Polyvinylpyrrolidone; PVP; Kollidon K25; Kollidon K-90; k25; POP; Kollidon 25; k115; pvp2; pvp3; K-30; pvp4; PVPD CAS NO: 9003-39-8

1-éthénylpyrrolidin-2-one; N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone homopolymérisée; poly(n-vinylbutyrolactame); polyvidone; polyvinylpyrolidone; povidone; PVP; polyvinylpyrrolidone; Povidone; PVP, N° CAS : 9003-39-8 - Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Origine(s) : Synthétique. Nom INCI : PVP. Nom chimique : 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer. Additif alimentaire : E1201. Classification : Polymère de synthèse , La polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), appelée aussi polyvidone ou povidone, est un polymère organique synthétisé par polymérisation de la N-vinylpyrrolidone.; La PVP ou polyvinylpyrrolidone est un polymère hydrosoluble. Elle est très polyvalente en cosmétique et peut être utilisée en tant que liant, filmogène, stabilisateur d'émulsion, agent de suspension ou fixateur capillaire. Elle est principalement employée dans des produits tels que les mascara, l'eye-liner, les produits capillaires ainsi que les shampooings. Elle est interdite en bio.. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques. Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion. Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles. Agent de fixation capillaire : Permet de contrôler le style du cheveu. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques. Noms français : 1-ETHENYL-2-PYRROLIDONE POLYMER; 1-ETHENYL-2-PYRROLIDONE POLYMERS; 2-PYPROLIDINONE, 1-VINYL-, POLYMERS; 2-PYRROLIDINONE, 1-ETHENYL-, HOMOPOLYMER; 2-PYRROLIDONE, 1-ETHENYL-, HOMOPOLYMER; 2-PYRROLIDONE, 1-VINYL, POLYMERS; N-VINYLPYRROLIDINONE POLYMER; N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE POLYMER; POLY(1-(2-OXO-1-PYRROLIDINYL)ETHYLENE); POLY(1-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE); POLY(1-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE); POLY(1-VINYLPYRROLIDINONE); POLY(N-VINYL PYRROLIDINONE-2); POLY(N-VINYL PYRROLIDONE-2); Poly(n-vinylbutyrolactame); POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDINONE); POLY(VINYL-1 PYRROLIDINONE-2); POLY(VINYL-1 PYRROLIDONE-2); POLY(VINYLPYRROLIDONE); POLY-1-(2-OXO-1-PYRROLIDINYL)ETHYLENE; Polyvinylpyrrolidone; VINYLPYRROLIDINONE POLYMER; VINYLPYRROLIDONE POLYMER. Noms anglais : N-VINYLBUTYROLACTAM POLYMER; Polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Polyvinylpyrrolidone; POVIDONE; Providone. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent dispersant, fabrication de produits pharmaceutiques ; 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer; polyvinylpyrrolidone; Povidone; PVP; E1201 est listé comme raffermissant, stabilisant et agent de dispersion, le codex Alimentarius l'attribue à certains spiritueux (bières comprises), vinaigres, concentrés pour boissons aromatisées, édulcorants de table (jusque 3 000 mg/kg), chewing-gums (jusque 10 000 mg/kg), compléments alimentaires (sans limite (BPF)) et fruits frais traités en surface. L'industrie répertorie également la polyvinylpyrrolidone dans les cosmétiques (fixateur capillaire, liant, antistatique, émulsifiant, etc.), et certains produits pharmaceutiques. Comme telle, elle est utilisée dans les plasmas sanguins ou comme adjuvant en raison de sa solubilité dans l'eau et les solvants polaires5. Son aptitude à former des films est remarquable. Les domaines d'application sont vastes et vont des produits d'hygiène (shampoing, dentifrice…) au papier pour imprimantes photo et peintures

1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one; PVP, Povidone; PVPP, Crospovidone, Polyvidone; PNVP; Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylen]; 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidon homopolymer; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon-Polymere; Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 3500 K12); Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 8.000 K16-18); Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 10.000 K13-18); Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 24.000 K23-27); Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 30.000); Polyvinylpyrrolidone Standard (Mw 40.000 K-30); Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K15) BioChemica; Povidone (PVP) CAS NO:9003-39-8

adandrine extract of the pomegranate, punica granatum l., punicaceae phytovital pomegranate extrapone pomegranate fruitapone pomegranate pomegranate extract pomegranate extract (B)-BG30 pomegranate extract (ellagic 40%) pomegranate extract (water soluble) pomegranate extract ellagic acid pomegranate P.E. punica florida extract punica grandiflora extract punica nana extract punica spinosa extract CAS Number: 84961-57-9

E124 AKA102 Red 18 l-rot4 1578red c.i.185 COCCINE CI 16255 sxpurple purplesx AcidredR foodred6 foodred7 Food Red coccinred crimsonsx purplered neucoccin newcoccin ponceau4re ponceau4rf ponceau4rt CI NO 6255 PONCEAU 4R SCARLET 3R PONCEAU 4RC NEW COCCINE ciacidred18 hdponceau4r CI NO 16255 ACID RED 18 New CarMine Schultz 213 PONCEAURED4R CAS Number 2611-82-7

PONGAMIA GLABRA SEED OIL ;Fixed oil expressed from seeds of of pongamia glabra, fabaceae; karanja oil CAS NO:N/A

PUMICE; pumice; pumice stone; substance of volcanic origin consisting chieffly of complex silicates of aluminium and alkali metals CAS NO: 1332-09-8

SYNONYMS 1-(1-Naphtylazo)-2-hydroxynaphtalene-4',6,8-trisulfonate de trisodium;1-(4-Sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid, trisodium salt;1,3-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-8-[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-, trisodium salt;1,3-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-8-[2-(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)diazenyl]-, sodium salt (1:3);1578 Red CAS NO:2611-82-7

orange flavor ; orange (honeybell type) flavor; natural orange cloud flavor; natural & artificial orange cloud flavor; natural “golden” orange cloud flavor; orange flavor for confectionery; orange flavor for pharmaceuticals; orange flavor organic

Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract; extract obtained from the fresh epicarps of the sweet orange valencia, citrus sinensis (syn: citrus aurantium dulcis), rutaceae; orange peel extract; orange peel sweet extract cas no:97766-30-8

Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract; extract obtained from the fresh epicarps of the sweet orange valencia, citrus sinensis (syn: citrus aurantium dulcis), rutaceae; orange peel extract; orange peel sweet extract cas no:97766-30-8

ORANGE WAX ;CITRUS AURANTIUM DULCIS PEEL CERA; orange carbonyls; sweet orange peel oil terpeneless; oil orange wax CAS NO:68606-94-0

ORANGE OIL ; sweet orange peel oil; orange citrust oil; orange sweet oil organic; citrus sinensis peel oil CAS NO:8008-57-9

Potassium Ascorbate IUPAC Name (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2H-furan-5-one Potassium Ascorbate InChI 1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 Potassium Ascorbate InChI Key CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Potassium Ascorbate Canonical SMILES C(C(C1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O Potassium Ascorbate Isomeric SMILES C([C@@H]([C@@H]1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O Potassium Ascorbate Molecular Formula C6H8O6 Potassium Ascorbate CAS 50-81-7 Potassium Ascorbate Related CAS 134-03-2 (monosodium salt) Potassium Ascorbate Deprecated CAS 129940-97-2, 14536-17-5 Potassium Ascorbate European Community (EC) Number 200-066-2 Potassium Ascorbate ICSC Number 0379 Potassium Ascorbate RTECS Number CI7650000 Potassium Ascorbate UNII PQ6CK8PD0R Potassium Ascorbate FEMA Number 2109 Potassium Ascorbate DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID5020106 Potassium Ascorbate Physical Description DryPowder Potassium Ascorbate Color/Form Crystals (usually plates, sometimes needles, monoclinic system) Potassium Ascorbate Odor Odorless Potassium Ascorbate Taste Pleasant, sharp, acidic taste Potassium Ascorbate Melting Point 374 to 378 °F Potassium Ascorbate Solubility greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 73° F Potassium Ascorbate Density 1.65 Potassium Ascorbate Vapor Pressure 9.28X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C Potassium Ascorbate LogP -1.85 Potassium Ascorbate Stability/Shelf Life Stable to air when dry; impure preparation and in many natural products vitamin oxidizes on exposure to air and light. Aqueous solutions are rapidly oxidized by air, accelerated by alkalies, iron, copper Potassium Ascorbate Optical Rotation [α]D/20 between + 20,5° and + 21,5° (10 % w/v aqueous solution) Potassium Ascorbate Autoignition Temperature 1220 °F Potassium Ascorbate Decomposition When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Potassium Ascorbate Heat of Vaporization The heat of vaporization is 1.487X10+8 J/kmol at 465.15 deg K. Potassium Ascorbate pH Between 2,4 and 2,8 (2 % aqueous solution) Potassium Ascorbate Surface Tension 4.039X10-2 N/m Potassium Ascorbate pKa 4.7 (at 10 °C) Potassium Ascorbate Dissociation Constants pK1 = 4.17; pK2 = 11.57 Potassium Ascorbate Collision Cross Section 138.6 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)] Potassium Ascorbate Other Experimental Properties log Kow = -2.15 at 23 °C; log Kow = -2.00 at 37 °C Potassium Ascorbate Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol Potassium Ascorbate XLogP3 -1.6 Potassium Ascorbate Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 4 Potassium Ascorbate Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6 Potassium Ascorbate Rotatable Bond Count 2 Potassium Ascorbate Exact Mass 176.032088 g/mol Potassium Ascorbate Monoisotopic Mass 176.032088 g/mol Potassium Ascorbate Topological Polar Surface Area 107 Ų Potassium Ascorbate Heavy Atom Count 12 Potassium Ascorbate Formal Charge 0 Potassium Ascorbate Complexity 232 Potassium Ascorbate Isotope Atom Count 0 Potassium Ascorbate Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 2 Potassium Ascorbate Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Ascorbate Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Ascorbate Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Ascorbate Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Potassium Ascorbate Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Vitamin C (Potassium Ascorbate) is a water soluble vitamin found in citrus fruits and green vegetables and deficiency of which is the cause of scurvy. There is no evidence that vitamin C, in physiologic or in moderately high doses, causes acute liver injury or jaundice.Potassium Ascorbate 100 to 200 mg daily may be given with desferrioxamine in the treatment of patients with thalassemia, to improve the chelating action of desferrioxamine, thereby increasing the excretion of iron.In iron deficiency states Potassium Ascorbate may increase gastrointestinal iron absorption and Potassium Ascorbate or ascorbate salts are therefore included in some oral iron preparations.Eye drops containing potassium ascorbate (Potassium Ascorbate 10%) have been used for the treatment of chemical eye burns. /Potassium ascorbate/Potassium Ascorbate and calcium and sodium ascorbates are used as antioxidants in pharmaceutical manufacturing and in the food industry.Potassium Ascorbate is also under investigation for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, a chronic and progressive disorder of the nervous system.Potassium Ascorbate facilitates absorption of iron by keeping iron in reduced form. A few microcytic anemias respond to Potassium Ascorbate treatment, which may be ... due to improved absorption of iron.Potassium Ascorbate (but not sodium ascorbate) can be used as alternative /urinary acidifier/ ... if ammonium chloride is not tolerated or is containdicated. Doses of 0.5-2 g every 4 hr are recommended; however, the desirable alteration in urinary pH is not always obtained ... even at the higher dose levels.For prophylaxis or correction of deficiency, Vitamin C may be given as fresh or frozen orange juice (contains approx 0.5 mg/mL of Potassium Ascorbate). Crystalline Potassium Ascorbate is suitable alternative; oral admin is preferred, but the vitamin may be given im or iv .Potassium Ascorbate is used to prevent and to treat scurvy. Scurvy may be treated with dietary vitamin C; however, administration of therapeutic doses of Potassium Ascorbate probably results in more prompt saturation of tissue stores.Potassium Ascorbate has been used as a urinary acidifier although its efficacy has been questioned. Potassium Ascorbate may be useful in correcting tyrosinemia in premature infants on high-protein diets. The drug may also be useful to treat idiopathic methemoglobinemia, although it is less effective than methylene blue. Limited evidence indicates that Potassium Ascorbate administered during deferoxamine therapy increases iron excretion more than deferoxamine alone. Potassium Ascorbate is used as an antioxidant in formulations of injectable doxycycline and other drugs.Large doses of Potassium Ascorbate have been advocated for lessening the severity of and for preventing the common cold. Most large, controlled studies have shown the drug to have little or no value in the prevention or treatment of colds, and most clinicians believe the possible benefit is not worth the risk of toxicity.Although Potassium Ascorbate has not been shown by well-controlled trials to have therapeutic value, it has been prescribed for hematuria, retinal hemorrhages, hemorrhagic states, dental caries, pyorrhea, gum infections, anemia, acne, infertility, atherosclerosis, mental depression, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, dysentery, collagen disorders, cancer, osteogenesis imperfecta, fractures, leg ulcers, pressure sores, physical endurance, hay fever, heat prostration, vascular thrombosis prevention, levodopa toxicity, succinylcholine toxicity, arsenic toxicity, and as a mucolytic agent.Medication (Vet): Feed additives with antioxidant properties such as Potassium Ascorbate had no protective effect against monocrotaline lethality and hepatotoxicity in mice.Proposed mechanisms of action for Potassium Ascorbate (ascorbate, vitamin C) in the prevention and treatment of cancer include enhancement of the immune system, stimulation of collagen formation necessary for "walling off" tumors, inhibition of hyaluronidase which keeps the ground substance around the tumor intact and prevents metastasis, prevention of oncogenic viruses, correction of an ascorbate deficiency often seen in cancer patients, expedition of wound healing after cancer surgery, enhancement of the effect of certain chemotherapy drugs, reduction of the toxicity of other chemotherapeutic agents such as Adriamycin, prevention of free radical damage, and neutralization of carcinogenic substances.Of 14 clinical trials of Potassium Ascorbate in the prevention and treatment of the common cold, the data from 8 were considered well enough gathered to be creditable and to warrant combining for an over-all assessment of efficacy. Differences in mean prorated numbers of colds per year and durations of illness were 0.09 plus or minus 0.06 (plus or minus 1 standard error) and 0.11 plus or minus 0.24, respectively, favoring Potassium Ascorbate over the placebo. These are minor and insignificant differences, but in most studies the severity of symptoms was significantly worse in the patients who received the placebo. In one study lasting 9 months, a large number of the volunteers tasted their capsules and correctly guessed what group they were in. All differences in severity and duration were eliminated by analyzing only the data from those who did not know which drug they were taking. Since there are no data on the long-term toxicity of Potassium Ascorbate when given in doses of 1 g or more per day, it is concluded that the minor benefits of questionable validity are not worth the potential risk, no matter how small that might be.Potassium Ascorbate is a widely used and controversial alternative cancer treatment. In millimolar concentrations, it is selectively cytotoxic to many cancer cell lines and has in vivo anticancer activity when administered alone or together with other agents. ... Patients with advanced cancer or hematologic malignancy were assigned to sequential cohorts infused with 0.4, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.5 g Potassium Ascorbate/kg body weight three times weekly. Adverse events and toxicity were minimal at all dose levels. No patient had an objective anticancer response. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose iv Potassium Ascorbate was well tolerated but failed to demonstrate anticancer activity when administered to patients with previously treated advanced malignancies.Large doses are reported to cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disturbances. It has also been stated that large doses may result in hyperoxaluria and the formation of renal calcium oxalate calculi, and Potassium Ascorbate should therefore be given with care to patients with hyperoxaluria. Tolerance may be induced with prolonged use of large doses, resulting in symptoms of deficiency when intake is reduced to normal. Prolonged or excessive use of chewable vitamin C preparations may cause erosion of tooth enamel.Large doses of Potassium Ascorbate have resulted in hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency.Potassium Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy, as Potassium Ascorbate deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels. Administration of Potassium Ascorbate completely reverses the symptoms of Potassium Ascorbate deficiency.Potassium Ascorbate is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Potassium Ascorbate is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet. (NCI04)Vitamin C (Potassium Ascorbate) is a water-soluble nutrient that acts as an antioxidant by virtue of its high reducing power. It has a number of functions: as a scavenger of free radicals; as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of carnitine, collagen, neurotransmitters, and in vitro processes; and as a reducing agent. Evidence for in vivo antioxidant functions of ascorbate include the scavenging of reactive oxidants in activated leukocytes, lung, and gastric mucosa, and diminished lipid peroxidation as measured by urinary isoprostane excretion.The biological functions of Potassium Ascorbate are based on its ability to provide reducing equivalents for a variety of biochemical reactions. Because of its reducing power, the vitamin can reduce most physiologically relevant reactive oxygen species. In humans, an exogenous source of Potassium Ascorbate is required for collagen formation and tissue repair. Vitamin C is a co-factor in many biological processes including the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline, in the hydroxylation steps in the synthesis of adrenal steroid hormones, in tyrosine metabolism, in the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, in carbohydrate metabolism, in the synthesis of lipids and proteins, in iron metabolism, in resistance to infection, and in cellular respiration.Some unusual diets (eg, reducing diets that drastically restrict food selection) may not supply minimum daily requirements for Potassium Ascorbate. Supplementation is necessary in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or undergoing rapid weight loss or, in those with malnutrition, because of inadequate dietary intake.The daily intake of Potassium Ascorbate must equal the amount that is excreted or destroyed by oxidation. Healthy adult human subjects lose 3 to 4% of their body store daily. To maintain a body store of 1500 mg of Potassium Ascorbate or more in an adult man, it would thus be necessary to absorb approximately 60 mg daily. Values for vitamin C requirements of other age groups are based on similar reasoning.Under special circumstances, more Potassium Ascorbate appears to be required to achieve normal concentrations in the plasma. Thus, South African miners have been observed to require 200 to 250 mg of vitamin C daily to maintain a plasma concentration of 0.75 mg/dl (43 um).Potassium Ascorbate is required along with iron as a cofactor for the post-translational hydroxylation of proline and lysine to effect crosslinking of mature collagen. Lack of this function due to ascorbate deficiency results in defective collagen formation and the physical symptoms of scurvy. However, serum or urinary levels of proline or lysine, their hydroxylated forms, or other measures of collagen metabolism have not been shown to be reliable markers of ascorbate status.The renal threshold for Potassium Ascorbate is approx 14 ug/mL, but this level varies among individuals. When the body is saturated with Potassium Ascorbate and blood concentrations exceed the threshold, unchanged Potassium Ascorbate is excreted in the urine. When tissue saturation and blood concentrations of Potassium Ascorbate are low, administration of the vitamin results in little or no urinary excretion of Potassium Ascorbate. Inactive metabolites of Potassium Ascorbate such as Potassium Ascorbate-2-sulfate and oxalic acid are excreted in the urine ... Potassium Ascorbate is also excreted in the bile but there is no evidence for enterohepatic circulation.Hepatic. Potassium Ascorbate is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of Potassium Ascorbate) to dehydroPotassium Ascorbate. The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some Potassium Ascorbate is metabolized to inactive compounds including Potassium Ascorbate-2-sulfate and oxalic acid.Potassium Ascorbate-2-sulfate has ... been identified as metabolite of Vitamin C in human urine.Potassium Ascorbate is reversibly oxidized to dehydroPotassium Ascorbate in the body. This reaction, which proceeds by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of Potassium Ascorbate, is part of the hydrogen transfer system ...The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some Potassium Ascorbate is metabolized to inactive compounds including Potassium Ascorbate-2-sulfate and oxalic acid ...In humans, an exogenous source of Potassium Ascorbate is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Potassium Ascorbate is reversibly oxidized to dehydroPotassium Ascorbate in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration.While surgery is the definitive treatment for early-stage melanoma, the current therapies against advanced melanoma do not yet provide an effective, long-lasting control of the lesions and a satisfactory impact on patient survival. Thus, research is also focused on novel treatments that could potentiate the current therapies. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of potassium ascorbate with ribose (PAR) treatment on the human melanoma cell line, A375, in 2D and 3D models. In the 2D model, in line with the current literature, the pharmacological treatment with PAR decreased cell proliferation and viability. In addition, an increase in Connexin 43 mRNA and protein was observed. This novel finding was confirmed in PAR-treated melanoma cells cultured in 3D, where an increase in functional gap junctions and a higher spheroid compactness were observed. Moreover, in the 3D model, a remarkable decrease in the size and volume of spheroids was observed, further supporting the treatment efficacy observed in the 2D model. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR could be used as a safe adjuvant approach in support to conventional therapies for the treatment of melanoma.Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer representing over 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for more than 80% of skin cancer-related deaths. In addition, its incidence is growing and has even doubled in the last 10 years: it has been estimated that, in the next future, it will be the fifth most common cancer in American men and the seventh most common cancer in American women, accounting for 5% and 4% of all new cancer cases, respectively.Many risk factors for melanoma have been identified, including environmental and genetic factors, most likely acting in combination. Among endogenous factors, the most relevant are mutations in BRAF (mainly the specific mutation V600E), which are observed in ~60% of patients with nonfamilial, cutaneous melanomas, and the presence of a large number of nevi and skin phenotype 1 or 2 (fair skin, hair, and iris). Among exogenous causes, increased risk of melanoma has been associated with overexposure to natural or artificial UV radiation.Regarding the treatment of melanoma, the surgical removal is still the cornerstone of treatment in the early stages of the tumor. For advanced or metastatic melanoma, depending on tumor spread, affected organs, and the patient’s general health, several systemic therapies can be chosen, including cytotoxic agents (also combined to radiotherapy) and, more recently emerged, immune-checkpoint blockers or molecular targeted inhibitors.Among adjuvant therapies, IFN-α is the only approved treatment for melanoma. Because of the significant side effects of IFN-α (e.g., nausea, fatigue, and neutropenia), and the short-lived response to this treatment, research is focused on novel or reappraised adjuvant therapies in support to the conventional ones. On this subject, a growing body of literature has investigated the efficacy of PAR, a compound formed by potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), L-ascorbic acid (AA), and D-ribose (D-Rib). PAR has been reported to have anticancer effects in vitro as well as in vivo, for example, in precarcinogenic conditions such as genetic syndromes (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Prader-Willi, and Costello Syndromes), which are characterized by an increased risk of malignancies and neoplasms. Interestingly, after once-a-day continuous treatment with PAR, a few patients with these syndromes were monitored for 9–30 months and an improvement of their clinical conditions was observed; most importantly, none of them developed tumors in the follow-up period of ten years. PAR has also given encouraging results when used in neoplastic patients undergoing radio- and chemotherapy, increasing survival from five to ten years , and in patients with mesothelioma and prostate cancer.It is thought that reduction of neoplastic risk afforded by PAR is allowed by different mechanisms; these manifold actions are given by the individual substances, which seem to have additive or synergistic effects. In particular, AA, at pharmacological doses, has shown antiproliferative, antimetastatic , antiangiogenic, and immunostimulatory properties; KHCO3 restores intracellular levels of K+, which are deeply decreased in most cancer cells; and ribose contributes to correct the hypokalemic condition behaving as a catalyst.Taken together, the data from the literature suggest that PAR could be useful as a new adjuvant treatment against cancer. In addition, skin tissues offer a peculiar way to act, which is the topical application that allows the administration of relatively high drug concentration and with minimum significant metabolic transformation.Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of PAR on cell proliferation and cell-to-cell communication in human melanoma cells.A375 melanoma cells (from ATCC) were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Lonza, Milan, Italy) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, EuroClone, Milan, Italy), 1% of L-glutamine (Lonza, Milan, Italy), and 1% of penicillin/streptomycin antibiotics (Lonza, Milan, Italy). The cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. A375 cells have BRAF (V600E) and p16 mutations.In preliminary experiments performed in 2D model, cells were treated with a wide range of concentrations of PAR (from 100 μM to 10 mM). In all subsequent experiments, the concentration range was restricted to 500 μM and 2 mM, which proved to be the lowest effective doses (for convenience, the concentrations are referred to ascorbic acid). The mixture was prepared by dissolving potassium bicarbonate, ascorbic acid, and ribose powders in culture medium in the dark (because they are light-sensitive), using nonmetallic spatulas (to avoid oxidation of ascorbic acid).Potassium ascorbate is a chemical compound with the formula KC6H7O6. It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid, which is a form of vitamin C. The commercial preparation of potassium ascorbate is accomplished through chemical means. Ascorbic acid and potassium bicarbonate are refined to a purity of at least 97 percent. These two chemicals are then mixed in cold water to produce potassium ascorbate.Potassium ascorbate provides a biologically available form of potassium and vitamin C, both of which are essential nutrients. Potassium is a chemical element with the atomic number 19. It’s so-named because it was first isolated in potash, which was originally produced by soaking plant ashes in water. Potassium is essential for all forms of life.Vitamin C is a collective term for a group of related compounds based on ascorbate. This group also includes ascorbic acid and its salts. Some oxidized forms of ascorbic acid such a dehydroascorbic acid also exhibit vitamin C activity. Vitamin C is necessary for all life forms, although virtually all organisms can synthesize it from other substances. The known exceptions include humans and some other primates, guinea pigs, capybaras and most bats.Potassium ascorbate offers specific advantages compared to other methods of delivering potassium and vitamin C. For example, potassium ascorbate is a chelator that allows it to bind other minerals. This property allows potassium ascorbate to be easily transported and retained in the body. It may also help to regulate hormone levels, which can support fertility.Potassium ascorbate is a less acidic form of vitamin C than ascorbic acid, which may allow it to resist cellular degeneration. This effect can help to manage degenerative conditions by eventually causing the responsible cells to die. The alkalizing effect of potassium ascorbate can also manage degenerative processes by maintaining healthy levels of potassium. This effect results from potassium ascorbates’s role as a potassium carrier within the cells. The antioxidant properties of ascorbate also help to inhibit degenerative processes.Potassium ascorbate has benefits of both potassium and vitamin C. These benefits include antioxidant activity, collagen production, healthy circulation and heart health support.The signs that you many need potassium ascorbate include the signs of potassium and vitamin C deficiencies. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is 200 mg/day, although many experts recommend much higher doses. A deficiency of vitamin C causes a characteristic set of symptoms known as scurvy. The first signs of scurvy include brown spots on the skin and spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes. Severe scurvy causes the loss of teeth and suppurating wounds.The most common causes of a potassium deficiency include chronic diarrhea, excessive urination and vomiting. The signs of a potassium deficiency generally relate to the resulting changes in metabolism and cellular membrane potential. These signs typically include muscle cramps, weakness and decreased reflexes. More severe signs of a potassium deficiency include irregularities in heart rhythm and respiratory paralysis.While surgery is the definitive treatment for early-stage melanoma, the current therapies against advanced melanoma do not yet provide an effective, long-lasting control of the lesions and a satisfactory impact on patient survival. Thus, research is also focused on novel treatments that could potentiate the current therapies. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of potassium ascorbate with ribose (PAR) treatment on the human melanoma cell line, A375, in 2D and 3D models. In the 2D model, in line with the current literature, the pharmacological treatment with PAR decreased cell proliferation and viability. In addition, an increase in Connexin 43 mRNA and protein was observed. This novel finding was confirmed in PAR-treated melanoma cells cultured in 3D, where an increase in functional gap junctions and a higher spheroid compactness were observed. Moreover, in the 3D model, a remarkable decrease in the size and volume of spheroids was observed, further supporting the treatment efficacy observed in the 2D model. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR could be used as a safe adjuvant approach in support to conventional therapies for the treatment of melanoma.POTASSIUM ASCORBATE is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid that exhibits antioxidant property. It is produced by glucose fermentation followed by potassium oxidation. It is also used as a preservative in foods and is a good source of vitamin C.Potassium ascorbate is a compound with formula KC6H7O6. It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and a mineral ascorbate. As a food additive, it has E number E303, INS number 303. Although it is not a permitted food additive in the UK or the USA, it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand.Potassium ascorbate is a chemical compound with the formula KC6H7O6. It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid, which is a form of vitamin C. The commercial preparation of potassium ascorbate is accomplished through chemical means. Ascorbic acid and potassium bicarbonate are refined to a purity of at least 97 percent. These two chemicals are then mixed in cold water to produce potassium ascorbate.Potassium ascorbate provides a biologically available form of potassium and vitamin C, both of which are essential nutrients. Potassium is a chemical element with the atomic number 19. It’s so-named because it was first isolated in potash, which was originally produced by soaking plant ashes in water. Potassium is essential for all forms of life.Vitamin C is a collective term for a group of related compounds based on ascorbate. This group also includes ascorbic acid and its salts. Some oxidized forms of ascorbic acid such a dehydroascorbic acid also exhibit vitamin C activity. Vitamin C is necessary for all life forms, although virtually all organisms can synthesize it from other substances. The known exceptions include humans and some other primates, guinea pigs, capybaras and most bats.

