and you may see added performance. FEATURES & BENEFITS Bleach (Chlorine) & Acid Stable Can be used with a variety of anionic, nonionic & cationic surfactants and co surfactants. USES: Washes and Cleaners Body Washes Conditioners Alkaline and Acid Cleaners Bleach Cleaners Body Washes Bubble Bath Car and Truck Wash Soaps Conditioners Dishwash Detergents Facial Cleansers Foam Booster Green Products Industrial cleaners Roof and House washes What Is It? In cosmetics and personal-care products, Lauramine and Stearamine Oxides are amine oxides that are used mostly in hair-care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents and wetting agents. Lauramine and Steramine Oxides are used mainly in hair-care products such as shampoos, hair rinses, tonics and hair-grooming aids. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxide enhance the appearance and feel of hair by increasing hair body and volume, suppleness or sheen. These ingrediets may improve the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment. Lauramine and Steramine Oxides also increase foaming capacity and prevents the buildup of static electricity in hair-care product formulations. Scientific Facts: Lauryl amine oxide and Stearamine Oxides are Amine Oxides. Amine oxides are usually prepared from tertiary Amines by oxidation, usually with hydrogen peroxide. Lauryl amine oxide is an Amine N-oxide, an active component primarily found in shampoo, bubble bath and hand soap thanks to its foam building properties (Source). Because Lauryl amine oxide has dual functional groups in the same molecule (both asidic and basic groups), it is very versatile. Functions: Lauryl amine oxide is an Amine N-oxide, an active component primarily found in shampoo, bubble bath and hand soap thanks to its foam building properties (Source). Because Lauryl amine oxide has dual functional groups in the same molecule (both asidic and basic groups), it is very versatile. It can have high solubility in some solutions and low in others; it creates positive charges and negative charges on different atoms; it carries anionic or cationic properties depending on pH value. Therefore although Lauryl amine oxide is seen most frequently as a foam builder in beauty products, it can also be used as a dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant, surfactant, anti-static agent, and viscosity controlling agent, according to research. Safety Measures/Side Effects: Lauryl amine oxide is approved by the CIR for use in cosmetics but with restriction limiting its use to rinse-off products; The International Journal of Toxicology reports skin irritation from Lauryl amine oxide and recommends limiting its use to rinse off products at a maximum of 3.7% concentration. A 1981 study by published in Contact Dermatitis also found Lauryl amine oxide to be a primary skin irritant. Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Lauryl amine oxide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours. Particulate-phase Lauryl amine oxide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Lauryl amine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 5.5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole. In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil and water is an important fate process. If released into water, Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 0.7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Lauryl amine oxide may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to Lauryl amine oxide via dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Lauryl amine oxide. Lauryl amine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap(1), as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Lauryl amine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Lauryl amine oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Lauryl amine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryl amine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(6), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC).

CAS number: 683-10-3
Molecular Formula: C16H33NO2
Molecular Weight: 271.44

Lauryl betaine, derived from vegetables, is a clear or pale yellow liquid that was first discovered as a sugar beet extract.
Lauryl betaine is a mild surfactant (or surfactant) commonly considered a hair and skin conditioner.
Lauryl betaine is a mild ingredient and has skin and hair conditioning properties, making it an excellent ingredient to use in products.
Lauryl betaine is a hair and skin conditioner, a mild surfactant (surfactant) that works well with shampoo, shower gel, or any cleanser.
Lauryl betaine is a mild ingredient and has skin and hair conditioning properties, this makes it an excellent ingredient to use in products.
Lauryl betaine is a hair and skin conditioner, a mild surface-active agent (surfactant) and works well in shampoo, shower gel or any cleansing product.

Lauryl betaine helps separate grease from water, making it useful in shampoos and soaps.
Lauryl betaine’s often used as a surfactant in organic and natural cosmetics such as shampoo, shower gel and skin cleansers as it’s considered more natural and gentle than some other surfactants.
Many natural cosmetics companies add lauryl betaine to their products as an alternative to one particular surfactant called sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS).
Lauryl betaine dissolves easily in water or oil and helps create a rich lather that makes it easier for products to cut through oil and dirt, while leaving skin soft.
Derived from vegetables, lauryl betaine is a clear or pale yellow liquid used that was first discovered as an extract of sugar beets.
Lauryl betaine's a mild surfactant that is commonly considered a hair and skin conditioner.

Lauryl betaine has good washing and foaming effect.
Lauryl betaine is able to be widely used as surfactants with good compatibility.
Laury dimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, (Carboxylatomethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium is an important raw material for shampoo, shower gel, soap, detergent and some other chemical products.
Lauryl-Betaine has a good soft, antistatic, dispersion, disinfection abilities.
This product could be utilized as fiber, fabric softener, blending wool rinsing agent commodities.

Lauryl betaine can be used to manufacture personal washing products, such as shampoo, bubble bath, facial cleanser, etc.
Lauryl betaine is especially suitable for application in baby shampoo, baby bubble bath and baby skin care products.
In hair and skin care formulations Lauryl betaine is an excellent soft conditioner.
Lauryl betaine is a clear or light-yellow liquid which is derived from vegetables.
Lauryl betaine’s often used as a surfactant in organic, natural, vegan, zero-waste or plastic-free cosmetics such as shampoo, shower gel and skin cleansers.
Lauryl betaine has Antistatic, Surfactant, Hair conditioning, Skin conditioning, Cleansing properties.
Unlike SLS, lauryl betaine is considered to be much safer, gentler, and can actually help nourish the skin and hair instead of stripping away the goodness.

Lauryl betaine is an excellent viscosity builder and gelling agent.
Lauryl betaine has hard water tolerance permits equally good foaming in hard and soft water.
Lauryl betaine is stable in high-electrolyte solutions and will help solubilize other surfactants into these systems.
Lauryl betaine is also stable in acidic and alkaline conditions, functioning as cationic in acid media and as anionic in alkaline.
Lauryl betaine is a mild amphoteric surfactant and is compatible with anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants.
Lauryl betaine has skin and hair conditioning properties, and creates excellent, stable foam.
Derived from vegetables, lauryl betaine is a clear or pale yellow liquid that dissolves easily in water or oil, and helps create a rich lather that makes it easier for products to cut through oil and dirt.
Lauryl Betaine is a surfactant used in cleaning and personal care products for its ability to clean soils, as well as thicken cleaning formulas and stabilize foam.

Characteristics:
-excellent emulsifying, dispersing, foaming, foam stabilizing, antistatic, solubilizing, wetting, permeating abilities.
-Mild surfactant.
-Can reduce the irritation of the other surfactants.
-Resistance to hard water.
-Excellent compatibility.

Lauryl betaine (LB) as an amphoteric surfactant carries both positive and negative charges and should be able to generate stable foam through electrostatic interaction with nanoparticles and co-surfactants.
Lauryl betaine is a mild ingredient and has skin and hair conditioning properties, this makes it an excellent ingredient to use in personal care products.
Lauryl betaine is a hair and skin conditioner, a mild surface-active agent (surfactant) and works well in shampoo, shower gel or any cleansing product.
Derived from vegetables, lauryl betaine is a clear or pale yellow liquid that was first discovered as an extract of sugar beets.
Lauryl betaine is a mild surface-active agent (or surfactant) that is commonly considered a hair and skin conditioner.

Surfactants are partly soluble in water and partly in oil, which allows the oil and water to disperse.
Lauryl Betaine also helps create a thick foam by improving the quality and stability of the foam, making it easier to pass through oil and dirt.
Surfactants help cleanse your skin and hair by mixing water with oil and dirt so it can be washed off.
In this respect, they act as detergents (soaps) and are therefore found in bath products, skin cleansers, and hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners and sprays.

Lauryl betaine contains lauryl alcohol (1-dodecanol) as an alcoholic component.
Betaines are organic compounds (amphoteric surfactants) that have both a positive and a negative charge in their molecular structure; are therefore uncharged on the outside.
Lauryl betaine is a mild amphoteric surfactant and is compatible with anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants.
Lauryl betaine has skin and hair conditioning properties, and creates excellent, stable foam.
Derived from vegetables, lauryl betaine is a clear or pale yellow liquid that dissolves easily in water or oil, and helps create a rich lather that makes it easier for products to cut through oil and dirt.

Amphoteric surfactants have dual functional groups (both acidic and basic groups) in the same molecule.
Lauryl betaines are polar solvents that have a high solubility in water but a poor solubility in most organic solvents.
Lauryl betaines are electrically neutral but carries positive and negative charges on different atoms in an aqueous solution.
Depending on the composition and conditions of pH value, the substances can have anionic or cationic properties.
In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions but they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution in the presence of bases, which balances the pH. Such actions make buffer solutions which resist change to the pH.
In the detergency ability amphoteric surfactants which change their charge according to the pH of the solution affects properties of foaming, wetting and detergentcy through a surface action that exerts both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
In biochemistry amphoteric surfactant is used as a detergent for purifying, cleansing and antimicrobial effects.
Alkylbetains and aminoxides are amphoteric surfactants.

Characteristics:
-Good compatibility with anionic, cationic, nonionic and other amphoteric surfactants.
-Good softness, rich and stable foam.
-Perfect decontamination, conditioning, antistatic performance, good adjustment of viscosity.
-Lauryl betaine retains stable within a wide range of pH values, and low irritation to skin and eye.
-Added in shampoo, Lauryl betaine is matched with other active matter, and brings forth obvious conditioning and thickening effects.

Product Features:
-resistant to alkali, high temperature, in the 240-320g lye rapid wetting and penetration
-can enhance the luster of the long-lasting fabric
-This product can be used as a penetrant for other strong alkali media.

Surfactants are part water-soluble and part oil-soluble, allowing the oil and water to become dispersed.
Lauryl Betaine also assists in creating a rich lather, improving the quality and stability of foam making it easier for it to cut through oil and dirt.
Lauryl betaine is a clear or light-yellow liquid which is derived from vegetables.
Lauryl betaine was first discovered when it was extracted from sugar beet.

In chemical terms, lauryl betaine is a zwitterion, or an inner salt.
Lauryl betaine has the molecular formula C16H33ClNNaO2 and is known by several other names including laurylbetain, lauryldimethyl betaine, lauryldimethylbetaine and sodium dodecyldimethylbetaine.
Lauryl betaines CAS number is 683-10-3.

Lauryl betaine is usually used as a surface agent, or surfactant.
Surfactants are compounds which are used in many personal body care products as they lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid, allowing you to wash away dirt, makeup, pollution, skin oils and fats from your skin.

Laryl Betaine is a gentle surfactant, nourishes the skin and hair, so it is an effective component of shampoos, shower gels and any skin cleansing products.
Lauryl betaine improves the quality and stability of the foam.
Lauryl Betaine is mainly used in shampoos, personal care products and shower gels.

USES:
Antistatic: Reduces static electricity by neutralizing electrical charge on a surface
Cleaning Agent: Helps keep a clean surface
Hair conditioner: Leaves hair manageable, supple, soft and shiny and / or confers volume, lightness and shine
Skin care agent: Keeps the skin in good condition
Surfactant: Reduces the surface tension of cosmetics and contributes to the uniform distribution of the product during its use
antistatic agent, hair conditioning agent, skin-conditioning agent - miscellaneous;surfactant - cleansing agent, surfactant - foam booster, viscosity increasing agent - aqueous, antistatic, cleansing, hair conditioning, skin conditioning, and surfactant

Lauryl Betaine is an amphoteric surfactant derived from N-dodecyl-N,N-dialkanol amine with protein denaturing potency.
Lauryl Betaine is mainly used in shampoo, personal hygiene products and oil field chemicals
lauryl betaine is a skin-conditioning agent.
In hair care, it is used as an anti-static conditioning agent and a foam booster.

Cosmetic use: Low irritation to skin and eye with high foam ability and good foam stability.
-Good stability in hard water.
-No dry tact after shampooing.
-Good compatibility with other surfactants.

Cosmetic use: Low irritation to skin and eye with high foam ability and good foam stability.
Good stability in hard water.
No dry tact after shampooing.
Good compatibility with other surfactants.

Lauryl Betaine is an amphoteric surfactant derived from N-dodecyl-N,N-dialkanol amine with protein denaturing potency.
Lauryl Betaine is mainly used in shampoo, personal hygiene products and oil field chemicals.
Lauryl betaine is widely used in middle and high grade shampoos and body washes; it is the main ingredient for preparing mild baby shampoos, baby foam baths, and baby skin care products; it is an excellent soft conditioner in hair care and skin care formulations; it can also be used as a detergent , Wetting agent, thickener, antistatic agent and bactericide, etc.

Typical applications:
-emulsifying agent, dispersing agent.
-foaming agent, foam stabilizing agent.
-thickening agent.
-antistatic agent.

Personal care products:
Conditioning agent, antistatic agent, cleansing agent, foam boosting agent, viscosity controlling agent in personal care products.

Textile:
Antistatic agent, softening agent in textile, leather, fiber.

Household detergents:
Thickening agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizing agent in household cleaning.

Industrial cleaning:
Thickening agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizing agent in industrial cleaning, vehicle cleaning.Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate / Lauryl Betaine is used for Hair dye, Hair cleansing, Skin cleansing and other conditions.
Lauryl betaine is widely used in middle and high grade shampoos and body washes; it is the main ingredient for preparing mild baby shampoos, baby foam baths, and baby skin care products; it is an excellent soft conditioner in hair care and skin care formulations; it can also be used as a detergent , Wetting agent, thickener, antistatic agent and bactericide, etc.
This ingredient has several functions, most often it is:

an ANTISTATIC AGENT , Lauryl betaines role is to avoid and / or reduce static electricity.
Lauryl betaine as a SKIN CARE AGENT , Lauryl betaines role is to keep the skin in good condition.
Lauryl betaine as a CLEANSING AGENT , Lauryl betaines role is to clean the skin or hair.
Lauryl betaine as a HAIR CONDITIONER , Lauryl betaines role is to improve the appearance and feel of the hair, leaving the hair easy to comb, supple, soft and shiny and / or giving volume, light, shine, texture, etc. ..
Lauryl betaine as a SURFACTANT , Lauryl betaines role is to help other ingredients, which normally do not mix, to dissolve or disperse into each other in order to evenly distribute the product during its use.

emulsifier, component enabling the formation of an emulsion.
Emulsion is a physicochemical form that is created by combining (mixing) the water phase with the oil phase.
Examples of cosmetic emulsions are creams, lotions, lotions.
Foaming substance, stabilizing and improving the quality of foam in a mixture with anionic surfactants.
Lauryl betaine acts as a rheology modifier (i.e. improves the consistency causing an increase in viscosity) in washing preparations containing anionic surfactants, thanks to the formation of the so-called mixed micelles.
Solubilizer, enables the introduction of substances insoluble or sparingly soluble in water into the aqueous solution, e.g. fragrances, plant extracts, fatty substances

Lauryl betaine soothes the possible irritating effects of anionic surfactants on the skin.
Lauryl betaine has an antistatic effect on the hair, prevents static. Thanks to this, it conditions, i.e. softens and smoothes the hair.
The moisturizing substance facilitates the contact of the cleaned surface with the washing solution, which facilitates the removal of impurities from the surface of the skin and hair.
A washing substance, removes impurities from the surface of the hair and skin

Works well in shampoos and conditioners, shower gels and other cleansing products
Has anti-static properties
Lauryl betaine is a superb viscosity builder and rheological modifier
Lauryl betaine is able to withstand high water hardness and allows equally good foaming in both hard and soft water formulations.
Lauryl betaine is stable in high-electrolyte solutions and functions as solubilizer for other surfactants into these formulations.
Made from vegetable sources
Environmentally safe

SYNONYMS:
2-(Dodecyldimethylammonio)acetate
683-10-3
Lauryl betaine
Dodecylbetaine
Laurylbetain
Lauryl-N-betaine
Lauryldimethylbetaine
N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylbetaine
(Carboxylatomethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium
UNII-Y4P927Q133
Lauryl dimethyl glycine
1-Dodecanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, inner salt
N-DODECYL-N,N-DIMETHYLGLYCINATE
C16H33NO2
Y4P927Q133
Culveram cdg
Anfoterico LB
Obazoline LB
Desimex I
Genagen LAB
Product DDN
Bister ML
Nissan Anon BL
Amipol 6S
Empigen BB/L
Amphitol 20BS
Amphitol 24B
Anon BL
Rewoteric AM-DML
Ambiteric D 40
Anhitol 24B
Dimethyllaurylbetaine
Dodecyldimethylbetaine
Anon BL-SF
Betadet DM 20
Nissan Anon BL-SF
Rikabion A 100
Swanol AM 301
Lauryl-N-methylsarcosine
Rewoteric AM-DML 35
Lauryldimethylammonioacetate
N,N-Dimethyldodecylbetaine
C12BET
BS 12 (betaine surfactant)
(Dodecyldimethylammonio)acetate
N,N-Dimethyl-N-dodecylglycine
Lauryldimethylaminoacetic betaine
(Dodecyldimethylammonio)ethanoate
Betaine lauryldimethylaminoacetate
Dimethyllaurylaminoacetate betaine
BS 12
EINECS 211-669-5
N-Lauryl-N,N-dimethyl-alpha-betaine
2-[dodecyl(dimethyl)azaniumyl]acetate
Glycine, dodecyldimethylbetaine (6CI)
BRN 3670807
N,n-Dimethyl-N-laurylglycine inner salt
alpha-(Dodecyldimethylammonio)-omega-acetate
DSSTox_CID_21266
DSSTox_RID_82033
DSSTox_GSID_46978
(Lauryldimethylammonio)Acetate
SCHEMBL594518
CHEMBL1232088
DTXSID6041266
N-Carboxymethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanaminium inner salt
[dodecyl(dimethyl)ammonio]acetate
(Carboxymethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt
2-(dodecyldimethylazaniumyl)acetate
N-(Carboxymethyl)-N-lauryldimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt
Tox21_301433
0534AC
MFCD00084742
1-Dodecanaminium, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt
AKOS016010279
CS-W010094
DB07631
NCGC00256099-01
CAS-66455-29-6
FT-0670748
V1522
EN300-41676
(Lauryldimethylammonio)acetate, >=95% (HPLC)
N-(Alkyl C10-C16)-N,N-dimethylglycine betaine
EMPIGEN(R) BB detergent, ~30% active substance
W-109593
Q27096852
EMPIGEN(R) BB detergent, ~35% active substance in H2O
UNII-03DH2IZ3FY component DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
N,N-Dimethyl-N-dodecylglycine betaine, 30% active substance in H2O
Ammonium, (carboxymethyl)dodecyldimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt (7CI,8CI)

Synonyms: LAURYL GLUCOSIDE;APG0814;D-Glucopyranose, oligomeric, C10-16-alkyl glycosides;D-GLUCOPYRANOSE,OLIGOMERIC,C10-C16-ALKYLGLYCOSIDES;ALKYL D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE;(C10-16)alkyl D-glycopyranoside;Glucopyranose, oligometric, C10-16-alkyl glycosides;D-Glucopyranoside, C10-16-alkyl, oligomeric CAS: 110615-47-9

LAURYL LAURATE, N° CAS : 13945-76-1, Nom INCI : LAURYL LAURATE. Nom chimique : Dodecanoic Acid, Dodecyl Ester Ses fonctions (INCI) Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol, or commonly myristyl alcohol (from Myristica fragrans – the nutmeg plant), is a straight-chain saturated fatty alcohol, with the molecular formula C14H30O. It is a white crystalline solid that is practically insoluble in water, soluble in diethyl ether, and slightly soluble in ethanol.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol may be prepared by the hydrogenation of myristic acid (or its esters); myristic acid itself can be found in nutmeg (from where it gains its name) but is also present in palm kernel oil and coconut oil and it is from these that the majority of Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is produced. It may also be produced from petrochemical feedstocks via either the Ziegler process or hydroformylation.
As with other fatty alcohols, Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used as an ingredient in cosmetics such as cold creams for its emollient properties. It is also used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis of other products such as surfactants.

CAS NO: 68855-56-1
EC NUMBER: 272-490-6

IUPAC NAMES:
Alcohols C12-16
Alcohols, C12-16
Fatty Alcohol C12-16
Fatty alcohol, C12-16
tetradecan-1-ol

SYNONYMS:
C12-16 ALCOHOLS;Alcohols, C12-16;Alkohole, C12-16;Cetyl/dodecyl alcohol;(C12-C16) alkyl alcohol;ahcohol 1216 - lauryl myristyl alcohol;alcohols C12-16;C12-C16 alkyl alcohol;coco alcohol C12-C16;kalcol 2473;kalcol 4250;RTD FA-26 lauryl myristyl alc;1-TETRADECANOL;Tetradecan-1-ol;Myristyl alcohol;112-72-1;Tetradecanol;Tetradecyl alcohol;n-Tetradecanol;Myristic alcohol;n-Tetradecyl alcohol;Lanette K;Loxanol V;Lanette Wax KS;n-Tetradecanol-1;1-Hydroxytetradecane;Alfol 14;n-Tetradecan-1-ol;Dytol R-52;Alcohols, C10-16;Alcohols, C12-16;Alcohols, C14-15;Lanette 14;1-Tetradecyl alcohol;tetradecan1-ol;NSC 8549;MFCD00004757;UNII-V42034O9PU;Myristyl alcohol [NF];67762-41-8;68855-56-1;CHEBI:77417;V42034O9PU;kalcohl 40;75782-87-5;Myristyl alcohol (NF);1-Tetradecanol, 99%;DSSTox_CID_6926;DSSTox_RID_78257;DSSTox_GSID_26926;C14 alcohol;Alcohol(C14);Alcohols, C>14;Fatty alcohol(C14);Alcohols, C12-15;CAS-112-72-1;Tetradecanol (7CI);C12-16 Alcohols;Kalcohl 4098;C14-15 alcohol;HSDB 5168;Lorol C 14;Adol 18;Kalcol 4098;Conol 1495;EINECS 204-000-3;Nacol 14-95;BRN 1742652;(C10-C16) Alkyl alcohol;(C12-C16) Alkyl alcohol;tetradecylalcohol;AI3-00943;Alcohols, C14-22 and C16-22-unsatd.;Tetradecanol-1;n-tetradecylalcohol;Dehydag wax 14;EINECS 267-019-6;EINECS 268-107-7;EINECS 272-490-6;EINECS 275-983-4;1-tetradecanol group;Philcohol 1400;Lorol C14;63393-82-8;Myristyl cetyl alcohol;Epal 14;Fatty alcohol (C14);1-Tetradecanol, 97%;CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[O];SDA 15-060-00;ACMC-1BY8P;EC 204-000-3;EC 616-261-4;(C14-C18)Alkyl alcohol;SCHEMBL20286;4-01-00-01864 (Beilstein Handbook Reference);71750-71-5;(C14-C18) Alkyl alcohol;(C14-C18)-Alkyl alcohol;CHEMBL24022;(C14-C22) and (C16-C22)Unsaturated alkylalcohol;WLN: Q14;DTXSID9026926;NSC8549;Mixed fatty alcohols (C10-C16);NSC-8549;ZINC1644076;EINECS 267-009-1;EINECS 269-790-4;Tox21_201842;Tox21_300538;ANW-16516;LMFA05000041;SBB060166;STL453593;AKOS009031495;CS-W004294;MCULE-8719320111;NCGC00164345-01;NCGC00164345-02;NCGC00164345-03;NCGC00254322-01;NCGC00259391-01;BP-30124;1-Tetradecanol, purum, >=95.0% (GC);FT-0608311;ST51046400;1-Tetradecanol, Selectophore(TM), >=99.0%;D05097;1-Tetradecanol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 97%;Q161683;F7FCB87C-0FA4-412A-BC8C-BE5C952BC1E0;J-002824

What Are Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol?
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol (also called C12-C16 alcohols) are a mixture of fatty alcohols with 12 to 16 carbons in the alkyl chain.

How Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol Alcohols Are Made?
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol alcohols are made by combining Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol. The result is a colourless liquid that has a mild odour and decomposes in high heat.

What Do Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol Alcohols Do?
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol alcohols act as an emulsion stabilizer and viscosity increasing agent, allowing things to stay spreadable and creamy. It can be found in lipstick, sunscreen, moisturizer, and other products.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol Safety 
 Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care and cleaning product quality standards. Although ethoxylated alcohols may experience 1,4 dioxane contamination as a byproduct of the production process, the EPA considers it safe to consume water with 4 ppm of 1,4 dioxane for one day or 0.4 ppm of 1,4 dioxane for 10 days.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A colourless liquid with a mild odour. Mp: 5°C; bp < 150°C; density: 0.9 g cm-3. Completely miscible with water. A major threat to the environment in case of a spill. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread. Can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. Used in the making of surfactants.

REACTIVITY PROFILE
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol, ethoxylated is stable up to 50° C. Oxidizes on exposure to the air to form peroxides and peracids. Combustible but not flammable (flash point > 179°C). Auto-ignition temperature: 230°C. May react with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and strong bases. Incompatible with copper and copper alloys and aluminium. A mixture of polyether alcohols of formula R-O-(CH2CH2-O-)n-H where R is a C-12 through C-16 alkyl group and n equals 1 through 6. Synthesized by treating a mixture of Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol with ethylene oxide.

OVERVIEW

IDENTIFICATION:
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a white solid. It is not soluble in water. 
USE:
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used as a perfume fixative for soaps and cosmetics. It is found in many personal care items such as; shampoo, toothpaste, cold creams, ointments and suppositories. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used in speciality cleaning products, as an anti-foam agent and in some plastics. It is also used as a food additive. 

EXPOSURE: 
Workers that use or produce Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol may breathe in mists or have direct skin contact. The general population may be exposed by eating food or drinking beverages that contain Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol. Skin exposure will result from using some personal care items. If Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is released into the environment it is expected to bind tightly to particles in soil and water. It is not expected to move through the soil. It is expected to move into the air from wet soil and water surfaces. It will be broken down in soil and water by microorganisms. It is expected to build up moderately in aquatic organisms. If Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is released into the air, it will be broken down by reactions with other chemicals.

INDUSTRY USES
* Finishing agents
* Functional fluids (open systems)
* Lubricants and lubricant additives
* Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
* Plasticizers
* Processing aids, not otherwise listed
* Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
* Raw material for the production of antioxidants (esters)
* Surface active agents
* Viscosity adjustors
* Lubricants and lubricant additives
* Commercial and industrial products.
* Intermediates
* Personal Care product ingredient
* Adhesives and sealant chemicals

CONSUMER USES
* Adhesives and sealants
* Cleaning and furnishing care products
* Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
* Lubricants and greases
* Metal products not covered elsewhere
* Non-TSCA use
* Paints and coatings
* Personal care products
* Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
* Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
* Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
* Fuels and related products
* Laundry and dishwashing products
* Cleaning and furnishing care products
* Industrial organic chemicals used in commercial and consumer products.
* Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
* Arts, crafts, and hobby materials
* Ink, toner, and colourant products
* Lubricants and greases

INDUSTRY PROCESSING SECTORS
* All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
* All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
* Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
* Paint and coating manufacturing
* Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
* Petrochemical manufacturing
* Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
* Plastic material and resin manufacturing
* Primary metal manufacturing
* Rubber product manufacturing
* Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
* Wholesale and retail trade
* Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
* Construction
* Adhesive manufacturing
* Fabricated metal product manufacturing
* Paper manufacturing
* Plastics product manufacturing
* Printing ink manufacturing

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a white solid or crystal used in organic synthesis, plasticizers, antifoaming agent, intermediate, perfume fixative for soaps and cosmetics, wetting agents and detergents, ointments and suppositories, shampoos, toothpaste, cold creams, and specialty cleaning preparations.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a colourless liquid or crystalline solid. It has an unpleasant fatty odor at high concentrations, but a delicate floral smell when diluted. 1-Dodecanol is not soluble in water. 

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol's production and use in organic synthesis, in plasticizers, as an anti-foam agent, perfume fixative for soaps and cosmetics, wetting agents and detergents, ointments and suppositories, shampoos, toothpaste, cold creams, and speciality cleaning preparations may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapour pressure of 1.1X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol will exist solely as a vapour in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 hours. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is expected to have no mobility based upon Koc values of 18,197-34,674 in humic acid. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.04X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapour pressure. A biodegradation half-life of 5.5 days was calculated for Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol, based on a rate constant of 52.5 1/hr measured in sludge indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon Koc values of 23,320-64,060 in suspended solids. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. 
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used in the making of detergents and soaps. It is found in personal care products including shampoo, soap, body wash, shaving gel and hair colorant. It is used to a lesser extent in wetting, emulsifying and foaming agents. It is used in fragrances and is approved for use in food. 

Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4–6 carbons to as many as 22–26, derived from natural fats and oils. The precise chain length varies with the source. Some commercially important fatty alcohols are lauryl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohols. They are colourless oily liquids (for smaller carbon numbers) or waxy solids, although impure samples may appear yellow. Fatty alcohols usually have an even number of carbon atoms and a single alcohol group (–OH) attached to the terminal carbon. Some are unsaturated and some are branched. They are widely used in industry. As with fatty acids, they are often referred to generically by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, such as "a C12 alcohol", which is an alcohol having 12 carbons, for example, Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol.

Fatty alcohols like LAURYL MYRISTYL ALCOHOL have many uses in today’s manufacturing facilities. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is often employed as a chemical intermediate when producing surfactants, detergents and esters used in cleaning products.
As well, Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol possesses natural foaming stabilizing and amphipathic properties, adding to its usefulness as a detergent or soap.
Other uses of Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol include as an emollient, emulsifier or viscosity modifier in cosmetics and personal care products, as well as in lubricants and grease

Applications
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used as an ingredient in cosmetics such as cold creams. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is an active intermediate in the chemical synthesis of sulfated alcohol.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is also employed in the fabrication of temperature-regulated drug release system based on phase-change materials.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol plays a vital role in filling the hollow interiors of gold nanocages in the fabrication of a new theranostic system, which has the unique feature of photoacoustic imaging.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is lighter-weight fatty alcohol that functions as a thickener, emulsion stabilizer, and emollient.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is also sometimes used as a surfactant, often with other surfactants. Myristyl alcohol is considered safe as used in cosmetics.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol used as an emollient in cosmetics and skincare products.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is primarily used to inhibit a formula from separating into its oil and liquid components
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of surfactants.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used in some Shampoos due to its foam boosting and viscosity stabilizing properties.
Commonly Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics (Hair care, skincare, body care) as an emollient and a stabilizer, preventing separation.
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol smooths the skin and prevents moisture loss. Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol may also be used as a fragrance ingredient.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a kind of straight-chain saturated fatty alcohol. It is often used as an ingredient in cosmetics such as cold creams because of its emollient properties.
Myristyl alcohol can also be used as the intermediate during the manufacturing of some organic compounds like surfactants.
Some studies have shown that it can inhibit endothelial activation and reduce tissue responsiveness to cytokines, having the potential to treat periodontitis based on studies on rabbits. It is also employed for the fabrication of a temperature-regulated drug release system based on phase-change materials.

Chemical Properties
Lauryl Myristyl alcohol occurs as a white crystalline solid with a waxy odour. Also reported as opaque leaflets or crystals from ethanol.

Lauryl myristyl alcohol is originated from South Africa.
Lauryl myristyl alcohol is a type of fatty alcohol which is a form of the combination of C12 and C14 that is lauryl and myristyl.
Lauryl myristyl alcohol is also known as DodecanolTetradecanol.
The chemical formula of lauryl myristyl alcohol is C26H54O, and the molecular weight is 186.3368.
Lauryl myristyl alcohol is colourless liquid and has a mild odour and decomposes when subjected to excessive heat.
The life span of Laurel myristyl alcohol is one year from its date of manufacturing.
The Lauryl myristyl alcohol has extensive uses in several industries including food, cosmetic, automotive, textile, and chemical industries.
Moreover, Lauryl Alcohol is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of surfactants.

The global lauryl myristyl alcohol market is driven by rising chemical and manufacturing industries.
The wide range of application in various industries leads to an increase in the demand for lauryl myristyl alcohol.
Consumers are using more of personal care products which further leads to an increase in the usage of lauryl myristyl alcohol in cosmetics.
Macroeconomic factors such as increasing disposable income, literacy rate, the rapid rate of urbanization, and change in lifestyle also lead to the growth of the lauryl myristyl alcohol market.
The lauryl myristyl alcohol causes corrosive of ingestion, irritation to skin and eye contact, inhalation problem.
Severe overexposure can cause death leads to restraining the growth of the market.
Derivatives of the detergent range Lauryl Myristyl alcohols are used in light- and heavy-duty detergents, laundry pre-softeners, hard surface cleaners, disinfectant, cleaners, metal cleaners, textile processing, pulp and paper processing, wastepaper deinking, agricultural uses in pesticides and soil conditioners, and in metalworking as surface lubricants, etc.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol, also known as C12-14 Alcohol, is a fatty alcohol. It’s C1214 chain length allows it to be used in a variety of industries and applications ranging from Industrial and Personal Care to Textile and Household cleaners.

Lauryl myristyl alcohol is a type of fatty alcohol which is a form of the combination of C12 and C14 that is lauryl and myristyl. The Lauryl myristyl alcohol has extensive uses in several industries including food, cosmetic, automotive, textile, and chemical industries. Moreover, Lauryl Alcohol is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of surfactants.

Dodecanol, or lauryl myristyl alcohol, is an organic compound produced industrially from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. It is a fatty alcohol. Sulfate esters of lauryl alcohol, especially sodium lauryl sulfate, are very widely used as surfactants. Sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, and sodium Laureth sulfate are all used in shampoos. lauryl myristyl alcohol is tasteless and colourless with a floral odour.

USE: 
Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is used in the making of detergents and soaps. It is found in personal care products including shampoo, soap, body wash, shaving gel and hair colorant. It is used to a lesser extent in wetting, emulsifying and foaming agents. It is used in fragrances and is approved for use in food. 

Lauryl-Myristyl Alcohol is used in many cosmetic and skincare products. It provides emollient effect, lubricity and emulsion stabilization. It acts as a viscosity controller

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
* Remove to fresh air.
* Wash off immediately with soap and plenty of water while removing all contaminated clothes and shoes.
* Eye contact Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids.
* Consult a physician.
* Clean mouth with water and drink afterwards plenty of water.

Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol is a colourless liquid with a characteristic fatty alcohol odour. The principal uses for this product are as a raw material for surfactants, emulsion stabilizer for creams and lotions, a quality modifier of lipsticks and an additive for ointment base and cream conditioners.

Alcohols, C12-14; Alkohole, C12-14; fatty alcohols, C12-C14; Einecs 279-420-3; Tensioactiv CL 9; Sipol C12-C14; PY 126; Nafol 1214S; CAS NO:80206-82-2

Lauryldimethylamine oxide = LDAO = Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide = DDAO

CAS number: 1643-20-5
EC number: 216-700-6
Molecular formula: C14H31NO

What Is Lauryldimethylamine oxide?
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a clear, pale-yellow, amine oxide liquid derived from coconut.
Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree. Coconut palms grow around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low.
Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food and drink to fibers, building materials, and natural ingredients.

What Does Lauryldimethylamine oxide Do in Our products?
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a surfactant, meaning it breaks surface tension in liquids, allowing things to become clean.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is also a foam builder, stabilizer, viscosity enhancer, emollient and conditioner.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide can be found in personal care products such as shampoo, facial cleansers, body wash, sunscreen, and a variety of other products.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, metal working fluids, polishes and waxes, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals and cosmetics and personal care products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

What Is Lauryldimethylamine oxide?
In cosmetics and personal-care products, Lauramine and Stearamine Oxides are amine oxides that are used mostly in hair-care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents and wetting agents.
Lauramine and Steramine Oxides are used mainly in hair-care products such as shampoos, hair rinses, tonics and hair-grooming aids.

Why is Lauryldimethylamine oxide used in cosmetics and personal care products?
Lauryldimethylamine oxide and Stearamine Oxide enhance the appearance and feel of hair by increasing hair body and volume, suppleness or sheen.
These ingrediets may improve the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment.
Lauramine and Steramine Oxides also increase foaming capacity and prevents the buildup of static electricity in hair-care product formulations.

Scientific Facts:
Lauryldimethylamine oxide and Stearamine Oxides are Amine Oxides. Amine oxides are usually prepared from tertiary Amines by oxidation, usually with hydrogen peroxide.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is an Amine N-oxide, an active component primarily found in shampoo, bubble bath and hand soap thanks to Lauryldimethylamine oxides foam building properties (Source).
Because Lauryldimethylamine oxide has dual functional groups in the same molecule (both asidic and basic groups), Lauryldimethylamine oxide is very versatile.

Functions:
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is an Amine N-oxide, an active component primarily found in shampoo, bubble bath and hand soap thanks to its foam building properties (Source).
Because Lauryldimethylamine oxide has dual functional groups in the same molecule (both asidic and basic groups), Lauryldimethylamine oxide is very versatile.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide can have high solubility in some solutions and low in others; Lauryldimethylamine oxide creates positive charges and negative charges on different atoms; it carries anionic or cationic properties depending on pH value.
Therefore although Lauryldimethylamine oxide is seen most frequently as a foam builder in beauty products, Lauryldimethylamine oxide can also be used as a dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant, surfactant, anti-static agent, and viscosity controlling agent, according to research.

Use and Manufacturing
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
-Auto Products
-Commercial / Institutional
-Home Maintenance
-Inside the Home
-Personal Care

Uses of Lauryldimethylamine oxide:
-Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
-Agents to prevent condensation, or condensation removers
-Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
-Related to food and beverage service activities
-Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)
-Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
-Related to ceramic products
-Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
-Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children's cosmetics, etc)

Uses of Lauryldimethylamine oxide:
-Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc
-Related to dishwashing products (soaps, rinsing agents, softeners, etc)
-Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
-Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
-Related to dishwashing products (soaps, rinsing agents, softeners, etc)
-Fragrances or odor agents, can be used in home products (cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners) or similar industrial products
-Pharmaceutical related
-Related to food production (restaurants, catering, etc)
-Related to food and beverage service activities

As a foam stabilizer; stable at high concentration of electrolytes and over a wide pH range.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide and stearamine oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used in cosmetics as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents.
Surfactant amine oxides such as lauryldimethylamine oxide are widely used as constituents of dishwasher detergents, shampoos, and soaps.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide used to modify foaming and also may find application as hair conditioning agents in shampoos, ie, acting as antistatic agents to provide manageability

Lauryldimethylamine oxides are active components in body care products such as shampoo, bubble bath, and hand-soap formulations in combination with alkyl or olefin sulfates.
In acidic media, they are cationic and can act as a mild conditioner.
In neutral or weak basic media, they are featured as excellent foam stabilizer and viscosity building provider.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used as a foam enhancer, stabilizer and viscosity builder.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in light duty liquid detergents, drain cleaners, fabric washer. dye dispersant, wetting agent, emulsifier, lubricant. formulation with anionic, nonionic and cationic materials.
Amphoteric surfactants have dual functional groups (both acidic and basic groups) in the same molecule. They are polar solvents that have a high solubility in water but a poor solubility in most organic solvents.
They are electrically neutral but carries positive and negative charges on different atoms in an aqueous solution.