SYNONYMS Potassium dichromate (VI); Potassium bichromate; Kaliumdichromat; Dicromato de potasio; Dichromate de potassium; Bichromate of potash; Dichromic acid, dipotassium salt; Ddipotassium Dichromate; Chromic acid, dipotassium salt; Iopezite;CAS NO. 7778-50-9

CAS Number: 582-25-2
EC Number: 209-481-3

What is potassium benzoate, and how is it used?
Potassium benzoate is a white, odorless powder that’s obtained by combining benzoic acid and potassium salt under heat .
Benzoic acid is a compound naturally found in plants, animals, and fermented products. Originally derived from the benzoin resin of certain tree species, it’s now mostly industrially produced.
Potassium salts are typically extracted from salt beds or certain minerals.
Potassium benzoate is used as a preservative, as it prevents the growth of bacteria, yeast, and particularly mold. As such, it’s often added to food, beauty, and skin care products to extend their shelf life .
A few beauty and skin care items that may harbor this ingredient are shampoos, conditioners, facial cleansers, and moisturizers.

SUMMARY
Potassium benzoate is a preservative commonly found in food, beauty, and skin care products.
Potassium benzoate helps extend shelf life by preventing bacteria, yeast, and mold growth.

Potassium benzoate can be found in a variety of packaged foods, including;
Beverages: soda, flavored drinks, and certain fruit and vegetable juices
Sweets: candy, chocolate, and pastries
Condiments: processed sauces and salad dressings, plus pickles and olives
Spreads: certain margarines, jams, and jellies
Processed meats and fish: salted or dried fish and seafood, as well as certain cold cuts

A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.
Potassium benzoate is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.

Industry Uses
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Use as preservative
Various uses including: Food / Beverage, U034, U017, U015, U007, U004, U002

Consumer Uses
Adhesives and sealants
Non-TSCA use
Personal care products

Industry Processing Sectors
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Paint and coating manufacturing

Potassium benzoate is not a broad spectrum preservative for cosmetic use and should be combined with other preservatives. If Potassium benzoate is used as a preservative, the pH of the finished product may need to be lowered enough to release the free acid for useful activity.
Potassium benzoate is often combined with Potassium Sorbate in low pH products to provide a synergistic preservative effect against yeast and mold.
Potassium benzoate (E212), the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Potassium benzoate works best in low-pH products, below 4.5, where it exists as benzoic acid.

Potassium benzoate is a white, odorless powder that’s obtained by combining benzoic acid and potassium salt under heat
Potassium benzoate is used as a preservative, as it prevents the growth of bacteria, yeast, and particularly mold.
Potassium benzoate is a preservative commonly found in food, beauty, and skin care products.
Potassium benzoate helps extend shelf life by preventing bacteria, yeast, and mold growth.

Potassium Benzoate E212 can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry.
Potassium Benzoate E212 is used a food preservative to inhibit mold, yeast, and bacterial growth in fruit juices, carbonated drinks, pickles, and various other foods and beverages.
Potassium benzoate E212 can be used to replace sodium benzoate E211 in applications where the preserving power of benzoic acid E210 is required, but where a low sodium content is desired.
Potassium Benzoate is often used in low-sugar jams, marmalades, jellies and alcohol-free beer.

Potassium benzoate E212 uses as follows:
Potassium Benzoate E212 can be used as acidic food preservative in food such as in low-sugar jams, marmalades, jellies, fruit juices, carbonated drinks, pickles

Potassium Benzoate Uses:
-Preservative,
-Cosmetics,
-Feed,
-Pharmaceutical,
-Antimicrobial,
-Antifungal,
-Antibacterial,
-Margarine,
-Soft Drink,
-Alcohol Beverage,
-Beverage Powder,
-Ice Cream,
-Candy,
-Chewing Gum,
-Icings,
-Fruit Juice,
-Puddings,
-Sauces,
-Baking Food,
-Sauage,
-Food Colors,
-Milk, Wine,
-Flavoring Agent,
-Dyestuff,
-Toothpaste,
-Coating,
-Rubber.

Acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbonic acid), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), and pickles (vinegar) may be preserved with potassium benzoate.
Potassium benzoate is approved for use in most countries including Canada, the U.S., and the EU, where it is designated by the E number E212.
Potassium benzoate is also used in the whistle in many fireworks.

Potassium benzoate, the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is typically used by food manufacturers as a chemical preservative.
Potassium benzoate's sometimes used in place of a related preservative -- sodium benzoate -- to reduce the food's sodium content.
Potassium benzoate helps fight food spoilage, and it can contribute to food's flavor, but like any food additive, it can cause allergic reactions in some people.

How Potassium Benzoate's Used
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, potassium benzoate is "generally recognized as safe" and approved for use as a preservative as well as a flavoring agent. Adding just a small amount can help prevent the growth of mold, yeast and certain bacteria in foods. Because the compound imparts a tang to certain foods, it can also be used as a flavoring agent.

Where Potassium Benzoate's Found
Potassium benzoate is typically added to packaged foods, so look to the more processed aspects of your diet to find it.
Potassium benzoate's used to preserve carbonated soft drinks, cider, juices, jams, syrups and pickled foods.
Potassium benzoate also occurs naturally in cranberries, so you'll also find it in cranberry juice, cranberry cocktail and cranberry sauce.

What is Potassium Benzoate?
Potassium benzoate is classified as a food preservative.
Potassium benzoate can work in one of two ways according to PubChem, a division of The National Center for Biotechnology Information. The first is as a food preservative, which means it inhibits or stops the process of fermentation, acidification, or any deterioration of a specific food.
Potassium benzoate is more specifically known as a fungistatic, which stops fungi's ability to grow or reproduce, which could potentially spoil a food.

Potassium Benzoate is manufactured primarily for food and beverage use.
Potassium Benzoate is a chemical preservative, which in very low concentrations inhibits the activity of the microorganisms.
Potassium Benzoate is used in carbonated beverages. The shelf life of un-pasteurized cider can be greatly extended by adding potassium benzoate.
Potassium Benzoate is also used as the whistle in many fireworks.

How is Potassium Benzoate made?
Potassium benzoate can be chemically synthesized by the reaction of benzoic acid (produced from the oxidation of toluene) with potassium bicarbonate, or potassium carbonate, or potassium hydroxide.

Specification
Appearance
A white or colorless crystalline powder or granular.

Other Names
Potassium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid
Potassium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid
CAS Number
532-32-1

What are the Uses of Potassium Benzoate?
Potassium Benzoate is used less than sodium benzoate in past years, but now it seems the market demand is increasing.
Potassium benzoate is used as a substitute preservative for sodium benzoate primarily in acidic foods where the sodium content needed to be lower.
The following food may contain with it:
-soda
-juice
-cider
-margarine
-syrup
-jelly
-dressing

Coca Cola: used as a preservative and to protect taste.
Pepsico: in the carbonated soft drinks, such as in Diet Pepsi and Sierra Mist to preserve freshness.

Potassium benzoate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acids. These are organic Compounds containing a benzene ring which bears at least one carboxyl group.
Potassium benzoate is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).

Applications
Potassium Benzoate is manufactured primarily for food and beverage use.
Potassium Benzoate is a chemical preservative, which in very low concentrations inhibits the activity of the microorganisms.
Potassium Benzoate is used in carbonated beverages. The shelf life of un-pasteurized cider can be greatly extended by adding potassium benzoate.
Potassium Benzoate is also used as the whistle in many fireworks.

Description
Potassium benzoate is the potassium salt of benzoate.
Potassium Benzoate is mostly used for food preservation for inhibiting the growth of mold, yeast and bacteria since it can create low pH condition after entering into the cells to suppress the anaerobic fermentation of glucose.
Potassium Benzoate can also be used in the whistle in many fireworks. In analytic chemistry, it can be used as eluents for ion chromatography to increase the detector response.

Chemical Properties
Potassium benzoate occurs as a slightly hygroscopic, white, odorless or nearly odorless crystalline powder or granules. Aqueous solutions are slightly alkaline and have a sweetish astringent taste.

Chemical Properties
Potassium benzoate ( E212 ) , the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Potassium Benzoate works best in low-pH products, below 4.5, where it exists as benzoic acid.

Acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbonic acid), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), and pickles (vinegar) may be preserved with potassium benzoate.
Potassium Benzoate is approved for use in most countries including Canada, the U.S., and the EU, where it is designated by the E number E212. In the EU, it is not recommended for consumption by children.

Uses
Pharmaceutic aid (preservative).

Production Methods
Potassium benzoate is prepared from the acid–base reaction between benzoic acid and potassium hydroxide.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Potassium benzoate is predominantly used as an antimicrobial preservative in a wide range of beverages, foods and some pharmaceutical formulations. Preservative efficacy increases with decreasing pH; it is most effective at pH 4.5 or below. However, at low pH undissociated benzoic acid may produce a slight though discernible taste in food products.
Increasingly, potassium benzoate is used as an alternative to sodium benzoate in applications where a low sodium content is desirable.
Therapeutically, potassium benzoate has also been used in the management of hypokalemia.

A white solid that is the potassium salt of benzoic acid.
Potassium benzoate inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.
Uses: A food preservative in fruit juice, sparkling drinks, soft drinks, and pickles, and as the whistle sound in many fireworks.

Potassium benzoate is essentially a chemical preservative which is commonly added to soft drinks and other foods and beverages.
Potassium benzoate is used as an effective preservative since it thwarts the growth of certain bacteria, mold and yeast. In its liquefied state, it breaks up into its two distinct parts; the benzoate salt and the electrolyte potassium.
Potassium is tremendously essential for a number of biological processes; this includes the contraction of muscles associated with the heartbeat. As an essential mineral, potassium is required for the proper function of your cells, organs and tissues. In addition to calcium, magnesium and sodium, potassium serves as an electrolyte. This is due to its capacity to spread electrical pulses and signals throughout the nervous system. Apart from its significance in sustaining the right heart rhythm, potassium is required for smooth muscle contraction as well.
This is essential for the function and health of the digestive system.
The chemical formula of Potassium Benzoate is C7H5KO2. In its raw form, it looks like a white crystalline powder. However, some companies will supply a liquid form for use in the food industry.

Formulation or re-packing
Potassium benzoate is used in the following products: coating products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers.
Release to the environment of Potassium benzoate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Uses at industrial sites
Potassium benzoate is used in the following products: pharmaceuticals, polymers, oil and gas exploration or production products, coating products, explosives and inks and toners.
Potassium benzoate is used in the following areas: mining, printing and recorded media reproduction and building & construction work.
Potassium benzoate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and pulp, paper and paper products.
Release to the environment of Potassium benzoate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as processing aid, in the production of articles and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Properties
Chemical formula: C7H5KO2
Molar mass: 160.213 g·mol−1
Appearance: White hygroscopic solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.5 g/cm3
Melting point: >300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water:
69.87 g/100 mL (17.5 °C)
73.83 g/100 mL (25 °C)
79 g/100 mL (33.3 °C)
88.33 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility in other solvents:
Soluble in ethanol
Slightly soluble in methanol
Insoluble in ether

In Other Industries
Potassium Benzoate E212 is widely used as additive in various other industries.
Potassium benzoate is the inactive salt of benzoic acid.
Potassium benzoate is soluble in water where it converts to benzoic acid, its active form, at a low pH. Benzoic acid is very pH dependent. While it shows some activity up to pH 6 (about 1.55%), it is most active at pH 3 (94%).

As benzoic acid, it is considered to be primarily an anti-fungal, but it shows some activity against bacteria.
Potassium benzoate is poor against pseudomonads.
Benzoic acid is inactivated by non-ionics and by raising the pH.

Potassium Benzoate Specification:
Item: Specification
Appearance: white granule or crystalline odorless powder
Purity (on dry base): ≥99.0%
Moisture: ≤1.5%
Acidity and Alkalinity: ≤0.2 ml
Water solution test: clear
Solution colour: Y6
Chlorides: ≤300 mg/Kg
Heavy metals (As Pb): ≤10 mg/Kg
Arsenic: ≤2 mg/Kg

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Potassium benzoate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

White, odorless or nearly odorless, granules or crystalline powder, soluble in water.
Potassium benzoate is an alternative to Potassium benzoate and is used as a food preservative, by preventing the growth of bacteria, yeast and fungi.
Potassium benzoate can be used in soft drinks, salad dressing, sauces, alcohol beverages and other condiments and snacks.

Potassium Benzoate is a white crystal or granular and is soluble in water.
Can be used as an alternative to Potassium benzoate.

Potassium benzoate is used as a preservative to prevent food from molding.
Potassium benzoate helps keep our products shelf-stable for at least two years from the date of purchase and is used in concentrations of less than 0.5% by volume.
While Potassium benzoate is considered safe, scientists have shown that negative side effects occur when it's mixed with ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Uses of Potassium benzoate
Food. In the food industry, Potassium benzoate is used to prevent spoilage from harmful bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
Potassium benzoate also helps maintain freshness in food by helping to slow or prevent changes in color, flavor, PH, and texture.
Other foods that commonly include Potassium benzoate include:
-Salad dressings
-Pickles
-Sauces
-Condiments
-Fruit juices
-Wines
-Snack foods
-Drink.

Personal care products.
Potassium benzoate can be used as an anti-corrosive and preservative in a large variety of personal care products such as:
-Mouthwash
-Hair products
-Sunscreen
-Moisturizers
-Serums
-Baby wipes

In Beverage
Potassium Benzoate E212 can be used as preservative in beverage such as in soft drinks, diet coke, sodas, condensed juice and other acidic drink to inhibit microbial.

In Health and Personal care
Potassium Benzoate E212 used in a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products, such as in baby products, bath products, soaps and detergents, eye makeup, blushers, cleansing products, make up products, as well as hair, nail and skin care products.

In Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry
Potassium Benzoate E212 can be used as preservative in Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry feed.