Depending on the composition and conditions of pH value, the substances can have anionic or cationic properties.
In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions but they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution in the presence of bases, which balances the pH.
Such actions make buffer solutions which resist change to the pH.
In the detergency ability amphoteric surfactants which change their charge according to the pH of the solution affects properties of foaming, wetting and detergentcy through a surface action that exerts both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
In biochemistry amphoteric surfactant is used as a detergent for purifying, cleansing and antimicrobial effects.
Alkylbetains and aminoxides are amphoteric surfactants.

What Is Lauryldimethylamine oxide?
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a clear, pale-yellow, amine oxide liquid derived from coconut.
Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree.
Coconut palms grow around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low.
Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food to building materials to natural ingredients.

How Lauryldimethylamine oxide Is Made
Commercial production of Lauryldimethylamine oxide occurs largely by mixing the amine with 35% hydrogen peroxide at 60ºC.
The mixture is heated to 75ºC and sodium sulfite or manganese dioxide are added.
The mixture is then filtered to get rid of extra peroxide.

What Does Lauramine Oxide Do?
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a surfactant, meaning it breaks surface tension in liquids, allowing things to become clean.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is also a foam builder, stabilizer, viscosity enhancer, emollient, and conditioner.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide can be found in personal care products such as shampoo, facial cleansers, body wash, sunscreen, and a variety of other products.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is classified as :
Antistatic
Cleansing
Foam boosting
Hair conditioning
Hydrotrope
Surfactant
Viscosity controlling
Perfuming

Lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO), also known as dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO), is an amine oxide based zwitterionic surfactant, with a C12 (dodecyl) alkyl tail.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is one of the most frequently-used surfactants of this type.
Like other amine oxide based surfactants Lauryldimethylamine oxide is antimicrobial, being effective against common bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli however Lauryldimethylamine oxide is also non-denaturing and may be used to solubilize proteins.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in the following products: metal working fluids, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Lauryldimethylamine oxideis used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide has a role as a plant metabolite and a detergent.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide derives from a hydride of a dodecane.

At high concentrations, LDAO forms liquid crystalline phases.
Despite having only one polar atom that is able to interact with water – the oxygen atom (the quaternary nitrogen atom is hidden from intermolecular interactions), DDAO is a strongly hydrophilic surfactant: Lauryldimethylamine oxide forms normal micelles and normal liquid crystalline phases.
High hydrophilicity of this surfactant can be explained by the fact that Lauryldimethylamine oxide forms very strong hydrogen bonds with water: the energy of DDAO – water hydrogen bond is about 50 kJ/mol.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, polishes and waxes, washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Uses of Lauryldimethylamine oxide:
-Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc
-Related to the activity of fishing
-Hard surface and kitchen surface cleaners (spray or aerosol formulation specified)
-Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc
-Detergents with wide variety of applications
-Related to manufacturing for export
-Crude oil, crude petroleum, refined oil products, fuel oils, drilling oils
-Raw materials used in a variety of products and industries (e.g. in cosmetics, chemical manufacturing, production of metals, etc)
-Soaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc

Uses of Lauryldimethylamine oxide:
-Personal care products, including cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes, soaps, lotions, toothpastes, etc
-Subcategory of personal_care, includes fragrances, shampoos, make-up, etc.
-Pesticide for non agricultural use
-Inert ingredients in a pesticide
-Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc
-Related to fracking, natural gas, industrial gases
-Surface treatments for metals, hardening agents, corrosion inhibitors, polishing agents, rust inhibitors, water repellants, etc
-Compound which lowers surface tension

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is one of the classic detergents that we offer in crystallization-grade quality at an attractive price.
We aliquot our detergents so that they are convenient to use, keep fresh and provide optimal performance.

Odor: characteristic

Use:
Chemical Intermediate, Nonionic Surfactant and Foaming Stabilizer in Soaps and Detergents.
for liquid detergents increasing foam ability high detergency.
Prevent skin roughness
Thickening effect. pH influence on viscosity .
Cationic character at low pH.
Perfume solubilizer and thickener in hypochlorite solutions.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a bleach stable, low odor Amine Oxide.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide exhibits good tolerance to electrolytes which permits improved performance in hard water.
Foaming properties are stable within a pH range of 5-12.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide provides good viscosity response and foam enhancement for personal care products such as shampoos and shower gels.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a nonionic surfactant which is compatible with anionic and cationic systems.
Because of its foam boosting and viscosity building properties, Lauryldimethylamine oxide is useful in a variety of cosmetic products.
Replacement of the nonionic surfactants commonly used in skin and hair cleansing product formulations can give better, more stable foaming properties.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide finds numerous applications as an emulsifier, emulsion stabilizer, anti-static agent and more.
In shampoo formulations, Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used as a foam booster and thickener, and can be used in conjunction with or instead of alkanolamides.
In neutral or alkaline solutions, Lauryldimethylamine oxide exhibits a nonionic character, and is therefore compatible with anionics.
In acid solutions, Lauryldimethylamine oxide exhibits mild quaternary properties which enable Lauryldimethylamine oxide to impart substantivity on skin and hair.
Lauryldimethylamine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners.

Industry Uses
-Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
-Pesticide Formulation
-Surface active agents

Consumer Uses
-Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
-Cleaning and furnishing care products
-Laundry and dishwashing products
-Personal care products

Industry Processing Sectors
-All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
-All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
-Industrial cleaners/surfactants
-Miscellaneous manufacturing
-Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
-Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing

Parameters Specifications Test Methods
Appearance Clear Liquid —
Odor Characteristic —
Color Colorless to Pale Yellow —
pH (10% Solution W/V) 5.5 – 7.5 —
Assay, % by mass 27 – 29 —
Free Amine, % 0.5 max —
Microbial Count (Plate Method), cfu/mL < 10 —
Molecular Weight 240 —

USES & APPLICATIONS
Personal Care: Viscosity Modifier and Foam Enhancer for Shampoos and Shower GelsSoaps and Detergents: Foam Enhancer and Detergent in Hard Surface Cleaners, Sanitizing Products, Dishwashing Liquids and Car Wash SystemsSurfactants and Esters: Water Based Nonionic Surfactant Compatible with Anionic and Cationic Systems

Lauryldimethylamine oxide is a standard liquid surfactant.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide appears as a clear yellow liquid.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is used as a viscosity modifier and foam enhancer for shampoos and shower gels.
Lauryldimethylamine oxides is also applied as a foam enhancer and detergent in hard surface cleaners, sanitizing products, dishwashing liquids, and car wash systems.
In addition, Lauryldimethylamine oxide is suitable as a water-based nonionic surfactant compatible with anionic and cationic systems.

Characterization of metabolites of Lauryldimethylamine oxide resulted in the positive identification of only one metabolite, N-dimethyl-4-aminobutyric acid N-oxide.
Several pathways exist for metabolism of Lauryldimethylamine oxide: omega,beta-oxidation of alkyl chains (the most common pathway for surfactant metabolism), hydroxylation of alkyl chains, and reduction of the amine oxide group.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide and stearamine oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used in cosmetics as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.
If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Lauryldimethylamine oxide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere.
Vapor-phase Lauryldimethylamine oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours.
Particulate-phase Lauryldimethylamine oxide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
If released to soil, Lauryldimethylamine oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 5.5. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole.
In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryldimethylamine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, suggesting that biodegradation in soil and water is an important fate process.
If released into water, Lauryldimethylamine oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 0.7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide's production and use as a surfactant in dishwasher detergent, shampoo and soap, as a foam stabilizer, and textile antistatic agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Based on a classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 5.5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 190,000 mg/L and a regression-derived equation, indicates that Lauryldimethylamine oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

Why Puracy Uses Lauryldimethylamine oxide
We use Lauryldimethylamine oxide as a surfactant and cleanser.
The Cosmetics Ingredient Review has deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetic products and in leave-on products in which the concentration is limited to 3.7%.
Research shows the ingredient is typically not a skin or eye irritant.

How Lauryldimethylamine oxide Is Made
Commercial production of Lauryldimethylamine oxide occurs largely by mixing the amine with 35% hydrogen peroxide at 60 degrees Celsius.
The mixture is heated to 75 degrees Celsius and sodium sulfite or manganese dioxide are added.
The mixture is then filtered to get rid of extra peroxide.

Lauryldimethylamine oxide and Stearamine Oxide are aliphatic tertiary amine oxides that are used mostly in hair care products as foam builders and stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, emollients, conditioners, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, and wetting agents.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is an excellent, versatile highly efficent surfactant for cleaning, contributing good foam and solubilizing properties to all kinds of cleaners, shampoos, bath and body products, and even detergents and cleaners for hard surfaces and even formulations for washing fine fabrics.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is compatible with most with nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants. Works well in neutrral, acid, and alkaline formulations.
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is effective, plus it is an environmentally responsible surfactant that can often replace ngredient that replaces products that are petroleum based, and you may see added performance.

FEATURES & BENEFITS Bleach (Chlorine) & Acid Stable Can be used with a variety of anionic, nonionic & cationic surfactants and co surfactants.

USES:
Washes and Cleaners
Body Washes
Conditioners
Alkaline and Acid Cleaners
Bleach Cleaners
Body Washes
Bubble Bath
Car and Truck Wash Soaps
Conditioners
Dishwash Detergents
Facial Cleansers
Foam Booster
Green Products
Industrial cleaners
Roof and House washes

Volatilization of Lauryldimethylamine oxide from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.6X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4).
Lauryldimethylamine oxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5).
In aqueous biodegradation screening tests, Lauryldimethylamine oxide was 100% removed after 28 days as measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(6), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is an important fate process(SRC).

According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Lauryldimethylamine oxide, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method, will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere.
Vapor-phase Lauryldimethylamine oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.1 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method Particulate-phase Lauryldimethylamine oxide may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC).
Lauryldimethylamine oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

They are polar solvents that have a high solubility in water but a poor solubility in most organic solvents. They are electrically neutral but carries positive and negative charges on different atoms in an aqueous solution.
Depending on the composition and conditions of pH value, the substances can have anionic or cationic properties.
In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions but they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution in the presence of bases, which balances the pH.

Such actions make buffer solutions which resist change to the pH.
In the detergency ability amphoteric surfactants which change their charge according to the pH of the solution affects properties of foaming, wetting and detergentcy through a surface action that exerts both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
In biochemistry amphoteric surfactant is used as a detergent for purifying, cleansing and antimicrobial effects.
Alkylbetains and aminoxides are amphoteric surfactants.

IUPAC NAMES:
1-Dodecanamine, N,N-dimethyl-, N-oxide
ColaLux LG
dodecyl(dimethyl) amine oxide
dodecyl(dimethyl)amine oxide
Dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
Lauramine oxide
LAURYLDIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE
N,N-Dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide
N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide
N,N-dimethyldodecanamine oxide
N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide
N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide, Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide, DDAO, LDAO
oxydededimethyllaurylamine
refan
Dodecycldimethylamine oxide
DDAO, Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide, LDAO
LADO
n-Dodeycl-N,N-dimethylamine-N-oxide
N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide
Barlox(R) 1260
Cocoamine oxide derivative
dodecyl bimethyl amine oxide
N,N-DiMethyldodecylaMine N-oxide, 30 wt.% solution in H2O, Mixture
|N|,|N|-DiMethyldodecylaMine N-oxide (DDAO)
Detergent Screening Solution 43/Fluka kit no 66317
n,n-dimethyldodecylamine-n-oxid
Dodecyldimethylamine oxide research grade
N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide,DDAO, LDAO, Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide
N-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethylamine oxide
LauryldiMethylaMine oxide(OB-2)
n-Dodecyl-N,N-Dimethylamine-N-Oxide
N-ethyl-N-oxido-dodecan-1-amine
1-Dodecanamine,N,N-dimethyloxide
ammonyxao
ammonyxlo
amonyxao
aromoxdmcd
aromoxdmmc-w
concoxal
ddno
dimethylaurylamineoxide
dimethyldodecylamine-n-oxide
dimethyldodecylaminen-oxide
dimethyldodecylamineoxide
dimethyllaurylamineoxide
Dodecayldimethylamineoxide
empigenob
n,n-dimethl-1-dodecanaminn-oxide
n,n-dimethyl-1-dodecanaminn-oxide
n,n-dimethyldodecylamine-n-oxidesol.
n,n-dimethyldodecylamineoxide
n,n-dimethyl-dodecylaminn-oxide
n,n-dimethyl-dodecylaminoxid
n,n-dimethyl-dodecylaminoxid(czech)
n,n-dimethyl-n-dodecylamineoxide
nci-c55129
n-dodecyldimethylamineoxide
n-lauryldimethylaminen-oxide
n-lauryl-n,n-dimethylamineoxide
Lauryl Dimethylamine Oxide N, N-Dimethyldodecylamine-N-Oxide Lauramine Oxide
Lauryldimethylamine oxide 1643-20-5 LDAO
N-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethylamine oxide 1643-20-5 LDAO
Domiphen Impurity 2
Benzalkoniumchloride Impurity 3
LDAO
LAURAMINE OXIDE
LAURYLDIMETHYLAMINE N-OXIDE
LAURYLDIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE
NAXIDE LM-30
N,N-DIMETHYLDODECYLAMINE-N-OXIDE

WILFAROL 1214; hexacosan-13-ol; Alcohols, C12-16; Alcohols, C12-16; C12-16 ALCOHOLS;Alcohols, C12-16;Alkohole, C12-16;Cetyl/dodecyl alcohol CAS NO:68855-56-1

Lavandula Angustifolia Extract; extract of the whole plant of the lavender, lavandula angustifolia, labiatae; lavandula spica extract; lavandula vera extract; lavender extract cas no: 90063-37-9

LAVENDER ESSENCE Lavender oil Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. There are over 400 types of lavender species worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms are distinguished, lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having density 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure compound; it is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, including linalool and linalyl acetate. Production Pure lavender essential oil is produced through steam distillation. This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss.[1] Harvest of lavender blooms are typically around June. Lavender flowers are compacted into a still. Fewer air pockets in the still result in greater oil yield. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure. The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still. The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle. Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.[2] Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria leading the global industry.[3] Uses Lavender oil has long been used as a perfume, for aromatherapy, and for skin applications.[4][5]:184–186 Lavender oil is used in massage therapy as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact.[4][6] Oil of spike lavender was used as a solvent in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.[7] Adverse effects In rare cases, lavender oil in soaps, shampoos, and other skin applied medications may cause prepubertal gynecomastia (breast development in young boys).[8] Other potential adverse effects include a sedative effect and contact dermatitis as an allergic reaction, possibly resulting from major lavender oil constituents, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, linalool and linalyl acetate.[9][4] In Australia lavender oil is one of the many essential oils that have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning, mostly of children. In the period 2014-2018 there were 271 reported cases in New South Wales, accounting for 6.1% of essential oil poisoning incidents.[10] Composition The exact composition of lavender essential oil varies from species to species but consists primarily of monoterpeneoids and sesquiterpeneoids. Of these linalool and linalyl acetate dominate, with moderate levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and lavandulol. 1,8-cineole and camphor are also present in low to moderate qualities. In all lavender oil typically contains many more than 100 compounds, although a great many of these are present at very low concentrations. DESCRIPTION Obtained by distilling lavender flowers. Purifies and perfumes the house, banishes mosquitoes. Can be used in hundreds of different ways: a few drops on a pillow, handkerchief, linen, in cupboards, in the bath water. And also as a rub to relieve stiff muscles and insect bites. 100ml bottle The Health Benefits of Lavender Essential Oil This soothing oil can calm anxiety and improve sleep Table of Contents Health Benefits Side Effects Dosage and Preparation What to Look For Common Questions Lavender essential oil is one of the most popular and versatile essential oils used in aromatherapy. Distilled from the plant Lavandula angustifolia, the oil promotes relaxation and believed to treat anxiety, fungal infections, allergies, depression, insomnia, eczema, nausea, and menstrual cramps. In essential oil practices, lavender is a multipurpose oil. It is purported to have anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidepressant, antiseptic, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, as well as antispasmodic, analgesic, detoxifying, hypotensive, and sedative effects. Health Benefits Lavender essential oil and its properties have been widely studied. Here's a look at the research. Anxiety While there's currently a lack of large-scale clinical trials testing lavender's effects on people with anxiety, a number of studies show that the oil may offer some anti-anxiety benefits. Several studies have tested lavender's anxiety-reducing effects in specific populations. For example, a study published in Physiology & Behavior in 2005 focused on 200 people awaiting dental treatment and found that breathing in the scent of lavender both lessened anxiety and improved mood. In addition, a pilot study published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice in 2012 indicates that lavender-essential-oil-based aromatherapy may help soothe anxiety in high-risk postpartum women. In an experiment involving 28 women who had given birth in the previous 18 months, researchers found that four weeks of twice-weekly, 15-minute-long aromatherapy sessions helped alleviate depression in addition to lowering anxiety levels There's also some evidence that ingesting lavender oil may help relieve anxiety. In a report published in Phytomedicine in 2012, for instance, scientists analyzed 15 previously published clinical trials and concluded that dietary supplements containing lavender oil may have some therapeutic effects on patients struggling with anxiety and/or stress. A more recent review of the literature found 5 studies (2010, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016) showed benefits ins participants with moderate to severe anxiety. Insomnia Several studies have shown lavender essential oil may help promote sleep and fight insomnia. A 2015 study published in the Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine found a combination of sleep hygiene techniques and lavender essential oil therapy helped college students get a better night's sleep than sleep hygiene alone. The study of 79 students with self-reported sleep problems also found inhaling lavender at bedtime improved daytime energy and vibrancy.5 A 2018 study published in Holistic Nursing Practice confirms lavender's effect on sleep. In this study of 30 residents of a nursing home, lavender aromatherapy was found to improve sleep onset, quality, and duration in an elderly population.6 Possible Side Effects Lavender essential oil may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction in some individuals. If you experience nausea, vomiting, or a headache after using lavender, discontinue use immediately. Because consuming lavender essential oil can have toxic effects, this remedy should not be ingested unless under the supervision of a medical professional. Dosage and Preparation There is no recommended daily allowance for lavender essential oil. According to the principles of aromatherapy, breathing in the scent of lavender essential oil or applying lavender essential oil to the skin transmits messages to the limbic system, a brain region known to influence the nervous system and help regulate emotion. One popular approach involves combining lavender oil with a carrier oil (such as jojoba or sweet almond). Once blended with a carrier oil, lavender essential oil can be massaged into your skin or added to your bath. You can also sprinkle a few drops of lavender essential oil onto a cloth or tissue and inhale its aroma, or add the oil to an aromatherapy diffuser or vaporizer. What to Look For Essential oils are not regulated by the FDA and do not have to meet any purity standards. When purchasing essential oils, look for a supplier who either distills their own material or deals directly with reputable distillers, and uses gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze the quality of the product. When buying pure lavender essential oil, check the label for its Latin name, Lavandula angustifolia. No other oils or ingredients should be listed. If you see another oil, such as fractionated coconut oil, jojoba oil, or sweet almond oil, the lavender is diluted and should not be used in a diffuser. Essential oils should be packaged in a dark amber or cobalt bottle and stored out of sunlight. Other Questions Can lavender essential oil treat allergies? Many essential oil proponents recommend using a combination of lavender, lemon, and peppermint oil to relieve allergy symptoms, and claim that lavender is a natural antihistamine. A 1999 study printed in the J Pharm Pharmaceuticals did find that lavender oil inhibits immediate type allergic reactions in mice and rats. Will adding lavender oil to my mascara make my lashes grow faster? Adding lavender oil to mascara is purported to help lashes grow thicker and faster. The theory behind this is that tiny mites live on and feast on eyelashes inhibiting growth, and using lavender to kill the mites will allow lashes to grow faster. There is no scientific evidence to support this claim. Is lavender essential oil a cure for baldness? A few studies over the years have suggested that lavender oil may reverse hair loss. A 2016 study on mice showed that a diluted topically applied lavender essential oil did lead to dramatic hair growth. An earlier study (1998) looked at people with alopecia areata showed improvement in hair growth with a topically applied combination of lavender, thyme, rosemary and cedarwood. A Word From Verywell While lavender may help soothe mild anxiety, it should not be used in place of professional mental health treatment for any type of anxiety disorder. If you're experiencing symptoms of anxiety such as constant worrying, fatigue, insomnia, and rapid heartbeat, make sure to consult your primary care provider rather than self-treating your anxiety with lavender. Overview Information Lavender is an herb. The flower and the oil of lavender are used to make medicine. Lavender is commonly used for anxiety, stress, and insomnia. It is also used for depression, dementia, pain after surgery, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses. In foods and beverages, lavender is used as a flavor component. In manufacturing, lavender is used in pharmaceutical products and as a fragrance ingredient in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, potpourri, and decorations. Lavender (scientific name Lavandula angustifolia) is commonly contaminated with related species, including Lavandula hybrida, which is a cross between Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula latifolia, from which lavandin oil is obtained. How does it work? Lavender contains an oil that seems to have sedating effects and might relax certain muscles. It also seems to have antibacterial and antifungal effects. Uses & Effectiveness? Possibly Effective for Anxiety. Some research shows that taking a specific type of lavender oil supplement by mouth might improve symptoms in some people with anxiety. Most research also shows that lavender oil aromatherapy or aromatherapy massage improves anxiety. Depression. Research shows that lavender aromatherapy may improve symptoms in some people with depression. Taking lavender preparations by mouth might also help. While taking lavender appears to be slightly less effective than the antidepressant drug imipramine, taking the two in combination might be more beneficial than taking the drug alone. Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Lavender oil aromatherapy massages reduce pain associated with menstruation in some young women better than regular massages. Also, inhaling lavender oil for the first 3 days of menstruation seems to reduce stomach pain and backache in women with menstrual pain. Pain after surgery. Some research shows that inhaling lavender essence while receiving pain killers intravenously (by IV) can help reduce pain in women after a C-section. Other research shows that inhaling lavender for 3 minutes every 6 hours can lessen pain and reduce the need to use acetaminophen after a tonsillectomy in children 6-12 years old. Possibly Ineffective for Pain in people with cancer. Research shows that using lavender oil for aromatherapy massage doesn't reduce cancer-related pain compared to massages alone. Insufficient Evidence for Patchy hair loss (alopecia areata). There is some evidence that applying lavender oil in combination with oils from thyme, rosemary, and cedarwood might improve hair growth by as much as 44% after 7 months of treatment. Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Early research shows that using a combination of lavender oil and other herbal essential oils for aromatherapy massage does not improve skin irritation during the day or the ability to sleep at night in children with itchy and inflamed skin. Canker sores. Research shows that applying 2 drops of lavender oil to the affected area three times daily can reduce canker sore swelling and pain and shorten the time it takes for canker sores to heal. Excessive crying in infants (colic). Results from one small study show that massaging a combination of lavender and almond oils onto the belly of infants for 5-15 minutes at the onset of colic reduces crying time by about 7 hours per week. Diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, that interfere with thinking (dementia). Some research shows that using lavender oil in a diffuser at night reduces agitation in people with dementia. But inhaling the scent of lavender oil applied to the shirt collar or on the forearms doesn't seem to decrease dementia-related agitation. Also, using aromatherapy massages doesn't seem to improve mental function in people with dementia. Fall prevention. There is some evidence that attaching a pad with lavender oil onto the neckline of clothing reduces the risk of falling by 43% in nursing home residents. Fatigue. Early research shows that inhaling lavender oil for 15-20 minutes twice daily for 4 weeks reduces fatigue in people undergoing dialysis for kidney disease. However, inhaling lavender less often or for less time might not work. High blood pressure. Early research shows that using an essential oil mixture of lavender, lemon, and ylang ylang as aromatherapy might reduce systolic blood pressure (the top number) but not diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) in people with high blood pressure. Insomnia. Early research shows that using lavender oil in a vaporizer overnight, or on a gauze pad, cotton ball, or cloth left beside the bed, might help some people with mild insomnia sleep better. But lavender oil aromatherapy does not seem to help people sleep in hospitals. Labor pain. Early research shows that inhaling the scent of lavender essence three separate times during labor can reduce overall pain in labor. Lice. Early research shows that applying a combination of lavender and tea tree oil to the skin helps kill lice eggs and reduce the number of live lice. It is unclear if the effects are caused by lavender alone or the combination of lavender and tea tree oil. Symptoms of menopause. Some research shows that inhaling the scent of lavender essence for 4-12 weeks can reduce symptoms of menopause such as flushing. Migraine. Early research shows that rubbing 2 or 3 drops of lavender oil on the upper lip and inhaling the vapor might reduce migraine pain and nausea, and help stop the headache spreading. Osteoarthritis. Some research shows that massaging the knee with lavender oil three times each week for 3 weeks can reduce osteoarthritis pain compared to massaging with unscented oil or no massage at all. Ear infection (otitis media). Early research shows that administering ear drops containing lavender and other herbal extracts improves ear pain in people with ear infections. However, this herbal combination does not appear to be more effective than using a skin-numbing agent along with the antibiotic amoxicillin. Pain. Some research shows that lavender aromatherapy might help reduce pain from needle insertion. Also, inhaling the scent of lavender oil before a gynecological exam seems to reduce pain during the exam. But lavender aromatherapy doesn't seem to reduce pain during wound dressing changes. Lavender oil aromatherapy also seems to reduce needle stick pain in infants. Nausea and vomiting after surgery. Some research shows that inhaling lavender oil from a cotton pad might help reduce nausea and vomiting shortly after surgery. Complications after childbirth. Adding lavender oil to baths seems to reduce redness in the area between the vagina and anus shortly after childbirth. It might also reduce pain in this area, but results are conflicting. Inhaling the scent of lavender oil in the morning, 6 hours later, and at bedtime seems to improve pain, fatigue, distress, and mood in women on the first day after delivery. Anxiety before surgery. Some people use lavender aromatherapy for reducing anxiety before surgery or other medical or dental procedures. But it's unclear if it's beneficial. Results from research are conflicting. Feelings of well-being. Some research shows that adding 3 mL of a 20% lavender oil and 80% grapeseed oil mixture to daily baths produces small improvements in mood compared with baths containing grapeseed oil alone. But other research shows that adding lavender oil to aromatherapy massage does not improve well-being or quality of life in cancer patients. A disorder that causes leg discomfort and an irresistible urge to move the legs (restless legs syndrome or RLS). One study shows that massaging the legs with lavender oil for 10-45 minutes 2-3 times weekly can reduce the severity of restless legs syndrome in people with kidney failure who are undergoing dialysis. But one study suggests that receiving massage with lavender is no better for improving RLS symptoms than unscented massage. Stress. Inhaling the scent of lavender oil before a gynecological exam seems to reduce distress after the exam. But lavender aromatherapy doesn't seem to reduce stress after heart bypass surgery. It also doesn't seem to reduce stress in students taking an exam. Absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Acne. Cancer. Gas (flatulence). Headache. Indigestion (dyspepsia). Insect repellent. Loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting. Nerve pain. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sprains. Toothache. Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate lavender for these uses.

CAR-OH; ST 198; karnitin; USPorFCC; Carnitor; Carniking; Carnitene; VITAMIN BT; Carnitrine; L-carntine cas no :541-15-1

L-Citrulline; N5-(Aminocarbonyl)ornithine; (S)-2-Amino-5-ureidopentanoic acid; N(delta)-Carbamylornithine; N5-Carbamoyl-L-ornithine; Sitrulline; delta-Ureidonorvaline; alpha-Amino-delta-ureidovaleric acid; alpha-amino delta-carbamido n-valeric acid; Citrulline; L-2Amino-5-ureidovaleric acid; cas no: 372-75-8

laevo-cysteine ; propanoic acid, 2-amino-3-mercapto-, (R)-; ajipure cysteine; amino acid, cysteine; (R)-2- amino-3-mercapto-propanoic acid; a- amino-b-thiolpropionic acid; (2R)-L- cysteine; (R)- cysteine; L- cysteine free base; hydrogen L-cysteinate; 3- mercapto-L-alanine cas no: 52-90-4

L-Cysteine Hydrochloride Monohydrate; Cys; L-Cysteinium Chloride Monohydrate; L-Cysteine Hydrochloride; Monohydrate; cas no: 06.04.7048

L-cystine; cystine; L-Cystin; L-Dicysteine Cas no :52-90-4

LECIGEL представляет собой универсальный ингредиент на основе фосфолипидов, который одновременно сочетает в себе эмульгирующие свойства лецитина с загущающими и текстурирующими эффектами полимера.
Более простой в использовании, LECIGEL позволяет лучше диспергироваться как в масляной, так и в водной фазе, может быть легко добавлен на любой стадии процесса рецептуры и подходит как для горячих, так и для холодных процессов.

LECIGEL предлагает уникальный белый безмасляный гель-крем с типичным «фосфолипидным прикосновением», характеризующимся ощущением прохлады, мягкости и шелковистости кожи, для уникального чувственного ощущения кожи.
Кроме того, LECIGEL прекрасно адаптируется к высокому уровню этанола, широкому диапазону pH и совместим с электролитами.

LECIGEL — это не содержащий консервантов многофункциональный сенсорный ингредиент.
LECIGEL — гелеобразующий эмульгатор и усилитель эффективности.

LECIGEL — это умный лабораторный партнер 4-в-1, обладающий чувственной прохладой и выдающимися текстурами.
LECIGEL отличается универсальностью использования и максимальной масляной фазой.

Этот простой в использовании ингредиент подходит для горячего или холодного процесса.
LECIGEL основан на фосфолипидах и обладает активными свойствами.

LECIGEL предлагает легкую, эластичную и скользкую текстуру, высокую растекаемость и быстрое впитывание, очень прохладное ощущение на коже, эффект быстрого отрыва при нанесении, нелипкие и нежирные свойства.
LECIGEL обеспечивает увлажнение на 100% активной основе формулы и улучшает увлажнение кожи с длительным эффектом.

LECIGEL действует как мощная система доставки, повышая проникновение и биодоступность активных ингредиентов для максимальной эффективности.
LECIGEL вызывает положительные эмоции и дарит моменты счастья после нанесения.

LECIGEL используется в геле на водной основе, гелевых кремах и эмульсиях (М/В, М/Г, Si/В).
LECIGEL используется в средствах по уходу за лицом, телом, солнцем, волосами, детьми, мужчинами и декоративной косметикой.

Многофункциональный сенсорный гель и эмульгатор LECIGEL.
Желирующий агент на основе фосфолипидов с эмульгирующими свойствами.

LECIGEL представляет собой гелеобразователь с эмульгирующими свойствами.
LECIGEL позволяет повысить вязкость и стабильность формул.

Подходит как для холодных, так и для горячих процессов, LECIGEL также помогает регулировать вязкость в конце процесса рецептуры.
Легкий в использовании, LECIGEL совместим с большинством эмульгаторов и стабилен в широком диапазоне pH.
Специально адаптированный для рецептур гелей-кремов, LECIGEL обеспечивает типичное «фосфолипидное прикосновение» с ощущением прохлады, мягкости и нежирности кожи».

Рекомендуется следующая доза:
В качестве стабилизатора: 0,2% и выше
В качестве загустителя: 0,5% и выше
В качестве эмульгатора: 0,5% и выше для LECIGEL

LECIGEL выпускается в виде бежевого порошка, который можно добавлять практически на любой стадии приготовления.
Это означает, что вы можете добавить LECIGEL в жидкую масляную фазу, а затем диспергировать в воде, в результате чего LECIGEL почти мгновенно загустеет, или вы можете добавить LECIGEL в воду, а затем ввести LECIGEL в масло.

Добавление LECIGEL в ��ебольшое количество жидкости, не являющейся водой, немного помогает при диспергировании, но LECIGEL в этом нет необходимости.
LECIGEL также можно присыпать в конце процесса, если хотите.

LECIGEL не чувствителен к сдвигу, что означает, что смешивание на высоких скоростях не разрушит гель.
Вы можете использовать LECIGEL в горячем виде, это удобно, если вы хотите использовать твердые масла, которые нужно растопить.

Если вы используете ингредиенты, которые необходимо расплавить/нагреть, я предлагаю вам нагреть масляную и водную фазы (лецигель может быть и в том, и в другом), а затем, когда жир расплавится и обе фазы будут иметь одинаковую температуру, объедините их.
LECIGEL предлагает сделать это, так как вы не хотите, чтобы холодная вода вызывала затвердевание жиров до того, как они смешаются с водой/эмульгатором.

LECIGEL может эмульгировать до 20% масляной фазы, на каждый 1% LECIGEL может быть эмульгировано 10% масел, а конечная вязкость зависит от типа используемых масел и масел.

Удивительно, но 1,5% LECIGEL также может содержать 20% этанол (спирт), поэтому, если вы хотите использовать его в качестве консерванта, LECIGEL можно использовать.
LECIGEL может выдерживать до 50% этанола с 2% LECIGEL.

LECIGEL также довольно устойчив к электролитам, но производитель рекомендует добавлять их после эмульгирования, если это возможно.
Они также предполагают, что LECIGEL обладает синергизмом с ксантаном и склероциевой камедью, что помогает, если вы хотите использовать электролиты.

LECIGEL – текстурирующий агент с эмульгирующими свойствами.

LECIGEL — это мультивалентный ингредиент, который сочетает в себе эмульгирующие свойства лецитина с загущающими и текстурирующими эффектами полимера.
LECIGEL был оптимизирован с различных точек зрения, таких как использование, универсальность и влияние на цвет эмульсии, при этом производя белые гелевые кремы.

Благодаря концентрации активного сырья порошок LECIGEL эффективен даже при использовании в небольших количествах.

Применение LECIGEL:
Эмульгатор для крем-гелей от 0,5%
Стабилизатор эмульсий от 0,2%

Использование LECIGEL:
LECIGEL можно включать во многие виды средств по уходу за лицом, телом, солнцем и волосами.
LECIGEL производит гелевые кремы с типичным фосфолипидным оттенком, характеризующимся свежестью и мягкой и шелковистой текстурой.
Изначально жирная текстура LECIGEL тает во время нанесения, не оставляя ощущения липкости и надолго придавая коже бархатистость и ощущение комфорта и хорошего самочувствия.

LECIGEL прост в применении, хорошо диспергируется как в жировой, так и в водной фазе, и его можно добавлять в любое время в процессе приготовления рецептуры.
LECIGEL можно использовать как в горячих, так и в холодных процессах или в однореакторных процессах.

LECIGEL не чувствителен к усилию сдвига, что позволяет использовать смеситель любого типа.
В качестве эмульгатора O / A, LECIGEL может быть составлен с любым типом жировой фазы, либо отдельно при процентном содержании, начиная с 0,5%, либо в сочетании с широким спектром других эмульгаторов.

LECIGEL используется начиная с 0,1% LECIGEL превосходно стабилизирует эмульсии.
LECIGEL может быть приготовлен с большим количеством этанола и в широком диапазоне pH. LECIGEL также совместим с электролитами.

Уровень этанола может достигать более 20%.
Рекомендуемые проценты использования: 0,2 - 4,0%.

Механизм действия LECIGEL:
Желирующие агенты горячего или холодного процесса с эмульгирующими свойствами
Введение в водную или масляную фазу или после эмульсии

Стабильность и реакционная способность LECIGEL:

Стабильность: стабилен при температуре ниже 25°C и при нормальных условиях использования.

Опасные реакции:
- Условия, которых следует избегать: тепло, прямой свет, влажность.
- Материалы, которых следует избегать: Сильные окислители, сильные кислоты и основания.

Опасные продукты разложения:
При сгорании или термическом разложении (пиролизе) LECIGEL может выделять: токсичные и раздражающие пары (CO, CO2) и NOx.

Дозировка:
Рекомендуемая дозировка: 0,1 - 2,0%
Желирующий агент для водных гелей: 0,5 - 2,0%
Эмульгатор для гель-кремов: 0,5 - 2,0%
Регулятор вязкости: >0,5%
Стабилизатор эмульсий: >0,1%

Обращение и хранение LECIGEL:

Умение обращаться:

Технические меры:
Не требуют особых или особых технических мер.
Хорошо закрывайте упаковку после использования.

Меры предосторожности:
Избегать попадания на кожу и глаза.
Избегайте образования пыли.

Не вдыхайте пыль.
Хранить вдали от еды и напитков.
Мойте руки и любые другие открытые участки водой с мылом перед едой, питьем, курением и перед уходом с работы.

Хранение LECIGEL:
Хранить контейнер плотно закрытым, защищенным от воздуха, прямого света и влаги, в прохладном и сухом месте, при температуре ниже 25°C.
Хранить в упаковке LECIGEL в прохладном месте вдали от источников тепла.

Рекомендуемые упаковочные материалы:
Оригинальная упаковка (картонная коробка с внутренним полиэтиленовым пакетом).

Меры первой помощи LECIGEL:

Контакт с кожей:
Вымойте с мылом и большим количеством воды.
При необходимости проконсультируйтесь с врачом.

Зрительный контакт:
Немедленно промыть большим количеством воды и оставить без внимания глаза.
Проконсультируйтесь с офтальмологом.

Проглатывание:
Нет опасностей, требующих специальных мер первой помощи.
На основании исследований, проведенных с аналогичными продуктами, LECIGEL не должен быть токсичным.

Вдыхание:
Переместите пострадавшего из зараженной зоны на свежий воздух.

Противопожарные мероприятия LECIGEL:

Воспламеняемость:
LECIGEL не воспламеняется.

Подходящие средства пожаротушения:
Вода, углекислый газ (CO2), пена.

Неподходящие средства пожаротушения:
струя воды.

Конкретные опасности:

Под действием тепла или при горении:
Может образовывать токсичные и раздражающие пары (оксиды углерода).
Мокрый порошок может вызвать сильное скольжение.

Особые методы пожаротушения:
Избегайте сброса воды для пожаротушения в окружающую среду.
Не пытайтесь тушить пожар без подходящего защитного оборудования.

Защита пожарных:
Полная защитная одежда.
Автономный и изолирующий дыхательный аппарат.

Меры по предотвращению случайного выброса LECIGEL:

Личные меры предосторожности:
Избегать попадания на кожу и глаза.
Избегайте образования пыли.

Меры предосторожности в отношении окружающей среды:
Не допускать попадания продукта в почву и попадания в канализацию/поверхностные или грунтовые воды.

Методы очистки:
Быстро очистите лопатой или с помощью пылесоса.
Храните остатки в адаптированных закрытых контейнерах.

После очистки смойте оставшиеся следы водой.
Утилизируйте в лицензированном пункте сбора отходов.

Свойства LECIGEL:
Предоставляет гели и гель-кремы,
Стабилизирует и регулирует вязкость эмульсий,
Холодный и горячий процесс,
Эффект быстрого разрыва,
Высокий охлаждающий эффект: мгновенно снижает температуру кожи с продолжительным эффектом до 20 минут,
Снижает ТЭПВ,
Повышает увлажненность кожи,
Улучшает проникновение и биодоступность активных ингредиентов для получения лучших и/или более быстрых результатов.
Вызывает положительные эмоции и дарит моменты счастья после нанесения.

INCI Название LECIGEL:
Сополимер акрилатов натрия (и) лецитин

E322, CAS No. 8002-43-5, Noms français : Lécithine, Lécithine de soya, Phosphatidylcholine. Noms anglais : Lecithin, soybean, Lecithins, Lexithin, Soya lecithin, Soybean lecithin. Utilisation et sources d'émission, PC;kelecin;LECITHIN;froM Egg;Alcolec-S;granulestin;L-α-Lecithin;Lecithin, NF;LIPOID(R)E80;Lecithin Agent anti-oxydant, agent dispersant. Émulsifiant (pour éviter que les graisses et l'eau ne se séparent de l'aliment) dérivé de l'huile de soja et composée principalement de phospholipides, un assemblage d’acides gras, de phosphates et de glycérol. C'est une substance alimentaire controversée sur ses éventuels danger pour la santé. On peut pourtant la trouver dans l'usage alimentaire et pharmaceutique.La lécithine de soja est une substance riche en acides gras polyinsaturés essentiels (indispensables à l'organisme), les acides linoléique et linolénique

Lemon Juice Concentrate; Capsaicin; 8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide cas no: 404-86-4

Levagard 4090 N — это не содержащий галогенов, реактивный антипирен.
Levagard 4090 N может поддерживать структуру пены с закрытыми ячейками и может сочетаться с продуктами Disflamoll®.
Levagard 4090 N подходит для жестких пенополиуретанов, PF, EP и UP смол.

CAS: 2781-11-5
MF: C9H22NO5P
MW: 255,25
EINECS: 220-482-8

Синонимы
ДИЭТИЛ БИС(2-ГИДРОКСИЭТИЛ)АМИНО МЕТИЛ ФОСФОНАТ;O,O-Диэтил-n,n-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометил фосфонат;Фосфоновая кислота, [[бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил]-, диэтиловый эфир;диэтил N,N-бис(гидроксиэтил)аминометил фосфонат;2-(диэтоксифосфорилметил-(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)этанол;Диэтил (N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метанфосфоноат;O,O-диэтил [[бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил]фосфонат;[[Бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил]фосфоновой кислоты диэтиловый эфир;2781-11-5;Диэтил бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометилфосфонат;Фирол 6;Фосфоновая кислота, [[бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил]-, диэтиловый эфир;Диэтил ((бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метил)фосфонат;2-[диэтоксифосфорилметил(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]этанол;Диэтил (диэтаноламино)метилфосфонат;Диэтил (N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метанфосфонат;DTXSID2029242;920Z48KJ0P;Диэтил N,N-бис(гидроксиэтил)аминометилфосфонат;NSC-82342;диэтил (N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метилфосфонат;O,O-диэтил ((бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метил)фосфонат;O,O-диэтил [[бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил]фосфонат;Фосфоновая кислота, ((бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метил)-, диэтиловый эфир;Adeka FC 450;диэтил (бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метилфосфонат;диэтил [бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метилфосфонат;диэтил {[бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метил}фосфонат;диэтил [N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино]метилфосфонат;HSDB 5896;EINECS 220-482-8;FC 450;NSC 82342;BRN 1958844;ДИЭТИЛ ((ДИЭТАНОЛАМИНО)МЕТИЛ)ФОСФОНАТ;SCHEMBL530398;UNII-920Z48KJ0P;DTXCID309242;Диэтил ((N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метил)фосфонат;O,O-Диэтил N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометил фосфонат;NSC82342;Tox21_301894;AKOS016015100;NCGC00255311-01;Диэтил((диэтаноламино)метил)фосфонат;CAS-2781-11-5;CS-0450392;NS00021100;F20707;O,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометил фосфонат;W-107095;диэтил N,N-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометилфосфонат;Диэтил N,N-бис-(2-гидроксиэтил)]аминометилфосфонат;Q27271443;диэтил n,n-бис(2-гидроксиэтил)аминометилфосфонат;ДИЭТИЛ ((ДИЭТАНОЛАМИНО)МЕТИЛ)ФОСФОНАТ [HSDB];ДИЭТИЛ БИС-(2-ГИДРОКСИЭТИЛ)-АМИНОМЕТИЛФОСФОНАТ;Фосфоновая кислота, P-((бис(2-гидроксиэтил)амино)метил)-, диэтиловый эфир

Levagard 4090 N используется в полимерах, которые могут вступать в реакции с гидроксильными группами.

Срок годности Levagard 4090 N составляет 9 месяцев.

Химические свойства Levagard 4090 N
Точка кипения: 150 °C (Давление: 0,1 Торр)
Плотность: 1,180±0,06 г/см3 (прогнозируемая)
Давление пара: 0 Па при 25℃
pka: 14,31±0,10 (прогнозируемая)
Растворимость в воде: 1000 г/л
LogP: -1,938
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard 4090 N (2781-11-5)

Levagard DMPP — это безгалогеновый антипирен.
Обладает очень высоким содержанием фосфора и низкой вязкостью.
Предназначен для кровельной изоляции, строительных материалов, полимерных вспомогательных веществ и соединений.

CAS: 18755-43-6
MF: C5H13O3P
MW: 152,13
EINECS: 242-555-3

Синонимы
Диметилпропилфосфонат;Диметил-1-пропилфосфонат;диметилпропилфосфонат;Einecs 242-555-3;Фосфоновая кислота, п-пропил-, диметиловый эфир;Фосфоновая кислота, пропил-, диметиловый эфир
;Диметилпропилфосфонат;18755-43-6;1-диметоксифосфорилпропан;Фосфоновая кислота, пропил-, диметиловый эфир;Фосфоновая кислота, п-пропил-, диметиловый эфир;DTXSID0066406;Диметиловый эфир п-пропилфосфоновой кислоты;Диметилпропанфосфонат; Lavagard DMPP;;EINECS 242-555-3;диметиловый эфир пропанфосфоновой кислоты;диметилпропанфосфонат;диметил-н-пропилфосфонат;диметил-н-пропилфосфонат;EC 242-555-3;62C4FYU7CE;SCHEMBL134383;Пропилфосфоновая кислота, диметиловый эфир;Фосфоновая кислота, п-пропил-, диметиловый эфир;NS00008531;диметилпропилфосфонат;фосфоновая кислота, пропил-, диметиловый эфир;диметилпропилфосфонатфосфоновая кислота, пропил-, диметиловый эфир

Levagard DMPP используется для жестких пен PIR или PUR и термореактивных пластиков.
Срок годности Levagard DMPP составляет 9 месяцев.
Levagard DMPP — это безгалогеновый антипирен с очень высоким содержанием фосфора и низкой вязкостью.
Эффект огнестойкости отличный.
Levagard DMPP, также известный как диметилпропилфосфонат, является типом эфира фосфоновой кислоты.
Levagard DMPP использовался в качестве огнезащитного средства для пластиков на основе изоцианата.
Другие названия Levagard DMPP включают диметоксифосфиноксид, диметиловый кислый фосфит, диметиловый водородный фосфит, диметилфосфонат, водородный диметилфосфит, метилфосфонат.

Химические свойства Levagard DMPP
Точка кипения: 85 °C (давление: 6 торр)
Плотность: 1,028±0,06 г/см3 (прогнозируемая)
Давление паров: 0 Па при 20℃
Температура хранения: гигроскопично, холодильник, в инертной атмосфере
Растворимость: хлороформ (умеренно), метанол (немного)
Форма: масло
Цвет: бесцветный
LogP: 0,5 при 25℃
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard DMPP (18755-43-6)

Применение
Levagard DMPP в качестве огнезащитного средства для пластиков на основе изоцианата.
Levagard DMPP используется в качестве антипирена для жестких пен PIR / PUR и термореактивных материалов.

Анализ синтеза
Levagard DMPP и их эфиры можно синтезировать из их простых диалкиловых эфиров путем силилдеалкилирования с бромтриметилсиланом (BTMS) с последующим десилилированием при контакте с водой или метанолом.
Этот метод, известный как синтез Маккенны, был ускорен с использованием микроволнового облучения. Другие методы включают реакцию Михаэлиса-Арбузова, каталитическую реакцию кросс-сочетания и конденсацию типа Манниха.

Анализ химических реакций
Эфиры фосфоновой кислоты, включая пропиловый, диметиловый эфир фосфоновой кислоты, могут подвергаться различным химическим реакциям.
Например, их можно гидролизовать до соответствующих фосфоновых кислот при 140 °C.
Они также могут реагировать с алкилгалогенидами в присутствии триэтиламина в условиях микроволнового воздействия без растворителя.

Levagard TEP-Z — это триалкилфосфат, который является производным триэтилового эфира фосфорной кислоты.
Levagard TEP-Z получают из этанола.
Levagard TEP-Z — это бесцветная едкая жидкость.

CAS: 78-40-0
MF: C6H15O4P
MW: 182,15
EINECS: 201-114-5

Синонимы
ЭТИЛФОСФАТ;ЭТИЛОВЫЙ ФОСФАТ;AURORA KA-1638;TEP;ТРИЭТИЛОВЫЙ ЭФИР ФОСФОРНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ;Этилфосфат, TEP;Этил фосфорной кислоты;Триэтил фосфорной кислоты;ТРИЭТИЛФОСФАТ;78-40-0;Триэтилфосфат;Фосфорная кислота, триэтиловый эфир;Трис(этил)фосфат;Триэтоксифосфиноксид;Триэтилфосфат;TEP;Этилфосфат ((EtO)3PO);Триэтиловый эфир фосфорной кислоты;Триэтиловый эфир o-фосфорной кислоты;NSC 2677;QIH4K96K7J;DTXSID8026228;CHEBI:45927;NSC-2677;DTXCID806228;Триэтилфосфат [Чешский];MFCD00009077;CAS-78-40-0;Триэтилфосфат, C6H15O4P,78-40-0;C6H15O4P;CCRIS 4882;HSDB 2561;EINECS 201-114-5;UNII-QIH4K96K7J;BRN 1705772;AI3-00653;Триэтилфосфат, 99%;EC 201-114-5;SCHEMBL21887;MLS002152947;WLN: 2OPO&O2&O2;(C2H5O)3PO;ТРИЭТИЛФОСФАТ [MI];CHEMBL1236251;NSC2677;ТРИЭТИЛФОСФАТ [HSDB];HMS3039O10;ТРИЭТИЛФОСФАТ [WHO-DD];Tox21_202463;Tox21_303106;AKOS000120082;DB03347;SB66379;Триэтилфосфат, аналитический стандарт;NCGC00091606-01;NCGC00091606-02;NCGC00091606-03;NCGC00256988-01;NCGC00260012-01;1ST28207;BP-30153;BP-31112;SMR001224539;NS00009400;P0270;EN300-19166;Триэтилфосфат, ReagentPlus(R), >=99,8%;1ST28207-1000;A865040;Q410382;Триэтилфосфат, Vetec(TM) химически чистый, 98%;J-525075;Раствор триэтилфосфата в ацетоне, 1000 мг/мл;F0001-2052;Z104473010;InChI=1/C6H15O4P/c1-4-8-11(7,9-5-2)10-6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H

Горючий.
Медленно растворяется в воде и тонет в воде.
Сильно раздражает кожу, глаза и слизистые оболочки.
Levagard TEP-Z производится из диэтилового эфира и пентоксида фосфора через промежуточный метафосфат.
Levagard TEP-Z использовался в коммерческих целях в качестве добавки для полиэфирных ламинатов и в целлюлозных смолах.
В полиэфирных смолах Levagard TEP-Z действует как депрессант вязкости и как антипирен.
Эффект снижения вязкости Levagard TEP-Z в полиэфирной смоле позволяет использовать высокие нагрузки тригидрата оксида алюминия, огнестойкого наполнителя для подавления дыма.
Levagard TEP-Z также использовался в качестве огнестойкого пластификатора в ацетате целлюлозы.

Из-за его растворимости в воде использование Levagard TEP-Z ограничено ситуациями, когда устойчивость к атмосферным воздействиям не важна.
Галогенированные алкилфосфаты обычно испо��ьзуются в тех случаях, когда требуется более низкая летучесть и большая устойчивость к выщелачиванию.
Levagard TEP-Z — это антипирен на основе фосфора.
Обеспечивает низкую вязкость и используется в качестве обрабатывающего агента в химическом синтезе.
Levagard TEP-Z предназначен для жестких пен PIR, PUR и термореактивных пластиков.
Срок годности Levagard TEP-Z составляет 2 года.
Levagard TEP-Z — это органическое химическое соединение с формулой (C2H5)3PO4 или OP(OEt)3.
Levagard TEP-Z — это бесцветная жидкость.
Levagard TEP-Z — это триэфир этанола и фосфорной кислоты, его можно назвать «триэтиловым эфиром фосфорной кислоты».

Основное применение Levagard TEP-Z — это промышленный катализатор (в синтезе уксусного ангидрида), модификатор полимерной смолы и пластификатор (например, для ненасыщенных полиэфиров).
В меньшем масштабе Levagard TEP-Z используется в качестве растворителя, например, для ацетата целлюлозы, антипирена, промежуточного продукта для пестицидов и других химикатов, стабилизатора для пероксидов, упрочняющего агента для резины и пластика, включая виниловые полимеры и ненасыщенные полиэфиры и т. д.
Levagard TEP-Z — это жирная кислота, которая, как было показано, проявляет хронические токсические эффекты в модельной системе.
Известно, что Levagard TEP-Z используется в качестве добавки в красках и лаках на водной основе, что может привести к воздействию через вдыхание или контакт с кожей.
Изотерма адсорбции Ленгмюра использовалась для оценки растворимости Levagard TEP-Z в воде при различных температурах.
Кроме того, токсичность Levagard TEP-Z изучалась с помощью электрохимической импедансной спектроскопии.
Эта методика также использовалась для определения содержания Levagard TEP-Z в различных средах, включая сукцинат натрия, аналитический метод и цитрат натрия.
Метод ЖХ-МС/МС использовался для идентификации Levagard TEP-Z в образцах водяного пара.

Levagard TEP-Z — бесцветная, высококипящая жидкость, содержащая 17 мас. % фосфора; слабый запах.
Очень стабилен при обычных температурах, совместим со многими камедями и смолами, растворим в большинстве органических растворителей, смешивается с водой.
При смешивании с водой довольно стабилен при комнатной температуре, но при повышенных температурах Levagard TEP-Z медленно гидролизуется.

Химические свойства Levagard TEP-Z
Температура плавления: -56 °C
Температура кипения: 215 °C (лит.)
Плотность: 1,072 г/мл при 25 °C (лит.)
Плотность пара: 6,28 (по отношению к воздуху)
Давление пара: 1 мм рт. ст. (40 °C)
Показатель преломления: n20/D 1,403 (лит.)
Fp: 240 °F
Температура хранения: хранить ниже +30 °C.
Растворимость: 500 г/л (медленное разложение)
Форма: Жидкость
Цвет: Прозрачный
Удельный вес: 1,072
Запах: мягкий сидр
PH: 7 (H2O, 20℃)
Пределы взрываемости: 1,2-10%(V)
Растворимость в воде: РАСТВОРИМ
Гидролитическая чувствительность 7: медленно реагирует с влагой/водой
Merck: 14,9674
BRN: 1705772
Диэлектрическая постоянная: 13,01
Диэлектрическая постоянная: 7,2 (20℃)
Стабильность: Стабильный. Горючий. Несовместим с сильными окислителями, водой.
InChIKey: DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1,11 при 20℃
Ссылка на базу данных CAS: 78-40-0 (Ссылка на базу данных CAS)
Ссылка на химию NIST: Levagard TEP-Z (78-40-0)
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard TEP-Z (78-40-0)

Levagard TEP-Z — бесцветная высококипящая жидкость, содержащая 17% фосфора по весу; со слабым запахом.
Очень стабилен при обычных температурах, совместим со многими камедями и смолами, растворим в большинстве органических растворителей, смешивается с водой.
При смешивании с водой довольно стабилен при комнатной температуре, но при повышенных температурах Levagard TEP-Z медленно гидролизуется.

Триэтилфосфат
Levagard TEP-Z полезен как растворитель во многих областях применения, как пластификатор для прочных, огнестойких пластиков и как сельскохозяйственный химикат в качестве промежуточного продукта при получении тетраэтилпирофосфата (TEPP).
Как и другие фосфатные эфиры, Levagard TEP-Z повреждает нервы и является ингибитором холинэстеразы.
Levagard TEP-Z считается умеренно токсичным.
Два других алкилфосфата с токсичностью, вероятно, аналогичной токсичности триэтилфосфата, — это трибутилфосфат, (n-C4H9O)3PO, и трис(2-этилгексил)фосфат, (C8H17O)3PO.

Применение
Levagard TEP-Z используется в качестве антипирена при производстве полиизоциануратной (PIR) и полиуретановой (PUR) пенопластовой изоляции и термореактивных пластиковых изделий.
Levagard TEP-Z также используется в качестве понизителя вязкости в пластиковых смолах, а также в качестве катализатора, растворителя или промежуточного продукта в производстве пестицидов, фармацевтических препаратов, лаков и других продуктов.
Как этилирующий агент; образование полиэфиров, которые используются в качестве инсектицидов.

Методы производства

Levagard TEP-Z производится из диэтилового эфира и пентоксида фосфора через промежуточный метафосфат.

Получается путем реакции Levagard TEP-Z с этанолом в присутствии этоксида алюминия или путем обработки триэтилфосфата диэтилгидрофосфатом.

Профиль реакционной способности
Органофосфаты, такие как Levagard TEP-Z, подвержены образованию высокотоксичного и легковоспламеняющегося газа фосфина в присутствии сильных восстановителей, таких как гидриды.

Частичное окисление окислителями может привести к выделению токсичных оксидов фосфора.

Levagard TP LXS 51078 — это огнестойкий состав на основе фосфорного соединения.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 не содержит галогенов и характеризуется низким уровнем выбросов (запотевания) и низким уровнем подгорания.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 совместим с гибким полиуретаном, производными целлюлозы, полиэфирными и полиэфирными полиолами.

CAS: 13674-87-8
MF: C9H15Cl6O4P
MW: 430,9
EINECS: 237-159-2

Синонимы
1,3-дихлор-2-пропанолфосфат, фосфорной кислоты трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропиловый эфир);1,3-дихлор-2-пропанолфосфат, фосфорной кислоты трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропиловый эфир), трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)фосфат;Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)фосфат (TDPP);фосфорной кислоты трис(1,3-дихлорпропан-2-ил);фосфорной кислоты трис(1,3-дихлорпропан-2-ил) эфир;Трис(1,3-дихлорпропан-2-ил) фосфат;1,3-дихлор-2-пропанол фосфат;трис(1,3-дихлорпропан-2-ил) фосфат;13674-87-8;TDCPP;Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил) фосфат;ТРИС(1,3-ДИХЛОР-2-ПРОПИЛ) ФОСФАТ;Fyrol FR 2;трис(1,3-дихлорпропан-2-ил) фосфат;Трис(1,3-дихлоризопропил) фосфат;Эмульсия 212;Эфир трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил) фосфорной кислоты;TDCIPP;Fyrol FR-2;1,3-дихлор-2-пропанол фосфат (3:1);CRP (огнезащитное средство);2-пропанол, 1,3-дихлор-, фосфат (3:1);PF 38;Трис(2-хлор-1-(хлорметил)этил)фосфат;2-Пропанол, 1,3-дихлор-, 2,2',2''-фосфат;Трис(1-хлорметил-2-хлорэтил)фосфат;PF 38/3;DTXSID9026261;Трис[2-хлор-1-(хлорметил)этил]фосфат;B1PRV4G0T0;Фосфоран трой-(1,3-дихлоризопропиловый);Трис-(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)фосфат;DTXCID206261;CAS-13674-87-8;CCRIS6284;HSDB 4364;Три(бета,бета'-дихлоризопропил)фосфат;Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)фосфат, 95%;Трис(2-хлор-1-(хлорметил)этил)фосфат;EINECS 237-159-2;UNII-B1PRV4G0T0;BRN 1715458;Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)эфир фосфорной кислоты;Фосфоран трой-(1,3-двухлоризопропиловый) [польский];TDCPP [MI];EC 237-159-;TDCPP, аналитический стандарт;3-01-00-01473 (Справочник Бейльштейна Ссылка); SCHEMBL333198; CHEMBL3182032; CHEBI: 143729; Tox21_202166; Tox21_300194; MFCD00083121; AKOS015856734; Трис-(1,3-дихлоризопропил)фосфат стандарт 50 мкг/мл в ацетонитриле; CS-8011; s12389; Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил) фосфат;NCGC00247923-01;NCGC00247923-02;NCGC00254047-01;NCGC00259715-01;DA-68014;HY-108712;NS00010388;P0269;Три(.бета.,.бета.'-дихлоризопропил)фосфат;A807122;Трис[2-хлор-1-(хлорметил)этил]фосфат #;J-006902
;Q2454085;ТРИС(1,3-ДИХЛОР-2-ПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ [HSDB];трис-(2-хлор-1-хлорметил-этил) эфир фосфорной кислоты;Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил) Фосфат; Трис(1,3-дихлор-2-пропил)фосфат; InChI=1/C9H15Cl6O4P/c10-1-7(2-11)17-20(16,18-8(3-12)4-13)19-9(5-14)6-15/h7-9H,1-6H

Levagard TP LXS 51078 может использоваться в автомобильной промышленности, поскольку не содержит никаких сырьевых материалов или примесей, перечисленных в списке GADSL.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 находит применение, включая дисплеи ноутбуков, ЖК-экраны и электронные корпуса.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 соответствует строгим стандартам VDA 278 для характеристики неметаллических материалов в транспортных средствах в отношении летучих (VOC) и конденсируемых (FOG) выбросов.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 — триалкилфосфат.
Прозрачная бесцветная вязкая жидкость.
Обычно переохлажденная жидкость при комнатной температуре, но иногда может затвердевать при длительном хранении при низких температурах.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 — хлорированный органофосфат.
Органофосфатные химикаты имеют широкий спектр применения и используются в качестве антипиренов, пестицидов, пластификаторов и нервно-паралитических газов.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 структурно похож на несколько других органофосфатных антипиренов, таких как трис(2-хлорэтил)фосфат (TCEP) и трис(хлорпропил)фосфат (TCPP).
Levagard TP LXS 51078 и эти другие хлорированные органофосфатные антипирены иногда называют «хлорированным трисом».
TDCPP получают путем реакции эпихлоргидрина с оксихлоридом фосфора.

Химические свойства Levagard TP LXS 51078
Точка плавления: -64 °C
Точка кипения: 315 °C
Плотность: 1,512
Давление паров: 0 Па при 25 ℃
Показатель преломления: n20/D 1,503
Fp: 249 °C
Температура хранения: хранить при -20 °C
Растворимость: хлороформ, этилацетат (немного), метанол (немного)
Форма: твердое вещество
Удельный вес: 1,518 (20/4 ℃)
Цвет: бесцветный или почти бесцветный
Растворимость в воде: <0,1 г/100 мл при 24 ºC
Разложение: 240-280 ºC
Merck: 14,9087
Стабильность: стабильный. Медленно реагирует с водными кислотами и щелочами. Может размягчать пластик.
InChIKey: ASLWPAWFJZFCKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3,69 при 20℃
Ссылка на базу данных CAS: 13674-87-8(Ссылка на базу данных CAS)
Ссылка на химию NIST: Levagard TP LXS 51078 (13674-87-8)
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard TP LXS 51078 (13674-87-8)

Levagard TP LXS 51078 — прозрачная бесцветная вязкая жидкость с относительно низкой молекулярной массой, низкой растворимостью в воде и низкой липофильностью (на что указывает log Kow).

Применение
Levagard TP LXS 51078 — галогенированный фосфорный антипирен, используемый в различных секторах, включая производство красок/покрытий, мебели и сопутствующих товаров, строительных материалов, тканей/текстиля/кожаных изделий, а также пенопластовых сидений и постельных принадлежностей.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 широко используется в качестве добавки к гибким полиуретановым пенам (ППУ).
Конечные области применения Levagard TP LXS 51078 включают формованную автомобильную пену для сидений (например, подушки сидений и подголовники), плитную пену в мебели, автомобильную тканевую обшивку и кровлю автомобилей (ECHA, 2013).
Levagard TP LXS 51078 — это химикат с высоким объемом производства.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 — это антипирен, присутствующий в полиуретановых пенах.

Огнестойкий
До конца 1970-х годов Levagard TP LXS 51078 использовался в качестве огнестойкого состава в детских пижамах в соответствии с Законом США о легковоспламеняющихся тканях 1953 года.
Это использование было прекращено после того, как у детей, носивших ткани, обработанные очень похожим составом Levagard TP LXS 51078, в моче были обнаружены мутагенные побочные продукты.

После поэтапного отказа от пентаБДЭ в США в 2005 году Levagard TP LXS 51078 стал одним из основных огнестойких составов, используемых в гибкой полиуретановой пене, используемой в самых разных потребительских товарах, включая автомобили, мягкую мебель и некоторые детские товары.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 также можно использовать в жестких полиуретановых пенопластовых плитах, используемых для изоляции зданий.
В 2011 году сообщалось, что Levagard TP LXS 51078 был обнаружен примерно в трети протестированных детских товаров.

Некоторые ткани, используемые в туристическом снаряжении, также обрабатываются Levagard TP LXS 51078 для соответствия CPAI-84, стандарту, установленному Международной ассоциацией промышленных тканей для оценки огнестойкости тканей и других материалов, используемых в палатках.

Текущий общий объем производства Levagard TP LXS 51078 не очень хорошо известен.

В 1998, 2002 и 2006 годах производство в Соединенных Штатах оценивалось в пределах от 4500 до 22 700 метрических тонн, и, таким образом, Levagard TP LXS 51078 классифицируется как химикат с высоким объемом производства.

Профиль реакционной способности
Levagard TP LXS 51078 медленно гидролизуется при кипячении с водной кислотой.

В щелочных условиях Levagard TP LXS 51078 демонстрирует медленное расщепление.
Levagard TP LXS 51078 обладает пластифицирующими свойствами и, как таковой, может размягчать или ухудшать некоторые пластики и эластомеры (в частности, виниловую смолу, неопрен и натуральный каучук).

Levagard TP LXS 51114 играет важную роль в метаболизме как растений, так и животных.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 также являются ключевыми компонентами ДНК и РНК, которые несут генетическую информацию во всех организмах.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 используются в промышленных процессах.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 проявляют ковалентные свойства.

Наиболее распространенными соединениями фосфора являются производные фосфата (PO43−), тетраэдрического аниона.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 является сопряженным основанием фосфорной кислоты, которое производится в больших масштабах для использования в удобрениях.
Будучи трипротонной, фосфорная кислота ступенчато преобразуется в три сопряженных основания:

H3PO4 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + H2PO4− Ka1 = 7,25×10−3
H2PO4− + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + HPO42− Ka2 = 6,31×10−8
HPO42− + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + PO43− Ka3 = 3,98×10−13
Levagard TP LXS 51114 проявляет тенденцию к образованию цепей и колец, содержащих связи P-O-P.
Известно много полифосфатов, включая АТФ.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 возникает в результате дегидратации гидрофосфатов, таких как HPO42− и H2PO4−.
Например, промышленно важный Levagard TP LXS 51114 (также известный как триполифосфат натрия, STPP) производится в промышленных масштабах мегатоннами с помощью этой реакции конденсации:

2 Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 + 2 H2O
Levagard TP LXS 51114 представляет собой ангидрид фосфорной кислоты, но известно несколько промежуточных продуктов между ними.
Это воскообразное белое твердое вещество бурно реагирует с водой.

С катионами металлов Levagard TP LXS 51114 образует различные соли.
Эти твердые вещества являются полимерными, имеющими связи P-O-M.
Когда катион металла имеет заряд 2+ или 3+, соли, как правило, нерастворимы, поэтому они существуют как обычные минералы.
Соли Levagard TP LXS 51114 получены из гидрофосфата (HPO42−).

Levagard TP LXS 51114 являются обычными соединениями.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 — бесцветный газ, а молекулы имеют тригонально-бипирамидальную геометрию.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 — бесцветное твердое вещество, имеющее ионную формулу PCl4+ PCl6−, но принимающее тригонально-бипирамидальную геометрию в расплавленном или паровом состоянии.
Levagard TP LXS 51114 — нестабильное твердое вещество, формула которого PBr4+Br−, а PI5 неизвестен.
Пентахлорид и пентафторид являются кислотами Льюиса.
С фторидом PF5 образует PF6−, анион, изоэлектронный SF6.
Самым важным оксигалогенидом является Levagard TP LXS 51114 (POCl3), который приблизительно тетраэдрический.

До того, как стали возможны обширные компьютерные расчеты, считалось, что в соединениях фосфора(V) участвуют d-орбитали.
Компьютерное моделирование теории молекулярных орбиталей показывает, что в этой связи участвуют только s- и p-орбитали.
Фосфор(III)
Все четыре симметричных тригалогенида хорошо известны: газообразный PF3, желтоватые жидкости PCl3 и PBr3 и твердый PI3.
Эти материалы чувствительны к влаге, гидролизуются с образованием фосфористой кислоты.
Трихлорид, распространенный реагент, получают путем хлорирования белого фосфора:

P4 + 6 Cl2 → 4 PCl3
Трифторид получают из трихлорида путем галогенидного обмена.
PF3 токсичен, поскольку связывается с гемоглобином.

Оксид фосфора (III), P4O6 (также называемый тетрафосфоргексоксидом) представляет собой ангидрид P(OH)3, второстепенного таутомера фосфористой кислоты.
Структура P4O6 похожа на структуру P4O10, за исключением концевых оксидных групп.

Levagard TP LXS 51135 в первую очередь изучается на предмет его огнестойких свойств.
Levagard TP LXS 51135 — это органофосфатный огнестойкий состав, который все чаще используется в качестве альтернативы запрещенным соединениям, таким как декабромдифениловый эфир.
Исследователи изучают эффективность Levagard TP LXS 51135 в различных материалах, включая электронику, мебель и текстиль.

CAS: 57583-54-7
MF: C30H24O8P2
MW: 574,45
EINECS: 260-830-6

Синонимы
1,3-фенилен бис(дифенилфосфат); ADK Stab PFR; CR 733S; LDP 301; PFR; Reofos RDP; Резорцин тетрафенил дифосфат; Тетрафенил М-фенилен дифосфат; 57583-54-7; Резорцин бис(дифенил фосфат); Fyrolflex RDP; (3-дифеноксифосфорилоксифенил) дифенил фосфат; Тетрафенил резорцин бис(дифенил фосфат); Фосфорная кислота, 1,3-фенилен тетрафениловый эфир; Тетрафенил м-фенилен бис(фосфат); Mark PFK; 1,3-фенилен тетрафенил фосфат;Тетрафенилрезорцин дифосфат;CRR-733S;м-фениленбис(дифенилфосфат);EINECS 260-830-6;PMN 89-234;EC 260-830-6;SCHEMBL78015;DTXSID8069197;OWICEWMBIBPFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N;MFCD01755688
;Фосфорная кислота, P,P'-1,3-фенилен P,P,P',P'-тетрафениловый эфир;AKOS015895789;AC-24001;РЕЗОРЦИН-БИС(ДИФЕНИЛ)ФОСФАТ;Тетрафенил 1,3-фенилен бис(фосфат);фосфорная кислота1,3-фенилентетрафениловый эфир;NS00008442;A854368;W-105456;Q61718302

Исследования показали, что RDP может улучшить огнестойкость этих материалов.
Levagard TP LXS 51135 — это химическое соединение, которое использовалось в качестве замедлит��ля в строительных материалах.
Levagard TP LXS 51135 реагирует со стеаратом кальция, гидроксидами металлов и другими соединениями, образуя нерастворимый осадок.
Levagard TP LXS 51135 образует олигомеры при контакте с воздухом и может использоваться в качестве компонента микрокапсул для контролируемого высвобождения фармацевтических препаратов.

Химические свойства Levagard TP LXS 51135
Температура кипения: 587,1±33,0 °C (прогнозируемая)
Плотность: 1,347
Температура хранения: Холодильник, в инертной атмосфере
Растворимость: Хлороформ (умеренно), Этилацетат (немного), Метанол (немного)
Форма: Масло
Цвет: Бесцветный до бледно-желтого
Стабильность: Чувствителен к влаге
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard TP LXS 51135 (57583-54-7)

Применение
Levagard TP LXS 51135 — это арилфосфат в качестве синергического агента.
Используется в качестве антипирена для смол PPE, ABS и PET.
Levagard TP LXS 51135 очень подходит для использования в конструкционном пластике из-за низкой летучести и высокой термостойкости.
Низкая токсичность при проглатывании, вдыхании и контакте с кожей.

Levagard PP, смесь изомеров, подходит для использования в анализе остатков окружающей среды и пищевых продуктов.
Levagard PP представляет собой смесь изомеров, состав может варьироваться, типичный состав: основной изомер трис(1-хлор-2-пропил)фосфат 66%, второстепенные компоненты: бис(1-хлор-2-пропил)(2-хлорпропил)фосфат и (1-хлор-2-пропил)бис(2-хлорпропил)фосфат.
Levagard PP представляет собой триалкилфосфат.

CAS: 13674-84-5
MF: C9H18Cl3O4P
MW: 327,57
EINECS: 237-158-7

Синонимы
Трис(2-хлор-1-метилэтил) эфир фосфорной кислоты;ТРИС(1-ХЛОР-2-ПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;ТРИС(1-ХЛОРПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;ТРИС(2-ХЛОР-1-МЕТИЛЭТИЛ)ФОСФАТ;ТРИС(ХЛОРИЗОПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;ТРИС(МОНОХЛОРПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;трис(2-хлоризопропил)фосфат;TcppТрис(1-хлор-2-пропил)фосфат];13674-84-5;Трис(1-хлор-2-пропил) фосфат;трис(1-хлорпропан-2-ил)фосфат;Amgard TMCP;ТРИС(2-ХЛОРИЗОПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;Трис(2-хлор-1-метилэтил)фосфат;Hostaflam OP 820;Трис(1-хлор-2-пропил)фосфат;2-пропанол, 1-хлор-, фосфат (3:1);ТРИС(2-ХЛОРИЗОПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;2-пропанол, 1-хлор-, 2,2',2''-фосфат;Трис(1-хлор-2-пропил)фосфат, технический;CRT22GFY70;Фосфорная кислота, трис(2-хлор-1-метилэтил) эфир;DTXSID5026259;Трис(1-хлор-2-пропанил)фосфат;DTXCID106259;Фосфорная кислота трис(2-хлор-1-метилэтил) эфир;CCRIS 6111;Три-(2-хлоризопропил)фосфат;EINECS 237-158-7;C9H18Cl3O4P;TCPP фосфат cpd;CAS-13674-84-5;BRN 1842347;TCIPP;UNII-CRT22GFY70;TCPP, трис(1-хлор-2-пропил)фосфат;HSDB 8112;трис(2-хлор-1-метилэтил)фосфат;LEVAGARD PP;TOLGARD TMCP;EC 237-158-7;SCHEMBL35713;трис(хлоризопропил) фосфат;CHEMBL3188873;CHEBI:143728;Tox21_202982;Tox21_303533;MFCD00040408;AKOS015899872;NCGC00257407-01;NCGC00260528-01;J50.405J;CS-0059312;NS00009572;ТРИС(.БЕТА.-ХЛОРИЗОПРОПИЛ)ФОСФАТ;ТРИС(1-МЕТИЛ-2-ХЛОРЭТИЛ)ФОСФАТ;A886642;Q-201899;Q2454095;ФОСФОРНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ ТРИС(1-ХЛОРПРОПАН-2-ИЛ)ЭФИР;98112-32-4

Levagard PP — это хлорированный органофосфатный антипирен, обычно добавляемый в полиуретановые пены.
Сравнительно небольшие количества используются в ПВХ и ЭВА.
Levagard PP — это бесцветный жидкий антипирен.
Levagard PP относится к группе хлорированных органофосфатных антипиренов.
Levagard PP — это прозрачная бесцветная вязкая жидкость.
Levagard PP — это искусственные химикаты, добавляемые в потребительские и промышленные товары с целью снижения воспламеняемости.
Levagard PP состоит из группы химикатов со схожими свойствами, но немного отличающимися структурами.
Фосфатные эфиры обычно являются жидкостями при комнатной температуре; однако некоторые из них являются твердыми веществами.
Levagard PP — это триалкилфосфат.

Синтез
Levagard PP получают в промышленных масштабах путем реакции пропиленоксида с фосфорилхлоридом.
На практике это приводит к появлению ряда продуктов, среди которых изомер Levagard PP, как правило, доминирует (50-85% по весу).

Химические свойства Levagard PP
Точка плавления: -39,9 °C
Точка кипения: 270 °C
Плотность: 1,28
Показатель преломления: 1,460～1,466 (20℃/D)
Fp: -218 °C
Температура хранения: герметично в сухом месте, комнатная температура
Растворимость: ДМСО (немного), метанол (немного)
Форма: жидкость
Цвет: прозрачный бесцветный
Запах: слабый запах
Растворимость в воде: <0,1 г/100 мл при 19,5 ºC
BRN: 1842347
Стабильность: чувствителен к влаге
InChIKey: KVMPUXDNESXNOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Ссылка на базу данных CAS: 13674-84-5 (Ссылка на базу данных CAS)
NIST Chemistry Ссылка: Levagard PP (3:1)(13674-84-5)
Система реестра веществ EPA: Levagard PP (13674-84-5)

Levagard PP — прозрачная бесцветная маслянистая жидкость с высокой растворимостью в воде и низкой липофильностью (на что указывает logKOW).
Levagard PP производится как реакционная смесь, которая содержит четыре изомера.
Levagard PP является основным изомером в смеси в концентрации 50–85% по весу (w/w), за которым следует бис(1-хлор-2-пропил)-2-хлорпропилфосфат [15–40% (w/w); CASRN: 76025-08-6], бис(2-хлорпропил)-1-хлор-2-пропилфосфат [<15% (w/w); CASRN: 76649-15-5] и трис(2-хлорпропил)фосфат [<1% (м/м); CASRN: 6145-73-9] (EURAR, 2008).