IUPAC NAMES:
Benzoic acid, potassium salt (1:1)
Potassium benzoate
potassium benzoate
potassium benzoate
potassium;benzoate
POTASSIUM BENZOATE
benzoic acid potassium
PotassiumBenzoateC7H5KO2
Benzoicacidpotassiumsaltanhydrous
Kaliumbenzoat,wasserfrei
BENZOIC ACID POTASSIUM SALT
POTASSIUM BENZOATE REAGENT
POTASSIUMBENZOATE,CRYSTAL,REAGENT
POTASSIUMBENZOATE,FCC
POTASSIUMBENZOATE,NF
Kaliumbenzoat
Piatassium benzoate
Potassium Benzoate, Anhydrous
Potassium Benzoate (1 g)
PotassiuM benzoate, >=99.0% (NT)
POTASSIUM BENZOATE, REAGENTPOTASSIUM BENZOATE, REAGENTPOTASSIUM BENZOATE, REAGENTPOTASSIUM BENZOATE, REAGENT
Potassium benzoate Joyce
Potassium benzoate Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Benzoic acid, potassium salt (1:1)

POTASSIUM BITARTRATE, N° CAS : 868-14-4 - Bitartrate de potassium. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM BITARTRATE. Nom chimique : Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (2R, 3R)- potassium salt (1:1),Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 212-769-1, Additif alimentaire : E336. Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques

cas no 868-14-4 Potassium hydrogen tartrate; [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-dihydroxy-Butanedioic acid, monopotassium salt; Cream; cream of tartar; L(+)-Potassium hydrogen tartrate; Monopotassium tartrate; Potassium acid tartrate; Potassium Hydrogentartrate; Tartaric acid, monopotassium salt;

potassıum carbonate; Potash; Salt of Tartar; Carbonic acid, Dipotassium salt; Potassium carbonate (2:1); Kaliumcarbonat; Pearl ash; cas no :584-08-7

SYNONYMS Potash; Salt of Tartar; Carbonic acid, Dipotassium salt; Potassium carbonate (2:1); Kaliumcarbonat; Pearl ash; CAS NO. 584-08-7

POTASSIUM CHLORATE Potassium chlorate Potassium chlorate The structure of the ions in potassium chlorate The crystal structure of potassium chlorate Potassium chlorate crystals Names Other names Potassium chlorate(V), Potcrate Identifiers CAS Number 3811-04-9 check 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 18512 check ECHA InfoCard 100.021.173 EC Number 223-289-7 PubChem CID 6426889 RTECS number FO0350000 UNII H35KS68EE7 check UN number 1485 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6047448 Properties Chemical formula KClO3 Molar mass 122.55 g mol−1 Appearance white crystals or powder Density 2.32 g/cm3 Melting point 356 °C (673 °F; 629 K) Boiling point 400 °C (752 °F; 673 K) decomposes[1] Solubility in water 3.13 g/100 mL (0 °C) 4.46 g/100 mL (10 °C) 8.15 g/100 mL (25 °C) 13.21 g/100 mL (40 °C) 53.51 g/100 mL (100 °C) 183 g/100 g (190 °C) 2930 g/100 g (330 °C)[2] Solubility soluble in glycerol negligible in acetone and liquid ammonia[1] Solubility in glycerol 1 g/100 g (20 °C)[1] Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −42.8·10−6 cm3/mol Refractive index (nD) 1.40835 Structure Crystal structure monoclinic Thermochemistry Heat capacity (C) 100.25 J/mol·K[1] Std molar entropy (So298) 142.97 J/mol·K[3][1] Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −391.2 kJ/mol[3][1] Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚) -289.9 kJ/mol[1] Hazards Safety data sheet ICSC 0548 GHS pictograms GHS03: OxidizingGHS07: HarmfulGHS09: Environmental hazard[4] GHS Signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H271, H302, H332, H411[4] GHS precautionary statements P220, P273[4] NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 023OX Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1870 mg/kg (oral, rat)[5] Related compounds Other anions Potassium bromate Potassium iodate Potassium nitrate Other cations Ammonium chlorate Sodium chlorate Barium chlorate Related compounds Potassium chloride Potassium hypochlorite Potassium chlorite Potassium perchlorate Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). check verify (what is check☒ ?) Infobox references Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen, with the molecular formula KClO3. In its pure form, it is a white crystalline substance. It is the most common chlorate in industrial use. It is used, as an oxidizing agent, to prepare oxygen, as a disinfectant, in safety matches, in explosives and fireworks, in cultivation, forcing the blossoming stage of the longan tree, causing it to produce fruit in warmer climates.[6] Production On the industrial scale, potassium chlorate is produced by the Liebig process: passing chlorine into hot calcium hydroxide, subsequently adding potassium chloride:[7] 6 Ca(OH)2 + 6 Cl2 → Ca(ClO3)2 + 5 CaCl2 + 6 H2O Ca(ClO3)2 + 2 KCl → 2 KClO3 + CaCl2 The electrolysis of KCl in aqueous solution is also used sometimes, in which elemental chlorine formed at the anode react with KOH in situ. The low solubility of KClO3 in water causes the salt to conveniently isolate itself from the reaction mixture by simply precipitating out of solution. Potassium chlorate can be produced in small amounts by disproportionation in a sodium hypochlorite solution followed by metathesis reaction with potassium chloride:[8] 3 NaOCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(s) + NaClO3(aq) KCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) → NaCl(aq) + KClO3(s) It can also be produced by passing chlorine gas into a hot solution of caustic potash:[9] 3 Cl2(g) + 6 KOH(aq) → KClO3(aq) + 5 KCl(aq) + 3 H2O(l) Uses Potassium chlorate burning sugar Potassium chlorate was one key ingredient in early firearms percussion caps (primers). It continues in that application, where not supplanted by potassium perchlorate. Chlorate-based propellants are more efficient than traditional gunpowder and are less susceptible to damage by water. However, they can be extremely unstable in the presence of sulfur or phosphorus and are much more expensive. Chlorate propellants must be used only in equipment designed for them; failure to follow this precaution is a common source of accidents. Potassium chlorate, often in combination with silver fulminate, is used in trick noise-makers known as "crackers", "snappers", "pop-its", or "bang-snaps", a popular type of novelty firework. Another application of potassium chlorate is as the oxidizer in a smoke composition such as that used in smoke grenades. Since 2005, a cartridge with potassium chlorate mixed with lactose and rosin is used for generating the white smoke signaling the election of new pope by a papal conclave.[10] Potassium chlorate is often used in high school and college laboratories to generate oxygen gas.[citation needed] It is a far cheaper source than a pressurized or cryogenic oxygen tank. Potassium chlorate readily decomposes if heated while in contact with a catalyst, typically manganese(IV) dioxide (MnO2). Thus, it may be simply placed in a test tube and heated over a burner. If the test tube is equipped with a one-holed stopper and hose, warm oxygen can be drawn off. The reaction is as follows: 2 KClO3(s) → 3 O2(g) + 2 KCl(s) Heating it in the absence of a catalyst converts it into potassium perchlorate:[9] 4 KClO3 → 3 KClO4 + KCl With further heating, potassium perchlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen: KClO4 → KCl + 2 O2 The safe performance of this reaction requires very pure reagents and careful temperature control. Molten potassium chlorate is an extremely powerful oxidizer and spontaneously reacts with many common materials such as sugar. Explosions have resulted from liquid chlorates spattering into the latex or PVC tubes of oxygen generators, as well as from contact between chlorates and hydrocarbon sealing greases. Impurities in potassium chlorate itself can also cause problems. When working with a new batch of potassium chlorate, it is advisable to take a small sample (~1 gram) and heat it strongly on an open glass plate. Contamination may cause this small quantity to explode, indicating that the chlorate should be discarded. Potassium chlorate is used in chemical oxygen generators (also called chlorate candles or oxygen candles), employed as oxygen-supply systems of e.g. aircraft, space stations, and submarines, and has been responsible for at least one plane crash. A fire on the space station Mir was also traced to this substance. The decomposition of potassium chlorate was also used to provide the oxygen supply for limelights. Potassium chlorate is used also as a pesticide. In Finland it was sold under trade name Fegabit. Potassium chlorate can react with sulfuric acid to form a highly reactive solution of chloric acid and potassium sulfate: 2 KClO3 + H2SO4 → 2 HClO3 + K2SO4 The solution so produced is sufficiently reactive that it spontaneously ignites if combustible material (sugar, paper, etc.) is present. In schools, molten potassium chlorate is used in the dramatic screaming jelly babies, Gummy bear, Haribo, and Trolli candy demonstration where the candy is dropped into the molten salt. In chemical labs it is used to oxidize HCl and release small amounts of gaseous chlorine. Insurgents in Afghanistan also use potassium chlorate extensively as a key component in the production of improvised explosive devices. When significant effort was made to reduce the availability of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in Afghanistan, IED makers started using potassium chlorate as a cheap and effective alternative. In 2013, 60% of IEDs in Afghanistan used potassium chlorate, making it the most common ingredient used in IEDs.[11] Potassium chlorate was also the main ingredient in the car bomb used in 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people. Safety Potassium chlorate should be handled with care. It reacts vigorously, and in some cases spontaneously ignites or explodes, when mixed with many combustible materials. It burns vigorously in combination with virtually any combustible material, even those normally only slightly flammable (including ordinary dust and lint). Mixtures of potassium chlorate and a fuel can ignite by contact with sulfuric acid, so it should be kept away from this reagent. Sulfur should be avoided in pyrotechnic compositions containing potassium chlorate, as these mixtures are prone to spontaneous deflagration. Most sulfur contains trace quantities of sulfur-containing acids, and these can cause spontaneous ignition - "Flowers of sulfur" or "sublimed sulfur", despite the overall high purity, contains significant amounts of sulfur acids. Also, mixtures of potassium chlorate with any compound with ignition promoting properties (ex. antimony(III) sulfide) are very dangerous to prepare, as they are extremely shock sensitive. Molecular Weight of Potassium chlorate 122.55 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Potassium chlorate 3 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of Potassium chlorate 121.917303 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of Potassium chlorate 121.917303 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of Potassium chlorate 57.2 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of Potassium chlorate 5 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of Potassium chlorate 49.8 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Potassium chlorate 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Potassium chlorate 2 Computed by PubChem Compound of Potassium chlorate Is Canonicalized Yes Physical Description Potassium chlorate appears as a white crystalline solid. Forms a very flammable mixture with combustible materials. Mixture may be explosive if combustible material is very finely divided. Mixture may be ignited by friction. Contact with strong sulfuric acid may cause fires or explosions. May spontaneously decompose and ignite when mixed with ammonium salts. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Used to make matches, paper, explosives, and many other uses. Potassium chlorate, aqueous solution appears as a colorless liquid. Denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals. Ignites organic materials upon contact Product Information CAS number of Product Information 3811-04-9 EC index number of Product Information 017-004-00-3 EC number of Product Information 223-289-7 Grade of Product Information ACS,Reag. Ph Eur Hill Formula of Product Information ClKO₃ Chemical formula of Product Information KClO₃ Molar Mass of Product Information 122.55 g/mol HS Code of Product Information 2829 19 00 3811-04-9 EC index number 017-004-00-3 EC number of Product Information 223-289-7 Grade of Product Information ACS,Reag. Ph Eur Hill Formula of Product Information ClKO₃ Chemical formula of Product Information KClO₃ Molar Mass of Product Information 122.55 g/mol Potassium chlorate (KClO3) is a strong oxidizing agent that has a wide variety of uses. It is or has been a component of explosives, fireworks, safety matches, and disinfectants. As a high school or college chemistry student, you may have used it to generate oxygen in the lab. Because it is a strong oxidizer, KClO3 must be kept from contacting organic matter; reduced inorganic materials such as elemental sulfur, phosphorus; and iodine; and concentrated acids. The use of KClO3 in matches dates back to 1826, when English chemist John Walker combined it with antimony(III) sulfide, gum, and starch. When formed into matches, the mixture sometimes (but not always) ignited when struck on sandpaper. Later on, white phosphorus replaced antimony sulfide to make matches more reliable. Eventually, the toxic white phosphorus was superseded by the red allotrope. Modern safety matches contain no phosphorus; but red phosphorus is embedded in the rough surfaces of matchboxes. Upon striking, the phosphorus ignites, liberating oxygen from the match’s KClO3, which in turn ignites combustible substances (e.g., sulfur) in the matchhead.

CAS NO:7447-40-7
EC NO:231-211-8
E number:E508

Potassium is a mineral that is found in many foods and is needed for several functions of your body, especially the beating of your heart.
Potassium chloride is used to prevent or to treat low blood levels of potassium (hypokalemia).
Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine.
Potassium chloride is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance.
The solid dissolves readily in water, and Potassium chlorides solutions have a salt-like taste.

Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits.
KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, and in food processing, where Potassium chloride may be known as E number additive E508.
Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite, and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.
The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, called potash, since the growth of many plants is limited by potassium availability.
Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as muriate of potash (MOP).
The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as MOP.

Medical use of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Main article: Potassium chloride (medical use)
Potassium is vital in the human body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the common means to treat low blood potassium, although Potassium chloride can also be given intravenously.
Potassium chloride is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Overdose causes hyperkalemia which can disrupt cell signaling to the extent that the heart will stop, reversibly in the case of some open heart surgeries.

Culinary use of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to Potassium chlorides weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, Potassium chloride is often mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) to improve the taste to form low sodium salt.
The addition of 1 ppm of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness.
Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.

Industrial
As a chemical feedstock, Potassium chloride is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal.
Potassium chloride is also used in medicine, lethal injections, scientific applications, food processing, soaps, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.

Potassium chloride is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed.
As an added benefit, Potassium chloride is known to increase milk production.

Potassium chloride is sometimes used in solution as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units.

Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a flux, lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts.
Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, Potassium chloride is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.


Potassium chloride is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment, because natural potassium contains 0.0118% of the isotope 40K.
One kilogram of Potassium chloride yields 16350 becquerels of radiation, consisting of 89.28% beta and 10.72% gamma, with 1.46083 MeV.
In order to use off-the-shelf materials, Potassium chloride needs to be crystallized sequentially, using controlled temperature, in order to extract Potassium chloride, which is the subject of ongoing research.
Potassium chloride also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.


Potassium chloride is used in some de-icing products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride [lowest usable temperature 12 °F (−11 °C) v. −25 °F (−32 °C)]. It is also used in various brands of bottled water.
Potassium chloride was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, used in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers.
Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam.
This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive, as well as more effective.
Potassium chloride is rated for B and C fires.

Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium.

Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. While cheap, KCl crystals are hygroscopic.
This limits Potassium chlorides application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot".
Whereas KCl components were formerly used for infrared optics, Potassium chloride has been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as zinc selenide.

Chemical properties
Solubility
Potassium chloride is soluble in a variety of polar solvents.

Solutions of Potassium chloride are common standards, for example for calibration of the electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since KCl solutions are stable, allowing for reproducible measurements.
In aqueous solution, Potassium chloride is essentially fully ionized into solvated K+ and Cl– ions.

Redox and the conversion to potassium metal
Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, KCl can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the more volatile potassium can be removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):

KCl(l) + Na(l) ⇌ NaCl(l) + K(g)
This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium.
Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl.

Physical properties
Potassium chloride adopts a face-centered cubic structure.
Potassium chlorides lattice constant is roughly 6.3 Å. Crystals cleave easily in three directions.

Some other properties are
Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 µm
Transmittivity = 92% at 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% at 16 µm
Refractive index = 1.456 at 10 µm
Reflection loss = 6.8% at 10 µm (two surfaces)
dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/°C
dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/°C
Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K)
Damage threshold (Newman and Novak): 4 GW/cm2 or 2 J/cm2 (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate); 4.2 J/cm2 (1.7 ns pulse rate Kovalev and Faizullov)
As with other compounds containing potassium, KCl in powdered form gives a lilac flame.

Potassium chloride is extracted from minerals sylvite, carnallite, and potash.
Potassium chloride is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals.
Potassium chloride is a by-product of the production of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.

The vast majority of potassium chloride is produced as agricultural and industrial grade potash in Saskatchewan, Canada, as well as Russia and Belarus.
Saskatchewan alone accounted for over 25% of the world's potash production in 2017.

Laboratory methods
Potassium chloride is inexpensively available and is rarely prepared intentionally in the laboratory.
Potassium chloride can be generated by treating potassium hydroxide (or other potassium bases) with hydrochloric acid:

KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
This conversion is an acid-base neutralization reaction. The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization.
Another method would be to allow potassium to burn in the presence of chlorine gas, also a very exothermic reaction:
2 K + Cl2 → 2 KCl


Properties
Chemical formula KCl
Molar mass 74.555 g·mol−1
Appearance white crystalline solid
Odor odorless
Density 1.984 g/cm3
Melting point 770 °C (1,420 °F; 1,040 K)
Boiling point 1,420 °C (2,590 °F; 1,690 K)
Solubility in water
277.7 g/L (0 °C)
339.7 g/L (20 °C)
540.2 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility Soluble in glycerol, alkalies
Slightly soluble in alcohol Insoluble in ether
Solubility in ethanol 0.00288 g/L (25 °C)
Acidity (pKa) ~7
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −39.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD) 1.4902 (589 nm)

Potassium Chloride is a metal halide composed of potassium and chloride.
Potassium maintains intracellular tonicity, is required for nerve conduction, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, production of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids, maintenance of blood pressure and normal renal function.
This agent has potential antihypertensive effects and when taken as a nutritional supplement may prevent hypokalemia.
Potassium chloride appears as white colorless cubic crystals.
Strong saline taste.
Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
Potassium chloride has a role as a fertilizer.
Potassium chloride is a potassium salt and an inorganic chloride.

Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
Information on 264 consumer products that contain Potassium chloride in the following categories is provided:
• Auto Products
• Inside the Home
• Landscaping/Yard
• Personal Care
• Pesticides
• Pet Care

Industry Uses of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Metal Feed Material
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production

Consumer Uses of POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Air care products
Anti-freeze and de-icing products
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Electrical and electronic products
Food processing
Laboratory Use
Metal products not covered elsewhere
Non-TSCA use
Paints and coatings
Paper products
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere

Industry Processing Sectors
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
Fabricated metal product manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Primary metal manufacturing
Services

CAS number 7447-40-7
EC number 231-211-8
Grade ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula ClK
Chemical formula KCl
Molar Mass 74.56 g/mol

Boiling point 1413 °C (1013 hPa)
Density 1.98 g/cm3 (20.0 °C)
Melting Point 770 °C
pH value 5.5 - 8.5 (50.0 g/l, H₂O, 20.0 °C)
Bulk density 1000 kg/m3
Solubility 347 g/l

What is potassium chloride, and how does Potassium chloride work (mechanism of action)?
Potassium preparations are used for supplementing potassium in order to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia).
Potassium is a major mineral (electrolyte) that is important for the function of every cell in the body.
For example, Potassium chloride is important in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and kidney function.
Normal daily dietary intake of potassium is 40-150 mEq. Potassium deficiency occurs when potassium loss exceeds intake.
Potassium depletion may be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, diuretics (for example, furosemide [Lasix]), starvation, and rare disorders of the adrenal glands.

Potassium chloride is a medicine used to prevent or treat low potassium levels in the body.
Potassium is a mineral that your body needs for proper functioning of the heart, muscles, kidneys, nerves, and digestive system.
Certain diseases, illnesses, and drugs can remove potassium from the body.
Potassium chloride works by replacing lost potassium and preventing a deficiency.

Foods with potassium chloride
According to Caroline West Passerrello, MS, RDN, LDN, a spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, potassium chloride can be found not only in salt substitutes, but also in these foods:

snack bars
soups
potato chips
cereals
frozen entrees


What is potassium chloride?
Answer: Potassium chloride is a common, naturally occurring mineral.
Potassium chloride is typically extracted from the ground via solution potash mining; that is, water is injected into the ground where potassium chloride deposits exist, the water dissolves the potassium chloride and the saturated brine is pumped back to the surface and the water is evaporated leaving the potassium chloride behind.
Potassium chloride may also be extracted from the sea, in a similar process that is used to produce some sea salts.
Potassium chloride is one of the minerals present in sea water that can be extracted through traditional solar evaporation.


Is potassium chloride safe to eat?
Answer: Yes. Potassium chloride has been affirmed as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a multipurpose ingredient in foods with no limitation other than current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), which means food manufacturers can use it at levels necessary to achieve its intended technological effect in a food product.


Is potassium chloride harmful to me?
Answer: The safety of oral consumption of potassium chloride is supported by its long history of use in foods, and its regulatory acceptance for food use in the U.S. and by numerous international scientific bodies and regulatory authorities.
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chloride salts (including potassium chloride) is “not limited,” which is indicative of their very low toxicity to humans.


What is potassium chloride used for in food?
Answer: According to the GRAS-affirmed uses of potassium chloride, it is used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, nutrient supplement, pH control agent, and stabilizer or thickener.
However, potassium chloride is used for two main purposes in food products.
The first is to provide potassium enrichment to foods.
The second is as a salt replacer to reduce the sodium content in foods.
Like salt (aka sodium chloride), potassium chloride provides a salty flavor and can also often play other functional roles (e.g. microbial management, protein modification, flavor enhancement) that impacts the taste, texture, and shelf life of food products.


What are some food products that contain potassium chloride?
Answer: Potassium chloride is widely used as a salt replacer or to provide potassium enrichment in many different food products including:


Baby formulas
Cereals
Frozen entrees
Meats
Snack foods, such as chips or crisps
Sports/electrolyte drinks
Soups
Sauces
Snack/meal bars

What are other non-food uses of potassium chloride?
Answer: By far the largest use for potassium chloride is as a fertilizer.
Like humans and many other living organisms, plants also need potassium to flourish. Fertilizer/industrial grade potassium chloride is commonly referred to as potash.
Potassium chloride is also used in the pharmaceutical industry in dialysis fluids, among other things.
Potassium chloride in dialysis fluid helps keep the body’s electrolytes in balance.