Применение
Levagard PP — это антипирен с низкой гидролитической стабильностью, используемый в полиуретановой (ПУ) жесткой и гибкой пене, ПВХ, ЭВА, фенольных смолах и эпоксидной смоле.

Токсикология
Levagard PP считается предполагаемым канцерогеном, предполагаемым репротоксичным и предполагаемым PBT (стойким, биоаккумулятивным и токсичным) и является потенциальным эндокринным нарушителем.
Таким образом, присутствие Levagard PP в принимающей воде может влиять на водные организмы и потенциально влиять на здоровье человека.
Эфир Levagard PP может гидролизоваться в кислых или щелочных условиях.

H-Glu-OH; 2-Aminoglutaric acid; L-Glutaminic acid; (+)-Glutamic acid; (+)-L-glutamic acid; (S)-(+)-Glutamic Acid; cas no :56-86-0

SYNONYMS Glutamine; (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid; L-2-Aminoglutaramic acid; Cebrogen; Glutamic acid 5-amide; Glutamic acid amide; L-(+)-Glutamine; L-2-Aminoglutaramidic acid; L-Glutamic acid gamma-amide; L-Glutamide; Levoglutamid; Levoglutamida; Levoglutamide; Levoglutamidum; (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid; CAS NO:56-85-9

Aminoacetic Acid; Glycocoll; Athenon; Gly; G salt; Iconyl; Monazol; glycosthene; p-Hydroxyphenylaminoacetic Acid; Aminoethanoic Acid; p-Hydroxyanilinoacetic Acid; para-Oxyphenyl Glycocoll; Sucre De Gelatine cas no: 56-40-6

SYNONYMS L-(+)-Histidine hydrochloride, monohydrate; (S)-4-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)imidazole, hydrochloride, monohydrate; HIS, hydrochloride, monohydrate; L-alpha-Amino-beta-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid monohydrochloride; S-Histidine, hydrochloride, monohydrate CAS NO:5934-29-2

L-Hydroxyproline/Lumistor; 4-hydroxy-L-proline; 4-hydroxyproline; (2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline; (4S)-4-hydroxy-L-proline; Hydroxyproline; L-4-hydroxyproline; trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline; trans-4-hydroxyproline; L-4-hidroxiprolina; (2S,4R)-(-)- 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxypyrrolidine- 2-carboxylic acid; cas no: 51-35-4

LICOCENE PP 6102 GR Licocene PP 6102 granules METALLOCENE POLYPROPYLENE WAX Licocene PP 6102 granules is a low viscous, crystalline metallocene polypropylene wax. Benefits Excellent dispersing agent for PP fibre masterbatches Exellent wetting of pigments and additives in masterbatches Low energy input Highly efficient in dispersion and to low viscosity and lower melting point compared to PP resin Efficient external lubricant for PVC Licocene PP 1302 granules AMORPHOUS METALLOCENE PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE-COPOLYMER WAX Licocene PP 1302 granules is a low melting, metallocene-technology based propylene-ethylene copolymer wax, which exhibits a low degree of crystallinity. Benefits -Sole carrier for better and faster dispersion of colorants, additives and fillers -High loadings and outstanding dispersion when uses as a carrier for Masterbatches -Low energy input -Excellent adhesion properties combined with insignificant residual tack and maximum cohesion -Recommended for textile an non-woven applications where a soft hand is crucial Licocene PP 6102 granules Technical Datasheet Licocene PP 6102 granules is a low viscous metallocene catalyzed polypropylene wax. It is highly efficient in dispersion and to low viscosity and lower melting point compared to PP resin and efficient external lubricant for PVC. Licocene PP 6102 granules is a highly compatible modifier for open time, set time and viscosity, especially for polyolefin based hot melt adhesives. Product Type Waxes and Paraffins > Polyolefin-modified Waxes Chemical Composition Polypropylene wax Physical Form Granules Product Description Polypropylene wax Delivery specifications and (*) general properties Characteristics Unit Target value Test method Appearance white fine grain QM-AA-634 Drop point [°C] 142 - 148 ASTM D 3954 Viscosity [mPa·s] 50 - 70 DIN 53019 (170°C) *Density (23°C) [g/cm³] ~ 0,90 ISO 1183 Delivery form Fine grain The product is also available in other physical form(s) Main applications Carrier and dispersing aid for pigment concentrates; external lubricant for PVC extrusion; processing aid for polypropylene; additive for hot melt adhesives. Licocene PP 2602 granules LOW-CRYSTALLINE METALLOCENE PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE-COPOLYMER Licocene PP 2602 granules is a low crystalline metallocene-technology based propylene-ethylene-copolymer. Benefits -Sole carrier for better and faster dispersion of colorants, additives and fillers -High loadings and outstanding dispersion when uses as a carrier for Masterbatches -Low energy input -Excellent adhesion properties combined with insignificant residual tack and maximum cohesion -Recommended for textile an non-woven applications where a soft hand is crucial -FDA compliance Licocene PP 1502 fine grain Low-crystalline metallocene propylene-ethylene-copolymer Product Description Licocene PP 1502 fine grain is a low melting, metallocene-technology based propylene-ethylene copolymer, which exhibits a low degree of crystallinity. Benefits • Sole carrier for better and faster dispersion of colorants, additives and fillers • High loadings and outstanding dispersion when uses as a carrier for Masterbatches • Low energy input • Excellent adhesion properties combined whit insingificant residual tack and maximum cohesion • Recommended for textile an non-woven applications where a soft hand is crucial • FDA compliance Specifications Delivery Specifications and (*) General Properties Characteristics Unit Target value Test method Appearance white fine grain QM-AA-634 Viscosity [mPa·s] 1500 - 2100 DIN 53019 at 170 °C Softening Point [°C] 83 - 88 ASTM D 3104 *Density (23°C) [g/cm³] ~ 0,87 ISO 1183 Applications Licocene PP 1502 fine grain is a low crystalline, low molecular weight propylene-ethylene-copolymer. Dispersed in water, or solvents it offers excellent adhesion properties for leather and shoe care providing a very flexible coating with enhanced water resistance. The low viscosity, end excellent wetting behavior of Licocene PP 1502 fine grain makes it a perfect fit for the modification of hot melt adhesives. Unlike other polymers, Licocene PP 1502 fine grain shows superior adhesion properties combined with insignificant residual tack and improved cohesion. Used as a carrier for Masterbatches, Licocene PP 1502 fine grain guaranties high loadings and an outstanding dispersion of the additives being used.

CAS: 138-86-3
EC Number: 205-341-0
Chemical formula: C 10 H 16
Molecular mass: 136.23gmol- 1

Limonene is a chemical found in the peels of citrus fruits and in other plants.
Limonene is used to make medicine.
Limonene is used to promote weight loss, prevent cancer, treat cancer, and treat bronchitis.

In foods, beverages, and chewing gum, limonene is used as a flavoring.
In pharmaceuticals, limonene is added to help medicinal ointments and creams penetrate the skin.
In manufacturing, limonene is used as a fragrance, cleaner (solvent), and as an ingredient in water-free hand cleansers.

Chemical constituent of many natural fragrant ingredients, notably citrus oils such as lemon (d-limonene) and pine trees or species of the mint family (l-limonene).
Topically, limonene can cause sensitivity and is best avoided.
Also, because of its penetration-enhancing effects on skin, it’s particularly important to avoid products that contain limonene plus other skin sensitizers like denatured alcohol.
Like most volatile fragrance components, limonene also has strong antioxidant benefits and has also been shown to calm skin; however, when exposed to air these highly volatile antioxidant compounds oxidize and become capable of sensitizing skin.

Limonene comes from citrus fruits and is used in many cleaning products:
So you’ve heard about limonene being used in cleaning products, and you want to know what this stuff is and whether it’s safe.
Well, here’s our lemon-scented guide to this often maligned chemical.
You know that delicious, fresh smell you get when you slice open an orange, lemon or lime? Well, it’s mostly limonene, and it doesn’t just smell nice; it’s also useful and safe.
That’s why it is used in products designed to clean your home.

Limonene is a naturally occurring compound found mainly in the skin of certain plants and fruits, including lemons and oranges.
Limonene is used in cleaning products for two reasons: it has a pleasant, lemon-orange smell, and it acts as a solvent to help clean.
Limonene is from a large family of natural substances called terpenes, and it has no colour and its toxicity is low.

However, you might have heard about it recently because, when it reacts with ozone in the air, it undergoes change which releases tiny amounts of other compounds, including formaldehyde.
Peeling an orange releases orange oil into the air.
As orange oil is 90% limonene you can get more exposure by peeling an orange than from using cleaning products.

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids.
These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone.
P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively.
The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes.

Limonene is a hydrocarbon, classed as a terpene.
Limonene is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges.
Limonene takes its name from the lemon, as the rind of the lemon, like other citrus fruits, contains considerable amounts of this chemical compound, which is responsible for much of their smell.
Limonene is a chiral molecule, and as is common with such forms, biological sources produce one specific enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains D-limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer (CAS number 5989-27-5, EINECS number 227-813-5).
Racemic limonene is known as dipentene

Limonene is a scent ingredient and solvent naturally ocurring in the rind of citrus fruit.
Upon storage and exposure to sunlight and air, limonene degrades to various oxidation products which act as skin and respiratory irritants and sensitizers.

Limonene is one of the most common compounds found in the essential oils of aromatic plants.
The occurrence of this monoterpene hydrocarbon in various plant genera could be attributed to its precursory role in the biosynthesis of other monoterpenes and its defensive role against herbivores.
Due to the medicinal potential and application in the flavor and fragrance industries, limonene has been extensively investigated.
In this paper the biosynthetic, ecological and pharmacological importance of limonene is presented in an attempt to coherently summarize some of the most salient aspects from various studies in a form of a concise review.

Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms
This mini review describes novel, biotechnology-based, ways of producing the monoterpene limonene.
Limonene is applied in relatively highly priced products, such as fragrances, and also has applications with lower value but large production volume, such as biomaterials.
Limonene is currently produced as a side product from the citrus juice industry, but the availability and quality are fluctuating and may be insufficient for novel bulk applications.

Therefore, complementary microbial production of limonene would be interesting.
Since limonene can be derivatized to high-value compounds, microbial platforms also have a great potential beyond just producing limonene.
In this review, we discuss the ins and outs of microbial limonene production in comparison with plant-based and chemical production.
Achievements and specific challenges for microbial production of limonene are discussed, especially in the light of bulk applications such as biomaterials.

Limonene is a well-known cyclic monoterpene.
Limonene is an olefin hydrocarbon (C10H16), which can occur in two optical forms.
Limonene is one of the most important and widespread terpenes in the flavor and fragrance industry.
Limonene (in both optical forms) has been found in more than 300 plant essential oils (DNP 2015) from very diverse species including orange, lemon, mint, and fir.

Limonenes biosynthesis has been well described in the plant kingdom.
Limonene has been detected naturally in trace amounts in the headspace of microbes (Effmert et al. 2012; Heddergott et al. 2014; Hung et al. 2013); however, to our knowledge, no corresponding biosynthetic mechanism has been identified.
By transformation with plant limonene synthases, microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria have been engineered to produce limonene.

In this work, biotechnological production of limonene for application as commodity chemical is reviewed.
Others have reviewed general aspects of production of terpenes in microbes and plants (Aharoni et al. 2006; Duetz et al. 2003; Kirby and Keasling 2009; Vickers et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015).
Recently, Lange (2015) reviewed the biosynthesis and biotechnology of limonene for flavor and fragrance applications.
New applications of limonene for fuel and biomaterials ask for large and stable production volumes.

Metabolic engineering strategies, like overexpressing precursor pathway enzymes, have been applied for the purpose of increasing limonene titers, which are at the moment still far from the maximal theoretical yield.
Crucial in such strategies is the overproduction of geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the direct precursor of limonene.
New opportunities to increase yield will be discussed, including novel strategies for capturing the product from the microbial cultures and possibilities for relieving limonene toxicity.
When successful, these optimization strategies could result in a role for limonene-based products in the bio-based economy

Limonene, a naturally occurring hydrocarbon, is a cyclic monoterpene with the molecular formula C10H16.
Limonene is commonly found in the rinds of citrus fruits such as grapefruit, lemon, lime and, in particular, oranges.
Indeed, limonene constitutes 98% (by weight) of the essential oil obtained from orange peel.
Limonene is also present in the seeds of caraway and dill.
The IUPAC name for limonene is 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene.

Limonene is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene and is the main component of the oil in the fruit peels of citrus fruits.
D - isomer is a sweetener used in food production, which occurs in nature mostly as an orange scent.
Limonene is also used as a precursor to carvone in chemical synthesis and as a renewable-based solvent in cleaning products.

Limonene is a chemical found in the peels of citrus fruits and in other plants.
Limonene is used to make medicine.
Limonene is used for obesity, cancer, and bronchitis, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

In foods, beverages, and chewing gum, limonene is used as a flavoring.
In pharmaceuticals, limonene is added to help medicinal ointments and creams penetrate the skin.
In manufacturing, limonene is used as a fragrance, cleaner (solvent), and as an ingredient in household cleaning products, cosmetics, and personal hygiene products.

Less common L - The isomer is found in peppermint oils and has a pine , turpentine -like odor.
The compound is one of the main volatile monoterpenes found in the resin of conifers , especially Pinaceae , and orange oil . Limonene gets its name from the French lemon (" lime ").
Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce an enantiomer: main industrial source is citrus ( R ) - enantiomer DContains -limonene((+)- limonene).
D -Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits by two main methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

Limonene is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil of citrus fruit peels.
The d-isomer, occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.
Limonene is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products.
The less common l-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants.

Limonene takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon").
Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains d-limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer.
Racemic limonene is known as dipentene.
d-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

Limonene is a mild skin and eye irritant.
Ingestion of 20 g of d-limonene caused diarrhea and a temporary increase in protein in the urine (proteinurea) in five male volunteers.
These data, in addition to the low acute toxicity in animal tests, suggest that d-limonene is not very toxic by ingestion.
Air levels of d-limonene may irritate the eyes and airways of some people, especially when the levels build up indoors (see above for discussion about gas phase reactions between ozone and terpenes which can be a significant source of secondary organic aerosols).
d-Limonene has been used successfully for the postoperative dissolution of retained cholesterol gallstones.

limonene, a colourless liquid abundant in the essential oils of pine and citrus trees and used as a lemonlike odorant in industrial and household products and as a chemical intermediate.

Limonene exists in two isomeric forms (compounds with the same molecular formula—in this case, C10H16—but with different structures), namely l-limonene, the isomer that rotates the plane of polarized light counterclockwise, and d-limonene, the isomer that causes rotation in the opposite direction.
In the extraction of citrus juices d-limonene is obtained as a by-product, and it also occurs in caraway oil; l-limonene is present in pine needles and cones; dl-limonene, or dipentene, the mixture of equal amounts of the l- and d-isomers, is a component of turpentine.
Dipentene may be sulfurized to produce additives that improve the performance of lubricating oils under heavy loads; d-limonene is commercially converted to l-carvone, which has a caraway-seed flavour.

Limonene: a versatile chemical of the bioeconomy
Limonene is a renewable chemical with numerous and growing applications. Its traditional uses such as flavor, fragrance and green solvent are rapidly expanding to include its utilization as a platform chemical, extraction solvent for natural products and an active agent for functionalized products.
We anticipate that the expansion in uses for limonene will translate into increasing production and use of this relevant natural product, especially for advanced applications.

Summary of Limonene:
Limonene is a useful compound and pleasant to smell.
Limonene is a renewable resource and is considered to have very low toxicity, and is even being studied as a possible dietary supplement to prevent cancer.
Although it can react with ozone in the air to produce tiny amounts of formaldehyde for a short period of time, those amounts are considered by the WHO to present negligible risk.

Isomerism of Limonene:
Carbon number four (labelled with an asterisk) of the cyclohexene ring is chiral.
Limonene therefore has two optical isomers.
The optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and their three-dimensional structures can be compared here.
Chiral centres are labelled as R or S using IUPAC nomenclature. Thus the two isomers of limonene can be named 4(R)-limonene and 4(S)-limonene.
Alternative prefixes to label optical isomers include d and l and more commonly the symbols + and - are used.

The two enantiomers have identical chemical properties but different odours.
Limonene is the isomer that is found in oranges.
And unsurprisingly it smells of oranges!
The smell of (-)-limonene is similar to turpentine, although some people suggest it has a lemon like aroma.

An usual compound of Limonene:
Most naturally occurring chiral compounds are found as a single optical isomer only.
However, limonene is an exception and both enantiomers are produced in nature.
Limonene is an important precursor in the biosynthesis of (-)-menthol the major component of mint and the molecule responsible for the herb's refreshing taste.

Details of the reaction pathway can be found in Simon Cotton’s menthol page.
As mentioned previously (+)-limonene is the isomer found in orange peel.
Limonene is thought that its high abundance in this part of the fruit is connected with the fact that it is an insecticide.
As well as its smell limonene also contributes to the flavour of the fruit and as such has been used as a food additive for many years.

Aside from the food industry limonene has a variety of uses.
Limonene is an ingredient of Orange Guard, a home friendly pest control product that exploits the insecticide properties of limonene.
At room temperature limonene is a liquid and has proven to be a good solvent.
The non-polar nature of limonene means that it has an affinity for petroleum based greases and it has been used as an industrial cleaner for more than thirty years.

One advantage is that limonene is not toxic and is replacing the use of solvents like methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), xylene (dimethylbenzene) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the use of which has been banned.
Limonene also has the advantage of being biodegradable and can rapidly break down into carbon dioxide and water. Another benefit of limonene is that it is obtained from a renewable resource.
A by-product of the citrus juicing process is the oil found in the peel of the fruit.
Limonene can be distilled from this oil for both technical and food based uses.

The popularity of limonene based cleaners is growing and it can now be found in many domestic products such as the Mr Muscle Orange Action range of cleaners.
An Australian company, Orange Power, seek to make all of their products from natural, and locally produced, sources.
Their aim is to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and dangerous chemicals which have a cumulative harmful effect on both the population and the environment.

Alternative Parents of Limonene:
Monocyclic monoterpenoids
Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Cycloalkenes
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Substituents of Limonene:
P-menthane monoterpenoid
Monocyclic monoterpenoid
Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
Cycloalkene
Cyclic olefin
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Olefin
Hydrocarbon
Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound

Biochem/physiol Actions of Limonene:
Limonene is a cyclie terpene from Chinese medicinal herb essential oils used in the synthesis of carvone.
Limonene may be used as a shrinking agent to dissolve polystyrene.
Limonene may be used in various insecticidal and insect repellant applications.

Limonene may block cancer-forming chemicals and kill cancer cells in the laboratory.
But more research is needed to know if this occurs in humans.

Organs and systems of Limonene:

Respiratory
Limonene, and possibly linoleic and oleic acids, can have irritative and bronchconstrictive airway effects and can cause reduced vital capacity.
Patients with significant inhalational exposure should be removed from the environment and undergo appropriate decontamination.
Inhaled β2-adrenoceptor agonists can be used for bronchoconstriction.

Urinary tract
Limonene ingested in sufficient quantity can cause proteinuria.
However, nephropathy and renal tumors are not expected in humans.

Skin
Contact dermatitis has been attributed to limonene, and a purpuric rash has been attributed to topical exposure to d-limonene.
Autoxidation of d-limonene readily occurs, yielding a variety of oxygenated monocyclic terpenes that are strong contact allergens.
The prevalence of contact allergy after exposure to d-limonene among patients with dermatitis has been studied.
The proportion of positive patch tests to oxidized d-limonene was comparable to that seen with several allergens in the standard series, and patients who reacted to d-limonene often reacted to fragrance mix, balsam of Peru, and colophony.
In a study of patch tests with 3% oxidized R-(+)-limonene in 2273 patients at four dermatology clinics in Europe, there were positive reactions 0.3%, 3.8%, 3.9%, and 6.5%, a total of 63 patients, of whom 57% did not react to fragrance mix or balsam of Peru.

Metabolism/Metabolites of Limonene:
After oral administration, major metabolite in urine was perillic acid 8,9-diol in rats and rabbits, perillyl-beta-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid in hamsters, p-menth-1-ene-8,9-diol in dogs, and 8-hydroxy-p-menth-1-en-9-yl-beta-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid in guinea pigs and man.

Limonene given orally to humans yields the following major plasma metabolites: perillic acid, limonene-1,2-diol, limonene-8,9-diol, and dihydroperillic acid, probably derived from perillic acid.
Limonene (unchanged) and perillic acid artifacts (methyl ester) were also detected as minor plasma metabolites.
Peak plasma levels for all metabolites were achieved 4-6 hours after administration, with the exception of limonene-8,9-diol which reached its peak level one hour after administration.
Phase II glucuronic acid conjugates have been identified in the urine of human volunteers for all major and minor metabolites.
They include the glucuronic acid conjugates of perillic acid, dihydroperillic acid, limonene-8,9-diol, limonene-10- ol, limonene-6-ol, and limonene-7-ol (perillyl alcohol).

Mechanism of Action of Limonene:
The anticarcinogenic effects of monocyclic monoterpenes such as limonene were demonstrated when given during the initiation phase of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mammary cancer in Wistar-Furth rats.
The possible mechanisms for this chemoprevention activity including limonene's effects on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-DNA adduct formation and hepatic metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene were investigated.

Twenty four hours after carcinogen administration, there were approx 50% decreases in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-DNA adducts found in control animals formed in the liver, spleen, kidney and lung of limonene fed animals.
While circulating levels of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and/or its metabolites were not different in control and limonene fed rats, there was a 2.3 fold increase in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and/or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene derived metabolites in the urine of the limonene fed animals.
Limonene and sobrerol, a hydroxylated monocyclic monoterpenoid with increased chemoprevention activity, modulated cytochrome p450 and epoxide hydrolyase activity.
The 5% limonene diet increased total cytochrome p450 to the same extent as phenobarbital treatment, while 1% sobrerol (isoeffective in chemoprevention to 5% limonene) did not.
However, both 5% limonene and 1% sobrerol diets greatly increased the levels of microsomal epoxide hydrolyase protein and associated hydrating activities towards benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide when compared to control and phenobarbital treatment.

These changes also modified the rate and regioselectivity of in vitro microsomal 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene metabolism when compared to phenobarbital treatment or control.
Identification of the specific isoforms of cytochrome p450 induced by these terpenoids was performed with antibodies to cytochrome p450 isozymes in Western blot analysis and inhibition studies of microsomal 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene metabolism.
Five percent limonene was more effective than 1% sobrerol at increasing the levels of members of the cytochrome p450 2B and 2C families but was equally effective at increasing epoxide hydrolyase.
Furthermore, both terpenoid diets caused increased formation of the proximate carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol.

Limonene is the oil extracted from the peels of oranges and other citrus fruits.
People have been extracting essential oils like limonene from citrus fruits for centuries.
Today, limonene is often used as a natural treatment for a variety of health issues and is a popular ingredient in household items.
However, not all of limonene’s benefits and uses are supported by science.
This article examines limonene’s uses, potential benefits, side effects, and dosage.

Limonene is a chemical found in the rind of citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, and oranges.
Limonene is especially concentrated in orange peels, comprising around 97% of this rind’s essential oils.
Limonene’s often referred to as d-limonene, which is its main chemical form.

Limonene belongs to a group of compounds known as terpenes, whose strong aromas protect plants by deterring predators.
Limonene is one of the most common terpenes found in nature and may offer several health benefits.
Limonene has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, and possibly disease-preventing properties.

Linked to several health benefits of Limonene:
Limonene has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and heart-disease-fighting properties.
However, most research has been conducted in test tubes or on animals, making it difficult to fully understand the role of limonene in human health and disease prevention.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits
Limonene has been shown to reduce inflammation in some studies.
While short-term inflammation is your body’s natural response to stress and is beneficial, chronic inflammation can harm your body and is a major cause of illness.

Limonene’s important to prevent or reduce this type of inflammation as much as possible.
Limonene has been shown to reduce inflammatory markers that relate to osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by chronic inflammation.
A test-tube study in human cartilage cells noted that limonene reduced nitric oxide production.
Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that plays a key role in inflammatory pathways.

In a study in rats with ulcerative colitis — another disease characterized by inflammation — treatment with limonene significantly decreased inflammation and colon damage, as well as common inflammatory markers.
Limonene has demonstrated antioxidant effects as well.
Antioxidants help reduce cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals.

Free radical accumulation can lead to oxidative stress, which may trigger inflammation and disease.
One test-tube study revealed that limonene may inhibit free radicals in leukemia cells, suggesting a decrease in inflammation and cellular damage that would normally contribute to disease.
Although promising, these effects need to be confirmed by human studies.

May boost heart health of Limonene:
Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for nearly one in four deaths.
Limonene may lower your risk of heart disease by reducing certain risk factors, such as elevated cholesterol, blood sugar, and triglyceride levels.

In one study, mice given 0.27 grams of limonene per pound of body weight (0.6 grams/kg) showed reduced triglycerides, LDL (bad) cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and fat accumulation in the liver, compared to a control group.
In another study, stroke-prone rats given 0.04 grams of limonene per pound of body weight (20 mg/kg) exhibited significant reductions in blood pressure compared to rats of similar health status that did not receive the supplement.
Keep in mind that human studies are needed before strong conclusions can be drawn.

Safety and research of Limonene:
Limonene and its oxidation products are skin irritants, and limonene-1,2-oxide (formed by aerial oxidation) is a known skin sensitizer.
Most reported cases of irritation have involved long-term industrial exposure to the pure compound, e.g. during degreasing or the preparation of paints.

However a study of patients presenting dermatitis showed that 3% were sensitized to limonene.
Limonene causes renal cancer in male rats, but not in female rats or in mice of either sex, due to binding of the metabolite limonene-1,2-oxide to α2u-globulin, a protein produced only by male rats.
There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity in humans. The IARC classifies d-limonene under Class 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

Limonene applied to skin may cause irritation from contact dermatitis, but otherwise appears to be safe for human uses.
Limonene is flammable as a liquid or vapor and it is toxic to aquatic life.

Other benefits of Limonene:
Aside from the benefits listed above, limonene may:
Reduce appetite.
The scent of limonene has been shown to significantly reduce appetite in blowflies.
However, this effect has not been studied in humans.

Decrease stress and anxiety.
Rodent studies suggest that limonene could be used in aromatherapy as an anti-stress and anti-anxiety agent.
Support healthy digestion.
Limonene may protect against stomach ulcers.
In a study in rats, citrus aurantium oil, which is 97% limonene, protected nearly all of the rodents against ulcers caused by medication use.

Potentially effective dosages
Because few limonene studies exist in humans, it’s difficult to provide a dosage recommendation.
Nonetheless, dosages of up to 2 grams daily have been safely used in studies.
Capsule supplements that can be purchased online contain dosages of 250–1,000 mg.
Limonene is also available in liquid form with typical dosages of 0.05 ml per serving.

However, supplements aren’t always necessary.
You can easily obtain this compound by eating citrus fruits and peels.
For example, fresh orange, lime, or lemon zest can be used to add limonene to baked goods, drinks, and other items.
What’s more, pulpy citrus juices, such as lemon or orange juice, boast limonene, too.

Common uses of limonene:
Limonene is a popular additive in foods, cosmetics, cleaning products, and natural insect repellants.
For example, it’s used in foods like sodas, desserts, and candies to provide a lemony flavor.
Limonene is extracted through hydrodistillation, a process in which fruit peels are soaked in water and heated until the volatile molecules are released via steam, condensed, and separated.

Due to its strong aroma, limonene is utilized as a botanical insecticide. It’s an active ingredient in multiple pesticide products, such as eco-friendly insect repellents.
Other household products containing this compound include soaps, shampoos, lotions, perfumes, laundry detergents, and air fresheners.
Additionally, limonene is available in concentrated supplements in capsule and liquid form.
These are often marketed for their supposed health benefits.
This citrus compound is also used as an aromatic oil for its calming and therapeutic properties.

Industrial of Limonene:
There have been some reported cases of skin sensitisation, but these have usually developed in those involved regularly with pure limonene in an industrial setting for paint preparation or degreasing machinery.

Use and Manufacturing of Limonene:
Limonene is a naturally occurring chemical which is used in many food products, soaps and perfumes for its lemon-like flavor and odor.
Limonene also is a registered active ingredient in 15 pesticide products used as insecticides, insect repellents, and dog and cat repellents.
Pesticide products containing limonene are used for flea and tick control on pets, as an insecticide spray, an outdoor dog and cat repellent, a fly repellent tablecloth, a mosquito larvicide, and an insect repellent for use on humans.
Formulations include ready-to-use solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, granulars and impregnated material.
Limonene is applied by hand as needed, both indoors and outdoors. Use practice limitations include a label prohibition against use on weanling kittens and a caution against use of undiluted product.

As the main odour constituent of citrus (plant family Rutaceae), d-limonene is used in food manufacturing and some medicines, e.g., bitter alkaloids, as a flavoring, and added to cleaning products such as hand cleansers to give a lemon-orange fragrance.
See: orange oil.
Limonene is increasingly being used as a solvent for cleaning purposes, such as the removal of oil from machine parts, as it is produced from a renewable source (citrus oil, as a byproduct of orange juice manufacture.)
Limonene works as paint stripper when applied to painted wood. The (R)-enantiomer is also used as botanical insecticide.

The (S)-enantiomer, also known as l-limonene (CAS number 5989-54-8, EINECS number 227-815-6), is used as a fragrance in some cleaning products.
In contrast to the citrus (orange-lemon) scent (see above) of d-limonene, the enantiomer l-limonene has a piney, turpentine-like odor.
Limonene is very common in cosmetic products.
Due to its combustible nature, d-limonene has also seen limited use as an experimental biofuel.

Found in a vast array of cleaning products, cosmetics, food flavourings and even aromatherapy, it comes in two forms: d-limonene and l-limonene.
These are like “different handed” versions of the same molecule, with only subtle difference

LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONIC ACID Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Chemical Name: Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid; Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Description and Uses: Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid; is an anionic surfactant commonly used in the manufacture of detergents and emulsifiers. It is environmentally friendly as it can be dried as powder. Usage areas LABSA is formed by the reaction of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LAB) with SO3 (sulfonation). Today, LABSA is used as the main surfactant in liquid, gel or powder detergent production processes. It is one of the main raw materials of synthetic detergent industry. Laundry, dishwasher powder detergents, detergent gels, liquid soaps, cleaning powders, oily soaps and so on. as. It is used as mercerizing and washing agent in textile sector. As the raw material of detergent, it is used in the production of alkynbenzene solphonic acid sodium in decontamination, emulsion, dispersion performance, wetting and foam properties. It is widely used in various detergent and emulsion production such as washing powder, dishwashing detergent, light or hard dirt detergent, textile industry cleaner, paint assistant, coating and leather making industry and paper making industry. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO. 27176-87-0 LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONIC ACID EINECS NO. 248-289-4 FORMULA CH3(CH2)11C6H4SO3H SYNONYMS Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid (Strait Chain); LAS; LABSA; Laurylbenzenesulfonic Acid; Laurylbenzenesulfonate; n-Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid; Alkylbenzene sulphonate, sodium salt; Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid; Dodecylbenzolsulfonsäure (German); ácido dodecilbenceno sulfónico (Spanish); Acide dodécylbenzènesulfonique (French); CLASSIFICATION Anionic Surfactant DESCRIPTION OF LABSA Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid is the largest-volume synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight chain. LABSA is an anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic group. Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) alkyl sulfates (AS) are also examples of commercial anionic surfactants. They are nonvolatile compounds produced by sulfonation. LABSA are complex mixtures of homologues of different alkyl chain lengths (C10 to C13 or C14) and phenyl positional isomers of 2 to 5-phenyl in proportions dictated by the starting materials and reaction conditions, each containing an aromatic ring sulfonated at the para position and attached to a linear alkyl chain at any position with the exception of terminal one (1-phenyl). The properties of LABSA differ in physical and chemical properties according to the alkyl chain length, resulting in formulations for various applications. The starting material LABSA (linear alkylbenzene) is produced by the alkylation of benzene with n-paraffins in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst. LABSA is produced by the sulfonation of LAB with oleum in batch reactors. Other sulfonation alternative reagents are sulfuric acid, diluted sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfamic acid on falling film reactors. LABSA are then neutralized to the desired salt (sodium, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and triethanolamine salts). Surfactants are widely used in the industry needed to improve contact between polar and non-polar media such as between oil and water or between water and minerals. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid is mainly used to produce household detergents including laundry powders, laundry liquids, dishwashing liquids and other household cleaners as well as in numerous industrial applications like as a coupling agent and as an emulsifier for agricultural herbicides and in emulsion polymerization. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Household detergents including laundry powders, laundry liquids, dishwashing liquids and other household cleaners. Industrial applications of wetting agent, emulsifier for agricultural herbicides and in polymerization. LABSA HOMOLOGUES AND SALTS Linear Alkyl benzene sulphonic acid 27176-87-0 25155-30-0 (Sodium) Tridecylbenzene sulfonic acid 25496-01-9 26248-24-8 (Sodium) Tetradecylbenzene sulfonic acid 30776-59-1 28348-61-0 (Sodium) Pentadecylbenzene sulfonic acid 61215-89-2 64716-02-5 (Potassium) Hexadecylbenzene sulfonic acid 16722-32-0 64716-00-3 (Potassium) Heptadecylbenzene sulfonic acid 39735-13-2 Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA)/Linear Alkylate Sulfonate (LAS) Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA) is prepared commercially by sulfonating linear alkylbenzene (LAB). Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABSA), the world’s largest-volume synthetic surfactant, which includes the various salts of sulfonated alkylbenzenes, is widely used in household detergents as well as in numerous industrial applications. The LABSA market is driven by the markets for LABSA, primarily household detergents. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate was developed as a biodegradable replacement for nonlinear (branched) alkylbenzene sulfonate (BAS) and has largely replaced BAS in household detergents throughout the world. The pattern of LABSA consumption demonstrates the overwhelming preference by consumers for liquid laundry detergents in North America, whereas powders continue to be the dominant products in Western Europe, Japan, and China. Comparable and reliable data in other world regions are generally unavailable. In these less-developed world areas, LABSA is essentially used only in laundry powders (particularly in India and Indonesia) and hand dishwashing liquids. The latter are often used as general-purpose cleaners. The following pie chart shows world consumption of LABSA: About 82–87% of LABSA is used in household detergents, including laundry powders, laundry liquids, dishwashing liquids, and other household cleaners. Industrial, institutional, and commercial cleaners account for most of the other applications, but LABSA is also used as an emulsifier (e.g., for agricultural herbicides and in emulsion polymerization) and as a wetting agent. Very small volumes are also used in personal care applications. Demand in the North American household segment fell sharply in 2000–11, as a result of several developments, including reformulations away from LABSA to alternative surfactants because of cost considerations, the greater use of enzymes, and adverse economic conditions that resulted in lower overall surfactant levels in detergents. However, consumption stabilized during 2011–17. Although consumption of LABSA will likely stabilize or decline slightly in the highly developed regions, it will increase by 3.0–5.0% in some less-developed regions or countries, such as the Middle East, Africa, India, and China, as well as Southeast Asia. As a result of the rapid growth of LABSA demand in the Asia Pacific region, demand in the region accounted for over half of global demand in 2017. The worldwide growth of LABSA will be negatively impacted by the efforts of detergent manufacturers to reduce the active content in their surfactant formulations, by the shift to liquid detergents in some countries (which benefits competing surfactants), and by less consumer overdosing (particularly in North America with unit dose laundry products, assuming they continue to take some market share from traditional liquid detergents). However, consumption of LABSA will be positively affected in countries/regions such as India, China, Africa, and the Middle East, where powder detergents are still a very large part of the laundry detergent market. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate competes with several other major surfactants for use in household detergents. Some of the competitive surfactants have greater hard-water tolerance and better compatibility with enzymes and are milder than LABSA. Historically, however, LABSA has most often been lower in cost and has had other more favorable properties compared with competing surfactants. During 2002–06, very high crude oil prices made LABSA far less competitive than had been true in most years since its introduction. During 2007–11, LABSA prices tracked more closely those of the competitive surfactants. This led to a more stable pattern of consumption, even as prices for all surfactants continued to be very volatile. From late 2014 through 2017, low crude oil prices helped LABSA become more competitive. LABSA/LAS production is impacted by the supply situation for competing products—mainly alcohol ether sulfates (AES). Shortages in AES supply or its high price has usually favored the use of LABSA/LAS. In the developing world, LABSA competes with soaps. Alkylbenzene sulfonates are a class of anionic surfactants, consisting of a hydrophilic sulfonate head-group and a hydrophobic alkylbenzene tail-group. Along with sodium laureth sulfate they are one of the oldest and most widely used synthetic detergents and may be found in numerous personal-care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.) and household-care products (laundry detergent, dishwashing liquid, spray cleaner etc.).[1] They were first introduced in the 1930s in the form of branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS) however following environmental concerns these were replaced with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABSA) during the 1960s.[2] Since then production has increased significantly from about 1 million tons in 1980, to around 3.5 million tons in 2016, making them most produced anionic surfactant after soaps. Contents 1 Branched alkylbenzene sulfonates 2 Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulfonates 3 Structure property relationships 4 Environmental fate 5 References Branched alkylbenzene sulfonates An example of a branched alkylbenzene sulfonate (BAS) Branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS) were first introduced in the early 1930s and saw significant growth from the late 1940s onwards,[3] in early literature these synthetic detergents are often abbreviated as syndets. They were prepared by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with 'propylene tetramer' (also called tetrapropylene) followed by sulfonation. Propylene tetramer being a broad term for a mixture of compounds formed by the oligomerization of propene, its use gave a mixture of highly branched structures.[4] Compared to traditional soaps BAS offered superior tolerance to hard water and better foaming.[5] However, the highly branched tail made it difficult to biodegrade.[6] BAS was widely blamed for the formation of large expanses of stable foam in areas of wastewater discharge such as lakes, rivers and coastal areas (sea foams), as well as foaming problems encountered in sewage treatment[7] and contamination of drinking water.[8] As such BAS was phased out of most detergent products during the 1960s, being replaced with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABSA). It is still important in certain agrochemical and industrial applications, where rapid biodegradability is of reduced importance. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates An example of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are prepared industrially by the sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes (LABSA), which can themselves be prepared in several ways.[2] In the most common route benzene is alkylated by long chain monoalkenes (e.g. dodecene) using hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst.[9] The purified dodecylbenzenes (and related derivatives) are then sulfonated with sulfur trioxide to give the sulfonic acid.[10] The sulfonic acid is subsequently neutralized with sodium hydroxide.[1] The term "linear" refers to the starting alkenes rather than the final product, perfectly linear addition products are not seen, in-line with Markovnikov's rule. Thus, the alkylation of linear alkenes, even 1-alkenes such as 1-dodecene, gives several isomers of phenyldodecane.[11] Structure property relationships Under ideal conditions the cleaning power of BAS and LABSA is very similar, however LABSA performs slightly better in normal use conditions, due to it being less affected by hard water.[12] Within LABSA itself the detergency of the various isomers are fairly similar,[13][14] however their physical properties (Krafft point, foaming etc.) are noticeably different.[15][16] In particular the Krafft point of the high 2-phenyl product (i.e. the least branched isomer) remains below 0 °C up to 25% LABSA whereas the low 2-phenyl cloud point is ∼15 °C.[17] This behavior is often exploited by producers to create either clear or cloudy products. Environmental fate Biodegradability has been well studied,[6][18][19] and is affected by isomerization, in this case, branching. The salt of the linear material has an LD50 of 2.3 mg/liter for fish, about four times more toxic than the branched compound; however the linear compound biodegrades far more quickly, making it the safer choice over time. It is biodegraded rapidly under aerobic conditions with a half-life of approximately 1–3 weeks;[18] oxidative degradation initiates at the alkyl chain.[1] Under anaerobic conditions it degrades very slowly or not at all, causing it to exist in high concentrations in sewage sludge, but this is not thought to be a cause for concern as it will rapidly degrade once returned to an oxygenated environment. LABSA Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Product Information LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid is a chemical which is colorless and have viscous properties. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid mainly using in detergent formulations. It is one of the most important and cheapest surfactants in powder formulation and detergent fluids. It has excellent cleansing properties. Usages of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid LABSA Linear Alkyl Benzene sulphonic acid is a batch of organic sulfur compounds that are used in most home detergents, dishwashing detergents, detergent powder, cleaning powder, washing powders, detergent cake, liquid soap, soaps etc. LABSA, sulfonic acid compound is used as a foaming agent, cleaning agent in more formulations and toilet soaps for foaming. Sulfonic acid, LABSA is using in detergent industries, in textile industry as a washing agent, pesticides industries to improve the quality of spray. Sulfonic acid, LABSA is not inflammable substance and can dissolve in water, but not in organic solvent. Application of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid used in the industry to increase the contact of polar and non-polar phases, such as oil, water, or water and minerals. Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulfonate is mainly used for the manufacture of household detergents such as laundry powder, washing liquid, dishwashing liquid and other household cleaners and other industrial uses. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid uses in produce sulfonic acid. LABSA is an additive as a lubricating agent oils and have as corrosion and rust prevention. his product is a very effective intermediate surfactant. Specification of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid Product Name: Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid ROW Characteristi LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid packing Basekim Chemical Production can supply LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid with drum. Each drum can take 220 kg and 80 drum can easily load in a container. It also depends on customer demands as well. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid is a chemical which is colorless and have viscous properties. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid mainly using in detergent formulations. It is one of the most important and cheapest surfactants in powder formulation and detergent fluids. It has excellent cleansing properties. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid in the formulation of anionic, non-anionic, and amphoteric surfactants, and it is extremely important for its degradability in nature. It is soluble in water and emulsifying agent. Linear Alkyl benzene sulphonic acid is one of the most widely used anionic surfactants due to its low cost, high efficiency and biocompatibility due to its linear chain. This anionic surfactant has hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. These are non-volatile compounds produced by the sulfonation process. These compounds consist of mixtures of carbon chains of 10 to 14 carbon lengths that are a phenyl group with a sulfonate group LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid application The properties of LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid depend on the length of the alkane chains that give them different functionality. Surfactants are used in the industry to increase the contact of polar and non-polar phases, such as oil, water, or water and minerals. Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulfonate is mainly used for the manufacture of household detergents such as laundry powder, washing liquid, dishwashing liquid and other household cleaners and other industrial uses. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid uses in produce sulfonic acid. LABSA is an additive as an lubricating agent oils and have as corrosion and rust prevention. his product is a very effective intermediate surfactant. It is usually neutralized with alkali types and forms sulphonates used in different fields. This product can be used in acidic environments. LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid packing can supply LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid with drum . Each drum can take 220 kg and 80 drum can easily load in a container LABSA Linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid PACKING Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA) Specification LABSA properties: Trade Name: Sulfonic Acid COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONIC ACIDS SUMMARY REPORT (1) 1. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acids (LABSA) are anionic surfactants. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acids are a mixtures of benzene sulphonic acids containing linear alkyl chains of different lengths (C9: less than 1%, C10: 8 to 16%, C11: 26 to 38%, C12: 26 to 38%, C13: 15 to 27% and longer than C13: less than 2.5%). The amount of linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in the products is 2% and these products are indicated for post-dipping or teat-spraying of dairy cows. The average dose per teat is assumed to be about 1 ml of the product, which equals to 80 mg of linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid per cow per milking. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acids are commonly used as cleaning agents (household and personal care products). Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid is included as surface active agent in Commission establishing an inventory and a common nomenclature of ingredients employed in cosmetic products. The occupational and environmental exposure to linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid has been assessed by WHO in 1996: The worldwide consumption of linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acids in 1990 was about 2 million tonnes. Linear dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid, under the synonym sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, has been included in 1987 on the food additive list of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America as a surface active agent in commercial detergents used in washing fruits and vegetables or to assist in lye peeling these products. The tolerance limit has been set on equal to or less than 0.2% in wash water. 2. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of the molecule are both essential for action of surfactants in detergents. According to a published study on the in vitro germicidal activity of teat dips the linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid-containing product (1.94%) was shown to be completely effective against suspensions of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae containing bacteria/ml each following a contact time of 2 minutes. According to a published review document on in vitro studies, the 50% haemolytic concentration for linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid was 9 mg/l and the 50% inhibitory concentration for prothrombin time was 0.05 mmol/l (16.3 mg/l). Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid influenced the thermal denaturation of proteins in vitro indicating protein-linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid interaction. 3. Pharmacokinetic data are presented based on published reports. In rats, 14C-labelled alkyl benzene sulphonate was administered daily in the diet at a concentration of 1.4 mg/kg feed (dose per kg bw not given) to 12 male Wistar rats (120 to 140 g) for 5 weeks. Radioactivity was mostly excreted in faeces (52%) and in urine (29%) during the 5-week feeding period. After a single intraperitoneal administration of 14C-labelled alkyl benzene sulphonate (384.7 µg/rat), 85% of the dose was excreted during the first 24 hours and 95% within 10 days follow-up period. The main elimination route was via urine (50% of radioactivity), while 35% was excreted into faeces. However, during days 2 to 10 the percentage of radioactivity excreted into faeces was higher than that excreted into urine. No parent compound could be detected in faeces or urine but radioactivity was found in polar metabolites which were not further characterised. In another study, 35S-labelled linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid was administered to male albino rats (Charles River strain, 150 to 200 g bodyweight) as a single per oral dose of 0.6, 1.2, 8 and 40 mg/rat (3 to 5 rats/group). During the 3-day follow-up period, 40 to 58% of radioactivity was excreted in urine and 39 to 56% in faeces. In faeces, the proportion of parent compound was 19% of total radioactivity. About 70% of linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid was absorbed after oral administration. Two urine metabolites chemically close to methyl 4-(4'-methylsulfophenyl)- pentanoate were identified and were found to be a mixture of sulfophenyl butanoic acids and sulfophenyl pentanoic acids. Decomposition of linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulphonate in rats was suggested to occur by ϖ-oxidation followed by catabolism through a β-oxidation mechanism. In vitro studies have not shown any penetration of 14C-labelled linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid through intact rat or human skin. In in vivo studies in rats, 0.2 ml of 3 mM 14C linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (equivalent to 250 µg) was applied on 7.5 cm2 area of skin. These studies revealed deposition of 14C-labelled linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid on the skin surface and in the upper regions of the hair follicles, however, no penetration of the substance could be detected after an exposure of 15 minutes. 4. The oral toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid is not very high. LD50 values for rats and mice range from 404 to 1525 mg/kg bw and 1575 to 1950 mg/kg bw, respectively. Both species showed diarrhoea and death occurred within 24 hours. 5. Repeated dose toxicity have been carried out using linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or their sodium salts containing alkyl chains of different lengths. Repeated dose toxicity has been documented on rats using 5 published articles, one of which was done in rats (60 females and 60 males/group) using only 1 dose level (0 and 100 mg of linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (chain length varying between C10 to C14)/l drinking water for 100 weeks). No differences were seen between test and control groups. No NOEL can be established due to deficiencies in the study design. Wistar rats (about 150 g, 10 per sex and group) received the test product (dishwashing detergent containing linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid) was mixed into drinking water at corresponding to 0, 0.015, 0.075 and 0.375 ml linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid/kg bw for 6 months. In the 3rd group the dose was increased after 9 weeks to 0.563 and again after 8 weeks to 0.75 ml/kg bw for 9 weeks. No differences were seen in haematological urine examinations between control and treated animals. Males showed decreased weight gain in the 3rd dose group, but the change was reversible once the treatment was stopped. Organ weights of the third group animals (5 per sex) killed immediately after the treatment were lower than those of the controls. Only control and the 3rd treatment groups were examined histologically. The animals in 3rd treatment group had small petechial bleedings (kidney, myocardium, lungs) and mucosal necrotis spots in gastrointestinal canal. They also had massive atrophy in adrenal glands and some atrophy in thymus. It is not possible to assess if changes showed correlation with dose or not, because only highest group was studied. No NOEL can be drawn from the study due to limited data available. Albino rats (FDRL strain, 15 animals per sex and group) received linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in feed at 0, 50 and 250 mg/kg bw for 12 weeks. Growth responses and food intake, haematological and urinary examinations showed no abnormalities. Histological findings revealed no abnormalities in lower dose group compared with control. Females in higher dose group had higher liver weight to body weight ratio than controls (p<0.01). The lower dose-group of 50 mg/kg bw/day showed no treatment-related changes. No NOEL can be established due to limited data available. Sprague-Dawley rat (10 animals per sex and group) received linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in feed (0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5%) for 90 days (corresponding to 8.8, 44 and 220 mg/kg bw). No statistically significant differences were seen in weight gains, food utilisation, haematological and urinary examinations. Organ to body ratios as well as macroscopic and microscopic findings were comparable in treated and control groups. No NOEL can be established due to limited data available. Charles River rat (50 animals per sex and group) received linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in feed (0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5%) for 2 years (dose per kg bw is not given). No statistically significant differences were seen in weight gains and food utilisation during the first 12 weeks. Organ to body ratios did not show any statistically significant differences when control and highest dose group were compared. At 8 months, male rats in 0.02 and 0.1% group had lower liver weight to bw ratios but this was not seen at later time points and never in the highest dose group. Haematological examinations revealed no treatment related changes. No abnormal macroscopic findings were seen and microscopic findings did not differ between the groups. No NOEL can be established due to limited data available. The highest dose (0.5% in feed for 2 years) did not show any treatment-related changes. A published repeated dose toxicity study has been carried out using 6 to 7 months old Beagle dogs (2 animals per sex and group). A linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid-containing product (15% linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid) was administered in doses of 0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw daily for 6 months by gavage (corresponding to 0, 1.5, 15, and 150 mg linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid/kg bw). Lowest dose group showed no treatment-related changes. One female dog in middle dose level group had drooling from the second week forward and one animal regurgitated part of one dose which lead to sedation and decreased appetite. In the highest dose group, 3 to 4 animals had marked salivation. No animals died. In the highest dose group feed intake was moderately reduced. Marked reduction in weight gain was only seen in the highest dose group (more pronounced in females). No changes were seen in blood and urinary tests. Eyes and hearing were normal in all groups. In highest dose group mucosal erosions were found in stomach (mainly in cardia) of one male and one female. Presence of haemosiderosis in spleen was more pronounced in highest dose group. One dog in the same group had small necroses in pancreas and 2 dogs had some iron-free pigment in kidneys. No NOEL can be established due to small number of animals and limited data available. According to a WHO report, minimal effects, including biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver, have been reported in subchronic studies in which rats were administered linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in the diet or drinking water at concentrations equivalent to doses greater than 120 mg/kg bw per day. These changes appeared to be reversible. In the absence of the original data, no firm conclusion on the data reported in the WHO report can be drawn. 6. Tolerance in dairy cows was studied using commercial teat dip containing 2% linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid. The product was used post-milking twice daily for 10 days. The product was well-tolerated. 7. Effects on reproduction have been documented using 2 published articles, one of which described a study in rats (10 females and 10 males/group) using only one dose level of linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulphonic acid (0 and 100 mg/l drinking water). The data provided are too limited for the assessment. Charles River rat (20 males and 20 females/group) received linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in feed (0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5% daily) in the 3-generation study (dose per kg bw is not given). No gross abnormalities were noted in pups. Rats of the F1 and F2 generations had similar growth patterns and organ to body weight ratios in control and test groups. No abnormalities were seen in histological examinations. In haematological studies, a statistically significant difference (level of significance not indicated) was seen in red blood cell count between control and females of highest test group. F3-weanlings were normal with respect to growth, organ to body weight ratios, macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Haematological values showed no treatment related trend or pattern in this study. The studies provided showed no indication of any reproduction toxicity. 8. Teratogenicity data were available from studies conducted using different linear alkyl benzene Sulphonic Acid sulphonic acids in mouse, rat and rabbit using oral, dermal and subcutaneous administration published in five articles. In two mouse studies the exposure times are not in accordance with the present guidelines. One study in mouse using dermal or subcutaneous administration was carried out using smaller group sizes and exposure times other than recommended in present guidelines. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (0, 0.2, 2, 300 and 600 mg/kg bw daily) was administered orally to female mice (n = 20), rats (n = 20) (days 6 to 15 of gestation) and rabbits (n = 13) days 6 to 18 of gestation). In all species primary toxic effects in dams were generally associated with disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhoea, anorexia, retarded weight gain, weight loss, death). Rabbits were found to be the most susceptible species followed by mice and rats. The two highest dose groups showed maternal toxicity in mice and rabbits resulting in increased foetal loss and reduced litter size. No effects were seen in dams at 2 mg/kg bw in mice and rabbits. In rats, the highest dose caused maternal toxicity also, but did not affect litter parameters. No dose-related trend was seen in foetal weights. No difference was seen in number of major malformations between treated groups and controls. In mice, minor skeletal abnormalities increased to 33.7% in 300 mg/kg bw group compared with 11.7 to 13.3% in controls and lower dose groups. No teratological changes different from controls were seen except an increase in minor skeletal anomalies in 300 mg/kg bw group in mice. From the highest dose group no viable young were available as a result of marked maternal toxicity. When dermal exposure (linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in water) was used in mouse, rat and rabbit, the two highest doses caused severe skin reactions in mice (50 and 500 mg/kg bw) and rabbits (9 and 90 mg/kg bw). The highest dose in rats (60 mg/kg bw) showed also skin irritation: erythema and oedema with peak response on days 4 to 5. Except for the highest dose group in mice, no treatment related effects were seen in dams and litter data. In mice, a significant (p<0.05) increase in embryonic deaths was seen at 50 and 500 mg/kg bw compared with controls. In rats, no significant changes in litter parameters were seen in treated animals. In rabbits, the highest dose group had somewhat higher foetal loss and smaller litter size (statistically not significant). No statistically significant differences in anomalies were seen. The studies provided showed no indication of any teratogenic potential of the substanc

LIPASE IUPAC Name 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid LIPASE InChI InChI=1S/C16H13NO3S/c18-21(19,20)15-11-5-7-12-6-4-10-14(16(12)15)17-13-8-2-1-3-9-13/h1-11,17H,(H,18,19,20) LIPASE InChI Key FWEOQOXTVHGIFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N LIPASE Canonical SMILES C1=CC=C(C=C1)NC2=CC=CC3=C2C(=CC=C3)S(=O)(=O)O LIPASE Molecular Formula C16H13NO3S LIPASE CAS 82-76-8 LIPASE Related CAS 1445-19-8 (mono-hydrochloride) LIPASE Deprecated CAS 54784-66-6 LIPASE European Community (EC) Number 201-438-7 LIPASE NSC Number 1746 LIPASE UNII 630I4V6051 LIPASE DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID7058882 LIPASE 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid Property Name Property Value Reference LIPASE Molecular Weight 299.3 g/mol LIPASE XLogP3-AA 3.5 LIPASE Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 LIPASE Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4 LIPASE Rotatable Bond Count 3 LIPASE Exact Mass 299.061614 g/mol LIPASE Monoisotopic Mass 299.061614 g/mol LIPASE Topological Polar Surface Area 74.8 Ų LIPASE Heavy Atom Count 21 LIPASE Formal Charge 0 LIPASE Complexity 439 LIPASE Isotope Atom Count 0 LIPASE Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 LIPASE Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 LIPASEDefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 LIPASE Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 LIPASE Compound Is Canonicalized Yes LIPASE Hazard Classes and Categories Acute Tox. 4 (78.57%) Skin Irrit. 2 (21.43%) Eye Irrit. 2 (100%) STOT SE 3 (14.29%) Lipase A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. PDB: 1GPL​.A lipase (/ˈlaɪpeɪs/, /-peɪz/) is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).Lipases are a subclass of the esterases.Lipases perform essential roles in digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids (e.g. triglycerides, fats, oils) in most, if not all, living organisms. Genes encoding lipases are even present in certain viruses.Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids.Several other types of lipase activities exist in nature, such as phospholipases and sphingomyelinases; however, these are usually treated separately from "conventional" lipases.Some lipases are expressed and secreted by pathogenic organisms during an infection. In particular, Candida albicans has many different lipases, possibly reflecting broad-lipolytic activity, which may contribute to the persistence and virulence of C. albicans in human tissue. Contents 1.Structure and catalytic mechanism -> LIPASE 2.Physiological distribution -> LIPASE 3.Human lipases -> LIPASE 4.Industrial uses -> LIPASE 5.Diagnostic use -> LIPASE 6.Medical use -> LIPASE 7.Additional images -> LIPASE 8.See also -> LIPASE 9.References -> LIPASE 10.External links -> LIPASE Structure and catalytic mechanism -> LIPASE A diverse array of genetically distinct lipase enzymes are found in nature, and they represent several types of protein folds and catalytic mechanisms. However, most are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold and employ a chymotrypsin-like hydrolysis mechanism using a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile, a histidine base, and an acid residue, usually aspartic acid. Physiological distribution -> LIPASE Lipases are involved in diverse biological processes which range from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling and inflammation.Thus, some lipase activities are confined to specific compartments within cells while others work in extracellular spaces.In the example of lysosomal lipase, the enzyme is confined within an organelle called the lysosome.Other lipase enzymes, such as pancreatic lipases, are secreted into extracellular spaces where they serve to process dietary lipids into more simple forms that can be more easily absorbed and transported throughout the body.Fungi and bacteria may secrete lipases to facilitate nutrient absorption from the external medium (or in examples of pathogenic microbes, to promote invasion of a new host).Certain wasp and bee venoms contain phospholipases that enhance the effects of injury and inflammation delivered by a sting.As biological membranes are integral to living cells and are largely composed of phospholipids, lipases play important roles in cell biology.Malassezia globosa, a fungus thought to be the cause of human dandruff, uses lipase to break down sebum into oleic acid and increase skin cell production, causing dandruff. Human lipases -> LIPASE The main lipases of the human digestive system are pancreatic lipase (PL) and pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), which are secreted by the pancreas. Humans also have several related enzymes, including hepatic lipase, endothelial lipase, and lipoprotein lipase. Not all of these lipases function in the gut (see table).Name Gene Location Description Disorder bile salt-dependent lipase BSDL pancreas, breast milk aids in the digestion of fats pancreatic lipase PNLIP digestive juice In order to exhibit optimal enzyme activity in the gut lumen, PL requires another protein, colipase, which is also secreted by the pancreas.lysosomal lipase LIPA interior space of organelle: lysosome Also referred to as lysosomal acid lipase (LAL or LIPA) or acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) and Wolman disease are both caused by mutations in the gene encoding lysosomal lipase.[18]hepatic lipase LIPC endothelium Hepatic lipase acts on the remaining lipids carried on lipoproteins in the blood to regenerate LDL (low density lipoprotein).lipoprotein lipase LPL or "LIPD" endothelium Lipoprotein lipase functions in the blood to act on triacylglycerides carried on VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) so that cells can take up the freed fatty acids. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene encoding lipoprotein lipase. hormone-sensitive lipase LIPE intracellular gastric lipase LIPF digestive juice Functions in the infant at a near-neutral pH to aid in the digestion of lipids endothelial lipase LIPG endothelium - -pancreatic lipase related protein 2 PNLIPRP2 or "PLRP2" - digestive juice - pancreatic lipase related protein 1 PNLIPRP1 or "PLRP1" digestive juice Pancreatic lipase related protein 1 is very similar to PLRP2 and PL by amino acid sequence (all three genes probably arose via gene duplication of a single ancestral pancreatic lipase gene). However, PLRP1 is devoid of detectable lipase activity and its function remains unknown, even though it is conserved in other mammals. -lingual lipase ? saliva Active at gastric pH levels. Optimum pH is about 3.5-6. Secreted by several of the salivary glands (Ebner's glands at the back of the tongue (lingua), the sublingual glands, and the parotid glands) -Other lipases include LIPH, LIPI, LIPJ, LIPK, LIPM, LIPN, MGLL, DAGLA, DAGLB, and CEL. There also are a diverse array of phospholipases, but these are not always classified with the other lipases. Industrial uses -> LIPASE Lipases serve important roles in human practices as ancient as yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, lipases are also being exploited as cheap and versatile catalysts to degrade lipids in more modern applications. For instance, a biotechnology company has brought recombinant lipase enzymes to market for use in applications such as baking, laundry detergents and even as biocatalysts in alternative energy strategies to convert vegetable oil into fuel. High enzyme activity lipase can replace traditional catalyst in processing biodiesel, as this enzyme replaces chemicals in a process which is otherwise highly energy intensive, and can be more environmentally friendly and safe. Industrial application of lipases requires process intensification for continuous processing using tools like continuous flow microreactors at small scale. Lipases are generally animal sourced, but can also be sourced microbially[citation needed]. Diagnostic use -> LIPASE Blood tests for lipase may be used to help investigate and diagnose acute pancreatitis and other disorders of the pancreas. Measured serum lipase values may vary depending on the method of analysis. Medical use -> LIPASE Lipase can also assist in the breakdown of fats into lipids in those undergoing pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). It is a key component in Sollpura (Liprotamase). Additional images -> LIPASE Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Lipases are present in pancreatic secretions and are responsible for fat digestion. There are many different types of lipases; for example, hepatic lipases are in the liver, hormone-sensitive lipases are in adipocytes, lipoprotein lipase is in the vascular endothelial surface, and pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Understanding lipase is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of fat necrosis and is clinically significant in the understanding of acute and chronic pancreatitis. The role of lipase is also crucial in the mechanism of some medications indicated for lowering cholesterol. This review will explore the function, pathophysiology, and clinical significance of the lipase enzyme. Molecular The lipase group of enzymes is built on alpha and beta hydrolase folds. They work by employing chymotrypsin-like hydrolysis, which uses a histidine base, a serine nucleophile, and aspartic acid. Function -> LIPASE Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Lipases are present in pancreatic secretions and are responsible for fat digestion. Lipases are enzymes that play a crucial role in lipid transport. There are many different types of lipases; hepatic lipases are in the liver, hormone-sensitive lipases are in adipocytes, lipoprotein lipase is in the vascular endothelial surface, and pancreatic lipase is in the small intestine, each serving individual functions. Hepatic lipase in the liver is responsible for degrading the triglycerides that remain in intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL). Hormone-sensitive lipase is found within fat tissue and is responsible for degrading the triglycerides that are stored within adipocytes. Lipoprotein lipase is found on the vascular endothelial surface and is responsible for degrading triglycerides that circulating from chylomicrons and VLDLs. Pancreatic lipase is found within the small intestine and is responsible for degrading dietary triglycerides. Hepatic lipase plays a crucial role in the formation and delivery of low-density lipoprotein(LDL). LDL is formed by the modification of intermediate density lipoprotein in the peripheral tissue and liver by hepatic lipase. These LDL particles are taken up, or endocytosed, via receptor-mediated endocytosis by target cell tissue. LDL serves to ultimately transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissue. Pathophysiology -> LIPASE Fat necrosis occurs enzymatically and non-enzymatically. In acute pancreatitis, saponification of peripancreatic fat occurs. During traumatic events, such as physical injury in breast tissue, non-enzymatic fat necrosis takes place. This is due to the damage to fat cells causing the release of lipase, leading to triglyceride breakdown, and causing the release of fatty acids. These fatty acids are charged negatively and once released in the bloodstream, bind to positively charged calcium ions. This process of salt formation between negatively charged fatty acids and positively charged calcium ions is called saponification.Histologically, saponified cells appear as dead fat cells outlining the tissue, which do not contain peripheral nuclei. Saponification of the fatty acid and calcium ion combined on hematoxylin and eosin staining appears dark blue. Clinical Significance -> LIPASE High levels of serum lipase may be indicative of pancreatitis. In the case of acute pancreatitis, diagnosis is based on results with two of the three criteria. The criteria used for diagnosis include acute epigastric pain radiating to the back, increased serum amylase, or increased lipase levels which are up to three times the upper limit of normal serum lipase levels. The latter is a more specific diagnostic marker than amylase or imaging with CT or MRI. Acute pancreatitis is due to autodigestion of pancreas by pancreatic enzymes, causing surrounding edema around the pancreas. Causes of this pathology include excessive ethanol use, gallstones, trauma, mumps, steroids, autoimmune disease, hypertriglyceridemia with levels above 1000 mg/dL, hypercalcemia, ERCP, Scorpion sting, or drugs such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, or sulfa drugs. Acute pancreatitis can lead to complications including pseudocyst, in which the pancreatic lining is composed of granulation tissue rather than epithelium, necrosis, abscess, infection, hemorrhage, hypocalcemia precipitation of calcium soaps, or organ failure including acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, or renal failure. Elevated serum levels of lipase and amylase may or may not also be present in chronic pancreatitis, in contrast to acute pancreatitis where serum lipase is almost always elevated. Chronic pancreatitis is due to chronic inflammation, calcification, and atrophy of the pancreas. The primary causes of this pathology include chronic alcohol abuse in adults and genetic predisposition such as cystic fibrosis in children. It can also be due to idiopathic causes. Complications of chronic pancreatitis include deficiency of pancreatic enzymes and pseudocysts. Pancreatic insufficiency usually occurs when there is less than ten percent of pancreatic function remaining, due to a deficiency in pancreatic enzymes contained within the pancreas to digest fats such as lipase. This pancreatic enzyme deficiency leads to clinical manifesions of steatorrhea, as fat is not absorbed properly in the small intestine and it is instead excreted. Because of this inability to absorb fats properly, this can also clinically manifest as fat-soluble vitamin deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Pancreatic insufficiency can also lead to diabetes mellitus, due to lack of sufficient insulin release from pancreatic tissue. Clinically, orlistat is a medication used for weight loss that acts on lipase. Specifically, this medication inhibits pancreatic and gastric lipases. This inhibition of lipase leads to reduced breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. This can lead to side effects as a consequence of decreased absorption of fats, such as decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. Side effects also include abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements or bowel urgency, and flatulence.Some cholesterol-lowering medications act on lipases. Fibrates, such as bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, and fenofibrate, work by activating Peroxisome prolifeator-activated receptor alpha(PPAR-alpha), and upregulating lipoprotein lipase, which leads to a decrease in serum triglyceride levels along with induction of increased synthesis of HDL. Fibrates are clinically indicated primarily for lowering triglycerides. Side effects of fibrates include cholesterol gallstones, rhabdomyolysis, especially if used with statins, and increased LDL.Niacin, or vitamin B3, is another cholesterol-lowering medication that acts on lipase. Specifically, lipase acts to inhibit hormone-sensitive lipase, which leads to inhibition of VLDL synthesis in the liver. Niacin is clinically indicated primarily for increasing HDL levels. Side effects erythema and flushing of the upper body, increased glucose levels, increased uric acid levels, acanthosis nigricans, and pruritus.A lipase test measures the level of a protein called lipase in your blood.Lipase helps your body absorb fats. It's released by the pancreas, a long, flat gland between your stomach and spine.When your pancreas is inflamed or injured, it releases more lipase than usual. Your doctor may want to find out the level of this protein in your blood to find how your pancreas is doing.A lipase test may also be referred to as a serum lipase or LPS. What Conditions Can This Test Find? A doctor will order a lipase test if she suspects that you may have acute pancreatitis -- an inflammation of the pancreas that causes abdominal pain.The following symptoms can be a sign of pancreas inflammation:Severe abdominal or back pain,Fever,Loss of appetite,Nausea The test may also be used to monitor your pancreas if you've already been diagnosed with acute (sudden, severe) or chronic (ongoing) pancreatitis. It can find out whether lipase levels are increasing or decreasing. It can also be used to find out whether a treatment is working well.Sometimes, a lipase test will also be used to monitor other conditions including:Peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of your inner abdominal wall) Strangulated or infarcted bowel (bowel that has restricted blood supply) Pancreatic cyst Cystic fibrosis (an inherited disease in which thick mucus can damage organs) Crohn's disease (inflammation of your digestive tract) Celiac disease (triggered by the protein gluten, your immune system attacks your small intestine) How Do I Prepare? If you have a lipase test scheduled ahead of time, you'll need to fast.You'll likely be asked to stop eating or drinking anything other than water for 8 to 12 hours beforehand.Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking some medications that can affect the test results. Be sure she knows all the prescription medications, over-the-counter meds, and supplements you take. What Happens During a Test? In a lipase test, a lab tech will take a small blood sample. He will likely put a band around your upper arm to help make your veins easier to find.He will then insert a needle into one of your veins. After enough blood goes into a tube, the band will come off and he'll take out the needle. He'll put a bandage on where the needle went in. What Do the Results Mean? A high level of lipase in the blood indicates that you may have a condition affecting the pancreas.Normal levels vary slightly between labs, so you and your doctor will look at the ranges given with your results to figure out how your lipase levels compare with the normal.In acute pancreatitis, levels are often 5 to 10 times higher than the highest reference value. Other conditions can also cause slightly increased lipase levels, including: Lipase Tests Email this page to a friend Print Facebook Twitter Pinterest What is a lipase test? Lipase is a type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. Lipase helps your body digest fats. It's normal to have a small amount of lipase in your blood. But, a high level of lipase can mean you have pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, or another type of pancreas disease. Blood tests are the most common way of measuring lipase. Other names: serum lipase, lipase, LPS What is it used for? A lipase test may be used to: Diagnose pancreatitis or another disease of the pancreas Find out if there is a blockage in your pancreas Check for chronic diseases that affect the pancreas, including cystic fibrosis Why do I need a lipase test? You may need a lipase test if you have symptoms of a pancreas disease. These include: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Severe back pain Severe abdominal pain Fever Loss of appetite You may also need a lipase test if you certain risk factors for pancreatitis. These include: A family history of pancreatitis Diabetes Gallstones High triglycerides Obesity You may also be at a higher risk if you are a smoker or heavy alcohol user. What happens during a lipase test? A lipase test is usually in the form of a blood test. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This usually takes less than five minutes.Lipase can also be measured in urine. Usually, a lipase urine test can be taken at any time of day, with no special preparation needed. Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test? You may need to fast (not eat or drink) for 8-12 hours before a lipase blood test. If your health care provider has ordered a lipase urine test, be sure to ask if you need to follow any special instructions. Are there any risks to the test? There is very little risk to having a blood test. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.There are no known risks to a urine test. What do the results mean? A high level of lipase may indicate: Pancreatitis A blockage in the pancreas Kidney disease Peptic ulcer A problem with your gall bladder A low level of lipase may mean there is damage to cells in the pancreas that make lipase. This happens in certain chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis.If your lipase levels are not normal, it doesn't necessarily mean you have a medical condition needing treatment. Certain medicines, including codeine and birth control pills, can affect your lipase results. If you have questions about your lipase test results, talk to your health care provider. Is there anything else I need to know about a lipase test? A lipase test is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is a short-term condition that usually goes away after a few days of treatment. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-lasting condition that gets worse over time. But it can be managed with medicine and lifestyle changes, such as quitting drinking. Your health care provider may also recommend surgery to repair the problem in your pancreas. Lipase lipase (CSL) came out with the highest catalytic activity, thereby suggesting that the catalytic activities depend mainly on the lipase origin. Uses Most people do not need additional lipase. However, people with the following conditions may find lipase supplements helpful. Precautions Side effects may include nausea and stomach upset. High doses of lipase may exacerbate symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Scientists do not know enough about the effects of lipase during pregnancy or breastfeeding, so speak with your doctor before taking lipase. Lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases E.C. 3.1.1.3) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) to glycerol and fatty acids (FAs). Lipases, together with amylases and proteases, constitute the three major known digestive enzymes. Plants, animals, and microorganisms produce lipases. Animal lipases are found in several different organs, such as the pancreas and digestive tract. Recently, increasingly more attention is being paid to lipases produced by bacteria and fungi. Microbial lipases are relatively stable and are capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions; they are of potential importance for diverse industrial applications. In recent years, information on the mechanistic properties of lipases has become available. In contrast to proteases, lipases share the common feature that the active site is buried in the protein. The lipase-active site is covered by a short amphipathic helix or ‘lid’ of two nearly parallel amphiphathic helices. The lid moves away upon interaction with the substrate. It has been proposed that this conformational change results in the activation of these enzymes at an oil–water interface. Lipases can be defined as esterases that are able to catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain TAGs. Lipases have been used as an ingredient in detergents, and an immobilized 1,3-position-specific lipase was applied for the industrial production of cocoa butter substitute using a fixed-bed bioreactor. The use of lipases has been increasing steadily in the oil and fat industry.Lipases are water-soluble, ester hydrolases that are traditionally defined by their marked preference for apolar, water-insoluble ester substrates. This group of enzymes also includes species referred to as cholesterol esterases. Lipases and cholesterol esterases are distinguished from phospholipases that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl ester bonds of highly amphipathic phospholipids having an sn-glycero-3-phospho-X moiety and from carboxylesterases that hydrolyze polar, water-soluble esters. These distinctions are relative, however, because some lipases exhibit activity toward phospholipids or soluble esters. Typical natural lipase substrates include, in order of amphipathicity, long aliphatic chain acyl esters of cholesterol (cholesteryl esters), triacyl esters of glycerol (triacylglycerols), acyl esters of long chain alcohols (wax esters), diacyl esters of glycerol (diacylglycerols), and monoacyl esters of glycerol. Because lipase substrates tend to be oily and only weakly amphipathic, they reside primarily in a bulk oil phase in preference to the aqueous phase or to the interface, that is, monomolecular surface phase that separates the bulk oil and aqueous phases. It follows, because lipases are water-soluble enzymes, that the site of lipolysis is the quasi-two-dimensional interface. The focus of basic research on lipases has been to understand how a reaction involving such a change in dimensionality can occur and how it is regulated. Medically, lipases are targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity. The focus of applied research with lipases has been to exploit the unusual properties of lipolytic systems for the production of chiral pharmaceuticals, improved detergents, and designer fats.All lipases except BSL and RML were dissolved in distilled water, centrifuged to remove insoluble matter, dialysed against distilled water for three days at 4°C and lyophilised prior to use (crude lipase preparations). Under these conditions no loss of enzymatic activity occurred. BSL was dialysed against 10 mM glycine buffer pH 10 to prevent precipitation. Because RML contains cellulases it was passed over a PD-10 column for desalting.In the dairy industry, lipases are applied to hydrolyze the fats in milk and to impart pleasant flavors to cheeses. The characteristic flavor is the result of fatty acids produced from the free fat released during milk hydrolysis (Jooyandeh et al., 2009). Lipases of microbial and animal origin are used in several enzyme companies. Lipases from animals are processed from lambs and calves, but microbial production of lipase is mainly by bacteria and the fungal sp. Rhizomucor meihei. Both animal and microbial lipases have varied mechanisms of action and food companies use both based on the required cheese flavor.Lipase can be classified into three different classes based on its positional and fatty acid specificity. Most of the lipases belong to sn-1,3 specific lipase. These lipases hydrolyse/esterify fatty acid specifically at the either/both sn-1 and sn-3 position. The sn-2 fatty acids are prevented from binding to the active site of lipase due to steric hindrance effect. Example of this group of lipase includes human pancreatic lipase, Aspergillus niger, Rhizomucor delemar, Rhizomucor miehei, and Mucor javanicus. Meanwhile, another group of lipase which belongs to non-specific lipase catalyses the hydrolysis/esterification of fatty acid in a random manner regardless of its position. Examples of these lipases are Candida rugosa, Corynebacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, lipases showing fatty acid specificity is much less common compared to other groups of lipases. Geotrichum candidum is the most common fatty acid specific lipase that shows preferences toward oleic acid. There are also lipases which show negative specificity. For instance, lipase from Candida cylindracea which discriminates against docosahexanoic acid, G. candidum against γ-linolenate in borage oil and Mucor miehei against polyunsaturated fatty acid GLA and DHA. Lipases of negative selectivity are often being utilized to concentrate and enrich certain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in TAG.Lipase is an enzyme produced, either extra- or intracellular, by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, animals, and plants [4]. Lipase is regioselective as it can hydrolyze triglycerides at R1 and R3, only R2, or nonspecifically. It also has substrate specificity in that the enzyme can differentiate between acyl chains attached to the glycerol, preferentially cleaving certain types [4]. For the production of biodiesel, either extra- or intracellular lipases can be used. Extracellular lipases are the most commonly studied; they are often immobilized on carriers for industrial use [4]. This attachment to carriers allows them to be recovered and recycled.Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in lipid substrates and play a vital role in digestion and the transport and processing of dietary lipids substrate (Svendsen, 2000). Lipases catalyze the biochemical reaction like esterification, interesterification, and transesterification in nonaqueous media which frequently hydrolyze triglycerides into diglycerides, monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol. Microorganism like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylocococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis are the best sources of lipase enzymes. Lipases are widely used in pharmacological, chemical, and food industries. The commercial applications of lipases in the food industry are the hydrolysis of milk fats, pronounced cheese flavor, low bitterness, and prevention of rancidity.Lipases are amongst the most important biocatalysts that are used to carry out a broad spectrum of organic transformations in both aqueous and nonaqueous media to generate biologically relevant organic molecules of potential practical interest, both in research laboratories and in industry. Lipases have the remarkable ability to carry out a wide variety of chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective transformations, and also have very broad substrate specificity. The present chapter offers a recent update on the lipase-catalyzed organic transformations reported during 2013–mid-2015. This overview reflects the biocatalytic efficacy of the enzyme in carrying out various types of organic reactions, including esterifications, transesterifications, additions, ring-closing, oxidation, reduction, amidation, and many others. Ease of handling, broad substrate tolerance, high stability towards temperatures and solvents, high enantioselectivity, convenient commercial availability, and reusability are the key advantages of choosing lipase as a biocatalyst in a huge number of organic transformations. The author hopes that this overview should boost ongoing research in chemoenzymatic organic transformations, particularly the biocatalyic applications of lipases. It is noteworthy that each lipase has its own unique properties, and that fine-tuning of any methodology employing lipases to suit the individual enzyme should be screened carefully. To widen the usage level of lipases, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms behind the lipase-catalyzed reactions in more depth. Protein engineering of lipases and the further improvement of lipase preparations and reaction methodology have great potential to generate even better bioconversions in the future.