Is there another way to reduce salt/sodium without using potassium chloride?
Answer: For home cooking, one could use herbs and seasonings to provide flavor to foods.
For commercially prepared items, flavors and herbs may provide or enhance the taste of foods; but, a food manufacturer would still need to consider the other basic functional roles of salt (e.g., texture, microbial management) in the food product.
Depending on the functional role, one may be able use other non-sodium substitutes, e.g. magnesium chloride and calcium chloride; however, they can sometimes create “off” flavors.


Agricultural use POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium chloride is the most widely applied K fertilizer because of its relatively low cost and because it includes more K than most other sources: 50 to 52 percent K (60 to 63 percent K₂O) and 45 to 47 percent Cl⁻.
More than 90 percent of global potash production goes into plant nutrition.
Farmers spread KCL onto the soil surface prior to tillage and planting.
Potassium chloride may also be applied in a concentrated band near the seed. Since dissolving fertilizer will increase the soluble salt concentration, banded KCl is placed to the side of the seed to avoid damaging the germinating plant.
Potassium chloride rapidly dissolves in soil water.
The K⁺ will be retained on the negatively charged cation exchange sites of clay and organic matter.
The Cl⁻ portion will readily move with the water.

An especially pure grade of KCl can be dissolved for fluid fertilizers or applied through irrigation systems.
Potassium chloride is found in various shades and particle sizes.
Potassium chloride is primarily used as a source of K nutrition.
However, there are regions where plants respond favorably to application of Cl⁻.
Potassium chloride is usually the preferred material to meet this need.
There are no significant impacts on water or air associated with normal application rates of KCl.
Elevated salt concentrations surrounding the dissolving fertilizer may be the most important factor to consider.


Non-agricultural use POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium is essential for human and animal health.

Potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute for individuals on a restricted salt (sodium chloride) diet.
Potassium chloride is used as a deicing agent and has a fertilizing value after the ice melts.
Potassium chloride is also used in water softeners to replace calcium in water.
Production

Deeply buried potash deposits exist throughout the world.
The dominant mineral is sylvite mixed with halite (sodium chloride), which forms a mixed mineral called sylvinite.
Most K minerals are harvested from ancient marine deposits deep beneath the Earth’s surface.
They are then transported to a processing facility where the ore is crushed and the K salts are separated from the sodium salts.
The color of Potassium chloride can vary from red to white, depending on the source of the sylvinite ore.
The reddish tint comes from trace amounts of iron oxide.
There are no agronomic differences between the red and white forms of Potassium chloride.

Some Potassium chloride is produced by injecting hot water deep into the ground to dissolve the soluble sylvinite mineral and then pumping the brine back to the surface, where the water evaporates.
Solar evaporation is used to recover valuable potash salts from brine water in Utah’s Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake, for example.

Potassium chloride is the most widely used potassium source worldwide, and due to its continuous use, the accumulation of its salts in the soil and in plants is becoming more common.
Excess available ions can cause a series of physiological disturbances in organisms and can become a biocide in the soil.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of KCl and banana crop residues on soil chloride content, microbial activity, and soil ammonification.

About this substance
Helpful information
Potassium chloride is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Potassium chloride is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals.
Potassium chloride to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Article service life
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
This substance can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Potassium chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products and fertilisers.
Potassium chloride is used in the following areas: scientific research and development, health services and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Potassium chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites and in the production of articles.
Potassium chloride to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Formulation or re-packing
Potassium chloride is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products and paper chemicals and dyes.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Uses at industrial sites
Potassium chloride is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, fertilisers and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Potassium chloride has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Potassium chloride is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, health services and scientific research and development.
Potassium chloride is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, manufacturing of the substance, in the production of articles and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

IUPAC names
Kelp salt
Kelp salt , muriate of potash
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride
potassium chloride
Potassium chloride
potassium chloride
potassium cloride
potassium; chloride
potassium;chloride
Reaction mass of potassium and chlorine
Reaction mass of potassium chloride and sodium chloride EC: 913-353-9

Potassium Chloride (Klor-Con M, K-Tab, Klor-Con, Micro-K) is a potassium supplement used to prevent and to treat low potassium.
Potassium is important for the heart, muscles, and nerves. Too much or too little potassium in the body can cause serious problems.
Potassium chloride is more popular than comparable drugs.

Empirical formula KCl
Molar mass (M) 74,56 g/mol
Density (D) 1,98 g/cm³
Boiling point (bp) 1413 °C
Melting point (mp) 773 °C

Preparation of Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride can be directly extracted from some minerals such as carnallite, sylvite, and potash.
This compound can also be extracted from seawater.Potassium chloride is produced as a by-product during the synthesis of nitric acid from hydrochloric acid and potassium nitrate.

In the laboratory,Potassium chloride can be prepared by reacting bases of potassium (such as potassium hydroxide) with hydrochloric acid.
The ensuing acid-base neutralization reaction will yield water and potassium chloride as the products.


Properties of Potassium Chloride
In the solid-state,Potassium chloride is readily soluble in many polar solvents, including water.
The salt is ionized into the K+ cation and the Cl– anions in these polar solvents.
Some other physical and chemical properties of potassium chloride are discussed in this subsection.

Physical Properties
The crystals of potassium chloride are made up of face-centred cubic (FCC) unit cells.
The molar mass of KCl is 74.5513 grams/mol.
Potassium chlorides density in the solid, crystalline form is 1.984 grams per cubic centimetre.
The melting and boiling points of potassium chloride are 1040 K and 1690 K respectively.
At 0oC, 20oC, and 100oC, the solubility of KCl in water corresponds to 217.1 g/L, 253.9 g/L, and 360.5 g/L respectively.
Potassium chloride is highly soluble in alcohols but not soluble in ether (organic compounds with the formula R-O-R’).

Chemical Properties
Since potassium chloride is completely ionized into K+ and Cl– ions in water, the resulting aqueous solution exhibit high values of electrical conductivity.
The reduction of potassium chloride into metallic can be achieved with the help of metallic sodium, despite the lower electropositivity of sodium when compared to potassium.
Potassium chloride is achieved by heating the KCl with metallic sodium to a temperature of 850 o
The chemical equation for this reaction is: KCl + Na ⇌ NaCl + K
Potassium chloride can be noted that when the solid form of potassium chloride is subjected to a flame test, it burns with a pale violet or a lilac-coloured flame, as is the case with most other potassium-containing compounds.

Uses of Potassium Chloride
Potassium chloride has a wide range of medical and industrial applications.
Potassium chloride is also an integral part of fertilizer production.

Potassium chloride is used in the manufacture of potash, an important form of fertilizer that enriches soils with potassium which promotes the growth of plant life.
Potassium availability is usually the key inhibitor for plant growth.
Potassium chloride, acting as a source of potassium, can increase the availability of potassium in the soil.
The potash fertilizers made from KCl (called Muriate of Potash, or MOP) make up the majority of potash fertilizers sold worldwide.
The medical treatment of low blood pressure commonly employs potassium chloride as a part of the medication.

Potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute in food where a low concentration of sodium in the salt is desired in order to reduce the risk of high blood pressure.
Potassium chloride is one of the important raw materials required in the manufacture of potassium metal.
The metal halide salt Potassium chloride is also used in the manufacture of soaps. Water softening units can involve the use of potassium chloride as an alternative to sodium chloride as well.
The use of potassium chloride as a source of beta radiation is extremely useful in calibrating radiation monitoring equipment.
The flux required in the oxy-fuel welding of aluminium consists of potassium chloride along with the chloride salts of lithium and sodium.

Potassium chloride has the potential to be used as a fire extinguishing agent was initially used in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers.
Potassium chloride was referred to as the Super-K dry chemical and was known to be more effective when compared to sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals for this purpose.
Furthermore, potassium chloride is known to be compatible with protein foam.
However, the use of potassium chloride for this purpose gradually reduced with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (also referred to as Purple-K) dry chemical towards the end of the 1960s.
Purple-K was found to be far less corrosive (and more effective) than potassium chloride for this purpose.

Potassium chloride (KCI) is a white crystal or crystalline powder metal halide salt composed of potassium and chloride.
The solid odorless, white, or colorless vitreous crystals readily dissolve in water.
Potassium chlorides solutions have a salt-like taste.
The non-combustible compound is used in the manufacture of buffers, fertilizers, and explosives as well as in medicine, food processing, and scientific applications.

DESCRIPTION
Potassium chloride is a metal halide salt with the molecular formula KCI or CIK.
Potassium chlorides CAS is 7447-40-7. The white, colorless crystals are soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol.


Industrial uses of Potassium chloride include:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Consumer uses include:

Agricultural Products (non-pesticidal)
Anti-Freeze and De-icing Products
Building/Construction Materials not covered elsewhere
Electrical and Electronic Products
Metal Products not covered elsewhere
Paints and Coatings
Water Treatment Products

Potassium chloride is produced in quantity from mined potash ores and from salt-containing surface waters.
The chemical is extracted from minerals sylvite, carnallite, and potash.
Potassium chloride is a by-product of nitric acid production from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.

Potassium chloride (poe-TAS-ee-yum KLOR-ide) occurs as a white or colorless crystalline solid or powder.
Potassium chloride is odorless, but has a strong saline (salty) taste.
Potassium chloride occurs naturally in the minerals sylvite, carnallite, kainite, and sylvinite.
Potassium chloride also occurs in sea water at a concentration of about 0.076 percent (grams per milliliter of solution).
Potassium chloride is the most abundant compound of the element potassium and has the greatest number of applications of any salt of potassium.

By far t

potassıum cholorate; Potash Chlorate; Chloric Acid, Potassium Salt; Berthollet salt; Chlorate of Potash; cas no: 3811-04-9

SYNONYMS Tripotassium citrate; Citric acid potassium salt 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, tripotassium salt; Potassium citrate tribasic monohydrate; Potassium citrate tribasic preparation; Tripotassium citrate monohydrate; Tripotassium citrate monohydrate; CAS NO. 866-84-2 (Anhydrous) 6100-05-6 (Monohydrate)

POTASSIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE. Ses fonctions (INCI). Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

potassium coco hydrolyzed animal protein; POTASSIUMCOCYLHYDROLYZEDCOLLAGEN; Proteinhydrolysat-Kokosfettsurechlorid-Kalium-Salz; Potassium cocoyl collagen, hydrolyzed cas no: 68920-65-0

cas no 7778-50-9 Potassium dichromate (VI); Potassium bichromate; Kaliumdichromat; Dicromato de potasio; Dichromate de potassium; Bichromate of potash; Dichromic acid, dipotassium salt; Ddipotassium Dichromate; Chromic acid, dipotassium salt; Iopezite;

cas no 13943-58-3 (anhydrous), 14459-95-1 (trihydrate) Tetrapotassium hexakis Ferrate; Yellow Prussiate of potash; KFCT; Potassium ferrocyanide(II) trihydrate; Potassium ferrocyanide trihyrate; Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II)Trihydrate; Yellow potash Prussiate;

GOLD(I) POTASSIUM CYANIDE GOLD POTASSIUM CYANIDE POTASSIUM AUROCYANIDE POTASSIUM CYANOAURATE POTASSIUM DICYANOAURATE(+1) POTASSIUM DICYANOAURATE(I) POTASSIUM GOLD(+1)CYANIDE POTASSIUM GOLD CYANIDE POTASSIUM GOLD(I) CYANIDE Potassium gold(III) cyanide potassium tetrakis(cyano-c)aurate Aurate(1-),bis(cyano-C),potassium Aurate(1-),bis(cyano-C)-,potassium Aurouspotassiumcyanide bis(cyano-c)-aurate(1-potassium Potassiumaurcyanide Gold (1) Potassium Cyanide potassium dicyanoaurate POTASSIUM DICYANOAURATE(I), 99.98% GOLD POTASSIUM CYANIDE 99.99% CAS:13967-50-5

cas no 16923-95-8 Dipotassium hexafluorozirconate; Dipotassium zirconium hexafluoride; Potassium fluorozirconate (K2 ZrF6 ); Potassium fluorozirconate; Potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2 ZrF6 ); Potassium hexafluorozirconate(IV); Potassium zirconium fluoride (K2 ZrF6 ); Potassium zirconium hexafluoride; Zirconium potassium fluoride;

POTASSIUM HYALURONATE, N° CAS : 31799-91-4. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM HYALURONATE. Nom chimique : Hyaluronic acid, potassium salt. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

SYNONYMS Potassium hydrogen carbonate; Carbonic acid, monopotassium salt; Potassium acid carbonate; CAS NO. 298-14-6

SYNONYMS Potassium hydrate; Caustic potash; Lye; potassa; CAS NO. 1310-58-3

CAS number: 1310-58-3
EC number: 215-181-3

Potassium Hydroxide is an odorless, white or slightly yellow, flakey or lumpy solid which is often in a water solution.
Potassium hydroxide is used in making soap, as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries and in electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers.
Liquid drain cleaners contain 25 to 36% of Potassium Hydroxide.

Uses of Potassium hydroxide
-Aquafarming, or the farming of aquatic organisms
-Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
-Related to food and beverage service activities
-Related to the building or repair of ships, pleasure boats, or sporting boats
-Bricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
-Roofing materials or roofing activities
-Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.

Uses of Potassium hydroxide
-Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
-Related to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
-Wall construction materials, or wall coverings
-Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc
-Casting agents or molding compounds for plastics, sand, or metals

Potassium hydroxide is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications.
Potassium hydroxide is also a precursor to other potassium compounds.
Potassium hydroxide is used in food to adjust pH, as a stabilizer, and as a thickening agent.
This ingredient has been considered as generally safe as a direct human food ingredient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing practise conditions of use.

Recently, Potassium hydroxide has been studied for efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of warts.
Potassium hydroxide was determined that topical KOH solution was found to be a safe and effective treatment of plane warts solution was found to be a safe and effective treatment of plane warts
Potassium hydroxide is a chemical that comes as a powder, flakes, or pellets.
Potassium hydroxide is commonly known as lye or potash. Potassium hydroxide is a caustic chemical.

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH and is commonly called caustic potash.
Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide is a prototypical strong base.
Potassium hydroxide has many industrial and niche applications, most of which exploit its caustic nature and its reactivity toward acids.
An estimated 700,000 to 800,000 tonnes were produced in 2005. Potassium hydroxide is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps, as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE:
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commercialized as a solid or as a solution with varying concentrations.
Potassium hydroxide is used in soap manufacture; drain and pipeline cleaners; bleaching agents; manufacture of potassium carbonate and tetra potassium pyrophosphate, an electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries and some fuel cells, absorbent for carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide; dyestuffs; liquid fertilizers; food additive; herbicides; electroplating; mercerizing; and paint removers.

Uses of Potassium hydroxide
-Catalyst
-Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
-Detergents with wide variety of applications; modifiers included when known
-Related to dishwashing products (soaps, rinsing agents, softeners, etc)
-Products or chemicals found or used in drycleaning establishments
-Products used in an enclosed setting, such as boiler and tank cleansing agents, and drain cleaners

Potassium hydroxide(KOH) is highly basic, forming strongly alkaline solutions in water and other polar solvents.
These solutions are capable of deprotonating many acids, even weak ones.
Potassium hydroxide is used to make soft soap, in scrubbing and cleaning operations, as a mordant for woods, in dyes and colorants, and for absorbing carbon dioxide.
Other principle uses of caustic potash are in the preparation of several potassium salts, acid-base titrations, and in orgainic sytheses.

Also, Potassium hydroxide is an electrolyte in certain alkaline storage batteries and fuel cells.
Potassium hydroxide is used in neutralization reactions to yield potassium salts.
Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium and manganese dioxide-zinc.
Alcoholic Potassium hydroxide solutions are also used as an effective method for cleaning glassware.
Potassium hydroxide works well in the manufacture of biodiesel by catalyzing transesterification of the triglycerides in vegetable oil.

USES of Potassium hydroxide
KOH and NaOH can be used interchangeably for a number of applications, although in industry, NaOH is preferred because of its lower cost.

The precursor to other potassium compounds
Many potassium salts are prepared by neutralization reactions involving KOH.
The potassium salts of carbonate, cyanide, permanganate, phosphate and various silicates are prepared by treating either the oxides or the acids with KOH.
The high solubility of potassium phosphate is desirable in fertilizers.

Manufacture of soft soaps
The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassium soaps", which are softer than the more common sodium hydroxide-derived soaps.
Because of their softness and greater solubility, potassium soaps require less water to liquefy, and can thus contain more cleaning agents than liquefied sodium soaps.

As an electrolyte
Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, and manganese dioxide-zinc.
Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide because its solutions are more conductive.
The nickel-metal hydride batteries in the Toyota Prius use a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
Nickel–iron batteries also use potassium hydroxide electrolytes.

Food industry
In food products, potassium hydroxide acts as a food thickener, pH control agent and food stabilizer.
The FDA considers Potassium hydroxide generally safe as a direct food ingredient when used in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices.
Potassium hydroxide is known in the E number system as E525.

Niche applications
Like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide attracts numerous specialized applications, virtually all of which rely on its properties as a strong chemical base with its consequent ability to degrade many materials.
For example, in a process commonly referred to as "chemical cremation" or "resomation", potassium hydroxide hastens the decomposition of soft tissues, both animal and human, to leave behind only the bones and other hard tissues.
Entomologists wishing to study the fine structure of insect anatomy may use a 10% aqueous solution of Potassium hydroxide to apply this process.

In chemical synthesis, the choice between the use of Potassium hydroxide and the use of NaOH is guided by the solubility or keeping the quality of the resulting salt.
The corrosive properties of potassium hydroxide make it a useful ingredient in agents and preparations that clean and disinfect surfaces and materials that can themselves resist corrosion by Potassium hydroxide.
Potassium hydroxide is also used for semiconductor chip fabrication (for example anisotropic wet etching).
Potassium hydroxide is often the main active ingredient in chemical "cuticle removers" used in manicure treatments.

Because aggressive bases like Potassium hydroxide damage the cuticle of the hair shaft, potassium hydroxide is used to chemically assist the removal of hair from animal hides.
The hides are soaked for several hours in a solution of Potassium hydroxide and water to prepare them for the unhairing stage of the tanning process.
This same effect is also used to weaken human hair in preparation for shaving.
Preshave products and some shave creams contain potassium hydroxide to force open the hair cuticle and to act as a hygroscopic agent to attract and force water into the hair shaft, causing further damage to the hair.
In this weakened state, the hair is more easily cut by a razor blade.

Potassium hydroxide is used to identify some species of fungi.
A 3–5% aqueous solution of Potassium hydroxide is applied to the flesh of a mushroom and the researcher notes whether or not the colour of the flesh changes.
Certain species of gilled mushrooms, boletes, polypores, and lichens are identifiable based on this colour-change reaction.

Potassium hydroxide, also known as lye is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KOH.
Also commonly referred to as caustic potash, Potassium hydroxide is a potent base that is marketed in several forms including pellets, flakes, and powders.
Potassium hydroxide is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications.
Potassium hydroxide is also a precursor to other potassium compounds.
Potassium hydroxide is used in food to adjust pH, as a stabilizer, and as a thickening agent.

This ingredient has been considered as generally safe as a direct human food ingredient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing practise conditions of use.
In addition to the above uses, potassium hydroxide is also used in making soap, as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries and in electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers.
Liquid drain cleaners contain 25 to 36% of potassium hydroxide.
Medically, potassium hydroxide (KOH) is widely used in the wet mount preparation of various clinical specimens for microscopic visualization of fungi and fungal elements in skin, hair, nails, and even vaginal secretions.
Recently, Potassium hydroxide has been studied for efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of warts.
Potassium hydroxide was determined that topical Potassium hydroxide solution was found to be a safe and effective treatment of plane warts.

Uses of Potassium hydroxide
-Agent for soaking up liquid
-General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
-Adhesion of molecules to a surface
-Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
-Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
-Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products
-Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops

Uses of Potassium hydroxide
-Used to prevent adhesion
-Antifreezing agents, or de-icing products
-Anti-incrustator, additional information unknown
-Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing
-Agent to prevent lime formation
-Spray powder used to make air gap between printed sheets of paper
-Antishell, no additional information
-Products used outside the home (includes outdoor toys such as sandboxes, canopies and shelters, garden statues, outdoor lighting and seating, outdoor power equipment, etc

Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
Consumer use home grills, for outdoor use, or grill cleaning products
Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Manufacturing of or related to machinery, for production of cement or food, air/spacescraft machinery, electrical machinery, etc
Manufacturing liquid soap; mordant for wood; absorbing CO2; mercerizing cotton; print and varnish removers; electroplating, photoengraving and lithography; printing inks; in analytical chemistry for alkalimetric titrations; in organic synthesis.
Pharmaceutic aid (alkalizer).

Product data and typical properties
Formula: KOH
Molecular weight: 56.1
Specific Gravity (20°C): 1.5 (typical)
Crystallisation temperature: 5°C (approx.)
Appearance: near clear colourless liquid
Assay: % w/w KOH 50.0 ± 1.0
Sodium Hydroxide: % as NaOH <0.8%
Potassium Chloride: % as KCl <0.006%
Potassium Sulphate: % as K2SO4 <0.005%
Iron: % as Fe <0.0005%
Mercury: % as Hg <0.00005%
Heavy Metals: % as Pb <0.0010%

Industry Uses
-Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
-Bleaching agents
-Cleaning
-Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
-Finishing agents
-Food and Beverage Sanitation Chemicals
-Functional fluids (open systems)
-Intermediates
-Ion exchange agents
-Lubricants and lubricant additives
-Oxidizing/reducing agents
-PH Adjuster
-Plasticizers
-Plating agents and surface treating agents
-Process regulators
-Processing aids, not otherwise listed
-Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
-Refining
-Repackaged and sold to various customers; enduse unknown
-Solids separation agents
-Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
-Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
-Surface active agents
-Waste water
-chemical distribution

Properties and structure
Potassium hydroxide exhibits high thermal stability. Because of its high stability and relatively low melting point, Potassium hydroxide is often melt-cast as pellets or rods, forms that have a low surface area and convenient handling properties.
These pellets become tacky in the air because Potassium hydroxide is hygroscopic. Most commercial samples are ca. 90% pure, the remainder being water and carbonates.
Potassium hydroxides dissolution in water is strongly exothermic. Concentrated aqueous solutions are sometimes called potassium lyes. Even at high temperatures, solid Potassium hydroxide does not dehydrate readily.

Manufacture
Historically, KOH was made by adding potassium carbonate to a strong solution of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime).
The salt metathesis reaction results in precipitation of solid calcium carbonate, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution:
Ca(OH)2 + K2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 KOH
Filtering off the precipitated calcium carbonate and boiling down the solution gives potassium hydroxide ("calcinated or caustic potash").
This method of producing potassium hydroxide remained dominant until the late 19th century when it was largely replaced by the current method of electrolysis of potassium chloride solutions.

The method is analogous to the manufacture of sodium hydroxide (see chloralkali process):
2 KCl + 2 H2O → 2 KOH + Cl2 + H2
Hydrogen gas forms as a byproduct on the cathode; concurrently, anodic oxidation of the chloride ion takes place, forming chlorine gas as a byproduct.
Separation of the anodic and cathodic spaces in the electrolysis cell is essential for this process.

Chemical Properties
Pure potassium hydroxide is a solid at room temperature, though Potassium hydroxide is often sold as a liquid.
Potassium hydroxide is a strong alkaline substance that dissociates completely in water into the potassium ion (K+) and hydroxide ion (OH-).
The dissolution in water generates heat, so a vigorous reaction can occur when potassium hydroxide is added to water.
The vapor pressure of the substance is very low and the melting point is high. Potassium hydroxide solutions attack aluminium and its alloys under formation of hydrogen gas.
Potassium hydroxide can be neutralised with acids (e.g. hydrochloric acid) giving the corresponding potassium salts of the acids, which are usually pH neutral and non-corrosive.

Uses
Potassium hydroxide has many different functions and uses.
Potassium hydroxide is primarily used as an intermediate in industrial manufacturing processes, such as the manufacture of fertilisers, potassium carbonate or other potassium salts and organic chemicals.
Potassium hydroxide is also used in the manufacture of detergents and in alkaline batteries.
Small-scale uses include drain cleaning products, paint removers and degreasing agents.
manufacture of liquid soap;
mordant for wood;
absorbing CO2;
mercerizing cotton;
paint and varnish removers;
electroplating, photoengraving and lithography;
printing inks;
in analytical chemistry and in organic syntheses.
Pharmaceutic aid (alkalizer).

Potassium hydroxide is used in making liquidsoap and potassium salts, in electroplatingand lithography, in printing inks, as a mordantfor wood, and finds wide applications in organic syntheses and chemical analyses.
potassium hydroxide is used as an emulsifier in lotions and as an alkali in liquid soaps, protective creams, and shaving preparations.
Depending on the concentration used, Potassium hydroxide can be highly irritating to the skin and/or cause a burning sensation.
Potassium Hydroxide is a water-soluble food additive and bleaching agent.
Upon exposure to air Potassium hydroxide readily absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture and deliquesces.
Potassium Hydroxide is used to destroy the bitter chemical constituents in olives that will be used as black olives.

Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH aqueous) is a colourless inorganic liquid that acts as a strong base (alkali).
Potassium hydroxide solution is also known as caustic potash or potash lye and has many different applications.
During the Potassium hydroxide liquid production process, chlorine and hydrogen are formed as co-products.

Potassium hydroxide, also known as lye is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KOH.
Also commonly referred to as caustic potash, Potassium hydroxide is a potent base that is marketed in several forms including pellets, flakes, and powders.
Potassium hydroxide is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications.
Potassium hydroxide is also a precursor to other potassium compounds.
Potassium hydroxide is used in food to adjust pH, as a stabilizer, and as a thickening agent.
This ingredient has been considered as generally safe as a direct human food ingredient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing practise conditions of use.

In addition to the above uses, potassium hydroxide is also used in making soap, as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries and in electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers.
Liquid drain cleaners contain 25 to 36% of potassium hydroxide.

Recently, Potassium hydroxide has been studied for efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of warts.
Potassium hydroxide was determined that topical Potassium hydroxide, also known as lye is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KOH.
Also commonly referred to as caustic potash, Potassium hydroxide is a potent base that is marketed in several forms including pellets, flakes, and powders.

General Manufacturing Information
-Industry Processing Sectors
-All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
-All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
-All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
-Computer and electronic product manufacturing
-Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
-Fabricated metal product manufacturing
-Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
-Mining (except oil and gas) and support activities
-Miscellaneous manufacturing
-Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing.
-Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
-Paper manufacturing
-Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
-Petroleum lubricating oil and grease manufacturing
-Petroleum refineries
-Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
-Photographic film paper, plate, and chemical manufacturing
-Primary metal manufacturing
-Resale of Chemicals
-Services
-Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
-Solar cell manufacturing
-Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
-Utilities
-Wholesale and retail trade
-resale of chemicals
-sales and services to the marine industry

Consumer Uses
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, pH regulators and water treatment products and perfumes and fragrances. Another release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with the minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with the minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and brake fluids).

Article service life
Release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and of substances in closed systems with the minimal release.
Another release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use in close systems with the minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with the minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and brake fluids).
Potassium hydroxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following areas: mining, scientific research and development, health services, agriculture, forestry and fishing, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, building & construction work, printing and recorded media reproduction and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Potassium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Formulation or re-packing
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Uses at industrial sites
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products.
Potassium hydroxide is used in the following areas: mining, scientific research and development and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Potassium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and metals.
Release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in the production of articles and formulation of mixtures.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Potassium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Consumer Uses
-Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
-Anti-freeze and de-icing products
-Batteries
-Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
-C909 the product is used as a cleaner in plating processes. The processes are diverse, examples of final uses are: automotive, machinery, basically all applications of plating.
-Cleaning and furnishing care products
-Electrical and electronic products
-Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
-Floor Care Chemicals
-Fuels and related products
-Laundry and dishwashing products
-Lawn and garden care products
-Lubricants and greases
-Metal processing
-Metal products not covered elsewhere
-Metal stripping, refining, and waste water
-Non-TSCA use
-Photographic supplies, film, and photo chemicals
-Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
-Spent caustic is recycled for use in manufacturing.
-Used as raw material in manufacturing.
-Water treatment products
-chemical distirbution
-used in products which are used as cleaners in plating processes, as paint strippers, used as cleaners used in products for a variety of applications for surface treatments, examples of final uses are automotive and machinery.

SYNONYMS:
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE; 1310-58-3;
Caustic potash;
Potash lye;
Potassium hydrate;
Hydroxyde de potassium;
Potassium hydroxide (K(OH));
Potasse caustique; Potassium hydroxide solution;
Caustic potash solution;
CHEBI:32035
Potassium hydroxide, pellets;
KOH;
Cyantek CC 723;
Caswell No. 693;
Potasse caustique [French];
Potassium hydroxide, 1N solution in water;
Potassium hydroxide, 1N solution in ethanol;
CCRIS 6569; Hydroxyde de potassium [French];
HSDB 1234; Potassium hydroxide, pure, 8N solution in water;
Potassio (idrossido di);
Potassium hydroxide, ca. 85%, extra pure, flakes;
Potassium (hydroxyde de); EINECS 215-181-3; UN1813; UN1814;
Potassium hydroxide, ca. 85%, ACS reagent, pellets;
Potassium hydroxide, ca. 85%, for analysis, pellets;
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075602;
Kaliumhydroxid;
Aetzkali;
Kalilauge; Potassium hydroxide [JAN:NF];
Caustic potasch
Caustic potash
caustic potash
caustic potash
Caustic potash, Potassium hydrate
Hidroxido de potasio
hydroxid draselný
KOH
potasium hydroxide
potassium hydoxide
Potassium hydroxid
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide (K(OH))
potassium hydroxide, caustic potash
potassium hydroxide-
potassium hydroxide;
Potassium hydroxyde
Potassium hydroxyde
potassium idroxide
potassium;hydroxide
Pottasium hydroxide
pottassium hydroxide
Reaction mass of 57-13-6 and 7789-20-0
UPV7

cas no 7681-11-0 Hydroiodic acid, potassium salt; Iodide of potash; Potide;

Lactic acid, monopotassium salt; Lactic acid, potassium salt; Monopotassium 2-hydroxypropanoate; Monopotassium 2-hydroxypropanoate acid; Monopotassium lactate; Potassium alpha-hydroxypropionate; Potassium DL-lactate; Potassium lactate; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monopotassium salt; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, potassium salt (1:1); : potassium 2-hydroxypropanoate; potassium;2-hydroxypropanoate; POTASSIUM LACTATE, N° CAS : 996-31-6 / 85895-78-9 - Lactate de potassium. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM LACTATE. Nom chimique : Potassium lactate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 213-631-3 / 288-752-8. Additif alimentaire : E326. Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau.Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Noms français : 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE POTASSIUM; 2-HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID POTASSIUM SALT; HYDROXY-2 PROPANOATE DE POTASSIUM; Lactate de potassium; PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT. Noms anglais : LACTIC ACID MONOPOTASSIUM SALT; LACTIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT; LACTIC ACID, POTASSIUM SALT; Potassium lactate. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Fabrication de cosmétiques. Conclyte K ; Potassium DL-lactate 213-631-3 [EINECS] 276897E67U 2-Hydroxypropanoate de potassium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 996-31-6 [RN] DL-potassium lactate Kalium-2-hydroxypropanoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Lactic acid, monopotassium salt Lactic acid, potassium salt Monopotassium 2-hydroxypropanoate Monopotassium lactate Potassium 2-hydroxypropanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name] Potassium lactate [Wiki] POTASSIUM LACTATE, DL- POTASSIUM LACTATE, L- Potassium α-hydroxypropionate Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, potassium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name] UNII:276897E67U [996-31-6] 288-752-8 [EINECS] 31981-04-1 [RN] 85895-78-9 [RN] 996-31-6? Conclyte K MFCD00036410 MFCD00080809 Monopotassium 2-hydroxypropanoate acid Potassium L- lactate Potassium Lactate 60% POTASSIUM LACTATE|POTASSIUM 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE potassiumlactate PotassiumL-lactate Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monopotassium salt

POTASSIUM LAURATE, N° CAS : 10124-65-9, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM LAURATE. Nom chimique : Potassium laurate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 233-344-7. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS), Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

POTASSIUM LAURYL SULFATE, N° CAS : 4706-78-9. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM LAURYL SULFATE. Nom chimique : Potassium dodecyl sulphate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 225-190-4, Classification : Sulfate. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile): Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Potassium peroxysulfate; potassium monopersulfate; hydrogénopersulfate de potassium; peroxymonosulfate de potassium; monopersulfate de potassium; MPS ; Bis(peroxysulfate) bis(sulfate) pentapotassique; Potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate; Potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate (K5H3(SO3(O2))2(SO4)2)POTASSIUM MONOPERSULFATE, N° CAS : 70693-62-8. Nom INCI : POTASSIUM MONOPERSULFATE. Nom chimique : Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate). N°, EINECS/ELINCS : 274-778-7. Classification : Sulfate; Bis(peroksymonosiarczano) bis(siarczan) pentapotasu (pl); Bis(perossimonosolfato)bis(solfato) di pentapotassio (it); Bis(perossimonosulfat) tal-pentapotassju bis(sulfat) (mt); bis(Peroximonossulfato)bis(sulfato) de pentapotássio (pt); Bis(peroximonosulfat) bis(sulfat) de pentapotasiu (ro); Bis(peroximonosulfato) bis(sulfato) de pentapotasio (es); bis(peroxosíran)-bis(síran) pentadraselný (cs); Bis(peroxymonosulfate)bis(sulfate) de pentapotassium (fr); hydrogenperoxosíran-bissíran pentadraselný (sk); Pentakaaliumbis(peroksümonosulfaat)bis(sulfaat) (et); Pentakalijev bis(peroksimonosulfat) bis(sulfat) (hr); Pentakalio bis(peroksimonosulfatas)bis(sulfatas) (lt); pentakalium-bis(peroxymonosulfat)-bis(sulfat) (da); Pentakaliumbis(peroksimonosulfaatti)bis(sulfaatti) (fi); Pentakaliumbis(peroximonosulfat)bis(sulfat) (sv); Pentakaliumbis(peroxymonosulfaat)bis(sulfaat) (nl); Pentakálium-bisz(peroximonoszulfát)-bisz(szulfát) (hu); Pentakālija bis(peroksimonosulfāts) bis(sulfāts) (lv); Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate) (no); Όξινο μονοϋπερθειικό θειικό κάλιο (el); Пентакалиев бис(пероксимоносулфат) бис(сулфат) (bg). CAS names: Potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate (K5[HSO3(O2)][SO3(O2)](HSO4)2). : KMPS triple salt; pentapotassium bis((hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxidanide) hydrogen sulfate sulfate; pentapotassium bis(O-(hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxidanidolate) hydrogen sulfate sulfate; Potassium peroxymonosulfate; potassiummonopersulfat. Caroat; Kybreak; Oxone; Virkon S. Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, and as non-chlorine shock in the pool and spa industry) is widely used as an oxidizing agent. It is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid.

POTASSIUM MYRISTATE, N° CAS : 13429-27-1, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM MYRISTATE. Nom chimique : Potassium myristate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 236-550-5. Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SYNONYMS Nitre;Nitric Acid Potassium Salt; Saltpeter; Vicknite; Kalii Nitras; CAS NO. 7757-79-1