LiBr; Lithium bromide hydrate; Lithium monobromide; Bromuro de litio; Bromure de lithium; Lithium bromide, 99%, pure, anhydrous; bromolithium; Lithium Microsol (TN); Lithium bromide, 4M solution in THF, AcroSeal(R) CAS NO:7550-35-8 (Anhydrous); 13453-70-8 (Hydrate)

(2S,3S)-(+)-Isoleucine; Ile; I; Isoleucine; L-2-Amino-3-methylvaleric Acid; L-Isoleucine; (2S)-2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid; 2-Amino-3-methylvaleric acid; cas no: 73-32-5

LITHENE P4 150 P Description LITHENE P4 150P is a medium viscosity, low molecular weight, liquid polybutadiene. It is unsaturated and can be used in chlorinated rubber feedstocks or in formulations where high water resistance is required. LITHENE P4-150P can be incompatible with many polar systems making it suitable for use in the formulation of specialized mould release coatings. LITHENE ULTRA P4 150P Lithene ultra P4 150P is a highly viscous, low molecular weight, liquid polybutadiene with microstructure containing 1,2 vinyl groups. It is very low in both odour and volatiles and can be used in chlorinated rubber feedstocks or automotive sealants. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Feedstock for chlorinated rubber Automotive sound damping sealants & adhesives Property Value/ Unit /Method Vinyl 1,2 /17.0 - 20.0 /% /LTM 03 Viscosity, @ 25C /120 - 180 /dPa.s/LTM 01 Non volatile content/ >99.8 % /LTM 51 Colour/ 200 max/ Hazen /LTM 04 Typical molecular weight/ 3200 /Mn Molecular weight distribution/ Broad Appearance /Colourless to pale yellow liquid Technical Informations Application Advice/Typical Applications Handling - Lithene P4 150P is a viscous liquid polymer. The viscosity of the product will decrease rapidly with heating and the product may be warmed to allow easier processing. Compatibility - Liquid polybutadienes are generally compatible with most aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. They have limited solubility in alcohols, ketones and esters. Further details are available on request. Lithene P4 150P can be used in chlorinated rubber feedstocks and in other applications requiring a high degree of hydrophobicity. Thin films of the product can be dried oxidatively at 160 - 200°C, or metallic driers may be used to accelerate ambient cure. Lithene P4 150P is extremely low in odour and volatiles and can be used as the binder in formulation of sulphur cured direct to oily metal automotive sealants and adhesives. Further application and formulation advice is available on request. LITHENE ULTRA P4 150P Lithene P4 150P is a highly viscous, low molecular weight, liquid polybutadiene with microstructure containing 1,2 vinyl groups. It is very low in both odour and volatiles and can be used in chlorinated rubber feedstocks or automotive sealants. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Feedstock for chlorinated rubber Automotive sound damping sealants & adhesives

LITHENE PM4 LITHENE ULTRA PM4 LITHENE ultra PM4 is a low viscosity, low molecular weight, liquid polybutadiene with a medium content of 1,2 vinyl microstructure. It is extremely low in both odour and volatiles and is used as the binder in automotive sound damping sealants, polyurethane mould release systems and solvent based coating additives. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Automotive sound damping sealants Antifoaming coating additives Non volatile drying oil in alkyd coatings Sand binder for paving and moulds Property Value /Unit/ Method Vinyl 1,2 /15 - 25 /% /LTM 03 Viscosity, @ 25 C /7.0 - 9.5 /dPa.s /LTM 01 Non volatile content />99.8 % /LTM 51 Colour /200 max /Hazen /LTM 04 Typical molecular weight /1500/ Mn Molecular weight distribution /Broad Appearance/ Colourless to pale yellow liquid Application Advice & Processing Handling - LITHENE ultra PM4 is a low viscosity, easily processed liquid polymer. It will flow readily at ambient temperatures but the product viscosity will decrease rapidly with increasing temperature and the product may be warmed to allow easier processing. Compatibility - Liquid polybutadienes are generally compatible with most aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. They have limited solubility in alcohols, ketones and esters. Further details are available on request. LITHENE ultra PM4 is extremely low in odour and volatiles and can be readily formulated into sulphur cured automotive sealants and acoustic dampers, cured at 160 - 200 C. LITHENE ultra PM4 provides excellent adhesion, flexibility and acoustic damping although metal adhesion can be further increased by inclusion of a functional LITHENE grade such as LITHENE ultra AL-15MA or LITHENE ultra PM4-7.5MA. LITHENE ultra PM4 can be dried oxidatively at ambient temperatures in combination with metallic driers and can be used as a replacement to solvent in alkyd based coatings and as an air dry binder in sand for paving and moulds. LITHENE ultra PM4 can be incompatible with many polar systems making it suitable for use in the formulation of specialised mould release coatings for polyurethanes. Further application and formulation advice is available on request Shipping and Storage LITHENE ultra PM4 should be stored in a cool, dry location below +30 C (+86 F). If stored in the original sealed packaging the product has a shelf life of at least 12 months from date of delivery. Product which has been stored for longer than 12 months should betested before use. Containers which have been opened should be purged with dry nitrogen before resealing to protect the remainingproduct from oxidative skinning. Further information is available on the datasheet Storage of LITHENE Liquid Polybutadienes. LITHENE ultra PM4 is packed in bung top 200litre steel drums containing 175kg. The minimum order quantity is one pallet (four drums). 900kg IBCs or bulk deliveries are also available. Product Type: Polybutadiene Master Product Number: MITM08755 Product SKUs: ITM13098, ITM13099 CAS: 9003-17-2 LITHENE ULTRA PM4-7.5MA LITHENE ultra PM4-7.5MA is a medium viscosity, low molecular weight, liquid polybutadiene. It is very low in odour and volatiles and is produced from LITHENE ultra PM4, adducted with 7.5 parts maleic anhydride. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Adhesion promoter in automotive sealants Rubber to metal adhesion promoter Soft, isocyanate free electrical encapsulants LITHENE products are 100% active, highly unsaturated, liquid polybutadienes available in a range of molecular weights and micro-structures. They are reactive, viscous liquids, have excellent low temperature flexibility, high electrical resistance and are very hydrophobic. Their excellent compatibility with hydrocarbon solvents and many rubbers makes them extremely versatile in a variety of ambient, UV and heat curable applications. Maleic anhydride grafting additonally allows the liquid polybutadienes to react with amines and polyols, while increasing polarity to enhance adhesion direct to metal. LITHENEs are widely used for: Sulphur cured flexible automotive sealants. Direct to metal adhesion promotors for the automotive industry. Sulphur or peroxide curable co-agents in rubber and TPEs. Electrical potting resins. Reactive plasticisers in rubber compounds. Solvent coating defoaming additives. Non volatile reactive coating diluents LITHENE ultra PM4 LITHENE non functional Name LITHENE® ultra PM4 Appearance colourless to pale yellow Molecular weight distribution broad Molecular weight average [Mn] approx. 1.500 Viscosity 25°C [mPas] approx. 700 Viscosity 50°C [mPas] approx. 200 Microstructure Vinyl 1,2 [%] 15 - 25 Microstructure cyclic [%] - Polybutadiene [butadiene rubber BR] is a synthetic rubber. Polybutadiene rubber is a polymer formed from the polymerization of the monomer 1,3-butadiene. Polybutadiene has a high resistance to wear and is used especially in the manufacture of tires, which consumes about 70% of the production. Another 25% is used as an additive to improve the toughness (impact resistance) of plastics such as polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polybutadiene rubber accounted for about a quarter of total global consumption of synthetic rubbers in 2012.[1] It is also used to manufacture golf balls, various elastic objects and to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering high electrical resistivity.[2] The IUPAC refers to polybutadiene as: poly (buta-1,3-diene) as poly (buta-1,3-diene). Buna rubber is a term used to describe an early generation of synthetic polybutadiene rubber produced in Germany by Bayer using sodium as a catalyst. Polymerization of butadiene 1,3-Butadiene is an organic compound that is a simple conjugated diene hydrocarbon (dienes have two carbon-carbon double bonds). Polybutadiene forms by linking many 1,3-butadiene monomers to make a much longer polymer chain molecule. In terms of the connectivity of the polymer chain, butadiene can polymerize in three different ways, called cis, trans and vinyl. The cis and trans forms arise by connecting the butadiene molecules end-to-end, so-called 1,4-polymerisation. The properties of the resulting isomeric forms of polybutadiene differ. For example, "high cis"-polybutadiene has a high elasticity and is very popular, whereas the so-called "high trans" is a plastic crystal with few useful applications. The vinyl content of polybutadiene is typically no more than a few percent. In addition to these three kinds of connectivity, polybutadienes differ in terms of their branching and molecular weights. 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization.PNG The trans double bonds formed during polymerization allow the polymer chain to stay rather straight, allowing sections of polymer chains to align to form microcrystalline regions in the material. The cis double bonds cause a bend in the polymer chain, preventing polymer chains from aligning to form crystalline regions, which results in larger regions of amorphous polymer. It has been found that a substantial percentage of cis double bond configurations in the polymer will result in a material with flexible elastomer (rubber-like) qualities. In free radical polymerization, both cis and trans double bonds will form in percentages that depend on temperature. The catalysts influence the cis vs trans ratio. Production The annual production of polybutadiene was 2.0 million tons in 2003.[17] This makes it the second most produced synthetic rubber by volume, behind the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).[15][23] The production processes of high cis polybutadiene and low cis used to be quite different and were carried out in separate plants. Lately, the trend has changed to use a single plant to produce as many different types of rubber as possible, including, low cis polybutadiene, high cis (with neodymium used as a catalyst) and SBR. Processing Polybutadiene rubber is seldom used alone, but is instead mixed with other rubbers. Polybutadiene is difficult to band in a two roll mixing mill. Instead, a thin sheet of polybutadiene may be prepared and kept separate. Then, after proper mastication of natural rubber, the polybutadiene rubber may be added to the two roll mixing mill. A similar practice may be adopted, for example, if polybutadiene is to be mixed with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). *Polybutadiene rubber may be added with Styrene as an impact modifier. High dosages may affect clarity of Styrene. In an internal mixer, natural rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber may be placed first, followed by polybutadiene. The plasticity of polybutadiene is not reduced by excessive mastication. Uses The annual production of polybutadiene is 2.1 million tons (2000). This makes it the second most produced synthetic rubber by volume, behind styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).[24] Tires Racing tires Polybutadiene is largely used in various parts of automobile tires; the manufacture of tires consumes about 70% of the world production of polybutadiene,[18][19] with a majority of it being high cis. The polybutadiene is used primarily in the sidewall of truck tires, this helps to improve fatigue to failure life due to the continuous flexing during run. As a result, tires will not blow out in extreme service conditions. It is also used in the tread portion of giant truck tires to improve the abrasion, i.e. less wearing, and to run the tire comparatively cool, since the internal heat comes out quickly. Both parts are formed by extrusion.[25] Its main competitors in this application are styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber. Polybutadiene has the advantage compared to SBR in its lower liquid-glass transition temperature, which gives it a high resistance to wear and a low rolling resistance.[18][26] This gives the tires a long life and low fuel consumption. However, the lower transition temperature also lowers the friction on wet surfaces, which is why polybutadiene almost always is used in combination with any of the other two elastomers.[15][27] About 1 kg of polybutadiene is used per tire in automobiles, and 3.3 kg in utility vehicles.[28] Plastics About 25% of the produced polybutadiene is used to improve the mechanical properties of plastics, in particular of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and to a lesser extent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).[19][29] The addition of between 4 and 12% polybutadiene to polystyrene transforms it from a fragile and delicate material to a ductile and resistant one. The quality of the process is more important in the use in plastics than in tires, especially when it comes to color and content of gels which have to be as low as possible. In addition, the products need to meet a list of health requirements due to its use in the food industry. Golf balls A cross section of a golf ball; its core consists of polybutadiene Most golf balls are made of an elastic core of polybutadiene surrounded by a layer of a harder material. Polybutadiene is preferred to other elastomers due to its high resilience.[30] The core of the balls are formed by compression molding with chemical reactions. First, polybutadiene is mixed with additives, then extruded, pressed using a calender and cut into pieces which are placed in a mold. The mold is subjected to high pressure and high temperature for about 30 minutes, enough time to vulcanize the material. The golf ball production consumes about 20,000 tonnes of polybutadiene per year (1999).[19] Other uses Polybutadiene rubber may be used in the inner tube of hoses for sandblasting, along with natural rubber, to increase resilience. This rubber can also be used in the cover of hoses, mainly pneumatic and water hoses. Polybutadiene rubber can also be used in railway pads, bridge blocks, etc. Polybutadiene rubber can be blended with nitrile rubber for easy processing. However large use may affect the oil resistance of nitrile rubber. Polybutadiene is used in the manufacturing of the high-restitution toy Super Ball.[31] Due to the high resilience property, 100% polybutadiene rubber based vulcanizate is used as crazy balls — i.e. a ball if dropped from 6th floor of a house will rebound up to 5½ to 6th floor (assuming no air resistance). Polybutadiene is also used as binder in combination with an oxidizer and a fuel in various Solid Rocket Boosters such as Japan's H-IIB launch vehicle; commonly is employed as hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB).

SYNONYMS Carbonic Acid, Dilithium Salt; Carbonic Acid Lithium Salt; Camcolit; Liskonum; Priadel; Lithane; Lithea; Lithicarb; Lithinate; Lithionate; Candamide; Quilonum Retard;CAS NO. 554-13-2

lithium hydrate; Lithium Hydroxide hydrate; Lithiumhydroxid; Hidróxido de litio; Hydroxyde de lithium; LiOH; Lithium hydroxide; Lithium hydoxide; Lithium hydroxide; HEXANE, 95+%, PRA GRADE; lithiumhydroxide(li(oh)); LithiuM hydroxide,anhydro; lithiumhydroxideanhydrous; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE 98+ 1 KG; Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)) CAS NO:1310-65-2

Lithium Stearate Lithium stearate is a chemical compound with the formula LiO2C(CH2)16CH3. It is formally classified as a soap (a salt of a fatty acid). Lithium stearate is a white soft solid, prepared by the reaction of lithium hydroxide and stearic acid. Lithium stearate and lithium 12-hydroxystearate are lithium soaps, and are components of lithium grease. Properties of Lithium stearate Chemical formula C18H35LiO2 Molar mass 290.42 g·mol−1 Appearance solid About Lithium Stearate Lithium Stearate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. Lithium stearate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production Uses of Lithium stearate Lithium stearate is a lithium salt of stearic acid and is used as a processing aid or lubricant during filled elastomerpart production. Lithium Stearate is derived from lithium hydroxide with cooking tallow (or other animal fat), it is used as general purpose lubricating greases providing high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature, which have found extensive applications in the automotive, aircraft and heavy machinery industry. It is also applied as a stabilizer in cosmetics as well as plastic industry. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in petroleum.Lithium stearate is the preferred lubricant because of its cleansing and scavenging action during sintering. Chemical Properties of Lithium stearate white powder Safety Profile Low toxicity by ingestion. Warning: This substance is spontaneously combustible. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of lithum. About Lithium stearate Helpful information Lithium stearate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 per annum. Lithium stearate is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses of Lithium stearate Lithium stearate is used in the following products: lubricants and greases. Other release to the environment of Lithium stearate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids). Article service life of Lithium stearate ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Lithium stearate is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed. Widespread uses by professional workers of Lithium stearate Lithium stearate is used in the following products: coating products and lubricants and greases. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Lithium stearate. Other release to the environment of Lithium stearate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, outdoor use as processing aid, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids). Formulation or re-packing of Lithium stearate Lithium stearate is used in the following products: coating products and lubricants and greases. Release to the environment of Lithium stearate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures. Uses at industrial sites Lithium stearate is used in the following products: lubricants and greases and coating products. Lithium stearate is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles. Release to the environment of Lithium stearate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles. Manufacture of Lithium stearate Release to the environment of Lithium stearate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance. Lithium stearate is used as general purpose lubricator in high temperature greases, automotive industry, heavy machinery, cosmetics and plastic industries. It can be manufactured with demanded particular size and density, according to production process and industry . Description of Lithium stearate: Lithium stearate is hydrophilic, and swells in solvents. Moreover, because of its long fatty acid chains, lithium stearate leaves only minimal residue following heat treatment. It is also known as Lithium Soap Presentation of Lithium stearate: Presentation: Powder Applications of Lithium stearate: Thickener for natural and synthetic oils. Raises the melting point and enhances the elasticity of microcrystalline waxes and paraffin. Manufacture of light weight metal moldings. Lithium soaps are used as lubricating grease thickeners in high temperature applications. They have higher melting points than conventional sodium and potassium soaps (drop point of 180 ° C and maximum service temperature of 140 ° C). Greases with thickeners are resistant to loss of consistency and leakage. They have excellent anti-rust and corrosion properties. They have a moderate resistance to water. Additives in these fats work better than in other media. It has excellent sealing properties. Packing of Lithium stearate: Kraft paper bags (20kg, 25kg or 50 lbs) or supersacks. (In capacity according to the needs of our customers). Lithium stearate is the lithium salt of stearic acid. Together with lithium 12-hydroxystearate, lithium stearate is a component of lithium grease. Lithium Stearate: Lithium Stearate is a white crystalline material insoluble in cold or hot water, alcohol, and ethyl acetate. It forms gels with mineral oils.(6) The melting point as determined by thermogravimetric analysis is 108 "C with endothermic and exothermic maxima of 184 "C and 202.5 "C, respectively.") The melting point of Lithium Stearate has also been reported as 220 "-221 oC,(6,8*11) Magnesium Stearate: Magnesium Stearate is a fine, unctuous, white powder with a faint, characteristic odor. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and decomposes in dilute acids. The commercial product is a combination of variable proportions of Magnesium Stearate and magnesium palmitate. The melting point as determined by thermogravimetric analysis is 11 5 OC. One source reports that the melting point of the pure salt is 88.5"C, and that the melting point of the technical grade (which may contain small amounts of the oleate salt and 7% magnesium oxide) is 132 "C. Magnesium Stearate has also been reported to melt at 86 "-88 oC. Lithium Stearate: Norwitz and Gordon(z0.21) described a method for determining Lithium Stearate in sebacate-base semifluid lubricants. The sample is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl ether to remove diisopropyl phosphite. The aqueous extract is then evaporated with perchloric acid, and the lithium determined by atomic absorption. Lithium Stearate: Lithium Stearate is used as a lubricant in baby powders. It imparts a high degree of water repellency and oil absorbency to the powder, and provides a long lasting film which reportedly prevents chafing and reduces the possibility of irritation caused by wet diapers.(23) This compound is also used as an emulsifying agent. Lithium Stearate is distilled from animal and vegetable sources. Product Specifications of Lithium Stearate Appearance: White powder Melting Point: 212 °C / 414 °F Solubility in Water: Insoluble Molecular Weight: 290.42 g Primary Chemistry: Lithium Stearate Features & Benefits of Lithium Stearate Safe with food processing Meet synthetic lubricant-based grease requirements Can be in paper components touching food Applications of Lithium Stearate Used in various makeup products such as eye shadow, blush, etc. Also good for use in contact with processing food in paper or cardboard. TG and DSC techniques proved useful in the study of the thermal properties of lithium stearate, lithium 12-hydroxystearate and related greases. Under an inert atmosphere, the stearates decompose into the oxalate prior to the formation of the carbonate. For the related greases, oil degradation-volatilization shows a discontinuity under ambient conditions, because of oxidation and carboxylic acid formation. The atmosphere and the concentration of the soap affect the chemical kinetics of thermal decomposition of the stearates and the greases. Synonyms of Lithium Stearate Lithalure; Lithium octadecanoate; Litholite; Octadecanoic acid, lithium salt; Stavinor; Lithium stearate, pure; Stearic acid, lithium salt; [ChemIDplus] Category of Lithium Stearate Lubricants Description of Lithium Stearate White powder with a mild odor; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] Sources/Uses of Lithium Stearate Used as a thickener and gelling agent to make oils into lubricating greases; [HSDB] Comments of Lithium Stearate Members of the lubricating grease thickeners (fatty acids, lithium and calcium salts) category, similar compounds, and greases containing thickeners from this category demonstrate no skin or eye irritation, no skin sensitization, and no acute oral or dermal toxicity; [EPA ChAMP: Submissions] May cause irritation; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]See "Lithium." See "STEARATES." Uses Lithium stearate is a lithium salt of stearic acid and is used as a processing aid or lubricant during filled elastomerpart production. Lithium Stearate is derived from lithium hydroxide with cooking tallow (or other animal fat), it is used as general purpose lubricating greases providing high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature, which have found extensive applications in the automotive, aircraft and heavy machinery industry. It is also applied as a stabilizer in cosmetics as well as plastic industry. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in petroleum.Lithium stearate is the preferred lubricant because of its cleansing and scavenging action during sintering. Lithium stearate is hydrophilic, and swells in solvents. Moreover, because of its long fatty acid chains, lithium stearate leaves only minimal residue following heat treatment.Lithium Stearate (LiC18H35O2); white crystalline powder derived from lithium hydroxide with cooking tallow (or other animal fat); melting at 220 C; used as general purpose lubricating greases providing high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature, which have found extensive applications in the automotive, aircraft and heavy machinery industry. Lithium Stearate is also applied as a stabilizer in cosmetics as well as plastic industry. Lithium Stearate is used as a corrosion inhibitor in petroleum.Lithium stearate is designed for use in hydrocarbon and synthetic lubricant-based greases. Lithium stearatecan also be used in metal powder molding applications. Lithium stearate is a chemical compound with the formula LiO 2 C(CH 2 ) 16 CH 3 . Lithium stearate is formally classified as a soap (salt of a fatty acid). Lithium stearate is a white soft solid, prepared by the reaction of lithium hydroxide and steric acid.Together with lithium 12-hydroxystearate, lithium stearate is a component of lithium grease. Lithium Stearate is a metallic salt of a fatty acid that is primarily used as a stabilizer in the cosmetic industry (Source). According to the CosmeticDabatase, Lithium Stearate is also used as an anti-caking agent, binder, and viscosity agent; it helps to keep emulsions from separating into their oil and liquid components. It is most often seen in eye shadows, blushes, and other cosmetics. Lithium Stearate is used as general purpose lubricator in high temperature greases, automotive industry, heavy machinery, cosmetics and plastic industries. Lithium Stearate can be manufactured with demanded particular size and density, according to production process and industry. APPLICATIONS OF LITHIUM STEARATE Thickener for natural and synthetic oils. Raises the melting point and enhances the elasticity of microcrystalline waxes and paraffin. Manufacture of light weight metal moldings. Lithium soaps are used as lubricating grease thickeners in high temperature applications. They have higher melting points than conventional sodium and potassium soaps (drop point of 180 ° C and maximum service temperature of 140 ° C). Greases with thickeners are resistant to loss of consistency and leakage. They have excellent anti-rust and corrosion properties. They have a moderate resistance to water. Additives in these fats work better than in other media. It has excellent sealing properties. STORAGE OF LITHIUM STEARATE Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Do not store with food or drink. Use of Lithium stearate Lithium stearate exhibits high oxidation stability and a dropping point up to around 200 °C. Most greases used today in motor vehicles, aircraft, and heavy machinery contain lithium stearates, mainly Lithium stearate.[1] Greases can be made with the addition of several different metallic soaps. Some greases are prepared from sodium, barium, lithium, and calcium soaps. Lithium soap greases are preferred for their water resistance, and their oxidative and mechanical stability. Depending on the grease, they also have good performance at high or low temperatures, but not both. Lithium stearate is a lithium salt of stearic acid and is used as a processing aid or lubricant during filled elastomerpart production. Lithium Stearate is derived from lithium hydroxide with cooking tallow (or other animal fat), it is used as general purpose lubricating greases providing high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature, which have found extensive applications in the automotive, aircraft and heavy machinery industry. It is also applied as a stabilizer in cosmetics as well as plastic industry. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in petroleum.Lithium stearate is the preferred lubricant because of its cleansing and scavenging action during sintering. Production of Lithium stearate To produce Lithium stearate, lithium hydroxide and the fatty acid are combined in an aqueous medium. With vigorous stirring, dilute monohydrate lithium hydroxide is gradually added to a dispersion of the fatty acid in water heated to slightly below boiling.[2] Since these lithium soaps are difficult to filter, they are collected by spray drying. For applications, Lithium stearate is usually dispersed in synthetic oils such as silicone oil and ester oil. The synthetic oils are preferred for their greater stability and ability to perform at extreme temperatures. The 12-hydroxystearic acid is prepared by the hydrogenation of castor oil.[3] After primary reaction of the saturation of most of the double bonds, dehydration and reduction of the hydroxyl group leads to the stearic acid. Hydrogenated castor oil results in a mixture of 12-hydroxystearic acid and stearic acid. Lithium stearate is hydrophilic, and swells in solvents. Moreover, because of its long fatty acid chains, lithium stearate leaves only minimal residue following heat treatment.Lithium Stearate (LiC18H35O2); white crystalline powder derived from lithium hydroxide with cooking tallow (or other animal fat); melting at 220 C; used as general purpose lubricating greases providing high resistance to water and the useful at both high and low temperature, which have found extensive applications in the automotive, aircraft and heavy machinery industry. Lithium Stearate is also applied as a stabilizer in cosmetics as well as plastic industry. Lithium Stearate is used as a corrosion inhibitor in petroleum.Lithium stearate is designed for use in hydrocarbon and synthetic lubricant-based greases. Lithium stearatecan also be used in metal powder molding applications. Lithium stearate is a fatty acid salt commonly known as a “lithium soap”. It is the most common soap used to stabilize and thicken lubricating greases. Lithium salts are generally preferred to soaps with other counterions such as sodium, calcium, and barium. Using quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, the authors found that the lithium salt formed the most efficiently packed aggregates. This finding is consistent with the compound’s relatively high melting temperature and the high frequency of hydroxyl hydrogen bonding in its aggregates. According to the authors, these results “may be a factor that makes greases produced from Lithium stearate exhibit higher performance.” Metal Soap Lithium Stearate LiO2C (CH2) 16CH3 is used for various purposes in various industries. The main usage areas of Lithium Stearate are as follows; - It is used as a lubricant and mold release agent in applications requiring high operating temperatures in the plastic industry. - Used as a lubricant in grease oil production.

Lauryl polyglucose D-Glucopyranose; Oligomeric; C10-16-Alkyl Glycosides D-Glucopyranose; Oligomeric,C10-C16-Alkylglycosides Alkyl D-Glucopyranoside (C10-16)Alkyl D-Glycopyranoside cas no: 110615-47-9

Synonyms: LAURYL GLUCOSIDE;APG0814;D-Glucopyranose, oligomeric, C10-16-alkyl glycosides;D-GLUCOPYRANOSE,OLIGOMERIC,C10-C16-ALKYLGLYCOSIDES;ALKYL D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE;(C10-16)alkyl D-glycopyranoside;Glucopyranose, oligometric, C10-16-alkyl glycosides;D-Glucopyranoside, C10-16-alkyl, oligomeric CAS: 110615-47-9

SYNONYMS Laurylamine oxide;Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide;Lauryldimethylamine oxide;N,N-Dimethyl-1-dodecanamine N-oxide;N,N-Dimethyl-1-dodecanamine oxide;N,N-Dimethyl-1-dodecanamine, N-oxide;N,N-DIMETHYL-1-DODECANAMINE-N-OXIDE;N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide;N,N-Dimethyl-n-dodecylamine oxide CAS NO:1643-20-5

collagen hydrolysates; 2-hydroxy-3-(N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propyl derivatives, chlorides; lauryldimonium hydroxypropyl hydrolyzed collagen

PC;kelecin;LECITHIN;froM Egg;Alcolec-S;granulestin;L-α-Lecithin;Lecithin, NF;LIPOID(R)E80;Lecithin CAS No.8002-43-5

LIQUID PARAFFIN; Paraffin oil; paraffinum liquidum; Russian mineral oil cas no: 8012-95-1

SYNONYMS Carbonic Acid, Dilithium Salt; Carbonic Acid Lithium Salt; Camcolit; Liskonum; Priadel; Lithane; Lithea; Lithicarb; Lithinate; Lithionate; Candamide; Quilonum Retard;CAS NO. 554-13-2

Carbonic Acid, Dilithium Salt; Carbonic Acid Lithium Salt; Camcolit; Liskonum; Priadel; Lithane; Lithea; Lithicarb; Lithinate; Lithionate; Candamide; Quilonum Retard; Teralithe (French); Carbonato de litio (Spanish); Carbonate de lithium (French) cas no: 554-13-2

LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; lithium hydrate; Lithium Hydroxide hydrate; Lithiumhydroxid (German); Hidróxido de litio (Spanish); Hydroxyde de lithium cas no: 1310-65-2

Modified soya bean wax

Metallocene polyethylene wax

Functionalized metallocene polyethylene wax

Functionalized metallocene polyethylene wax

Propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax modified with polyethylene wax

Amorphous metallocene propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax

Amorphous metallocene propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax

Characteristics: Appearance: Viscosity: Softening point: Density: White granules 5000–7000 [ mPa·s ] 85–91 [°C ] ~ 0.87 [ g/cm3 ] Packaging: Polyethylene bag 15 kg / 750 kg pallet Big Bag 800 kg Properties: · High initial tack and negligible residual tack · Excellent flexibility and softness · Extended open time for lamination · Application temperature: 100–170 °C · Average coating weight: 10–20 gsm

Amorphous metallocene propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax

Characteristics: Appearance: Viscosity: Softening point: Density: White granules 5500–7000 [ mPa·s ] 95–102 [°C ] ~ 0.88 [ g/cm3 ] Packaging: Polyethylene bag 15 kg / 750 kg pallet Big Bag 800 kg Properties: · High initial tack and negligible residual tack · Excellent cohesion · Short open time for higher line speeds (up to 45 m/min) · Application temperature: 120–170 °C · Average coating weight: 10–20 gsm

Amorphous metallocene propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax

Metallocene polypropylene wax

Lidocaine; 2-Diethylamino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, Lignocaine, Xylocaine; 2-(Diethylamino)-2',6'-Acetoxylidide; Lida-Mantle; Xilina; 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-Acetamide; Xyloneural; Cappicaine; alpha-(Diethylamino)-2,6-acetoxylidide; Duncaine; Gravocain; Isicaina; Isicaine; Leostesin; Lignocaine; Maricaine; Xycaine; Xylestesin; Xylocain; Xylocaine; Xylocitin; Xylotox; 2-(Diethylamino)-2',6'-acetoxylidide; Diethylaminoaceto-2,6-xylidide; alpha-Diethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide; alpha-Diethylaminoaceto-2,6-xylidide; Xllina; cas no:137-58-6

lidocaine hydrochloride; acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1); lidocaine HCl; lidothesin hydrochloride; xycaine hydrochloride; xylestesin hydrochlorid; xylocaine hydrochloride; leostesin hydrochloride cas no:73-78-9

lemon flavor; natural lemon cloud flavor; treattfusion lemon drop; lemon emulsion, natural; lemon filling; white lemon flavor ; yellow lemon flavor; lemon fruit powder flavor

Citrus Limon Extract; Citrus medica limonum; citrus limon extract; lemon extract ;lemon extract; organic lemon extract cas no: 92346-89-9

Prinivil; Zestril; (S)-1-[N2-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl) -L-lysyl]-L-proline dihydrate CAS NO: 83915-83-7

lithium; Lithium atom, Lithium element cas no: 7439-93-2

SYNONYMS H-Leu-OH; L-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid; 2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid; 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid; (S)-(-)-Leucine; (2S)-alpha-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid; (2S)-alpha-Leucine; L; L-Leu; L-(-)-leucine; L-Leucine; CAS NO:61-90-5

(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid; laevo-lysine; L-2,6- diainohexanoic acid; (+)-S- lysine; (L)- lysine; (2S)-2,6- diamino-hexanoic acid; (S)-alpha,epsilon- diaminocaproic acid; lysine, L- cas no: 56-87-1

L-Lysine monohydrochloride; (S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid monohydrochloride; L-Lysine monohydrochloride; L-Lysine, monohydrochloride; lysine hydrochloride; H-Lys-OH.HCl; Lyamine; Lysine HCl; Lysine Hydrochloride cas no :657-27-2

laevo-lysine hydrochloride; lyamine; L- lysine chlorhydrate; lysine hydrochloride; L-(+)-lysine monohydrochloride; (2S)-2,6- diaminohexanoic acid hydrochloride; L- lysinehydrochloride; lysion cas no: 657-27-2

(S)-(-)-Methionine; Methionine; L-(-)-methionine; 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid; L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid; L-(-)-amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid; 2-amino-4-(methylthio)-butyric acid; cymethion; L-gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid; meonine; methilanin; neston; lobamine; meritonin; neo-methidin; thiomedon; cynaron; dyprin; metione; banthionine; L-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid; cas no :63-68-3

LONZABAC 12.100; Bis ( 3- aminopropyl) dodecylamine; N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine; N,N-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)-dodecylamine Cas No: 2372-82-9

LONZABAC 12.30; Bis ( 3- aminopropyl) dodecylamine; N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine; N,N-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)-dodecylamine C A S No.: 2372-82-9

LONZABAC 12.100, также называемый N,N-бис(3-аминопропил)додециламином и лауриламиндипропилендиамином, представляет собой додециламин, замещенный двумя пропиламиновыми единицами.
LONZABAC 12.100 — неионогенное поверхностно-активное вещество, противомикробное средство, консервант, эмульгатор, диспергатор, ингибитор коррозии и антистатик, используемый в средствах для волос.
LONZABAC 12.100 используется в качестве дезинфицирующего средства в пищевой промышленности, учреждениях, больницах (поверхности и инструменты).

КАС: 2372-82-9
МФ: C18H41N3
МВт: 299,54
ЕИНЭКС: 219-145-8

LONZABAC 12.100, сокращенно APDDA, представляет собой новое, нетоксичное и биоразлагаемое поверхностно-активное вещество, которое недавно было разработано для использования в различных научных целях.
Было обнаружено, что LONZABAC 12.100 имеет широкий спектр применения, включая синтез и очистку белков, липосом и других биомолекул; системы доставки лекарств; и в качестве моющего средства для различных промышленных процессов.
Кроме того, было обнаружено, что LONZABAC 12.100 обладает рядом преимуществ, таких как низкая токсичность, высокая биоразлагаемость и отличная растворимость в воде.
В этой статье будут обсуждаться метод синтеза, применение в научных исследованиях, механизм действия, биохимические и физиологические эффекты, преимущества и ограничения для лабораторных экспериментов, а также будущие направления LONZABAC 12.100.

ЛОНЗАБАК 12.100 Химические свойства
Точка кипения: 182-184 °С (давление: 1 Торр)
Плотность: 0,880
Давление пара: 0 Па при 25 ℃
Растворимость: 560 г/л в органических растворителях при 20 ℃.
рка: 10,46±0,10 (прогнозируется)
Форма: Масло
Цвет: Бесцветный
Растворимость в воде: 190 г/л при 20 ℃.
LogP: 0,34 при 20 ℃
Ссылка на базу данных CAS: 2372-82-9.
Система регистрации веществ EPA: LONZABAC 12.100 (2372-82-9)

Метод синтеза
LONZABAC 12.100 производится реакцией конденсации N-додецилпропан-1,3-диамина (DPA) и 3-аминопропиламина (APA).
Реакция катализируется основанием, например гидроксидом натрия, и проводится при температуре около 80°C.
Реакцию проводят в водном растворе, продукт выделяют осаждением.
LONZABAC 12.100 затем очищается перекристаллизацией и готов к использованию.