POTASSIUM NITRATE Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KNO 3. It is an ionic salt of potassium nitrate ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter. It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after niter. Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as saltpeter or saltpetre. Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of gunpowder (black powder).[6] In processed meats, potassium nitrate reacts with hemoglobin and generates a pink color.[7] Etymology Potassium nitrate, because of its early and global use and production, has many names. Hebrew and Egyptian words for it had the consonants n-t-r, indicating likely cognation in the Greek nitron, which was Latinised to nitrum or nitrium. Thence Old French had niter and Middle English nitre. By the 15th century, Europeans referred to it as saltpeter[8] and later as nitrate of potash, as the chemistry of the compound was more fully understood. The Arabs called it "Chinese snow" (Arabic: ثلج الصين‎ thalj al-ṣīn). It was called "Chinese salt" by the Iranians/Persians[9][10][11][12][13] or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" (Persian: نمک شوره چينی‎ namak shūra chīnī).[14][15] Properties Potassium nitrate has an orthorhombic crystal structure at room temperature, which transforms to a trigonal system at 129 °C (264 °F). Potassium nitrate is moderately soluble in water, but its solubility increases with temperature. The aqueous solution is almost neutral, exhibiting pH 6.2 at 14 °C (57 °F) for a 10% solution of commercial powder. It is not very hygroscopic, absorbing about 0.03% water in 80% relative humidity over 50 days. It is insoluble in alcohol and is not poisonous; it can react explosively with reducing agents, but it is not explosive on its own.[3] Thermal decomposition Between 550–790 °C (1,022–1,454 °F), potassium nitrate reaches a temperature-dependent equilibrium with potassium nitrite:[16] 2 KNO3 ⇌ 2 KNO2 + O2 History of production From mineral sources In Ancient India, saltpeter manufacturers formed the Nuniya caste.[17] Saltpeter finds mention in Kautilya's Arthashastra (compiled 300BC - 300CE), which mentions using its poisonous smoke as a weapon of war,[18] although its use for propulsion did not appear until medieval times. A purification process for potassium nitrate was outlined in 1270 by the chemist and engineer Hasan al-Rammah of Syria in his book al-Furusiyya wa al-Manasib al-Harbiyya (The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices). In this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of barud (crude saltpeter mineral) by boiling it with minimal water and using only the hot solution, then the use of potassium nitrate carbonate (in the form of wood ashes) to remove calcium and magnesium by precipitation of their carbonates from this solution, leaving a solution of purified potassium nitrate, which could then be dried.[19] This was used for the manufacture of gunpowder and explosive devices. The terminology used by al-Rammah indicated a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons about which he wrote.[20] At least as far back as 1845, Chilean saltpeter deposits were exploited in Chile and California. From caves A major natural source of potassium nitrate was the deposits crystallizing from cave walls and the accumulations of bat guano in caves.[21] Extraction is accomplished by immersing the guano in water for a day, filtering, and harvesting the crystals in the filtered water. Traditionally, guano was the source used in Laos for the manufacture of gunpowder for Bang Fai rockets. LeConte Perhaps the most exhaustive discussion of the production of this material is the 1862 LeConte text.[22] He was writing with the express purpose of increasing production in the Confederate States to support their needs during the American Civil War. Since he was calling for the assistance of rural farming communities, the descriptions and instructions are both simple and explicit. He details the "French Method", along with several variations, as well as a "Swiss method". N.B. Many references have been made to a method using only straw and urine, but there is no such method in this work. French method Turgot and Lavoisier created the Régie des Poudres et Salpêtres a few years before the French Revolution. Niter-beds were prepared by mixing manure with either mortar or wood ashes, common earth and organic materials such as straw to give porosity to a compost pile typically 4 feet (1.2 m) high, 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, and 15 feet (4.6 m) long.[22] The heap was usually under a cover from the rain, kept moist with urine, turned often to accelerate the decomposition, then finally leached with water after approximately one year, to remove the soluble calcium nitrate which was then converted to potassium nitrate by filtering through potash. Swiss method LeConte describes a process using only urine and not dung, referring to it as the Swiss method. Urine is collected directly, in a sandpit under a stable. The sand itself is dug out and leached for nitrates which were then converted to potassium nitrate using potash, as above. From nitric acid From 1903 until the World War I era, potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial scale from nitric acid produced using the Birkeland–Eyde process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process (1913) was combined with the Ostwald process after 1915, allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war after being cut off from its supplies of mineral sodium nitrates from Chile (see nitratite). Production Potassium nitrate can be made by combining ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate hydroxide. NH4NO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) → NH3 (g) + KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) An alternative way of producing potassium nitrate without a by-product of ammonia is to combine ammonium nitrate, found in instant ice packs,[23] and potassium nitrate chloride, easily obtained as a sodium-free salt substitute. NH4NO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → NH4Cl (aq) + KNO3 (aq) Potassium nitrate can also be produced by neutralizing nitric acid with potassium nitrate hydroxide. This reaction is highly exothermic. KOH (aq) + HNO3 → KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) On industrial scale it is prepared by the double displacement reaction between sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate chloride. NaNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + KNO3 (aq) Uses Potassium nitrate has a wide variety of uses, largely as a source of nitrate. Nitric acid production Historically, nitric acid was produced by combining sulfuric acid with nitrates such as saltpeter. In modern times this is reversed: nitrates are produced from nitric acid produced via the Ostwald process. Oxidizer A demonstration of the oxidation of a piece of charcoal in molten potassium nitrate The most famous use of potassium nitrate is probably as the oxidizer in blackpowder. From the most ancient times until the late 1880s, blackpowder provided the explosive power for all the world's firearms. After that time, small arms and large artillery increasingly began to depend on cordite, a smokeless powder. Blackpowder remains in use today in black powder rocket motors, but also in combination with other fuels like sugars in "rocket candy". It is also used in fireworks such as smoke bombs.[24] It is also added to cigarettes to maintain an even burn of the tobacco[25] and is used to ensure complete combustion of paper cartridges for cap and ball revolvers.[26] It can also be heated to several hundred degrees to be used for niter bluing, which is less durable than other forms of protective oxidation, but allows for specific and often beautiful coloration of steel parts, such as screws, pins, and other small parts of firearms. Meat processing Potassium nitrate has been a common ingredient of salted meat since antiquity[27] or the Middle Ages.[28] The widespread adoption of nitrate use is more recent and is linked to the development of large-scale meat processing.[6] The use of potassium nitrate has been mostly discontinued because of slow and inconsistent results compared to sodium nitrite compounds such as "Prague powder" or pink "curing salt". Even so, potassium nitrate is still used in some food applications, such as salami, dry-cured ham, charcuterie, and (in some countries) in the brine used to make corned beef (sometimes together with sodium nitrite).[29] When used as a food additive in the European Union,[30] the compound is referred to as E252; it is also approved for use as a food additive in the United States[31] and Australia and New Zealand[32] (where it is listed under its INS number 252).[3] Food preparation In West African cuisine, potassium nitrate (saltpetre) is widely used as a thickening agent in soups and stews such as okra soup[33] and isi ewu. It is also used to soften food and reduce cooking time when boiling beans and tough meat. Saltpetre is also an essential ingredient in making special porridges, such as kunun kanwa[34] literally translated from the Hausa language as 'saltpetre porridge'. In the Shetland Islands (UK) it is used in the curing of mutton to make reestit mutton, a local delicacy.[35] Fertilizer Potassium nitrate is used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and potassium nitrate – two of the macronutrients for plants. When used by itself, it has an NPK rating of 13-0-44.[36][37] Pharmacology Used in some toothpastes for sensitive teeth.[38] Recently, the use of potassium nitrate in toothpastes for treating sensitive teeth has increased.[39][40] Used historically to treat asthma.[41] Used in some toothpastes to relieve asthma symptoms.[42] Used in Thailand as main ingredient in kidney tablets to relieve the symptoms of cystitis, pyelitis and urethritis.[43] Combats high blood pressure and was once used as a hypotensive.[44] Other uses Electrolyte in a salt bridge Active ingredient of condensed aerosol fire suppression systems. When burned with the free radicals of a fire's flame, it produces potassium nitrate carbonate.[45] Works as an aluminium cleaner. Component (usually about 98%) of some tree stump removal products. It accelerates the natural decomposition of the stump by supplying nitrogen for the fungi attacking the wood of the stump.[46] In heat treatment of metals as a medium temperature molten salt bath, usually in combination with sodium nitrite. A similar bath is used to produce a durable blue/black finish typically seen on firearms. Its oxidizing quality, water solubility, and low cost make it an ideal short-term rust inhibitor.[47] To induce flowering of mango trees in the Philippines.[48][49] Thermal storage medium in power generation systems. Sodium and potassium nitrate salts are stored in a molten state with the solar energy collected by the heliostats at the Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant. Ternary salts, with the addition of calcium nitrate or lithium nitrate, have been found to improve the heat storage capacity in the molten salts.[50] As a source of potassium nitrate ions for exchange with sodium ions in chemically strengthened glass. As an oxidizer in model rocket fuel called Rocket candy. In folklore and popular culture Potassium nitrate was once thought to induce impotence, and is still rumored to be in institutional food (such as military fare) as an anaphrodisiac; however, there is no scientific evidence for such properties.[51][52] In 1776 (musical), John Adams asks his wife Abigail to make saltpeter for the Continental Army. She, eventually, is able to do so in exchange for pins for sewing.[53] In the Star Trek episode "Arena", Captain Kirk injures a gorn using a rudimentary cannon that he constructed using potassium nitrate as a key ingredient. In 21 Jump Street, Jenko, played by Channing Tatum, gave a rhyming presentation about potassium nitrate for his chemistry class. Potassium nitrate[1] Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrate structure.svg Potassium nitrate ball-and-stick.png Potassium nitrate Other names Saltpeter Saltpetre Nitrate of potash[2] Identifiers Main hazards Oxidant, harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed on skin. Causes irritation to skin and eye area. Other anions Potassium nitrite Other cations Lithium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate Caesium nitrate Related compounds Potassium nitrate sulfate Potassium nitrate chloride Supplementary data page Structure and properties Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrate (KNO₃) is a soluble source of two major essential plant nutrients. It’s commonly used as a fertilizer for high-value crops that benefit from nitrate (NO₃-) nutrition and a source of potassium nitrate (K+) free of chloride (Cl⁻). Production Manufacturers typically make potassium nitrate fertilizer (sometimes referred to as nitrate of potash or NOP by reacting potassium nitrate chloride (KCl) with a nitrate source. Depending on the objectives and available resources, the nitrate may come from sodium nitrate, nitric acid or ammonium nitrate. The resulting KNO3 is identical regardless of the manufacturing process. Potassium nitrate is commonly sold as a water-soluble, crystalline material primarily intended for dissolving and applying with water or in a prilled form for soil application. Traditionally, this compound is known as saltpeter. Agricultural use Potassium Nitrate Growers value fertilizing with KNO₃ especially in conditions where a highly soluble, chloride-free nutrient source is needed. In such soils, all of the N is immediately available for plant uptake as nitrate, requiring no additional microbial action and soil transformation. Growers of high-value vegetable and orchard crops sometime prefer to use a nitrate-based source of nutrition in an effort to boost yield and quality. Potassium nitrate contains a relatively high proportion of K, with an N to K ratio of approximately one to three. Many crops have high K demands and can remove as much or more K than N at harvest. Applications of KNO₃ to the soil are made before the growing season or as a supplement during the growing season. A diluted solution is sometimes sprayed on plant foliage to stimulate physiological processes or to overcome nutrient deficiencies. Foliar application of K during fruit development advantages some crops, since this growth stage often coincides with high K demands during the time of declining root activity and nutrient uptake. It’s also commonly used for greenhouse plant production and hydroponic culture. Management practices Potassium nitrate Both N and K are required by plants to support harvest quality, protein formation, disease resistance and water-use efficiency. Therefore, to support healthy growth, farmers often apply KNO₃ to soil or through the irrigation system during the growing season. Potassium nitrate accounts for only a small portion of the global K fertilizer market. It’s primarily used where its unique composition and properties can provide specific benefits to growers. Further, it’s easy to handle and apply, and is compatible with many other fertilizers, including specialty fertilizers for many high-value specialty crops, as well as those used on grain and fiber crops. The relatively high solubility of KNO₃ under warm conditions allows for a more concentrated solution than for other common K fertilizers. However, farmers must carefully manage the water to keep the nitrate from moving below the root zone. Non-agricultural uses Potassium nitrate has long been used for fireworks and gunpowder. It’s now more commonly added to food to maintain the quality of meat and cheese. Specialty toothpastes often contain KNO₃ to alleviate tooth sensitivity. A mixture of KNO₃ and sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) is used for storing heat in solar energy installations. Saltpetre, also spelled Saltpeter, also called Nitre, or Niter, any of three naturally occurring nitrates, distinguished as (1) ordinary saltpetre, or potassium nitrate, KNO3; (2) Chile saltpetre, cubic nitre, or sodium nitrate, NaNO3; and (3) lime saltpetre, wall saltpetre, or calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. These three nitrates generally occur as efflorescences caused by the oxidation of nitrogenous matter in the presence of the alkalis and alkaline earths. Ordinary Saltpetre. Potassium nitrate occurs as crusts on the surface of the Earth, on walls and rocks, and in caves; and it forms in certain soils in Spain, Italy, Egypt, Iran, and India. The deposits in the great limestone caves of Kentucky, Virginia, and Indiana have probably been derived from the overlying soil and accumulated by percolating water. In former times, the demand for saltpetre as an ingredient of gunpowder led to the formation of saltpetre plantations, or nitriaries, which were common in France, Germany, and other countries; the natural conditions were simulated by exposing heaps of decaying organic matter mixed with alkalis (lime, etc.) to atmospheric action. Potassium nitrate was used at one time in many different diseased conditions, especially asthma; but now it is rarely used medicinally, except as a diuretic. Its alleged value as a drug for suppressing sexual desire is purely imaginary. Potassium nitrate is white in colour and soluble in water; it has a vitreous lustre and a cool and salty taste. Potassium Nitrate Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is obtained through a reaction of NaNO3 and potassium nitrate chloride (KCl). It is an important input in the production of crystal, enamel for covering ceramic or metallic surfaces, metal treatments and gunpowder, among others. Toothpastes intended to prevent caries and to reduce painful sensitivity of the teeth are regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) anticaries drug products at Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR), Part 355. Such products may contain up to 5% potassium nitrate as a tooth desensitizing ingredient. Dentinal hypersensitivity occurs when gingival recession exposes dentin at the cervical margins of teeth. Twenty-four periodontal patients, with postoperative hypersensitive dentin were treated by burnishing saturated potassium nitrate (KNO3) to relieve pain. Using a visual analogue scale with participants acting as their own control, a subjective assessment of pain was measured and compared before and after KNO3 application. Thirty-six regions involving 98 teeth were assessed. A significant reduction of sensitivity and pain was achieved by using a saturated KNO3 solution ... Potassium nitrate has been used in a dentifrice or gel to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare a 3% potassium nitrate/0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash with a 0.2% sodium fluoride control mouthwash in a 6-week double-blind study. Fifty subjects were evaluated using 2 tactile methods and cold air sensitivity (dental air syringe), along with subjective perception of pain (0 to 10 scale) at baseline and at 2 and 6 weeks. There was a general decrease in dentinal hypersensitivity levels in both groups over the 6-week study period as demonstrated by all 4 methods of assessment. There was also a statistically significant difference in decrease in sensitivity between the groups. /The authors concluded that/ this study showed that a 3% potassium nitrate/0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash appears to have therapeutic potential to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. The effect on dentinal hypersensitivity from the use of a new dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate and 0.454% stannous fluoride in a silica base (Colgate Sensitive Maximum Strength Toothpaste, Colgate-Palmolive Co.) over an 8-week period was compared to a commercially available dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (positive control (Sensodyne Fresh Mint Toothpaste, Block Drug Company, Inc.)) and to a commercially available nondesensitizing dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (negative control (Colgate Winterfresh Gel, Colgate-Palmolive Co.)). A total of 120 participants were stratified into 3 balanced groups according to baseline mean air blast (thermal) and tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity scores, gender, and age. Participants brushed their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations were conducted at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks by the same dental examiner. After 4- and 8-weeks' use of their assigned products, participants in the new dentifrice group demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) in tactile and air blast sensitivity, as compared to those using the positive and negative control dentifrices. A multicenter clinical trial conducted by the authors compared the desensitizing efficacy of a new 5 percent potassium nitrate: 0.243 percent sodium fluoride dentifrice along with two clinically proven, commercially available desensitizing dentifrices to a placebo dentifrice. Sensitivity to cold air and tactile stimulation, along with patients' subjective assessments, were evaluated to assess the dentinal desensitizing efficacy of the test dentifrices. Results demonstrated that after four weeks, participants who used the new dentifrice formulation experienced significant decreases in dentinal sensitivity compared to the placebo group for all measured indexes. BACKGROUND: Potassium nitrate has been used previously in a dentifrice or gel to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare a 3% potassium nitrate/0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash with a 0.2% sodium fluoride control mouthwash in a 6-week double-blind study. METHODS: Fifty subjects were evaluated using 2 tactile methods and cold air sensitivity (dental air syringe), along with subjective perception of pain (0 to 10 scale) at baseline and at 2 and 6 weeks. RESULTS: There was a general decrease in dentinal hypersensitivity levels in both groups over the 6-week study period as demonstrated by all 4 methods of assessment. There was also a statistically significant difference in decrease in sensitivity between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a 3% potassium nitrate/0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash appears to have therapeutic potential to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity. Following deep restorations in vital teeth, postoperative pain of various durations frequently occurs, even if the teeth were asymptomatic before treatment. In this study, a potassium nitrate-polycarboxylate cement was used as a liner and was found clinically to tend to preserve pulpal vitality and significantly eliminate or decrease postoperative pain. Potassium Nitrate - KNO3 What is Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)? KNO3 is a chemical compound with chemical name Potassium Nitrate. Potassium nitrate also called saltpeter or niter, a white solid soluble in water formed by fractional crystallization of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate chloride solutions. It occurs naturally as niter in rocks in India, South Africa and Brazil. When heated it decomposes to give the nitrite and oxygen. Unlike sodium nitrate it is non-deliquescent. Potassium nitrate is used in gunpowder, fertilizers and in the laboratory preparation of nitric acid. Potassium nitrate is the most common desensitizing agent in over-the-counter dentifrices. At a concentration of 5%, potassium nitrate in conjunction with sodium or monofluorophosphate fluoride significantly reduces symptoms within 2 weeks of daily use. Potassium nitrate ions penetrate the length of the dentinal tubule and block repolarization of the nerve ending. Frequent and regular application of a potassium nitrate dentifrice is necessary to avoid recurrence of symptoms, maintain a high abundance of extracellular potassium nitrate ions, and maintain the inter dental nerves in a hyperpolarized state. Potassium nitrate, often called saltpeter, occurs as an efflorescence in caverns and on soils in arid regions. Synthesis of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Potassium nitrate is a salt. It is prepared by neutralizing an acid. When potassium nitrate hydroxide neutralizes nitric acid potassium nitrate is formed. KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O Neutralizing nitric acid always makes “nitrate” salts. Other acids make other types of salts. Potassium nitrate contains potassium nitrate (a soft, light, and silver metal), oxygen, and nitrogen (a colourless and odourless gas). It is an alkali metal nitrate because it is an ionic salt of potassium nitrate ions K+ ions and nitrate ions NO3−. It is solid white or sometimes white to dirty grey in colour. Potassium nitrate is soluble in hot water. This compound releases oxygen when heated or decomposed. It is a strong oxidizing agent It is widely used in the removal of the stump, fireworks, fertilizers, etc. It is a major constituent of black powder and food preservation techniques. Properties of Potassium Nitrate – KNO3 KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 101.1032 g/mol Density 2.109 g/cm3 Boiling Point 400 °C Melting Point 334 °C Potassium Nitrate structure (KNO3 Structure) Potassium Nitrate - KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Structure Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) Uses It is used as a form of fertilizer as it contains all the macronutrients needed for the plants to grow. It is used as gunpowder in explosives such as bombs, grenades, etc. Used in the manufacturing and production of cigarettes. It is used extensively used in the preservation of hides It has medicinal applications such as a diuretic in medicine Used in toothpaste to make the teeth less sensitive to pain Used in the food industry to preserve meat against microbial agents Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 ) Health Hazards Potential exposure – Potassium Nitrate is used in chemical analysis, as a food additive in fertilizers in medications as a vasodilator and as antidote for cyanide poisoning. Short term exposure – Potassium nitrate can affect when breathed in. Contact can cause eye and skin burns. Breathing the dust or mist can irritate the nose, throat and lungs and may cause coughing with phlegm. Higher exposures can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency that can be delayed for several hours. This can cause death. Long term exposure – Repeated skin contact causes dermatitis, drying and cracking. May cause lung irritation, bronchitis may develop. There is limited evidence that potassium nitrite may damage the developing fetus. Medical surveillance – If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful, blood test for methemoglobin. Lung function tests. Consider chest X-ray after acute overexposure. Potassium nitrate is an inorganic salt which has a molecular KNO3 formula. This is a common form of nitrate which has been used for numerous uses as a component, including agricultural preservatives, fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants, which fireworks. Potassium nitrate is a common active ingredient that exerts an anti-sensitive effect in toothpaste. It offers enhanced protection against the painful sensitivity of the teeth to ice, sun, acids, sweets or touch. Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs Is potassium nitrate harmful to humans? A number of health hazards can present potassium nitrate. It can trigger breathing issues when inhaled, including coughing and shortness of breath. Contact with the skin or eye can lead to discomforts such as redness, itching, and pain. What contains potassium nitrate? Potassium nitrate is a nitric acid crystalline potassium nitrate salt. Many products in households, agriculture, and industry use potassium nitrate. For solar power plants, there are examples of toothpaste, fertilizers, fireworks, pesticides and molten salt. Is potassium nitrate safe in toothpaste? There is often confusion between nitrates and nitrites. The FDA recognizes nitrates used in potassium nitrate as secure and efficient for use in anti-sensitive dental products. Additionally, temporary pain relief is provided by delicate toothpaste. What are the dangers of potassium nitrate? Contact can trigger irritation of the eyes and skin. Potassium nitrate respiration may irritate the nose and throat causing sneezing and coughing. High concentrations may interfere with the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen that causes headache, tiredness, dizziness, and blue skin and lips. What is potassium nitrite used for? In the production of heat transfer salts, potassium nitrite is used. Potassium nitrite as a food additive E249 is a sodium nitrite-like preservative and is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand. Is potassium nitrate harmful to humans? Potassium nitrate when breathed in will impact you. * Touch can cause discomfort to the eyes and skin. * Potassium nitrate for breathing can irritate the nose and throat causing sneezing and coughing.” Is potassium nitrate a carcinogen? Nither IARC nor the EPA have listed carcinogenicity nitrates. There are however several potential mechanisms that can metabolize nitrates to N-nitroso compounds, some of which are carcinogenic. What plants benefit from potassium nitrate? Potassium nitrate grows good lawns by encouraging deep-rooted lush, robust stems. By supporting solid stems and well-developed flowers it benefits roses and other flowering plants. The farmers depend on potassium nitrate to grow good crops. Plants which are rich in carbohydrates like potatoes need potassium nitrate to develop tuber.

Potassium Oleate IUPAC Name potassium;(Z)-octadec-9-enoate Potassium Oleate InChI 1S/C18H34O2.K/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20;/h9-10H,2-8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20);/q;+1/p-1/b10-9-; Potassium Oleate InChI Key MLICVSDCCDDWMD-KVVVOXFISA-M Potassium Oleate Canonical SMILES CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[K+] Potassium Oleate Isomeric SMILES CCCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)[O-].[K+] Potassium Oleate Molecular Formula C18H33KO2 Potassium Oleate CAS 143-18-0 Potassium Oleate Deprecated CAS 343340-74-9 Potassium Oleate UNII 74WHF607EU Potassium Oleate DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID0025949 Potassium Oleate Physical Description DryPowder; Liquid; OtherSolid; WetSolid Potassium Oleate Color/Form YELLOWISH OR BROWNISH, SOFT MASS OR CRYSTALS Potassium Oleate Odor FAINT SOAPY ODOR Potassium Oleate Melting Point Starts to decompose at approximately 428° F Potassium Oleate Flash Point 140 °F CC Potassium Oleate Solubility greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70° F Potassium Oleate Density greater than 1.1 at 68 °F Potassium Oleate Refractive Index INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.452 Potassium Oleate Molecular Weight 320.6 g/mol Potassium Oleate Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Potassium Oleate Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2 Potassium Oleate Rotatable Bond Count 15 Potassium Oleate Exact Mass 320.211762 g/mol Potassium Oleate Monoisotopic Mass 320.211762 g/mol Potassium Oleate Topological Polar Surface Area 40.1 Ų Potassium Oleate Heavy Atom Count 21 Potassium Oleate Formal Charge 0 Potassium Oleate Complexity 239 Potassium Oleate Isotope Atom Count 0 Potassium Oleate Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Oleate Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Oleate Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 1 Potassium Oleate Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Oleate Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2 Potassium Oleate Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Potassium Oleate Industry Uses: Adhesives and sealant chemicals Lubricants and lubricant additives Process regulators Processing aids, not otherwise listed Surface active agents liquid soap Potassium Oleate Consumer Uses: Adhesives and sealants Floor coverings Foam seating and bedding products Laundry and dishwashing products Lubricants and greases Paints and coatings Personal care products Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere foam components of mattresses Potassium Oleate Application: 1.It is a potassium catalyst, which is widely used in polyisocyanate foam reaction Potassium Oleate 2.Potassium Oleate liquid and solid is mainly used as a catalyst for the reaction of polyisohydrourate in polyurethane foam, and can also be used as an emulsifier, foaming agent, cleaning agent, lubricant and surfactant Potassium Oleate can be used to synthesize uncoagulative oleic acid magnetic ultrafine particles.Potassium Oleate is generally immediately available in most volumes, including bulk quantities.Potassium Oleate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Potassium Oleate is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).Potassium Oleate is classified under CAS No.143-18-0.Potassium Oleate is also known as Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, Oleic Acid Potassium Salt, Potassium 9-Octadecenoate.Potassium Oleate is both a potassium salt of oleic acid and fatty acid . It is a salt because it is the product of an acid and a base. It is a fatty acid because it has a long carbon backbone with a carboxyl group terminus.Potassium Oleate is a liquid potassium soap solution in water.Potassium Oleate is used as an emulsifier in many liquid soaps, facial cleansers, mustache waxes, body washes and hair permanents. Emulsifiers act like surfactants and reduce the surface tension of a liquid.Potassium Oleate prevents the ingredients in these products from separating into separate chemicals.The FDA says Potassium Oleate “may be safely used in food and in the manufacture of food components” as long as it is used as “a binder, emulsifier and anti-caking agent.Potassium Oleate can also be used us cleansing agent in household cleaning products.Potassium Oleate also can used as rubber foaming agent, detergent, lubricants and catalyst.This Potassium Oleate is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectiveness, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients.Potassium Oleate is a potassium catalyst and a trimerization catalyst for polyurethane rigid polyisocyanurate.Acme Synthetic Chemicals is the Manufacturer, Supplier & also Exporter of Potassium Oleate.Potassium Oleate classifies under CAS No.143-18-0.Potassium Oleate (CAS No.143-18-0) also known as Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid.The Acme Synthetic Chemicals is one of the reputed organizations engaged in providing superior quality Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0)to our esteemed clients.Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) is both a potassium salt of oleic acid and fatty acid . It is a salt because it is the product of an acid and a base. It is a fatty acid because it has a long carbon backbone with a carboxyl group terminus.Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) is a liquid potassium soap solution in water.Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) is used as an emulsifier in many liquid soaps, facial cleansers, mustache waxes, body washes and hair permanents. Emulsifiers act like surfactants and reduce the surface tension of a liquid.Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) prevents the ingredients in these products from separating into separate chemicals.The FDA says Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) "may be safely used in food and in the manufacture of food components" as long as it is used as "a binder, emulsifier and anti-caking agent.Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) can also be used us cleansing agent in household cleaning products.Potassium Oleate(Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) also can used as rubber foaming agent, detergent, lubricants and catalyst.We are engaged in offering our clients a highly effective range of Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0). The offered range is processed using exceptional grade chemical compounds as per the international quality norms by our dexterous professionals.This Potassium Oleate (Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, CAS No.143-18-0) is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectiveness, eco-friendliness & purity.Potasyum Oleat Chemical Properties:Gray-tan paste. Soluble in water and alcohol. Combustible.Potasyum Oleat Uses:Detergent.Potasyum Oleat Uses:Potassium Oleate is the potassium salt of oleic acid. it is used as a binder, emulsifier, and anticaking agent.Potasyum Oleat General Description:Brown solid or clear to amber liquid with a soapy odor. Sinks and mixes slowly with water.Potasyum Oleat Air & Water Reactions:Water soluble. Gives basic aqueous solution.Potasyum Oleat Reactivity Profile:Salts, basic, such as OLEIC ACID, [POTASSIUM SALT], are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.Potasyum Oleat Health Hazard:Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose and throat, coughing, and sneezing. Ingestion causes mild irritation of mouth and stomach. Contact with eyes causes irritation.Potasyum Oleat Fire Hazard:Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating vapors and toxic gases, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, may be formed when involved in fire.Potassium Oleate Safety Profile:An eye irritant. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O.Potassium Oleate Purification Methods:Recrystallise it from EtOH (1g/mL). [Beilstein 2 H 465, 2 I 196, 2 I 202, 2 II 436, 2 III 1404, 2 IV 1646.]Potassium Oleate Potassium Oleate Preparation Products And Raw materials:Potassium Oleate Raw materials:Formaldehyde Dimethylamine.BIOCIDAL EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS WERE TESTED ON SEVERAL FOREST INSECT PESTS, INCL BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, SPRUCE GALL APHID, WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, FALSE HEMLOCK LOOPER, FOREST-TENT CATERPILLAR, & DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH. FOR ALMOST ALL SPECIES, THE MOST EFFECTIVE SALTS CAUSING MORTALITY WERE CENTERED AROUND POTASSIUM OLEATE IN THE UNSATURATED C18 SALTS.First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light, and store it in a freezer. Salts, basic, such as OLEIC ACID, [POTASSIUM SALT], are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.Potassium Oleate is generally immediately available in most volumes, including bulk quantities. American Elements can produce most materials in high purity and ultra high purity (up to 99.99999%) forms and follows applicable ASTM testing standards; a range of grades are available including Mil Spec (military grade), ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade, Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade, Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia). We can also produce materials to customer specifications by request, in addition to custom compositions for commercial and research applications and new proprietary technologies. Typical and custom packaging is available, as is additional research, technical and safety (MSDS) data.Acme Synthetic Chemicals is the Manufacturer, Supplier and also the Exporter of Potassium Oleate.Potassium Oleate is classified under CAS No.143-18-0.Potassium Oleate is also known as Potassium Salt of Oleic Acid, Oleic Acid Potassium Salt, Potassium 9-Octadecenoate.Potassium Oleate is both a potassium salt of oleic acid and fatty acid . It is a salt because it is the product of an acid and a base. It is a fatty acid because it has a long carbon backbone with a carboxyl group terminus.Potassium Oleate is a liquid potassium soap solution in water.Potassium Oleate is used as an emulsifier in many liquid soaps, facial cleansers, mustache waxes, body washes and hair permanents. Emulsifiers act like surfactants and reduce the surface tension of a liquid.Potassium Oleate prevents the ingredients in these products from separating into separate chemicals.The FDA says Potassium Oleate “may be safely used in food and in the manufacture of food components” as long as it is used as “a binder, emulsifier and anti-caking agent.Potassium Oleate can also be used us cleansing agent in household cleaning products.Potassium Oleate also can used as rubber foaming agent, detergent, lubricants and catalyst.This Potassium Oleate is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectiveness, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients.Potassium oleate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Potassium oleate is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).Basic cleaning compositions using toxicologically-acceptable ingredients for cleaning fruits and vegetables are provided. Clear liquid formulations comprising oleate, alcohol ethoxylates and buffers are sprayed onto apples, lettuce and the like to remove soil and unwanted deposits.The present invention relates to methods for removing dirt and other unwanted residues from produce, e.g., fruits and vegetables, which is intended for ingestion by humans or lower animals and to detersive compositions, especially in liquid form, which are especially suitable for practicing said methods.It is well-known and appreciated by consumers that fruits and vegetables should be thoroughly washed prior to ingestion in order to remove soils and other unwanted residues which may be undesirably clinging to the surfaces thereof. In addition, some consumers wish to remove the artificial "waxy" coatings which may be applied to some fruits to retard moisture loss for increased storage life and to enhance their appearance. It has been estimated that 95% of consumers recognize the need for thorough washing but, ordinarily, only use tap water for this purpose. On the order of 5% of those consumers who do wash their vegetables use a household cleaner, typically a liquid dishwashing product, to help ensure cleanliness. However, dishwashing products are not specifically intended for such use, inasmuch as they are usually designed to provide high, persistent suds which makes them inconvenient to remove from the fruits or vegetables which have been washed therewith. It will also be appreciated that the formulation of truly effective compositions, especially those which can be used safely by individual consumers, for washing fruits and vegetables presents a unique problem to the formulator, inasmuch as many an-disclosed cleaning ingredients would, presumably, not be desirable for use in direct contact with foods where they might not be fully removed.Moreover, it would be especially desirable to provide effective, toxicologically-acceptable cleaning compositions for fruits and vegetables in the form of substantially low-sudsing liquid solutions which are clear or which have only minimal haziness. Liquid solutions are convenient for the user, since they can be applied directly to soiled fruits and vegetables, followed by rinsing in tap water. The clarity of the liquids connotes cleanliness to the user and is thus highly desirable. Low sudsing is an important attribute so that removal of the solution by rinsing is achieved quickly and easily. It would also be of advantage if such compositions could be provided in the form of concentrates, which could be diluted by the consumer before use and/or applied to the fruits and vegetables as a direct spray-on.Unfortunately, many toxicologically-acceptable cleaning ingredients do not meet the aforesaid requirements for clear, low-sudsing, dilutable liquid products. Many detersive surfactants form cloudy or even opaque suspensions in water. Of course, many surfactants are specifically designed to be high sudsing. Still others form relatively intractable phases in their concentrated form.It has now been discovered that certain nonionic surfactants, properly formulated with oleic acid or water-soluble oleate or laurate salts and other ingredients can provide liquid compositions having the desired properties described above. It has been discovered that preferred compositions can be formulated in the acid pH range and have a desirable clean, "non-soapy" feel to the user's hands. Alternatively, certain compositions can be formulated in the basic pH range. Even when such basic compositions do have a soapy feel, they are preferred over the acidic compositions herein for removing artificial waxy coatings, especially from fruit such as apples. However, the invention also comprises basic compositions having less soapy feel.The use and selection of cleaning ingredients for the purpose of washing fruits and vegetables is described by the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 173.315: "Ingredients for use in washing or lye peeling of fruits and vegetables". These regulations restrict the ingredients that may be used for direct contact with food to those described as "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS), and a few other selected ingredients. These sections also provide certain limitations on the amount of material that can be used in a given context.Among these ingredients, the experienced formulator will find only a few ingredients which can provide effective cleaning of hydrophobic residues, such as waxes, oils, or man-made chemical residues such as pesticides. It is recognized that these types of residues are removed most readily by surface active ingredients in water, or by organic solvents largely in the absence of water. Other types of soils, especially particulate insoluble soils that do not readily disperse in water, are effectively removed by surface active materials in water, especially when aided by complex anionic salts, such as citrates (polycarboxylates), or polyphosphate salts.Within this limited group of ingredients the range of effective cleaning compositions well suited to the task of cleaning fruits and vegetables, especially as practiced by individual consumers, have not been previously described. It is desirable to formulate liquid compositions which are amenable to either direct application to produce, preferably by spray application, or could be provided in suitable concentrated form to allow convenient dilution in a bowl or sink of water for washing of produce by immersion. Further, it is desirable the compositions are low sudsing, and easily rinsed, without leaving residue. Preferred compositions should be mild to the hands, especially for direct application.Food Chemical News, Inc., 1991, p. 334.1, reports that PEG 200-9500 has been cleared under §178.3750 as a component in articles for use in contact with food (Fed. Register, Oct. 15, 1968). Nonetheless, for washing produce, polyethylene glycol should be affirmed as GRAS.High ammonia (HA) natural rubber latex (NRL) is generally very sensitive at lower temperature and will form big rubber lumps after the freezing and thawing processes. The growth of ice crystals in an aqueous medium during freezing causes the rubber particles to move closer together and thus disrupts the protein cloud surrounding the latex particles. The broken protein cloud causes rubber particles to coalesce and form big lumps after the thawing process. However, this phenomenon did not occur when potassium oleate (PO) was incorporated into the HA NRL medium. PO acted as a colloid stabiliser by means of adsorbance at the rubber latex surface, thus preventing the coalescence of rubber particles from occurring. This study investigated the effect of PO loading (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 phr) on the colloid stability of HA NRL after being subjected to both freezing and thawing. These latex mixtures were frozen by cooling it at − 4°C for 24h and thawed by allow-ing them to stand at room temperature for 1h followed by heating at 40°C for another hour. The results obtained showed that the PO improved the colloid stability of HA NRL in terms of morphological properties, viscosity, and mechanical stability time values. Particle-size distribution of latex mixtures, however, did not vary even after freezing.Potassium oleate is a product with high wetting, non-stick and foaming powers for applications in the industrial sector, such as the manufacture of Marseille soap. It is a surfactant, its main function being to reduce the surface tension of water to make it wet fabric more thoroughly, thus helping to wash and remove dirt.ORDISOL HOK-50 LX, 50% potassium oleate manufactured by Concentrol and used as a surfactant and thickener for the manufacture of Marseille soap, is characterized by its high stability at low temperatures with the consequent ease of use even in very cold conditions. Apart from its use in the aforementioned soaps, potassium oleate prepared in other forms is also used as a foaming agent in the latex industry, to deink paper in the recycling process, to lubricate conveyor belts of glass containers and as a surfactant and wetting agent in phytosanitary products, among others.This product, a surfactant of vegetable or animal origin, always natural and non-synthetic, is obtained from a modification of the traditional method of saponification, used since antiquity to obtain soap from fat or oils. The final result is biodegradable and is not dangerous to the environment. In order to analyse the results of this product, a study has been carried out in which we wanted to delve into different fundamental parameters for the product.Evaporating the product at 100 °C until constant weight, and with the help of an automatic dry extract analyser, with samples of 0.5g of each product, the Concentrol product line ORDISOL HOK-50 LX has obtained results of 52%, a notable percentage in solids compared to other lines on the market, which explains its high efficiency.One of the basic uses of potassium oleates is as foaming agents, natural anionic surfactants in multiple detergent applications. Therefore, in the study we wanted to analyse foam formation by ORDISOL HOK-50 LX in aqueous solutions of 0.05%. These tests have concluded that the amount of foam generated by this product is desirable for manufacturers of this type of soap, since it is neither too excessive nor too little. Potassium oleate also stands out for its high viscosity in aqueous solution, one of its main characteristics. For this reason, the viscosity of the solution in osmosis water (without hardness) has also been measured in the test. In a direct solution of potassium oleate in water (40/160, oleate / water), the ORDISOL HOK-50 LX product samples analysed give a viscosity value in aqueous solution of between 345 and 630 cps.The study was also carried out by adjusting a specific dry extract value, in this case 11%, which in this way allowed compensating the initial differential in the dry extract. In this case, ORDISOL HOK-50 LX obtains a viscosity of 170 cps.The main advantages of using ORDISOL HOK-50 LX instead of manufacturing it in-house are the following: Savings in staff costs and time for the manufacture of potassium oleate, which requires mixing and neutralization with temperature. The product is often applied immediately after the manufacture of the detergent. Using Concentrol’s product allows it to be applied at any time and in any quantity. Concentrol supplies the product with precise margins of specification, minimizing the oscillations in the preparation of the final detergent. We keep stock available for immediate delivery. We guarantee traceability of the raw materials that are used in potassium oleate. Thus, apart from complying with the requirements of the sector and having a very good thickener capacity, Concentrol’s ORDISOL HOK-50 LX product line stands out on the market due to its high stability at low temperatures, thus allowing its storage outside without danger of freezing. Concentrol studies each customer’s particular case and conducts studies to provide the most suitable solution for their requirements. With full control of the manufacturing process, Concentrol designs product lines with different properties and compatibility levels so that the customer has at their disposal the best solution according to their needs. Contact us for more information.Different microemulsions were prepared with and without mefenamic acid (MFA). The base microemulsion was mainly composed of distilled water; the aqueous phase, propylene carbonate; the oil phase, potassium oleate; the surfactant, and finally di-ethylene glycol; the cosurfactant. The effect of mixing ionic (potassium oleate) with nonionic (Tween-20) surfactant was investigated via constructing the phase diagrams of such systems. Changes in conductivity and viscosity of the freshly prepared microemulsion over time were monitored as an indication for the stability of the microemulsion. Measurements were carried out at room temperature, after a freeze-thaw cycle and also after storage for 3 days at 60°C, where the latter is treated as an accelerated test for the time-temperature effects on the stability of a microemulsion. It was found that a set of surfactants, instead of a single surfactant, and inclusion of cosurfactant resulted in a broader region where a stable microemulsion is predominant. At a mass ratio of 1:2 of potassium oleate to Tween-20, O/W microemulsions were found to have maximum stability among all examined systems, under the accelerated test, such that they have a minimum portion of combined surfactants and cosurfactant of 60 wt% and maximum of 80 wt%. With the aforementioned specifications, no phase separation and neither significant change in the conductivity nor in the viscosity was observed in any of the examined systems after subjecting them both to the accelerated and freeze-thaw cycle test, indicating that such systems were thermodynamically stable. Samples of micro emulsions passing previous tests were further subjected to an acidic medium by dispersing 1 g of MFA-containing microemulsion in 10 g HCl solution (pH 1) in a shaking water bath at 37°C, for a 6 hour period. The maximum solubility of MFA in a stable microemulsion was approximately 5 wt%, evaluated at room temperature.The effect of potassium oleate (PO, C 18 H 33 KO 2 ) in a glycine-based weakly alkaline slurry on copper chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process was discussed. The corrosion inhibitor in the slurry could balance the over etching to realize the global planarization of the copper layers. The experimental results verified PO was indeed effective in inhibiting copper removal rate. The corrosion and passivation mechanism were also discussed. SEM and XPS test results confirmed that PO can adsorb on the copper surface to form a passivation film.A 17.5% active solution of potassium oleate useful in the formulation of latex rubber products and foam rubbers. Used as an auxiliary surfactant in preparation of water-based adhesive products and preparation of latex foam products. It is especially useful for stabilisation of Natural rubber latex during prevulcanisation.An influenza epidemic is still a problem despite the development of vaccines and anti-influenza drugs. Preventive measures such as handwashing are fundamental and important for counteracting influenza virus infection. In this study, we clarified the anti-influenza virus effects of surfactants, which are the main components of hand soaps for hand washing: potassium oleate (C18:1), sodium laureth sulfate (LES) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS). For a human influenza virus strain (H3N2), C18:1 reduced the infectivity by 4 logs or more, whereas LES and SDS reduced the infectivity by 1 log or less. Similar results were obtained when an avian influenza virus strain (H5N3) was used. The interaction between the surfactant and virus was then investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The LES-virus system showed a positive value of enthalpy changes (ΔH), meaning an exothermic interaction that indicated a hydrophobic interaction. In contrast, both the C18:1-virus system and the SDS-virus system showed negative values of ΔH, meaning an endothermic interaction that indicated an electrical interaction. The ΔH value of the C18:1-virus system was much higher than that of the SDS-virus system. A mixture of C18:1 and HA proteins similarly showed negative values of ΔH. These results indicate that influenza virus inactivation by a hydrophobic interaction of a surfactant with the viral envelope is insufficient to prevent infection, whereas inactivation by an electrical interaction of a surfactant with HA proteins is sufficient to prevent influenza virus infection.By using potassium oleate (KOL) as a part of ligand, nanorods of β-NaYF4:Yb,Er were synthesized. The aspect ratio of β-NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals was tuned by changing the amount of KOL. We found that potassium from KOL is not only absorbed on the surface of nanocrystals, but also partially substitutes Na element in nanocrystals lattice. Different from the classical shape control mechanism that oleate ions are absorbed on different facets of nanocrystals, the anisotropic growth of β-NaYF4:Yb,Er in current work is caused by the doping of K+. The incorporation of K+ would not lead to obvious decrease of the upconversion fluorescence intensity. Meanwhile, oleate ions promote the phase transition of nanocrystals from cubic to hexagonal phase, resulting in the simultaneous controllability of the nanocrystals size.

POTASSIUM PALMITATE, N° CAS : 2624-31-9, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM PALMITATE, Nom chimique : Potassium hexadecanoate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 220-088-6. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 7727-21-1 Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt; Dipotassium persulfate; Potassium Peroxydisulfate; Potassium peroxydisulphate;