Синонимы
2372-82-9
N-(3-аминопропил)-N-додецилпропан-1,3-диамин
Лауриламин дипропилендиамин
N1-(3-аминопропил)-N1-додецилпропан-1,3-диамин
Бис(аминопропил)лауриламин
N,N-бис(3-аминопропил)додециламин
1,3-Пропандиамин, N-(3-аминопропил)-N-додецил-
1,3-Пропандиамин,N1-(3-аминопропил)-N1-додецил-
ЭИНЭКС 219-145-8
N-(3-аминопропил)-N-додецил-1,3-пропандиамин
UNII-PCJ6308JUE
N'-(3-аминопропил)-N'-додецилпропан-1,3-диамин
PCJ6308JUE
бис(3-аминопропил)додециламин
ЭК 219-145-8
БИС(3-АМИНОПРОПИЛ)(ДОДЕЦИЛ)АМИН
1,3-Пропандиамин, N-(3-аминопропил)-N-додецил
1,3-Пропандиамин, N1-(3-аминопропил)-N1-додецил-
Лонцабек-12
N,N-бис-(3-аминопропил)додециламин
СХЕМБЛ24179
ЛОНЗАБАК-12.100
бис-(3-аминопропил)-лауриламин
DTXSID3041243
NYNKJVPRTLBJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
N,N-бис(3-аминопропил)лауриламин
BCP23852
С18Х41Н3
MFCD04112927
АКОС015894470
C18-H41-N3
ФС-6129
LS-185543
FT-0629417
ЛАУРИЛАМИН ДИПРОПИЛЕНДИАМИН [INCI]
ЭН300-265848
ЛАУРИЛАМИН ДИПРОПИЛЕНДИАМИН [WHO-DD]
N'-(3-аминопропил)-N'-додецилпропан-1,3-диамин
W-109775
Q27286479
F1905-6424
АМИНОПРОПИЛ)-N-ДОДЕЦИЛ-1,3-ПРОПАНДИАМИН, N-(3-
N-(3-аминопропил)-N-додецилпропан-1,3-диамин

LUDIGOL; Nitrobenzen-m-sulfonan sodny; SCHEMBL1063227; WLN: WNR CSWO &-NA-; NSC9795; sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid; CAS Number: 127-68-4

Lopon 800 LOPON 800 is a VOC-free universal dispersing agent based on sodium polyacrylates for interior and exterior water based paints. FEATURES LOPON 800 offers good storage stability, high gloss attributes, and demonstrated stability when used in combination with glycol. BENEFITS LOPON 800 is highly compatible with polyphosphates such as POLYRON N to improve scrub resistance. This product offers very good storage stability. RECOMMENDATIONS Emulsions paints, varnishes, plasters, silicate emulsion paints, and adhesives. Dispersing agent for emulsion paints, varnishes, plasters, silicate emulsion paints and adhesives Nomenclature Polyacrylate, sodium salt Appearance amber liquid Characteristics pH-value: 7.0 – 8.5 Spec. Properties Density: approx. 1300 g/l Residual monomer: < 0.1 % Application LOPON 800 offers the following advantages: • easy dosage • highly effective • excellent deflocculation, high solids content available • ideally adjusted to polyphosphates like CALGON N for obtaining washing and scrubbing resistant emulsion paints • good storage stability • stable with glycol • high gloss The usual dosage of LOPON 800 in a formulation is 0.2 – 0.5% Storage protect from frost; carefully close open packaging after usage Packaging Container of 1.200 kg net; PE-drum of 250 kg net LOPON 800 is a dispersing agent for emulsion paints, varnishes, plasters, silicate emulsion paints and adhesives. This clear, yellowish liquid is a polyacrylate, sodium salt. It is ideally adjusted to polyphosphates like CALGON N for obtaining washing and scrubbing resistant emulsion paints. It also offers good storage stability, high gloss, and is stable with glycol. Product description of Lopon 800 Dispersing additives LOPON 800 by ICL Industrial is a highly effective, VOC-free universal dispersing agent. It is based on sodium polyacrylate. It is recommended for interior and exterior water-based paints. It offers easy dosage, excellent deflocculation and high solids content. It is ideally adjusted to polyphosphates like CALGON N for obtaining washing and scrubbing resistant silicate emulsion paints & varnishes. It provides good storage stability, stability with glycol and high gloss. The dosage level of LOPON 800 is 0.2–0.5%. Product Type Dispersing Agents > Surfactants-like > Sodium Polyacrylates / Polyacrylic Acids Chemical Composition Sodium polyacrylate-based CAS Number 9003-04-7 Physical Form Liquid Appearance Amber Product Status COMMERCIAL Applications/ Recommended for Coatings > Waterborne Resins > Silicates Lopon 800, also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [−CH2−CH(CO2Na)−]n and has broad applications in consumer products.[1] This super-absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Lopon 800 is an anionic polyelectrolyte with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain. Lopon 800 is a chemical polymer made up of chains of acrylate compounds. It contains sodium, which gives it the ability to absorb large amounts of water. Lopon 800 is also classified as an anionic polyelectrolyte.[2] When dissolved in water, it forms a thick and transparent solution due to the ionic interactions of the molecules. Lopon 800 has many favorable mechanical properties. Some of these advantages include good mechanical stability, high heat resistance, and strong hydration. It has been used as an additive for food products including bread, juice, and ice cream. While sodium neutralized polyacrylic acids are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.[3] The origins of super-absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) developed the first super-absorbent polymer materials. Identifiers of Lopon 800 CAS Number 9003-04-7 (2500000 MW) check ECHA InfoCard 100.118.171 Edit this at Wikidata EC Number 618-349-8 UNII 05I15JNI2J (2500000 MW) check CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0049783 Edit this at Wikidata Properties of Lopon 800 Chemical formula (C3H3NaO2)n Molar mass Variable Density 1.22 g/cm3 Background and History of Lopon 800 Super-absorbent polymers similar to Lopon 800 were developed in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[3] Before the development of these substances, the best water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based like tissue paper, sponge, cotton, or fluff pulp. These materials can only retain 20 times their weight in water, whereas Lopon 800 can retain hundreds of times its own weight in water. The USDA was interested in developing this technology because they wanted to find materials that could improve water conservation in soil. Through extensive research, they found that the gels they created did not expel water as fiber-based materials would. Early adopters of this technology were Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, and DuPont. Ultra-thin baby diapers were some of the first hygiene products to be developed which uses only a fraction of the material compared to fluff pulp diapers. Super-absorbent technology is in high demand in the disposable hygiene industry for products like diapers and sanitary napkins. SAPs used in hygiene products are typically sodium neutralized whereas SAPs used in agricultural applications are potassium neutralized. Fabrication Methods Overview Methods to fabricate Lopon 800, like solution polymerization in water, inverse emulsion polymerization, inverse suspension polymerization, plasma polymerization, and pressure-induced polymerization have been employed to synthesize various polyacrylates.[4] However, the process to obtain a solid-state product using these methods requires a lot of equipment and is very expensive. The products obtained from these methods also have defects like poor solubility and broad molecular weight distribution. Despite having drawbacks, the polymerization methods aforementioned are often used to form Lopon 800 and other SAPs. Another method tested in a study to produce Lopon 800 as an alternative to current methods began with Butyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymer and poly (butyl acrylate).[4] They were synthesized via suspension polymerization by using butyl acrylate as the main monomer and acrylic acid as a secondary monomer. Suspension polymerization uses physical and mechanical movement and agitation in order to mix monomers to form polymers. This process requires dispersing medium, monomers, stabilizing agents, and initiators. Next, the polymers were swollen in ethanol and hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Finally, water-soluble Lopon 800s were obtained by washing and drying the hydrolyzed resultant. This is a different method compared to the manufacturing processes that have been previously utilized, but could be a potential method to specifically manufacture Lopon 800. Overall, the various production methods of Lopon 800 will influence its swelling capability, absorbency, and other mechanical properties. It is also important to consider cost and feasibility when manufacturing polymers like Lopon 800. Super-absorbent Nanofibers (SANs) Lopon 800 Super-absorbent polymers are an innovative class of hydrogel products that can be used in many applications including hygiene products, drug delivery systems, agriculture, biomedicine, and wastewater treatment.[6] A method called electrospinning is used to fabricate super-absorbent nanofibers (SANs) because of their advantageous properties like high surface area and porous structure. Electrospinning is a simple method that uses an electric field that collects filaments by forcing polymer melts or solutions. SANs have been successfully created by using Lopon 800 and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a polymer matrix, which is a water soluble polymer that is highly hydrophilic. As a result of this method of fabrication, SANs created in a study displayed high rates of absorption due to the capillary phenomenon shown by their highly porous structures. Also, the cross-linking structure improved the water absorption ability of the SANs. Adding PVA in this case gave structural stability to the SAN and prevented it from being dissolved in water. Overall, Lopon 800 can be combined with PVA in a nanofiber to produce a strong and effective structure. Composites Clay-Polymer Hydrogels Studies have been conducted which observe the effect of the mechanical properties of hydrogels based on the amount of clay combined with the polymer.[7] When combining polymers with clay, the results are promising, showing an increase in the elastic modulus and the tensile strength of clay-polymer hydrogels. In general, combining inorganic substances with polymers can improve the electrical, mechanical, thermal, and gas barrier properties of materials like hydrogels. In order to obtain these results, ultra-high molecular mass polymers higher than a few millions are recommended to be used so that the mechanical properties can improve regardless of the type of polymer used. The mechanical properties for clay-polymer hydrogels have been studied including clay and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as well as clay and Lopon 800 (PAAS).[7] A study compared laponite/PEO and laponite/PAAS blend hydrogels. Laponite is a synthetic clay that has the ability to swell when placed in water. The results showed that both hydrogels have a similar elastic modulus. However, the tensile strength of laponite/PAAS is much stronger than laponite/PEO blend hydrogels. The reason for this difference is based on the clay-polymer interaction strength in each hydrogel blend. In laponite/PAAS, the interaction is much stronger compared to the laponite/PEO blend. Metal Ions Experiments and studies have shown that the incorporation of 0.3 wt% Lopon 800 in collagen (Co) fibers can improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composite films.[2] Lopon 800 can form films and composites with different cationic polymers, proteins, and other substances which can benefit the properties of the film. Furthermore, Lopon 800 has the potential to combine with metal ions because of its characteristic polyanionic property which would allow for more reinforcing of the material. When collagen and Lopon 800 (Co-PAAS) blend films were combined with Ca2+, Fe3+, and Ag+ ranging from 0.001 to 0.004 mol/g, the surface of the composites became coarser and the internal structure became more stratified as more metal ions were added. When the ions were added, tensile strength increased. The optimal amounts for each ion are as follows: Ca2+ (0.003 mol/g), Fe3+ (0.002 mol/g), and Ag+ (0.001 mol/g). The composite films also had better thermal stability. Overall, the study showed that metal ions added to Co-PAAS blend composite films can be used as an alternative to reinforce collagenous composite materials.[2] These three ions were combined with the Co-PAAS film because of their relevant biological applications. Ca2+ is one of the major elements in animal tissues including bone and teeth and has a strong interaction with collagen. Next, Fe3+ is an important trace element in the human body and participates in protein chelation. Finally, Ag+ has antibacterial properties and can improve the stability and transparency of the Co-PAAS film. Chitosan Lopon 800 is a commonly used electronegative polyelectrolyte which could be used to construct self-healing hydrogels and super-absorbents.[8] Novel chitosan/Lopon 800 polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels (CPG) have been fabricated successfully in a study by cross-linking chitosan and Lopon 800 with epichlorohydrin (ECH) through the inhibiting protonation effect of chitosan in an alkali/urea aqueous solution. The CPG had a high swelling ratio because of Lopon 800 and acted differently in various pH solutions, physiological solutions, and salt solutions with different concentrations. As a result, CPG had smart responsive properties to different situations and exhibited high compressive strength, good biocompatibility and in-vitro biodegradability. This fabrication process has shown success and has potential applications in the fields of agriculture, foods, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Applications of Lopon 800 Overview Water-soluble polymers are used in many industries, especially polyacrylates.[4] Some applications include thickeners, flocculants, dispersants, and drag reducing agents. Polyacrylates are also used as environmentally friendly adhesives or coatings. In addition, Lopon 800 is used in paper diapers and Maximum Absorbency Garments as the absorbent material.[9] It is also used in ice packs to convert the water used as the cooling agent into a gel, in order to reduce spillage in case the ice pack leaks.[10][11] Lopon 800 has also been studied for utilization in many applications such as nanofiltration of water to absorb water and concentrate the liquid with microbes.[12] Also, it is used for eco-engineering as a water-retaining agent in rocky slopes for increasing moisture availability in the soil. This can improve the water retention availability of the soil and infiltration capacity in sandy soil. Below is a table containing categories and lists of some products and applications that utilize Lopon 800:[13] Lopon 800 Applications Overview Health Care Animals Industry Environment Other Products Paper/disposable diaper (baby, child, and adult) Sanitary napkin Nursing mat Medical bandage Wound dressings Pet pad Horse urine odor absorbing Drown-free water source for feeder insects Waste liquid control Drilling fluid Concrete protection Anti-flood Bag Excreta collection Wire and cable water blocking Artificial snow hot/cold gel pack Urine bag Growing toys Thickening agent Fragrance carrier Fire-retardant gel Anti-fogging packing material Waterbed Some of the items listed above will be discussed in further detail in the next application sections. However, it is important to note that the table provided above is not comprehensive and does not contain all of the possible or potential applications for using Lopon 800. Sequestering Agents Lopon 800 is commonly used in detergents as a chelating agent.[1] A chelating agent is used in detergents because it has the ability to neutralize heavy metals that can be found in dirt, water, and other substances that could be in clothes. The addition of Lopon 800 makes detergent more effective when cleaning clothes. Thickening Agents Since Lopon 800 can absorb and retain water molecules, it is used often in diapers, hair gels, and soaps.[1] Lopon 800 is considered a thickening agent because it increases the viscosity of water-based compounds. In diapers, Lopon 800 absorbs water found in urine in order to increase the capacity to store liquid and to reduce rashes. Coatings Lopon 800 can also be utilized as a coating for electrical wires in order to reduce the amount of moisture around wires.[1] Water and moisture near wires can cause issues with transmitting electrical signals. This could cause potential fire hazards. Due to the effective absorption and swelling capacity of Lopon 800, it can absorb water and prevent it from surrounding or infiltrating wires. Agriculture In the agricultural industry, Lopon 800 is used to help plants retain moisture in the soil.[1] It can act as a water reservoir for plants and is commonly used by florists to keep flowers fresh. Furthermore, the use of Lopon 800 for growing domestic fruit and vegetables has been approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. NASA Maximum Absorbency Garments (MAGs) Lopon 800 is used in the fabric of spacesuits designed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to prevent rashes from developing during flight by absorbing various liquids.[1][14] These garments are called Maximum Absorbency Garments or MAGs and Lopon 800 is used in the innermost layers of these spacesuits to aid in the absorption of liquid from the surface of the skin. Specifically, MAGs absorb liquid from urine and feces and can hold approximately 2 L of liquid. Environmental Applications Inhibition of Hydrogen Production from Waste-Diaper Material Although Lopon 800 has beneficial environmental applications, in one study, Lopon 800 was found to have inhibitory effects on the bioH2 fermentation of cellulosic wastes.[15] Lopon 800 is commonly used in diapers to absorb liquids from urine and feces, but Lopon 800 has been found that waste disposable diapers (WDD) accumulate in landfills since Lopon 800 prevents and negatively affects H2 production from the dark fermentation of WDD. To be specific, WDD represents 7% of urban solid refuse and the current option is landfilling, which is degradable only during biological conditions. Such conditions include anaerobic degradation and composting. Considering the high amounts of cellulosic waste in WDD, in order to be more sustainable it has been recommended that Lopon 800 be replaced with special starches that can absorb significant amounts of water yet are still degradable by dark fermentation (DF). Overall, despite having many beneficial environmental applications, the usage of Lopon 800 in diapers can prevent waste from degrading properly over time. Low Salt Animal Skin Preservation In the leather industry, salt-based preservation is typically used because it is versatile, cost-effective, and readily available.[12] However, the salt removed from the soaking process can cause pollution including elevated total dissolved solids (TDS). A study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of instead using a low-salt skin preservation method with Lopon 800 which has a reduced amount of NaCl. The main goal was to retain the properties of commercial leather while reducing pollution. The results showed that Lopon 800 with low salt levels had an adequate curing efficiency with a significant reduction (>65%) of TDS. Around 40% NaCl is used in conventional curing processes but the process conducted with Lopon 800 used 15% NaCl and 5% Lopon 800. Removal of Metal Ions from the Environment Studies have shown that Lopon 800 and other super-absorbent polymers or SAPs can be used to absorb and recover metal ions.[16] Heavy metals are very harmful pollutants and can have detrimental effects on aquatic environments and human beings because of high toxicity, bioaccumulation, and non-degradability. Activities like mining and petroleum refining can produce these heavy metals which necessitates a simple and environmentally sustainable process to absorb these harmful metals to prevent disastrous results. Lopon 800 can absorb solutions quickly by swelling porous structure networks to reduce mass-transfer resistance. Also, Lopon 800 is a low-cost, non-toxic, and biocompatible option for water purification to recover metal ions. A study demonstrated that a Lopon 800 composite had high adsorption and desorption efficiency, implying that Lopon 800 can be recycled and reused as an effective absorbent for Cu(II) recovery.[16] Lopon 800 is able to do this because of its function group (-COO-) in its matrix which contributes to its effective adsorption capacity. Lopon 800 has a very high adsorption capacity and one of the highest adsorption capacities for Lopon 800 was found with Cu(II) ions. Using a mild concentration of 0.01 M nitric acid, almost all of the copper could be recovered from the Lopon 800 matrix. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of using Lopon 800 to rid the environment of toxic metals like copper. It is also a sustainable solution since Lopon 800 can be recycled and reused, therefore, reducing waste. Drug Delivery Applications Lopon 800 can be used for microencapsulation to deliver substances like probiotics.[17] The delivery of probiotics to the digestive system can be difficult because the viability of probiotics decreases sharply throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to strong acid conditions. Although Alginate (Alg) is the most extensively used native microcapsule matrix, combining Alg with Lopon 800 yields better results based on research comparing different encapsulation methods. Lopon 800 is an oral safe food additive approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has repeated carboxylate groups along its molecular chain. As a result, the acid buffering effect of Lopon 800 could be better than small molecular acid. Also, the binding capacity of Lopon 800 with calcium ions could be higher than Alg because of the high concentration of carboxylate groups and the increased flexible nature of the polymer chain. Lopon 800 has been found useful in drug delivery applications.[17] When Lopon 800 combined with alginate (Alg), Lopon 800 was able to successfully encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 and allowed better probiotic delivery compared to an Alg microcapsule. This result is true for both the small and large intestine. This research has shown that Alg-PAAS(1:2) could be a potentially effective microcapsule matrix in probiotic drug delivery. This capsule enhanced the survival of the probiotic when traveling both in-vitro and in-vivo. Safety Lopon 800 itself does not irritate the skin.[18] Lopon 800 is made up of large polymers that do not have the ability to infiltrate the skin. However, sometimes Lopon 800 is mixed with acrylic acid which is leftover from the manufacturing process. As a leftover of producing Lopon 800, acrylic acid can cause a rash in contact with skin. It should be less than 300 PPM as the absorbent material in paper diapers. Also, if Lopon 800 is being used in a powder form it should not be inhaled. If spilled in an area with water, Lopon 800 could cause the ground to be very slippery. Finally, Lopon 800 can cause severe clogging if it enters sewers or drainage systems in large quantities. Otherwise, Lopon 800 is non-toxic and safe from any major risks. Lopon 800 Usage And Synthesis Description of Lopon 800 Lopon 800 is the sodium salt of polyarylic acid. As a chemical polymer, it has various kinds of application in consumer products. It is capable of absorbing extremely high amount of water which can reach up to as much as 200 to 300 times its mass; therefore, it is used in agriculture industry and is infused in the soil of many plants to maintain the moisture of plant. It can be commonly used as a sequestering agent, or chelating agent in many detergents. It can also be used as a thickening agent to be used in diapers and hair gels because of its high capability of absorbing and holding water. Furthermore, it can be included in the coatings of sensitive electrical wiring to remove moisture in the wires. Dispersant Lopon 800 is a commonly used dispersant, also known as 2-sodium acrylate homopolymer, S Lopon 800. It is colorless or light yellow viscous liquid in room temperature, and non-toxic, alkaline, insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone but easily soluble in water and aqueous sodium hydroxide. However, for aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, due to the increase of alkaline metal ions, Lopon 800 is first dissolved and then precipitated. Lopon 800 can work without entrustment under alkaline conditions or being concentrated for several folds with molecular weight of about 500-3000. Lopon 800 can disperse the microcrystalline or sediment of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate salts into the water without precipitation, and thus achieving the purpose of preventing entrustment. Besides used as the descaling dispersant in power plants, chemical plants, fertilizer plants, refineries and air conditioning systems, cooling water system, it is also widely used in industries like paper and textile, ceramics, paints, building materials. When used as a paper coating dispersant, it has a relative molecular mass in 2000-4000. When Lopon 800 coating concentration is 65% to 70%, it can still have a good rheology and aging stability. The product in molecular weight from 1000 to 3000 is used as water quality stabilizer as well as scaling control agent of concentrated black liquor. Products with molecular weight higher than 100,000 is used as coatings thickener and water retention agent, which can increase the viscosity of synthetic emulsion such as carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex and acrylate emulsion latex and prevent the water from being separated out as well as maintain the stability of the coating system . Product of molecular weight of 1 million or more can be used as a flocculant. It can also be used as super absorbent polymer, soil conditioners, as well as a thickening agent and emulsion dispersant in the food industry. The molecular structure of Lopon 800 molecule is water soluble linear polymers. Small molecular weight molecule is as liquid with large molecule counterparts shown as solid. Solid product is shown as a white powder or granules, and is odorless, water-swellable, and soluble in aqueous caustic soda. Moreover, it is extremely hygroscopic. It is a polymer compound containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Lopon 800 is slowly soluble in water and form a highly viscous transparent liquid whose 0.5% solution having a viscosity of about 1000cp with the viscosity being not as swelling as CMC and sodium alginate. But owing to the ion phenomenon of many anionic groups in the molecule makes the molecular chain being longer, increasing the apparent viscosity to form highly viscous solution. Lopon 800 has a viscosity which is 15-20 times as high as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate. It has a high alkali resistance with viscosity changing only little and it is also non-perishable. Heat treatment, neutral salts, and organic acids have very small effects on its viscosity. However, it has increased viscosity upon alkaline condition. Intense heating to 300 degrees will not cause decomposition of it. Due to its property as a kind of electrolyte, it is vulnerable to acids and metal ions which cause the decrease of viscosity. In case of more than a sufficient amount of divalent metal ions (e.g. aluminum, lead, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc), it will form insoluble salt which cause intermolecular crosslink and thus gelation and further precipitation. But it is still as solution upon a low amount of divalent metal ion, making it be able to be used as detergent additives which play a role in preventing soil re-deposition. Food grade Lopon 800 In abroad, it has begun to apply Lopon 800 for being used in a variety of food for thickening, gluten and preservation since 1960s. In 2000, the Ministry of Health of china also officially approved it as a food grade thickener. Application limitation: According to China's food additive standards. The applications of food grade Lopon 800 used are as follows: 1. being used as a thickener in foods has the following effects: (1) Enhance the adhesion ability to raw flour protein. (2) Make starch particle to combine with each other and dispersion penetrate into the mesh structure of the protein. (3) Form dough with a dense texture and being smooth in its glossy surface. (4) It forms a stable dough colloid for preventing soluble starch exudation. (5) It has a strong water-holding capacity which can make moisture be uniformly maintained in dough and prevent drying. (6) It can be used to improve the dough extensibility. (7) Make the raw material in the oil component be stably dispersed into the dough. 2. it is used as the electrolyte for protein interactions, change the protein structure, and enhance food viscoelasticity and improve the organization. 3. Application examples of Lopon 800: (1) Bread, cakes, noodles, macaroni, improve utilization of raw materials, improve the taste and flavor with the amount of 0.05%. (2) Fish paste-like products, canned food, dried seaweed, etc., to strengthen its organization, to keep fresh flavor, enhanced sense of smell. (3) Sauce, tomato sauce, mayonnaise, jam, cream, soy sauce, thickeners and stabilizers. (4) Fruit juice, wine, etc., dispersants. (5) Ice cream, Kara honey Seoul sugar, improve taste and the stability. (6) Frozen food, aquatic products, surface jellies (preservation). 4. Owing to its slow dissolution rate in water; it can be pre-mixed with sugar, powdered starch syrup, emulsifier, etc., to improve the dissolution rate. 5. Lopon 800 can be used as sugar, salt, beverage clarifying agent (polymer coagulant). Uses of Lopon 800 1. It can be used as a corrosion scale inhibitor, water stabilizer, paint thickener and water retention agent, flocculants, drilling mud treatment agent. 2. The agent is used for the circulating cooling water treatment for equipment copper material with a excellent scale effect. At the amount of 100 mg/L, it can form chelate with the scale-forming ions in water of medium hardness and further flow with water, and can prevent the formation of iron oxide scale. 3. It can be used as a thickener and stabilizer in butter products, cream, tomato sauce. It can also be used as a dispersing agent in fruit juice, wine and spirits. It can improve the sense of taste of ice cream, and enhance its stability. It can also be used as surface freezing glue for freezing products and aquatic products, and can also play a role in preservation. It can also alter protein structure and enhance the viscoelasticity of food, and thus further improving the organization. 4. Thickener. It has many functions in food as following: (1) Enhance the adhesion ability to raw flour protein. (2) Make starch particle to combine with each other and dispersion penetrate into the mesh structure of the protein. (3) Form dough with a dense texture and being smooth in its glossy surface. (4) It forms a stable dough colloid for preventing soluble starch exudation. (5) It has a strong water-holding capacity which can make moisture be uniformly maintained in dough and prevent drying. (6) It can be used to improve the dough extensibility. (7) Make the raw material in the oil component be stably dispersed into the dough. 2, it is used as the electrolyte for protein interactions, change the protein structure, and enhance food viscoelasticity and improve the organization. Application Example: (1) Bread, cakes, noodles, macaroni, improve utilization of raw materials, improve the taste and flavor with the amount of 0.05%. (2) Fish paste-like products, canned food, dried seaweed, etc., to strengthen its organization, to keep fresh flavor, enhanced sense of smell. (3) Sauce, tomato sauce, mayonnaise, jam, cream, soy sauce, thickeners and stabilizers. (4) Fruit juice, wine, etc., dispersants. (5) Ice cream, Kara honey Seoul sugar, improve taste and the stability. (6) Frozen food, aquatic products, surface jellies (preservation). 4, Owing to its slow dissolution rate in water; it can be pre-mixed with sugar, powdered starch syrup, emulsifier, etc., to improve the dissolution rate. 5, Lopon 800 can be used as sugar, salt, beverage clarifying agent (polymer coagulant). 5. It can be used as a filtrate reducer in solid drilling industry. 6. This product is a good anion detergent and dispersants which can be combined with other water treatment agent compound used for oil field water, cooling water, boiler water treatment at high pH and at high concentration process without scaling. Production methods of Lopon 800 1. Add deionized water and 34 kg of isopropanol chain transfer agent to the kettle separately and heat it to 80~82 °C. Add drop wise 14 kg of ammonium per-sulfate aqueous solution and 170 kg of acrylic monomers. After completion of dropping, perform the reaction for 3 h; cool to 40 °C; add 30% aqueous NaOH solution to a pH value of 8.0 to 9.0 and then have water and isopropanol been distilled to get the final liquid products. Spray dry to give a solid product. 2. Acrylate or acrylic acid is reacted with sodium hydroxide to get sodium acrylate, remove the alcohol by-produced; concentrate; adjust the pH, and undergo polymerization reaction to get the final product with the catalysis of ammonium per-sulfate. 3. Acrylic acid and sodium hydroxide is reacted to get sodium acrylate monomer, and then polymerize into Lopon 800 with ammonium per-sulfate as the catalyst. 4. Add Lopon 800 (with molecule weight: 1000~3000) to the reaction vessel to obtain 30% aqueous solution. Description of Lopon 800 Lopon 800, also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of poly acrylic acid with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n and broad application in consumer produc

L-Ornithine; L-(+)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid hydrochloride; L-Ornithine Hydrochloride; (S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid monohydrochloride; (S)-(+)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid hydrochloride; L-2,5-Diaminovaleric acid; cas no: 3184-13-2

L-(+)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid hydrochloride; L-Ornithine Hydrochloride; (S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid monohydrochloride; (S)-(+)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid hydrochloride; L-2,5-Diaminovaleric acid cas no :3184-13-2

LOXANOL OT 5840 Loxanol OT 5840 Company: BASF Formulation Additives DOCUMENTS Loxanol OT 5840 Datasheet BASF Formulation Additives Product Catalog (Asia Pacific) BASF Formulation Additives makes their documentation available in the regions indicated below: Loxanol OT 5840 (formerly Loxanol OT 5840) is a liquid additive supplied in the form of an easy to incorporate emulsion. It prolongs the open time and reduces the cracking of emulsion paints, organo silicate and silicone resin based mortars. When incorporated into plasters, Loxanol OT 5840 prolongs the workable time. This allows a uniform structure to be maintained during the application period. Loxanol OT 5840 gives the mortar a pliable structure and also prevents cracking due to its plasticizing effect. This liquid, white emulsion has no effect on the water absorbtion. Loxanol OT 5840 Company: BASF Dispersions & Pigments Asia Pacific DOCUMENTS Loxanol OT 5840 Datasheet BASF Dispersions & Pigments Asia Pacificmakes their documentation available in the regions indicated below: Loxanol OT 5840 is a liquid additive supplied in the form of an easy to incorporate emulsion. It prolongs the open time and reduces the cracking of emulsion paints, organo silicate and silicone resin based mortars. This product shows improved storage stability and lower emulsifier content. When incorporated into plasters, Loxanol OT 5840 prolongs the workable time. This allows a uniform structure to be maintained during the application period. It gives the mortar a pliable structure and also prevents cracking due to its plasticizing effect. It has no effect on the water absorbtion. Loxanol OT 5840 Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF Loxanol OT 5840 by BASF is an aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compound. It is a coalescing agent. It is an open-time prolonger in liquid form. Prevents reduced cracking in resin-based plasters. Suitable for water-based system. Loxanol OT 5840 by BASF is recommended for use in plasters, exterior and elastic paints. Product Type Film Forming / Coalescing Agents Chemical Composition Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compound Physical Form Liquid Loxanol OT 5840 5853 1. 150 years150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 VOC-free open time prolonger for plasters with excellent cold storage stability Formulation Additives Dispersions & Pigments Division European Coatings Show 2015 2. 150 years Content 2  Loxanol OT 5840 5853 - VOC-free open time prolonger for plasters with excellent cold storage stability  EIFS – Basic definitions  Open time prolongers – Performance benefits  Open time prolongers – Portfolio  Loxanol OT 5840 5853 – Proven performance  Back-up Content 3. 150 years 3 1 Wärmedämmverbundsystem Exterior insulation finishing systems (EIFS / WDVS1) 4. 150 years Exterior insulation finishing systems (EIFS / WDVS1) 4 Wall Adhesive Plaster Reinforcement Styrofoam Paint 1 Wärmedämmverbundsystem Adhesive 5. 150 years  Rapid drying  Uneven surface structure  Cracks Construction application problems in summer 5 6. 150 years Construction application problems in summer Construction application problems in summer  The plaster is taken out of the bucket and spread on Styrofoam. Then it is equalized (structured) to form a homogeneous surface. On larger buildings, workers start applying the plaster on the highest level and work from (e.g.) left to right and top to bottom. There is always freshly applied plaster overlapping plaster that has been applied 30 min to 1 hour before. The overlapping zones do not look homogeneous if the plaster does not contain an open time prolonger. 6 7. 150 years Structured after several minutes of drying Immediately structured  For plasters without OTP: Appearance of plaster structure changes significantly depending on drying times before structuring 7 Construction application problems in summer Plaster without open time prolonger 8. 150 years Open time prolongers  Overcome the problems caused by drying too fast  Provide extension to open time  Reduce cracking  Help ease the application and improve structure development  Provide hydrophobizing as a side-effect Recommended dosage: 0.2% - 1.0% on the final product 8 Open time prolongers Performance benefits 9. 150 years Open time prolongers Portfolio New product name Old product name Description Solids (%) Viscosity (mPa.s) VOC content*(%) Loxanol OT 5840 5840 Loxanol DPN Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 20 600 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Loxanol 842 DP-3 30 ~ 5,000 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5846 Loxanol OT 5840 DP-6 20 ~ 2,000 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5900 Loxanol P Oleochemical compound on silica carrier 45 (14% actives) powder < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5853 (New) Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~ 1,000 < 0.1 9 * Recommended for low-VOC paints and plasters. Measurements according to the ISO 11890-2 analytical method defined in the European Paints Directive 2004/42/EC. 10. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Highlights Environmental aspects  VOC-free according to EU 2004/42 1 method  APEO free  Low odor  Designed for paints with eco-labels 2 Performance highlights  Improved cold storage stability  Improved handling  reduced product viscosity (~ 1,000 mPa.s) at high concentration level (30% active)  Minimization of pore building 1 VOC content < 0,1% acc. EU 2004/42 ( b.p. > 250°C) (750 ppm) 2 Suitable for achieving the European Ecolabel for “indoor paints and varnishes” 2009/544/EC and for “outdoor paints and varnishes” 2009/543/EC for the final plaster 10 11. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Open time, pinholes and cracking  Relative rating of open time, pinholes formation and cracking vs. internal benchmark and alternative market product 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Open Time Pinholes Cracks Loxanol OT 5840 5853 shows excellent performance, slightly better than the alternative market product 5 = very good 1 = bad 12. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Pinholes and cracking  Reduction of pinholes and crack formation 12 Without open time prolonger Loxanol OT 5840 5843 Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Alternative market product Loxanol OT 5840 shows as excellent performance as Loxanol OT 5840 5843 and better than the alternative market product 13. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Cold storage stability  Improved cold storage stability 13 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 start 1.cycle 2.cycle 3.cycle 4.cycle 5.cycle 6.cycle 7.cycle 8.cycle OT 5840 Competitor OT 5853 Storage cycles: 1 cycle = 3 days 3°C -> RT 1 day -> 3 days 3°C Paste Viscosity (mPa.s) 14. 150 years BASF Solution Finder Tool for Formulation Additives 14  This tool provides you the best additive solution for your challenging formulation task : • From dispersing agents, wetting agents and surface modifiers, to defoamers, rheology modifiers and film-forming agents  Explore the BASF formulation additives portfolio for the paints and coatings industry, by : • Receiving recommendations for your formulation challenges • Understanding the main benefits of our products by application and get technical information • Ordering samples or contacting us for more detailed consultations Check out our Solution Finder Tool on Loxanol OT 5840 is an additive to prolong the ‘open time’ and workability of latex-based plasters for exterior insulation and finishing systems (EIFS) with high active content and improved storage stability. chemical nature Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds Properties physical form White viscous liquid shelf life Subject to appropriate storage under the usual storage and temperature conditions, our products are durable for at least 1 year. typical properties viscosity 1000 mPas (no supply specification) active ingredients ~ 30% density at 25 °C ~ 0.97 g/cm3 Solubility with water miscible Application Loxanol OT 5840 is a highly effective additive based on straight long chain alcohols. It prolongs the ‘open time’ and often provides elastification whereby cracks in plaster are avoided to a large extent. The extent to which the ‘open time’ may be prolonged by means of Loxanol OT 5840 depends largely on the type of polymer emulsion involved. Tests have shown that styrene acrylic emulsions require a higher dosage of Loxanol OT 5840 than vinyl acetate copolymers. Film-forming agents Film-forming agents Technical information, features and benefits Product name Description Solids (%) Viscosity (mpa s) VOC content (%) Recommended for low-voc paints* Coalescents Loxanol OT 5840 Dicarboxylic acid esters 100 ~6 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Linear ester, based on renewable raw materials 100 ~5 <0.1 Open-time prolongers Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~5,000 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~1,000 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Oleochemical compounds 45 Powder <0.1 Plasticizers Loxanol OT 5840 Polypropylene glycol alkylphenylether 100 ~94 <0.1 Efka PL 5381 Epoxidized soy bean oil 100 ~550 <0.1 Efka PL 5382 Epoxidized soy bean oil 100 ~550 <0.1 Efka PL 5520 Butyl ester of a fatty acid mixture 100 ~8 <0.1 Efka PL 5590 Ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid 100 ~13 <0.1 Efka PL 5635 Epoxidized linear ester 100 ~30 <0.2 Efka PL 5642 Dibutyl sebacate 100 ~10 <0.1 Efka PL 5643 Di-octyl adipate 100 ~15 <0.1 Efka PL ,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester 100 ~50 <0.1 Efka PL 5651 Bis(butylcarbitol) formal 100 ~100 <0.1 Efka PL 5688 Di-octyl sebacate 100 ~23 < All products except Loxanol OT 5840 comply with APEO-free claims. APEO has not been intentionally added. Product may comprise minor traces as ubiquitiously occuring impurities cannot be excluded. Loxanol OT 5840 Company: BASF Formulation Additives DOCUMENTS Loxanol OT 5840 Datasheet BASF Formulation Additives Product Catalog (Asia Pacific) BASF Formulation Additives makes their documentation available in the regions indicated below: Loxanol OT 5840 (formerly Loxanol OT 5840) is a liquid additive supplied in the form of an easy to incorporate emulsion. It prolongs the open time and reduces the cracking of emulsion paints, organo silicate and silicone resin based mortars. When incorporated into plasters, Loxanol OT 5840 prolongs the workable time. This allows a uniform structure to be maintained during the application period. Loxanol OT 5840 gives the mortar a pliable structure and also prevents cracking due to its plasticizing effect. This liquid, white emulsion has no effect on the water absorbtion. Loxanol OT 5840 Company: BASF Dispersions & Pigments Asia Pacific DOCUMENTS Loxanol OT 5840 Datasheet BASF Dispersions & Pigments Asia Pacificmakes their documentation available in the regions indicated below: Loxanol OT 5840 is a liquid additive supplied in the form of an easy to incorporate emulsion. It prolongs the open time and reduces the cracking of emulsion paints, organo silicate and silicone resin based mortars. This product shows improved storage stability and lower emulsifier content. When incorporated into plasters, Loxanol OT 5840 prolongs the workable time. This allows a uniform structure to be maintained during the application period. It gives the mortar a pliable structure and also prevents cracking due to its plasticizing effect. It has no effect on the water absorbtion. Loxanol OT 5840 Technical Datasheet | Supplied by BASF Loxanol OT 5840 by BASF is an aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compound. It is a coalescing agent. It is an open-time prolonger in liquid form. Prevents reduced cracking in resin-based plasters. Suitable for water-based system. Loxanol OT 5840 by BASF is recommended for use in plasters, exterior and elastic paints. Product Type Film Forming / Coalescing Agents Chemical Composition Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compound Physical Form Liquid Loxanol OT 5840 5853 1. 150 years150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 VOC-free open time prolonger for plasters with excellent cold storage stability Formulation Additives Dispersions & Pigments Division European Coatings Show 2015 2. 150 years Content 2  Loxanol OT 5840 5853 - VOC-free open time prolonger for plasters with excellent cold storage stability  EIFS – Basic definitions  Open time prolongers – Performance benefits  Open time prolongers – Portfolio  Loxanol OT 5840 5853 – Proven performance  Back-up Content 3. 150 years 3 1 Wärmedämmverbundsystem Exterior insulation finishing systems (EIFS / WDVS1) 4. 150 years Exterior insulation finishing systems (EIFS / WDVS1) 4 Wall Adhesive Plaster Reinforcement Styrofoam Paint 1 Wärmedämmverbundsystem Adhesive 5. 150 years  Rapid drying  Uneven surface structure  Cracks Construction application problems in summer 5 6. 150 years Construction application problems in summer Construction application problems in summer  The plaster is taken out of the bucket and spread on Styrofoam. Then it is equalized (structured) to form a homogeneous surface. On larger buildings, workers start applying the plaster on the highest level and work from (e.g.) left to right and top to bottom. There is always freshly applied plaster overlapping plaster that has been applied 30 min to 1 hour before. The overlapping zones do not look homogeneous if the plaster does not contain an open time prolonger. 6 7. 150 years Structured after several minutes of drying Immediately structured  For plasters without OTP: Appearance of plaster structure changes significantly depending on drying times before structuring 7 Construction application problems in summer Plaster without open time prolonger 8. 150 years Open time prolongers  Overcome the problems caused by drying too fast  Provide extension to open time  Reduce cracking  Help ease the application and improve structure development  Provide hydrophobizing as a side-effect Recommended dosage: 0.2% - 1.0% on the final product 8 Open time prolongers Performance benefits 9. 150 years Open time prolongers Portfolio New product name Old product name Description Solids (%) Viscosity (mPa.s) VOC content*(%) Loxanol OT 5840 5840 Loxanol DPN Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 20 600 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Loxanol 842 DP-3 30 ~ 5,000 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5846 Loxanol OT 5840 DP-6 20 ~ 2,000 < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5900 Loxanol P Oleochemical compound on silica carrier 45 (14% actives) powder < 0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 5853 (New) Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~ 1,000 < 0.1 9 * Recommended for low-VOC paints and plasters. Measurements according to the ISO 11890-2 analytical method defined in the European Paints Directive 2004/42/EC. 10. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Highlights Environmental aspects  VOC-free according to EU 2004/42 1 method  APEO free  Low odor  Designed for paints with eco-labels 2 Performance highlights  Improved cold storage stability  Improved handling  reduced product viscosity (~ 1,000 mPa.s) at high concentration level (30% active)  Minimization of pore building 1 VOC content < 0,1% acc. EU 2004/42 ( b.p. > 250°C) (750 ppm) 2 Suitable for achieving the European Ecolabel for “indoor paints and varnishes” 2009/544/EC and for “outdoor paints and varnishes” 2009/543/EC for the final plaster 10 11. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Open time, pinholes and cracking  Relative rating of open time, pinholes formation and cracking vs. internal benchmark and alternative market product 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Open Time Pinholes Cracks Loxanol OT 5840 5853 shows excellent performance, slightly better than the alternative market product 5 = very good 1 = bad 12. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Pinholes and cracking  Reduction of pinholes and crack formation 12 Without open time prolonger Loxanol OT 5840 5843 Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Alternative market product Loxanol OT 5840 shows as excellent performance as Loxanol OT 5840 5843 and better than the alternative market product 13. 150 years Loxanol OT 5840 5853 Proven performance: Cold storage stability  Improved cold storage stability 13 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 start 1.cycle 2.cycle 3.cycle 4.cycle 5.cycle 6.cycle 7.cycle 8.cycle OT 5840 Competitor OT 5853 Storage cycles: 1 cycle = 3 days 3°C -> RT 1 day -> 3 days 3°C Paste Viscosity (mPa.s) 14. 150 years BASF Solution Finder Tool for Formulation Additives 14  This tool provides you the best additive solution for your challenging formulation task : • From dispersing agents, wetting agents and surface modifiers, to defoamers, rheology modifiers and film-forming agents  Explore the BASF formulation additives portfolio for the paints and coatings industry, by : • Receiving recommendations for your formulation challenges • Understanding the main benefits of our products by application and get technical information • Ordering samples or contacting us for more detailed consultations Check out our Solution Finder Tool on Loxanol OT 5840 is an additive to prolong the ‘open time’ and workability of latex-based plasters for exterior insulation and finishing systems (EIFS) with high active content and improved storage stability. chemical nature Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds Properties physical form White viscous liquid shelf life Subject to appropriate storage under the usual storage and temperature conditions, our products are durable for at least 1 year. typical properties viscosity 1000 mPas (no supply specification) active ingredients ~ 30% density at 25 °C ~ 0.97 g/cm3 Solubility with water miscible Application Loxanol OT 5840 is a highly effective additive based on straight long chain alcohols. It prolongs the ‘open time’ and often provides elastification whereby cracks in plaster are avoided to a large extent. The extent to which the ‘open time’ may be prolonged by means of Loxanol OT 5840 depends largely on the type of polymer emulsion involved. Tests have shown that styrene acrylic emulsions require a higher dosage of Loxanol OT 5840 than vinyl acetate copolymers. Film-forming agents Film-forming agents Technical information, features and benefits Product name Description Solids (%) Viscosity (mpa s) VOC content (%) Recommended for low-voc paints* Coalescents Loxanol OT 5840 Dicarboxylic acid esters 100 ~6 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Linear ester, based on renewable raw materials 100 ~5 <0.1 Open-time prolongers Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~5,000 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Aqueous dispersion of oleochemical compounds 30 ~1,000 <0.1 Loxanol OT 5840 Oleochemical compounds 45 Powder <0.1 Plasticizers Loxanol OT 5840 Polypropylene glycol alkylphenylether 100 ~94 <0.1 Efka PL 5381 Epoxidized soy bean oil 100 ~550 <0.1 Efka PL 5382 Epoxidized soy bean oil 100 ~550 <0.1 Efka PL 5520 Butyl ester of a fatty acid mixture 100 ~8 <0.1 Efka PL 5590 Ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid 100 ~13 <0.1 Efka PL 5635 Epoxidized linear ester 100 ~30 <0.2 Efka PL 5642 Dibutyl sebacate 100 ~10 <0.1 Efka PL 5643 Di-octyl adipate 100 ~15 <0.1 Efka PL ,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester 100 ~50 <0.1 Efka PL 5651 Bis(butylcarbitol) formal 100 ~100 <0.1 Efka PL 5688 Di-octyl sebacate 100 ~23 < All products except Loxanol OT 5840 comply with APEO-free claims. APEO has not been intentionally added. Product may comprise minor traces as ubiquitiously occuring impurities cannot be excluded.

Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 (PEG; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH. Medical uses Main article: Macrogol Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives.[4] Whole bowel irrigation with Loxanol OT 5843 and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products. When attached to various protein medications, Loxanol OT 5843 allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood. The possibility that Loxanol OT 5843 PEG could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.[4] Chemical uses of Loxanol OT 5843 The remains of the 16th century carrack Mary Rose undergoing conservation treatment with Loxanol OT 5843 PEG in the 1980s Terra cotta warrior, showing traces of original color. Because Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.[6] Loxanol OT 5843 has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.[7] The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.[8] Since Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make Loxanol OT 5843 PEG one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique. Loxanol OT 5843 is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has also been used to preserve objects that have been salvaged from underwater, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm,[9] and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.[4] In addition, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.[10] Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.[11] These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a Loxanol OT 5843 PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.[12] Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has also been used as a propellent on the UGM-133M Trident II Missile, in service with the United States Air Force.[14] Biological uses of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.[6] Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization. X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas. César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.[4] Polymer segments derived from PEG polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions. In microbiology, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG precipitation is used to concentrate viruses. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro. Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be Loxanol OT 5843 PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.[15] The size of the Loxanol OT 5843 PEG polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.[16][17] In blood banking, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.[4][18] When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol (some references are required). In biophysics, Loxanol OT 5843 are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.[19][20] Commercial uses of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin). Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used in a number of toothpastes[4] as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.[21][22] In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks[23] – its INS number is 1521[24] or E1521 in the EU.[25] Industrial uses of Loxanol OT 5843 A nitrate ester-plasticized Loxanol OT 5843 (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.[26] Dimethyl ethers of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the gas waste stream. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.[27] Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes. Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.[28] Recreational uses of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants. Health effects of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the FDA. However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of anti Loxanol OT 5843 PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population based on plasma samples from 1990–1999.[medical citation needed] The FDA has been asked to investigate the possible effects of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG in laxatives for children.[29] Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, hypersensitive reactions to Loxanol OT 5843 PEG are an increasing concern.[medical citation needed] Allergy to Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain Loxanol OT 5843 PEG or were manufactured with Loxanol OT 5843 PEG. When Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is chemically attached to therapeutic molecules (such as protein drugs or nanoparticles), it can sometimes be antigenic, stimulating an anti-PEG antibody response in some patients. This effect has only been shown for a few of the many available PEGylated therapeutics, but it has significant effects on clinical outcomes of affected patients.[31] Other than these few instances where patients have anti-PEG immune responses, it is generally considered to be a safe component of drug formulations. Available forms and nomenclature of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000 g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000 g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass.[32] Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol.[33] Loxanol OT 5843 PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. While Loxanol OT 5843 PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications, and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Different forms of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process – the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. Lower-molecular-weight Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs are also available as purer oligomers, referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete. Very high purity Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray diffraction.[33] Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 10–1000 fold that of polydisperse Loxanol OT 5843 PEG. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs are also available with different geometries. Branched Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs have three to ten Loxanol OT 5843 PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Star Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs have 10 to 100 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Comb Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs have multiple Loxanol OT 5843 PEG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone. The numbers that are often included in the names of Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs indicate their average molecular weights (e.g. a PEG with n = 9 would have an average molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons, and would be labeled PEG 400.) Most Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e. they are polydisperse). The size distribution can be characterized statistically by its weight average molecular weight (Mw) and its number average molecular weight (Mn), the ratio of which is called the polydispersity index (Mw/Mn). Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry. PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a Loxanol OT 5843 PEG structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGylated interferon alfa-2a or −2b are commonly used injectable treatments for hepatitis C infection. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane. It is coupled to hydrophobic molecules to produce non-ionic surfactants. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane.[35] Ethylene Glycol and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin. Polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw 4 kDa) nanometric crystallites (4 nm) Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 and related polymers (PEG phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications. However, as reported by Murali et al., Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and Loxanol OT 5843 PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells. It is, thus, imperative to assess potential Loxanol OT 5843 PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the tradename Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including as surfactants, in foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers. Macrogol, used as a laxative, is a form of Loxanol OT 5843. The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000). Production of Loxanol OT 5843 Loxanol OT 5843 400, pharmaceutical quality Loxanol OT 5843 4000, pharmaceutical quality The production of Loxanol OT 5843 was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were Loxanol OT 5843.[38] Loxanol OT 5843 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.[39] The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants. HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain Loxanol OT 5843 PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular weight Loxanol OT 5843, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used. Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight Loxanol OT 5843. What is Loxanol OT 5843? Loxanol OT 5843 Poly(ethylene glycol) is a synthetic, hydrophilic, biocompatible polymer with widespread use in biomedical and other applications. PEGs are synthesized using a ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide to produce a broad range of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions (polydispersity); however, discrete Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs are synthesized with a single, specific molecular weight. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs can be synthesized in linear, branched, Y-shaped, or multi-arm geometries. Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs can be activated by the replacement of the terminal hydroxyl end group with a variety of reactive functional end groups enabling crosslinking and conjugation chemistries. How is Loxanol OT 5843 used? Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs are non-toxic, FDA-approved, generally nonimmunogenic, and are frequently used in many biomedical applications including bioconjugation,1 drug delivery,2,3 surface functionalization,4 and tissue engineering.5 Bioconjugation with PEG (also known as PEGylation) is the covalent conjugation of drug targets such as peptides, proteins, or oligonucleotides with Loxanol OT 5843 for the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties.6 In drug delivery, Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs can be used as linkers for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)7 or as a surface coating on nanoparticles to improve systemic drug delivery.6 Loxanol OT 5843 PEG hydrogels are water-swollen, three-dimensional, polymer networks resistant to protein adhesion and biodegradation. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG hydrogels are produced by crosslinking reactive Loxanol OT 5843 PEG end groups and are commonly used in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Loxanol OT 5843, polypropylene glycols (PPGs), and polytetramethylene glycol come under the class of polyethers and are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, lubricants, inks, and surfactants. Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. together associate and mineralize Loxanol OT 5843 PEG completely under aerobic conditions. During degradation, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG molecules are reduced one glycol unit at a time after each oxidation cycle. Pelobacter venetianus was found to degrade Loxanol OT 5843 PEG and ethylene glycol under anaerobic conditions (Kawai, 1987). High molecular weight Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs (4,000 to 20,000) were degraded by Sphingomonas macrogoltabidus and S. terrae, while PPG was degraded by Corynebacterium sp. Loxanol OT 5843 is required for efficient transformation of both Saccha-romyces cerevisiae (Rech et al.. 1990) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Hood and Stachow, 1990, 1991). Earlier, Shillito et al., (1985) also found that Loxanol OT 5843 PEG can enhance the efficiency of gene transfer to plants. The effects of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG on transformation are complex. Hood and Stachow (1991) show that the addition of PEG not only extends the length of time the electroporated cells remain permeable but further increases their permeability. During incubation with Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, the pores created during electroporation also apparently grow in size. The combined effect of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG on the size of the pores and their lifetime may enhance the uptake of DNA and thus result in the observed sixfold improvement in transformation efficiency. A level of 30% PEG gives optimal levels of transformants per microgram of DNA. Heat shock, a nonelectrical method of transformation, also uses Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, but by another mechanism that probably facilitates DNA uptake without creating pores, and this may reflect a second mechanism occurring during electroporation. The PEG-coated fabrics gain not only absorbed and released heat, but also antibacterial properties.17,22 The PEG-treated fabric can inhibit the growth of gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The mechanism by which PEG-treated fabrics inhibit bacterial growth is being investigated by Vigo.17 It results from three factors. A slow release of formaldehyde from the DMDHEU cross-linking resin may have an antibacterial effect, as formaldehyde can be used as a disinfecting agent. The PEG may exhibit a form of surfactant behaviour, which also is known to reduce bacterial growth. A third explanation relates to the finish imparting thermal absorption and release properties. The temperature may reach beyond some microorganisms’ growth range, killing those species. A thermal active non-woven were produced by PEG-treated 100% polypropylene spun bonded-melt blown-spun bonded. The PEG-treated non-woven inhibited bacterial growth.21 The most probable effects that inhibit microbial growth may be attributable to the surfactant-like properties of the bond PEG, which disrupts cell membranes due to the dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic characteristics of the Loxanol OT 5843 PEG. This was reported in Vigo and Leonas’s recent work. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG or polyethylene oxide (PEO) has gained wide recognition as a biomaterial because of its high efficiency in resisting protein adsorption, weak immunogenicity, and good compatibility with living cells. Due to lack of mechanical properties, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG or PEO materials are generally attached to the surface of a material possessing suitable mechanical properties, such as a polyurethane. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PEG-grafted surfaces have great potential for clinical applications in medical devices and implants.31,32 PEG-grafted polyurethanes have been shown to be effective for prevention of bacterial adhesion and subsequent infection,25 and also have exhibited significant reduction of platelet adhesion33,34 and heparin-like anticoagulant activity. Grafting Loxanol OT 5843 PEG onto polyurethane surfaces is generally performed by a two-step reaction that covalently binds PEG onto the urethane group through an allophanate linkage (Figure 9.2).36 Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) is added to react with urethane bonds at the surface in the first step to functionalize the surface with isocyanate groups, and then the free isocyanate groups are utilized to bind PEG onto surfaces. The catalyst, such as trimethylamine,36,37 di-n-butyl tin dilaurate,25,38,39 stannous octoate,40 and stannous 2-ethylhexanoate,41 is necessary in allophanate reactions under lower reaction temperatures in the range of 40–60 °C where diisocyanate is used for activating the polyurethane surface, otherwise formation of allophanates from urethane and isocyanate groups generally does not occur below 100 °C. Such a reaction is relatively slow and easily controlled. After 60 min a maximum number of free NCO groups can be obtained and react with functional groups (e.g., single bondOH, single bondNH2, single bondSO3) in Loxanol OT 5843 PEG in the second step to graft the polymer onto the surface and obtain the different surface chemistries.25,36,39 Grafting PEG onto a polyurethane surface can also be performed by other techniques. Desai et al.42 used the surface physical interpenetrating networks technique to incorporate PEO and other water-soluble polymers into the surfaces of polyurethane and found PEO with a molecular weight of 18,500 g/mol having an optimal chain length to reduce protein adsorption and prevent protein-mediated biological interactions. Orban et al.43 reported a simple synthesis of PEG-grafted polyurethanes with the PEG grafts emanating from a secondary amine incorporated into the backbone of the polyurethane, and N-Boc-diethanolamine was used as chain extender. PEGs with different molecular weights were grafted onto the Boc-deprotected polyurethanes via chloroformate and the obtained grafted polymers exhibited very little platelet adhesion, although no data were reported about bacterial adhesion inhibition. The other type of PEG or PEO-modified polyurethane can be obtained by blending. Park et al.44 prepared PEO-based multiblock copolymer/segmented polyurethane blends as coating materials for urinary catheters. To prepare this coating material, a copolymer containing hydrophilic PEO and hydrophobic poly(polytetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) was first created by a polycondensation reaction in the presence of HMDI, and then the copolymer was blended with segmented polyurethane solution for coating on the urinary catheters. The copolymer additive increased the swellability of coating and adsorbed a significant amount of water. The bacterial adhesion study showed that there was an 85% decrease in adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis for blends compared to bare polyurethane. Polyethylene glycols Loxanol OT 5843 vary in molecular weight from ~200 to up to >1,000,000 Da. Their nature changes from liquids through semi-crystalline materials to resinous solids. Their general structure is H-[-O-CH2-CH2]nOH. The structure of Loxanol OT 5843 PEGs has been comprehensively reviewed by Craig [105] and clearly IR, Raman and NMR studies are fundamental to elucidating their structure. Thermal analysis does, however, play roles in examining the crystallinity and types of crystals present in the crystalline and semi-crystalline material. Undoubtedly, in the crystal lattice, PEGs are arranged as lamellae. The polymer chains exist as either extended or folded forms. The proportion of crystals in the folded or extended form is very much dependent on molecular weight. Buckley and Kovacs [113] showed that in PEG 6000 one- and two- folded crystals were apparent. In PEG 10000, one-, two-, three- and four-folded crystals were apparent. Thermal analysis, especially DSC may be used to resolve the structure. Scanning a sample of PEG, cooling and immediately rescanning, results in the production of unstable forms manifesting as a number of endotherm peaks or inflections on the DSC scan. Additionally on second scanning, the heats of fusion will be lower, indicative of an introduction of amorphousness, or less crystallinity, in the sample (Figure 23). For Loxanol OT 5843 PEG 4000, Kovacs and Buckley [113] found evidence for instability of the folded crystal form. As the scanning rate increased from 0.5°C min−1 to 8°C min−1, the melting endotherm for the unstable form increased since the lower rates allowed unfolding to occur during the heating process. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG-based hydrogels have been synthesised with degradable thioetherester links by mixing unsaturated PEG-acrylates with nucleophilic PEG-thiols. BSA was incorporated in the hydrogel prior to polymerisation, the cross-linking reaction being self-selective and therefore not involving the protein molecules. As the linkage is hydrolysed, the cross-linking density is reduced and release of albumin occurred. Release rates were modified by changing the degree of functionality of the PEG monomer. Zero-order release was obtained over a four-day period from the tetra-functional PEG-hydrogel. Degradable hydrogels were prepared by conjugate addition of PEG-multiacrylate to dithiothreitol in the presence of human growth hormone (hGH). It was necessary to precipitate hGH with linear Loxanol OT 5843 PEG or Zn2+ in order to protect the hormone during the polymerisation process. Precipitation of the hormone with Zn2+ also increased the stability in the hydrogel and delayed release by slowing the dissolution of the agent. Release was controlled by changing the MW and degree of functionality of the Loxanol OT 5843 PEG acrylate. Zero-order release kinetics were achieved in vitro (van de Wetering et al., 2005). Degradable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were synthesised by photopolymerisation of vinyl group modified HA in combination with a di-acryloyl PEG–poly(propylene glycol)–PEG tri-block copolymer (Pluronic) (Kim and Park, 2002). Pluronic copolymers are thermally responsive due to the formation of micelles at increased temperatures, and the hydrogel is therefore thermally responsive. The water uptake capacity continuously decreases with increasing temperature, indicating that the association of the Pluronic component occurs within the network and results in a reduction in water uptake capacity of the HA/Pluronic hydrogels. These hydrogels degrade due to the hydrolysis of an ester linkage present in the structural unit of the di-acryloyl Pluronic component. The erosion of the hydrogel occurrs much faster at higher temperatures; this is proposed to be due to the exposure of the ester linkage at higher temperatures, due to the micellisation of Pluronic. Release of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGh) was mainly dependent on the erosion of the hydrogel, and proceeded at a faster rate at 37°C than at 13°C. Aromatic azo bonds are cleaved in the colon by bacterial azoreductase. Therefore, cross-links composed of aromatic azo groups should degrade in this area of the gut. Hydrogels composed of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerised with methacryloyloxy azobenzene were prepared (Shantha, 1995). The hydrogel was pH sensitive and did not swell in simulated gastric fluid (acidic), and drug release was minimal. Drug was released in simulated intestinal fluid in the absence and in the presence of azoreductase producing bacteria. The degree of swelling was higher and drug release increased compared to the acidic environment; however, without the bacteria present in the release media, drug release (5-FU) occurred from the surface only. In the presence of the enzyme, the cross-links were cleaved with a much greater rate of release. Zero-order release of 5-FU was achieved over a period of 4 hours from the degrading hydrogel. This hydrogel could therefore find an application in the oral delivery of sensitive drugs to the colon. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has a vast number of applications in the medical industry, and the list continues to grow. Due to its non-toxicity and high solubility, it lends itself to many pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. To begin with, possibly the most common application of Loxanol OT 5843 PEG in the medical industry is its use in laxatives. Because PEG can apply osmotic pressure, it can draw water into the waste matter, providing a laxative effect. In a similar scenario, Loxanol OT 5843 PEG is often utilized during whole bowel irrigations to prepare the gastrointestinal tract for investigation or surgery. PEG is also used in many pharmaceutical creams, ointments, and medical solvents. Peptides, proteins, or oligonucleotides are used as drug targets for various illnesses. PEG can be used to bioconjugate itself to the target, by coupling itself with the target molecule to optimize the pharmacokinetic properties of drug treatment. PEG can be used as an inactive substance that acts as the vehicle for a drug. The process of drug delivery relies heavily on PEG because the compound can link together antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). It can also be used to improve systematic drug delivery by adding it as a surface coating on nanoparticles. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG can also be used to slow the clearance of coated proteins from the blood in biomedicines. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG hydrogels are also used in drug delivery, as well as in tissue engineering. PEG hydrogels are polymer networks that are created by crosslinking reactive PEG end groups, resulting in gels that are resistant to protein biodegradation and adhesion. These properties are beneficial to tissue engineering and drug delivery. Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has many roles in the chemical industry, which also cross over into applications in other industries. Firstly, it is well known for its use as a binding and dispersing agent, as it can improve the separation of particles and prevent clumping. Also, as Loxanol OT 5843 PEG has hydrophilic properties, it has found a role in preventing the non-specific sticking of proteins in studies using single-molecule fluorescence. Also, because the compound is non-toxic and recognized as safe by the FDA, it has been able to be used in numerous coatings that enable lubrication in various scenarios. Applications in preservation have also found a use for Loxanol OT 5843 PEG, which is now employed to prevent and slow the damage and shrinkage of wood that has been submerged. It was used to preserve the Vasa warship in Stockholm, replacing the water trapped within the wood to prevent warping and shrinking.

LOXANOL PL 5812 (Polyethylene Glycol) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (PEG; /ˌpɒliˈɛθəlˌiːn ˈɡlaɪˌkɒl, -ˌkɔːl/) is a polyether compound with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH. Medical uses Main article: Macrogol Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives.[4] Whole bowel irrigation with Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products. When attached to various protein medications, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood. The possibility that Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury.[4] Chemical uses of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) The remains of the 16th century carrack Mary Rose undergoing conservation treatment with Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG in the 1980s Terra cotta warrior, showing traces of original color. Because Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.[6] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products.[7] The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.[8] Since Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has also been used to preserve objects that have been salvaged from underwater, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm,[9] and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries.[4] In addition, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage.[10] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China.[11] These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.[12] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has also been used as a propellent on the UGM-133M Trident II Missile, in service with the United States Air Force.[14] Biological uses of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.[6] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization. X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas. César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.[4] Polymer segments derived from PEG polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions. In microbiology, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG precipitation is used to concentrate viruses. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro. Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect.[15] The size of the Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo.[16][17] In blood banking, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies.[4][18] When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol (some references are required). In biophysics, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance.[19][20] Commercial uses of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin). Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used in a number of toothpastes[4] as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.[21][22] In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks[23] – its INS number is 1521[24] or E1521 in the EU.[25] Industrial uses of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) A nitrate ester-plasticized Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.[26] Dimethyl ethers of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the gas waste stream. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.[27] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes. Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.[28] Recreational uses of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants. Health effects of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the FDA. However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of anti Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population based on plasma samples from 1990–1999.[medical citation needed] The FDA has been asked to investigate the possible effects of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG in laxatives for children.[29] Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG, hypersensitive reactions to Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG are an increasing concern.[medical citation needed] Allergy to Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG or were manufactured with Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG. When Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is chemically attached to therapeutic molecules (such as protein drugs or nanoparticles), it can sometimes be antigenic, stimulating an anti-PEG antibody response in some patients. This effect has only been shown for a few of the many available PEGylated therapeutics, but it has significant effects on clinical outcomes of affected patients.[31] Other than these few instances where patients have anti-PEG immune responses, it is generally considered to be a safe component of drug formulations. Available forms and nomenclature of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000 g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000 g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass.[32] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol.[33] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. While Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications, and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Different forms of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process – the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. Lower-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs are also available as purer oligomers, referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete. Very high purity Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray diffraction.[33] Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 10–1000 fold that of polydisperse Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs are also available with different geometries. Branched Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs have three to ten Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Star Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs have 10 to 100 Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG chains emanating from a central core group. Comb Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs have multiple Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone. The numbers that are often included in the names of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs indicate their average molecular weights (e.g. a PEG with n = 9 would have an average molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons, and would be labeled PEG 400.) Most Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e. they are polydisperse). The size distribution can be characterized statistically by its weight average molecular weight (Mw) and its number average molecular weight (Mn), the ratio of which is called the polydispersity index (Mw/Mn). Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry. PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGylated interferon alfa-2a or −2b are commonly used injectable treatments for hepatitis C infection. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane. It is coupled to hydrophobic molecules to produce non-ionic surfactants. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane.[35] Ethylene Glycol and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin. Polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw 4 kDa) nanometric crystallites (4 nm) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (PEG) and related polymers (PEG phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications. However, as reported by Murali et al., Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells. It is, thus, imperative to assess potential Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results.[37] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the tradename Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including as surfactants, in foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers. Macrogol, used as a laxative, is a form of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812). The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000). Production of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) 400, pharmaceutical quality Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) 4000, pharmaceutical quality The production of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812).[38] Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.[39] The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants. HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular weight Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812), is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used. Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812). What is Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812)? Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (PEG) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a synthetic, hydrophilic, biocompatible polymer with widespread use in biomedical and other applications. PEGs are synthesized using a ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide to produce a broad range of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions (polydispersity); however, discrete Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs are synthesized with a single, specific molecular weight. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs can be synthesized in linear, branched, Y-shaped, or multi-arm geometries. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs can be activated by the replacement of the terminal hydroxyl end group with a variety of reactive functional end groups enabling crosslinking and conjugation chemistries. How is Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) used? Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs are non-toxic, FDA-approved, generally nonimmunogenic, and are frequently used in many biomedical applications including bioconjugation,1 drug delivery,2,3 surface functionalization,4 and tissue engineering.5 Bioconjugation with PEG (also known as PEGylation) is the covalent conjugation of drug targets such as peptides, proteins, or oligonucleotides with Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) for the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties.6 In drug delivery, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs can be used as linkers for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)7 or as a surface coating on nanoparticles to improve systemic drug delivery.6 Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG hydrogels are water-swollen, three-dimensional, polymer networks resistant to protein adhesion and biodegradation. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG hydrogels are produced by crosslinking reactive Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG end groups and are commonly used in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Polyethers (PE) Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (PEGs), polypropylene glycols (PPGs), and polytetramethylene glycol come under the class of polyethers and are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, lubricants, inks, and surfactants. Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. together associate and mineralize Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG completely under aerobic conditions. During degradation, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG molecules are reduced one glycol unit at a time after each oxidation cycle. Pelobacter venetianus was found to degrade Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG and ethylene glycol under anaerobic conditions (Kawai, 1987). High molecular weight Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs (4,000 to 20,000) were degraded by Sphingomonas macrogoltabidus and S. terrae, while PPG was degraded by Corynebacterium sp. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) (PEG) is required for efficient transformation of both Saccha-romyces cerevisiae (Rech et al.. 1990) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Hood and Stachow, 1990, 1991). Earlier, Shillito et al., (1985) also found that Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG can enhance the efficiency of gene transfer to plants. The effects of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG on transformation are complex. Hood and Stachow (1991) show that the addition of PEG not only extends the length of time the electroporated cells remain permeable but further increases their permeability. During incubation with Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG, the pores created during electroporation also apparently grow in size. The combined effect of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG on the size of the pores and their lifetime may enhance the uptake of DNA and thus result in the observed sixfold improvement in transformation efficiency. A level of 30% PEG gives optimal levels of transformants per microgram of DNA. Heat shock, a nonelectrical method of transformation, also uses Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG, but by another mechanism that probably facilitates DNA uptake without creating pores, and this may reflect a second mechanism occurring during electroporation. The PEG-coated fabrics gain not only absorbed and released heat, but also antibacterial properties.17,22 The PEG-treated fabric can inhibit the growth of gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The mechanism by which PEG-treated fabrics inhibit bacterial growth is being investigated by Vigo.17 It results from three factors. A slow release of formaldehyde from the DMDHEU cross-linking resin may have an antibacterial effect, as formaldehyde can be used as a disinfecting agent. The PEG may exhibit a form of surfactant behaviour, which also is known to reduce bacterial growth. A third explanation relates to the finish imparting thermal absorption and release properties. The temperature may reach beyond some microorganisms’ growth range, killing those species. A thermal active non-woven were produced by PEG-treated 100% polypropylene spun bonded-melt blown-spun bonded. The PEG-treated non-woven inhibited bacterial growth.21 The most probable effects that inhibit microbial growth may be attributable to the surfactant-like properties of the bond PEG, which disrupts cell membranes due to the dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic characteristics of the Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG. This was reported in Vigo and Leonas’s recent work. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG or polyethylene oxide (PEO) has gained wide recognition as a biomaterial because of its high efficiency in resisting protein adsorption, weak immunogenicity, and good compatibility with living cells. Due to lack of mechanical properties, Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG or PEO materials are generally attached to the surface of a material possessing suitable mechanical properties, such as a polyurethane. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PEG-grafted surfaces have great potential for clinical applications in medical devices and implants.31,32 PEG-grafted polyurethanes have been shown to be effective for prevention of bacterial adhesion and subsequent infection,25 and also have exhibited significant reduction of platelet adhesion33,34 and heparin-like anticoagulant activity.35 Grafting Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG onto polyurethane surfaces is generally performed by a two-step reaction that covalently binds PEG onto the urethane group through an allophanate linkage (Figure 9.2).36 Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) is added to react with urethane bonds at the surface in the first step to functionalize the surface with isocyanate groups, and then the free isocyanate groups are utilized to bind PEG onto surfaces. The catalyst, such as trimethylamine,36,37 di-n-butyl tin dilaurate,25,38,39 stannous octoate,40 and stannous 2-ethylhexanoate,41 is necessary in allophanate reactions under lower reaction temperatures in the range of 40–60 °C where diisocyanate is used for activating the polyurethane surface, otherwise formation of allophanates from urethane and isocyanate groups generally does not occur below 100 °C. Such a reaction is relatively slow and easily controlled. After 60 min a maximum number of free NCO groups can be obtained and react with functional groups (e.g., single bondOH, single bondNH2, single bondSO3) in Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG in the second step to graft the polymer onto the surface and obtain the different surface chemistries.25,36,39 Grafting PEG onto a polyurethane surface can also be performed by other techniques. Desai et al.42 used the surface physical interpenetrating networks technique to incorporate PEO and other water-soluble polymers into the surfaces of polyurethane and found PEO with a molecular weight of 18,500 g/mol having an optimal chain length to reduce protein adsorption and prevent protein-mediated biological interactions. Orban et al.43 reported a simple synthesis of PEG-grafted polyurethanes with the PEG grafts emanating from a secondary amine incorporated into the backbone of the polyurethane, and N-Boc-diethanolamine was used as chain extender. PEGs with different molecular weights were grafted onto the Boc-deprotected polyurethanes via chloroformate and the obtained grafted polymers exhibited very little platelet adhesion, although no data were reported about bacterial adhesion inhibition. The other type of PEG or PEO-modified polyurethane can be obtained by blending. Park et al.44 prepared PEO-based multiblock copolymer/segmented polyurethane blends as coating materials for urinary catheters. To prepare this coating material, a copolymer containing hydrophilic PEO and hydrophobic poly(polytetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) was first created by a polycondensation reaction in the presence of HMDI, and then the copolymer was blended with segmented polyurethane solution for coating on the urinary catheters. The copolymer additive increased the swellability of coating and adsorbed a significant amount of water. The bacterial adhesion study showed that there was an 85% decrease in adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis for blends compared to bare polyurethane. Polyethylene glycols Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) vary in molecular weight from ~200 to up to >1,000,000 Da. Their nature changes from liquids through semi-crystalline materials to resinous solids. Their general structure is H-[-O-CH2-CH2]nOH. The structure of Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEGs has been comprehensively reviewed by Craig [105] and clearly IR, Raman and NMR studies are fundamental to elucidating their structure. Thermal analysis does, however, play roles in examining the crystallinity and types of crystals present in the crystalline and semi-crystalline material. Undoubtedly, in the crystal lattice, PEGs are arranged as lamellae. The polymer chains exist as either extended or folded forms. The proportion of crystals in the folded or extended form is very much dependent on molecular weight. Buckley and Kovacs [113] showed that in PEG 6000 one- and two- folded crystals were apparent. In PEG 10000, one-, two-, three- and four-folded crystals were apparent. Thermal analysis, especially DSC may be used to resolve the structure. Scanning a sample of PEG, cooling and immediately rescanning, results in the production of unstable forms manifesting as a number of endotherm peaks or inflections on the DSC scan. Additionally on second scanning, the heats of fusion will be lower, indicative of an introduction of amorphousness, or less crystallinity, in the sample (Figure 23). For Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG 4000, Kovacs and Buckley [113] found evidence for instability of the folded crystal form. As the scanning rate increased from 0.5°C min−1 to 8°C min−1, the melting endotherm for the unstable form increased since the lower rates allowed unfolding to occur during the heating process. Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG-based hydrogels have been synthesised with degradable thioetherester links by mixing unsaturated PEG-acrylates with nucleophilic PEG-thiols. BSA was incorporated in the hydrogel prior to polymerisation, the cross-linking reaction being self-selective and therefore not involving the protein molecules. As the linkage is hydrolysed, the cross-linking density is reduced and release of albumin occurred. Release rates were modified by changing the degree of functionality of the PEG monomer. Zero-order release was obtained over a four-day period from the tetra-functional PEG-hydrogel. Degradable hydrogels were prepared by conjugate addition of PEG-multiacrylate to dithiothreitol in the presence of human growth hormone (hGH). It was necessary to precipitate hGH with linear Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG or Zn2+ in order to protect the hormone during the polymerisation process. Precipitation of the hormone with Zn2+ also increased the stability in the hydrogel and delayed release by slowing the dissolution of the agent. Release was controlled by changing the MW and degree of functionality of the Polyethylene glycol (LOXANOL PL 5812) PEG acrylate. Zero-order release kinetics were achieved in vitro (van de Wetering et al., 2005). Degradable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were synthesised by photopolymerisation of vinyl group modified HA in combination with a di-acryloyl PEG–poly(propylene glycol)–PEG tri-block copolymer (Pluronic) (Kim and Park, 2002). Pluronic copolymers are thermally responsive due to the formation of micelles at increased temperatures, and the hydrogel is therefore thermally responsive. The water uptake capacity continuously decreases with increasing temperature, indicating that the association of the Pluronic component occurs within the network and results in a reduction in water uptake capacity of the HA/Pluronic hydrogels. These hydrogels degrade due to the hydrolysis of an ester linkage present in the structural unit of the di-acryloyl Pluronic component. The erosion of the hydrogel occurrs much faster at higher temperatures; this is proposed to be due to the exposure of the ester linkage at higher temperatures, due to the micellisation of Pluronic. Release of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGh) was mainly dependent on the erosion of the hydrogel, and proceeded at a faster rate at 37°C than at 13°C. Aromatic azo bonds are cleaved in the colon by bacterial azoreductase. Therefore, cross-links composed of aromatic azo groups should degrade in this area of the gut. Hydrogels composed of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymerised with methacryloyloxy azobenzene were prepared (Shantha, 1995). The hydrogel was pH sensitive and did not swell in simulated gastric fluid (acidic), and drug release was minimal. Drug was released in simulated intestinal fluid in the absence and in the presence of azoreductase producing bacteria. The degree of swelling was higher and drug release increased compared to the acidic environment; however, without the bacteria present in the release media, drug release (5-FU) occurred from the surface only. In the presence of the enzyme, the cross-links were cleaved with a much greater rate of release. Zero-order release of 5-FU was achieved over a period of 4 h

SYNONYMS S)-(-)-Phenylalanine; (S)-Phenylalanine; Phenylalanine; L-(-)-Phenylalanine; L-Phenylalanine; 2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid; beta-phenylalanine; alpha-aminohydrocinnamic acid; L-beta-phenylalanine; alpha-amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid; 3-phenylalanine; phenyl-alpha-alanine; (S)-alpha-aminobenzenepropanoic acid; L-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid; phenyl-L-alanine; CAS NO:63-91-2

SYNONYMS H-Pro-OH; 2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; L-(-)-proline; P; Pro; Proline; (S)-proline; (S)-(-)-Proline; (S)-(-)-Proline; (S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid CAS NO:147-85-3

SYNONYMS N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-O-benzyl-L-threonine; Boc-Thr(Bzl)-OH; O-Benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-threonine; O-Bencil-N-terc-butoxicarbonil-L-treonina; O-Benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-thréonine; N-alpha-t-BOC-o-benzyl-L-threonine; N-[(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]-O-(phenylmethyl)-L-threonine; CAS NO:15260-10-3