Potassium Persulfate IUPAC Name dipotassium;sulfonatooxy sulfate Potassium Persulfate InChI 1S/2K.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2 Potassium Persulfate InChI Key USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Potassium Persulfate Canonical SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[K+].[K+] Potassium Persulfate Molecular Formula K2S2O8 Potassium Persulfate CAS 7727-21-1 Potassium Persulfate Deprecated CAS 106015-10-5, 1001387-46-7 Potassium Persulfate European Community (EC) Number 231-781-8 Potassium Persulfate ICSC Number 1133 Potassium Persulfate RTECS Number SE0400000 Potassium Persulfate UN Number 1492 Potassium Persulfate UNII 6B86K0MCZC Potassium Persulfate DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID4029690 Potassium Persulfate Physical Description Potassium persulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Specific gravity 2.477. Decomposes below 100°C. Potassium Persulfate Color/Form COLORLESS, TRICLINIC CRYSTALS Potassium Persulfate Odor ODORLESS Potassium Persulfate Solubility 1.75 G IN 100 CC OF WATER @ 0 °C Potassium Persulfate Density 2.477 Potassium Persulfate Vapor Density 2.48 Potassium Persulfate Stability/Shelf Life GRADUALLY DECOMP LOSING AVAIL OXYGEN, MORE QUICKLY AT HIGHER TEMP, COMPLETELY AT ABOUT 100 °C Potassium Persulfate Decomposition Dangerous when heated to decomp, emits highly toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/. Potassium Persulfate pH AQUEOUS SOLN IS ACIDIC Potassium Persulfate Refractive Index INDICES OF REFRACTION: 1.461, 1.467, 1.566 Potassium Persulfate Other Experimental Properties Decomposes below 100 °C Potassium Persulfate Molecular Weigh 270.33 g/mol Potassium Persulfate Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 8 Potassium Persulfate Rotatable Bond Count 1 Potassium Persulfate Exact Mass 269.830872 g/mol Potassium Persulfate Monoisotopic Mass 269.830872 g/mol Potassium Persulfate Topological Polar Surface Area 150 Ų Potassium Persulfate Heavy Atom Count 12 Potassium Persulfate Formal Charge 0 Potassium Persulfate Complexity 206 Potassium Persulfate Isotope Atom Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Persulfate Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 3 Potassium Persulfate Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Potassium Persulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Specific gravity 2.477. Decomposes below 100°C.Potassium Persulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Specific gravity 2.477. Decomposes below 100°C.Potassium Persulfate is an oxidizing agent. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of combustible material. Potassium Persulfate plus a little potassium hydroxide and water released sufficient heat and oxygen to ignite a polythene (polyethylene) liner in a container.Potassium Persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8. Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate or KPS, it is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.Potassium Persulfate can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.Potassium Persulfate (Formula is K2S2O8) is also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, molecular weight is 270.32, decomposition temperature is 50-60℃, it is white, odorless crystal, it is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, it has strong oxidizing, it is commonly used as bleaching agents, oxidizing agents, it can be used as the polymerization initiator, it almost does not absorb moisture, it has good stability at room temperature, it is easy to be stored, and it has the advantages of convenience and safety, etc. . Applications involves polymerization initiator, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching and desizing low temperature, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick together accelerated oxidation of ethanol and aromatic hydrocarbons, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.Potassium Persulfate dissolves in 30℃ water, cools, then the recrystallized product can be obtained, it is filtered and dried under reduced pressure in the presence of calcium chloride.Potassium Persulfate is mainly used as initiator and strong oxidizing agents.Potassium Persulfate is the initiator of latex or solution polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and other product, and it is also the initiator of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene and the like emulsion for copolymerisation.Potassium Persulfate powder has stimulating effect on nasal mucosa, packaging should be ventilated to prevent dust. Labour protection appliance should be dressed at work.Potassium Persulfate is non-flammable, it is combustion-supporting which due to it can release of oxygen, storage environment must be dry and clean, well-ventilated. Pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should be kept sealed packaging, labels should be intact and clear. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, small amount of metal, and other reducing substance, it should avoid mix to prevent causing decomposition of Potassium Persulfate and explosion.Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, Then replacement reaction can happen when potassium is added . The finished product of Potassium Persulfate can be obtained after cooling, separation, crystallization, drying.Potassium Persulfate is a colorless or white, odorless crystalline material.Potassium Persulfate can be prepared by electrolysis of a mixture of potassium sulfate and potassium hydrogen sulfate at a high current density:2KHSO4→K2S2O8+ H2.Also, the compound can be prepared by adding potassium hydrogen sulfate,KHSOto an electrolyzed solution of ammonium hydrogen sulfate, NH4HSO4.Potassium Persulfate is an oxidizing agent. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of combustible material. Potassium Persulfate plus a little potassium hydroxide and water released sufficient heat and oxygen to ignite a polythene (polyethylene) liner in a container.Potassium Persulfate is used as a bleaching and oxidizing agent; it is used in redox polymeri- zation catalysts; in the defiberizing of wet strength paper and in the desizing of textiles. Soluble in water.UN1492 Potassium Persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer.Using a rock tumbler, they ground acrylamide and various solid initiators, including benzoyl peroxide, AIBN, Potassium Persulfate, ceric ammonium nitrate, ceric ammonium sulfate, bromate/malonic acid, lead dioxide, and lithium nitrate.Potassium Persulfate is used as free-radical initiator for polymerization. The resulting latex was coagulated, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure followed by extraction of nanocomposites.This emulsifier free reaction system consists of deionized water, a water-soluble initiator (i.e. Potassium Persulfate (KPS)), and monomers, such as acryl or vinyl monomers. The stabilization of polymeric nanoparticles in such a process takes place via the use of ionizable initiators or ionic co-monomers.Deionized water, a water-soluble initiator (i.e., Potassium Persulfate), and monomers are the reagents used in an emulsifier-free system. The polymerization reaction was triggered by Potassium Persulfate and the mixture was heated to 60°C under stirring for 12 h. CS and Potassium Persulfate were dissolved in acetic acid solution under stirring. Macleod et al.416 reported very fast polymerizations and low PDIs by selecting TEMPO and Potassium Persulfate (KPS) for the polymerization of styrene at 135 °C, even though a large proportion of chains were eventually dead.Potassium Persulfate is a transparent colorless crystal that is a strong oxidizer. It is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.Potassium Persulfate plus a little potassium hydroxide and water released sufficient heat and oxygen to ignite a polythene (polyethylene) liner in a container.The present work describes the static etching and chemical mechanical polishing process of Cu and Co, which were conducted by Potassium Persulfate (K2S2O8) as an oxidizer at various pH values.The present invention relates to a method for producing Potassium Persulfate. Potassium Persulfate is widely used industrially as a polymerization initiator for polyvinyl chloride and polyacrylonitrile.The ammonium persulfate crystals thus obtained are redissolved in the next step and sent to the reaction step with potassium hydroxide. In the reaction step, a Potassium Persulfate-containing solution is obtained, concentrated and separated by vacuum crystallization, centrifugation, etc., and taken out as crystals. As described above, the method for producing Potassium Persulfate by the reaction of ammonium persulfate and potassium hydroxide requires a very long number of steps, and the yield of Potassium Persulfate based on ammonium persulfate is low. I can not say.Under such circumstances, attempts have been made to obtain Potassium Persulfate by direct electrolysis without going through ammonium persulfate. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 50-133196 describes a method for producing Potassium Persulfate using potassium hydrogen sulfate as a raw material. In this method, a special electrolytic cell and an expensive titanium cathode must be used. In spite of this, in reality, only low current efficiency can be obtained, and no practical manufacturing method has been developed.The present invention solves the problems in the method for producing Potassium Persulfate described above and provides a method for producing Potassium Persulfate by an industrially advantageous method.As a result of diligent research to overcome these drawbacks, the inventors have conducted a process for producing ammonium persulfate by electrolysis, a reaction process for directly adding potassium hydroxide to the resulting anodic product, and concentration and separation of Potassium Persulfate. A method for producing Potassium Persulfate comprising the steps of: In addition, it is found that Potassium Persulfate can be produced economically advantageously by recycling a part of the crystallization mother liquor after concentration and separation of Potassium Persulfate to the Potassium Persulfate production step, and the present invention is completed. It came to.Potassium persulfate (Formula is K2S2O8) is also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, molecular weight is 270.32, decomposition temperature is 50-60℃, it is white, odorless crystal, it is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, it has strong oxidizing, it is commonly used as bleaching agents, oxidizing agents, it can be used as the polymerization initiator, it almost does not absorb moisture, it has good stability at room temperature, it is easy to be stored, and it has the advantages of convenience and safety, etc. . Applications involves polymerization initiator, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching and desizing low temperature, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick together accelerated oxidation of ethanol and aromatic hydrocarbons, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.Potassium persulfate is non-flammable, it is combustion-supporting which due to it can release of oxygen, storage environment must be dry and clean, well-ventilated. Pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should be kept sealed packaging, labels should be intact and clear. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, small amount of metal, and other reducing substance, it should avoid mix to prevent causing decomposition of potassium persulfate and explosion.Potassium sulphate, also called sulphate of potash, is a white crystalline material, moderately hygroscopic, available in fine, granular and semi-granular forms. It contains 48 to 54% potassium (as K2O) and supplies 17 to 20 % of sulphate. Chloride-sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes and potato require chloride-free potassium fertilizers. Therefore, these crops are fertilized with potassium sulphate, although this is more expensive than potassium chloride. These three crops, being major crops, account for about 7% of the total potash consumption. For best results, potassium sulphate should contain at least 50 % potash by weight.Preparation of the penicillin-enzyme electrode - Three grams of acrylamide and 0.58 g of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide are dissolved in 25 cm3 of 0.1 M Tris buffer at pH 7. Three mg each of riboflavin and potassium persulphate are added to catalyze photopolymerization. To 1 cm3 of the above solution add 125 mg of penicillinase. A glass electrode is washed well with distilled water, wiped dry with tissue paper, and mounted upside down. A 1-in. × 1-in. piece of Nylon net (350 µm) is placed over the glass bulb of the electrode and held in place with a thin wire wrapped near the glass bulb. The electrode is mounted inside a glass tube (2 cm i.d.) which is continuously flushed with nitrogen. A 500 W GE reflector lamp may be used to photopolymerization. To prevent any heat transfer from the lamp to the electrode, a glass tank 9 cm thick filled with water should be placed between them.The enzyme-gel solution is added drop-wise to the electrode. Normally a total of only 8-10 drops is needed. During the addition of the enzyme-gel solution and for approximately 40 min thereafter, the electrode should be exposed to the light source. After polymerization is complete, a second piece of nylon netting is placed over the gel layer and held in place with an O-ring. The electrode is then equilibrated in pH 7 Tris buffer for a period of not less than 24 h prior to use. The electrode is stored in a refrigerator to preserve enzyme activity.In emulsion polymerization, the layered nanomaterials are dispersed in the aqueous phase, and the polymer nanocomposites are formed. In this process, the distilled monomer is dispersed in the aqueous phase with the aid of sodium lauryl sulfate as a surfactant. Potassium persulfate is used as free-radical initiator for polymerization. The resulting latex was coagulated, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure followed by extraction of nanocomposites. Ju-Young Kim et al. synthesised polyurethane/clay nanocomposites using Na+-montmorillonite (Na+-MMT)/amphiphilic urethane precursor (APU) chains that have hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains and hydrophobic segments at the same molecules. Nanocomposites synthesized using APU/Na+-MMT emulsions, having microphase separated structure have greater tensile strength than those prepared with melt-mixed APU/Na+-MMT mixtures .Thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites are mostly prepared by solvent blending, melt blending, in situ polymerization and reaction extrusion. Thermoplastics polyurethane reactive extrusion involves the in situ polymerization of polyol, diisocyanate, and chain extender in a twin-screw extruder. Nanomaterials are introduced as powder form through side feeder or predispersed into the polyol liquid precursor. Chemical modification of polymers is carried out by this route. The extruder is used as a continuous chemical reactor for polymerization. This method involves extruder parameter control as well as chemical reaction control. Some of the advantages of reaction extrusion are the absence of solvent, use of high-viscosity polymers, flexible-processing conditions, prevention of thermal degradation, safe handling of nanomaterials, and so on.This methodology gained significant popularity due to its simple, green process for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles without the use of stabilizing surfactants and the inconvenience of removing them afterwards.9–13 This emulsifier free reaction system consists of deionized water, a water-soluble initiator (i.e. potassium persulfate (KPS)), and monomers, such as acryl or vinyl monomers. The stabilization of polymeric nanoparticles in such a process takes place via the use of ionizable initiators or ionic co-monomers. In one study, PMMA nanoparticles were prepared by using this methodology, in which polymerization was stimulated with microwave irradiation.14 It was reported that the average particle size was primarily controlled by the monomer methyl methacrylate concentration. The particle size increased from 103 nm to 215 nm when the concentration was increased from 0 to 0.3 mol/L. Further, the nanoparticle size could be controlled by using cross-linkers with enhanced reactivity through a one-step microwaving process. The size of the nanoparticles was successfully controlled by limiting the cross-linking to intra-particle cross-linking rather than inter-particle cross-linking.15 Polyacrylate nanoparticles were prepared by employing sodium salt hydrate (NaSS) as the stabilizing agent, with a particle size of 172.5 nm; a reduction in particle size from 263.4 nm to 172.5 nm was observed with manipulation of NaSS concentration.16 Polystyrene nanoparticles of particle size 200–250 nm were prepared using ultrasonic irradiation, an anionic ionizable water-soluble initiator, KPS, and cetyl alcohol as the co-stabilizer.17 Emulsion polymerization has several advantages, but its applications are limited by its disadvantages, such as inability to synthesize, monodisperse and precisely control particle size.In the conventional emulsion polymerization systems, surfactants need to be eliminated from the final product. Removal of surfactants is a time-consuming process that increases the cost of production. Surfactant-free emulsion polymerization without using additional additives can overcome this drawback and make the preparation process simple and convenient. Deionized water, a water-soluble initiator (i.e., potassium persulfate), and monomers are the reagents used in an emulsifier-free system. Stabilization of PNPs is achieved by the use of ionizable initiators or ionic comonomers. In such a polymerization system, nucleation and particle growth have been provided with micellar-like nucleation and homogeneous nucleation mechanisms.Dong et al. have fabricated N-halamine-based antibacterial polystyrene NPs with different particle size ranging from 91.5 to 562.5 nm by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization with 5-allylbarbituric acid serving as the N-halamine precursor. Researchers have discovered that the particle size of NPs was controllable by tuning the experimental parameters such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and ionic strength.Chitosan-methyl methacrylate (CS-M) was prepared by free radical polymerization of CS and methyl methacrylate . Briefly, CS was dissolved in 2.0% acetic acid solution and then 0.5 mL of methyl methacrylate was added into the flask. After degassing, the flask was sealed and the solution was bubbled with dried nitrogen for 10 min prior to polymerization. The polymerization reaction was triggered by potassium persulfate and the mixture was heated to 60°C under stirring for 12 h. The resultant suspension was dialyzed in ultrapure water for 24 h through the semipermeable membrane (10 kDa) to remove the unreactive materials and then dried under vacuum at room temperature.Chitosan-acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate (CS-AM) nanohydro-gel was obtained by graft polymerization of CS, acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate. CS and potassium persulfate were dissolved in acetic acid solution under stirring. Then 0.2 mL of acrylic acid was added and the mixture was heated to 60°C under nitrogen stream. After 1 h, 0.3 mL of methyl methacrylate was added. The graft polymerization was allowed to proceed for 12 h with continuous agitation. The resultant nanosuspension was dialyzed in ultrapure water for 24 h and dried under vacuum at room temperature.CS-acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate-N-isopropylacrylamide (CS-AMNP) was prepared by grafting N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) on CS-AM. CS-AM nanohydrogel was prepared as mentioned earlier. NIPAM was added into the dialyzed CS-AM nanosuspension, and then MBA was added as the crosslinker. The reaction was carried out at 25°C with stirring for 6 h. Finally, the nanohydrogel was dialyzed in ultrapure water for 24 h and dried under vacuum at room temperature.The drug-loaded nanohydrogel suspensions were prepared by incubating the PBS of 5-Fu for 4 h at 25°C. The solution was then dialyzed in ultrapure water for 6 h to remove the nonloaded 5-Fu. Then, the 5-Fu-loaded nanohydrogel suspension was obtained in the semipermeable membrane. The 5-Fu was loaded on the CS-based nanohydrogel by hydrogen bonding interaction between 5-Fu and the nanohydrogels. Additionally, van der Waals interactions existed between the 5-Fu and NIPAM side chains in the CS-AMNP nanohydrogel.In this situation, the polymerization starts in the aqueous phase and conducts the formation of oligoradicals and oligomeric alkoxyamines that enter the monomer droplets, hence becoming the primary locus of polymerization.Macleod et al.416 reported very fast polymerizations and low PDIs by selecting TEMPO and potassium persulfate (KPS) for the polymerization of styrene at 135 °C, even though a large proportion of chains were eventually dead. Interestingly, when TEMPO was replaced by the more hydrophilic TEMPO-OH, evolution of Mn with conversion was affected and a poor control in the early stages of the polymerization was noticed, likely due to the lack of free nitroxide in the organic phase.413 This highlighted the crucial importance of the aqueous phase kinetics and the partition coefficient of the nitroxides on the outcome of the miniemulsion polymerization.The use of K2S2O8/Na2S2O5 redox initiating system in conjunction with SG1 allowed the polymerization rate of styrene to be enhanced compared to its counterpart with AIBN at 90 °C.415,418 An optimal [SG1]0/[KPS]0 ratio of 1.2 was found to be the best compromise regarding a fast polymerization and a good quality of control. Following an induction period necessary to the in situ formation of SG1-based alkoxyamines, styrene conversion reached 90% in 8 h with molar masses in good agreement with the predicted values and PDIs in the 1.5–2.0 range.Two different strategies can be applied to synthesize chemical cross-linked networks: free-radical polymerization of monomers and cross-linking agents (cross-linking polymerization) or cross-linking of pre-build polymers (polymer cross-linking). Despite numerous existing techniques for both strategies, the most common synthetic route is the free-radical copolymerization of vinyl monomers (styrene, AAm, etc.) with a small amount of divinyl cross-linkers (divinylsulfon, bisacrylamide, etc.). Typical monomers to obtain responsive networks by this technique are AAc and NIPAAm (and their derivates, see Table 2 and Figure 6). Mainly N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) is used as cross-linker. Bulk gels are easily obtained by just mixing monomer and cross-linker in solution followed by an initiating reaction (NIPAAm typical: potassium persulfate (KPS) and tetramethylethylendiamine (TEMED), AAC: KPS and heating). Performing suspension or emulsion polymerization networks with smaller sizes (microgels) can be obtained.Polymer cross-linking can be performed by reacting polymers bearing functional groups (e.g., –OH, –COOH) with suitable bifunctional molecules. If the functional groups are photoactive, irradiation with UV light will result in networks (principle shown in Figure 8). Furthermore, some polymers can be cross-linked by high-energy irradiation (electron or γ-rays). A striking advantage of the last approach is that no additives are necessary and that no unreacted monomers remain in the gel structure, which is an essential requirement for some applications. A lot of responsive polymers can be cross-linked by high-energy irradiation. In particular, nanogels are accessible by pulse irradiation155,161 (γ-rays) of dilute polymer solution (intramolecular cross-linking).Another chemical cross-linking reaction forming thin hydrogel layers involved the preparation of reactive isocyanate prepolymers followed by simple heat curing.162 Fibrous membranes and monolithic films can be prepared from aqueous mixture of PVA and PAAc at 3.5 COOH/OH molar composition via electrospinning and solution cast, respectively, and then cross-linked by heat-induced esterification. Both forms of hydrogels exhibited increasing swelling with increasing pH. For hydrogel fibrous membranes, planar expansion is immediate without the time lag observed on the films.The polymer network structure and the network properties are closely related to the reaction conditions during gel formation. Cross-linker concentration, initial monomer concentration, temperature, and polymerization method will influence the resulting properties. In particular, for radical cross-linking it is well known that inhomogeneities are introduced into the network structure, for example, spatial heterogeneity of the network density.164,165 As a result, most of the network systems show unsatisfactory mechanical properties. Therefore, practical applications are restricted due to the lack of mechanical strength. However, there are examples of biological gels (e.g., cartilage) with excellent mechanical properties.166 The question arises whether the gap between synthetic (man-made) and biological gels can be overcome. For nonresponsive networks a solution can be found in topological gels167 and double networks.168 Responsive networks with excellent mechanical properties are nanocomposite gels (NC-gels) based on PNIPAAm which will be presented in the next section.Potassium Persulfate is a transparent colorless crystal that is a strong oxidizer. It is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP aAnd EP/BP and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.Potassium Persulfate is a transparent colorless crystal that is a strong oxidizer. It is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Initiator for the emulsion or solution Polymerization of acrylic monomers, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride etc. and for the emulsion co-polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, butadiene etc.Oxidizing agent, used in cleanaing and pickling of metal surface, accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives and modification of starch, production of binders and coating materials,Desizing agent and bleach activator,It is an essential component of bleaching formulations for hair cosmetics.Ammonium Persulfate, Potassium Persulfate and Sodium Persulfate are inorganic salts. In cosmetics and personal care products, mixtures of persulfates such as Ammonium Persulfate, Potassium Persulfate and Sodium Persulfate are used in hair bleaches and hair lighteners.Potassium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8. Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate or KPS, it is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. This salt is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.

Polyphosphoric acids, potassium salts CAS Number: 68956-75-2

cas no 304-59-6 (Anhydrous) 6381-59-5 (Tetrahydrate) Rochelle salt; Seignette salt tetrahydrate; DL-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, tetrahydrate; (R*,R*)-(+-)-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, tetrahydrate; DL-Dihydroxysuccinic Acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, tetrahydrate;

Potassium Sorbate IUPAC Name potassium;(2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate Potassium Sorbate InChI 1S/C6H8O2.K/c1-2-3-4-5-6(7)8;/h2-5H,1H3,(H,7,8);/q;+1/p-1/b3-2+,5-4+; Potassium Sorbate InChI Key CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-STWYSWDKSA-M Potassium Sorbate Canonical SMILES CC=CC=CC(=O)[O-].[K+] Potassium Sorbate Isomeric SMILES C/C=C/C=C/C(=O)[O-].[K+] Potassium Sorbate Molecular Formula C6H7O2K Potassium Sorbate CAS 590-00-1 Potassium Sorbate Deprecated CAS 16577-94-9 Potassium Sorbate European Community (EC) Number 246-376-1 Potassium Sorbate UNII 1VPU26JZZ4 Potassium Sorbate FEMA Number 2921 Potassium Sorbate DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID7027835 Potassium Sorbate Physical Description DryPowder; Liquid; PelletsLargeCrystals Potassium Sorbate Color/Form White powder Potassium Sorbate Odor Characteristic odor Potassium Sorbate Melting Point for sorbic acidMelting range of sorbic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 133 °C to 135 °C after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator Potassium Sorbate Solubility Solubility in water at 20 °C: 58.2%; in alcohol: 6.5% Potassium Sorbate Density 1.363 at 25 °C/20 °C Potassium Sorbate Decomposition When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O. Potassium Sorbate Molecular Weight 150.22 g/mol Potassium Sorbate Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Potassium Sorbate Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2 Potassium Sorbate Rotatable Bond Count 2 Potassium Sorbate Exact Mass 150.008311 g/mol Potassium Sorbate Monoisotopic Mass 150.008311 g/mol Potassium Sorbate Topological Polar Surface Area 40.1 Ų Potassium Sorbate Heavy Atom Count 9 Potassium Sorbate Formal Charge 0 Potassium Sorbate Complexity 127 Potassium Sorbate Isotope Atom Count 0 Potassium Sorbate Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Sorbate Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Sorbate Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 2 Potassium Sorbate Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Potassium Sorbate Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2 Potassium Sorbate Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Potassium Sorbate is a potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion. It has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative. It contains an (E,E)-sorbate.One hundred and twenty-two cases of vaginal fungal infections treated with Potassium Sorbate are presented. A new method of follow-up home application by means of vaginal tampons is tried. Relief of symptoms is prompt, and yeast organism disappear; the safety and superior efficacy of a strengthened (3%) solution is established. Treatment of fungal infections in males is also discussed.Potassium Sorbate is a white crystalline powder or solid. It has a slight odor. Potassium Sorbate is very soluble in water. USE: Potassium Sorbate is an important commercial chemical that is used as a preservative and antibacterial in food, wines and cosmetics. EXPOSURE: Workers that use Potassium Sorbate may breathe in mists or have direct skin contact. The general population may be exposed by consumption of food and use of personal care products. RISK: Data on the potential for Potassium Sorbate to cause adverse effects in humans are limited to a few cases of skin irritation. Due to its long history as a food additive with no apparent toxic effects, and lack of toxic effects in laboratory animals fed low-to-moderate doses, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers Potassium Sorbate a "GRAS" (generally recognized as safe) food additive. Therefore, it is not expected to cause any toxicity in humans at levels found in food. No irritation to eyes or skin was observed in laboratory animals following direct contact with Potassium Sorbate. Nasal irritation and lesions were observed in laboratory animals following repeated application of solutions containing low-to-moderate levels of Potassium Sorbate directly to the nasal mucosa. No birth defects developed in offspring of laboratory animals fed high doses of Potassium Sorbate. Data on the potential for Potassium Sorbate to cause reproductive effects were not available. No tumors were induced in laboratory animals following life-time exposure to moderate-to-high levels of Potassium Sorbate or its breakdown product sorbic acid. Increased liver tumors were observed in laboratory animals fed an extremely high dose of sorbic acid over time. The potential for Potassium Sorbate to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 14th Report on Carcinogens.Sorbic acid is reacted with an equimolar portion of KOH. The resulting Potassium Sorbate may be crystallized from aqueous ethanol.The most commonly used products are sorbic acid itself (E200) and Potassium Sorbate (E202). In many countries sodium sorbate (E201) and calcium sorbate (E203) are also permitted. Sorbic acid is sparingly soluble in water, sodium sorbate has better solubility, and Potassium Sorbate is very freely soluble and can be used to produce 50% stock solutions.Ultraviolet or colorimetric procedures used to analyze Potassium Sorbate in dried prunes.Potassium Sorbate should be stored @ temp below 100 °F & should not be exposed to light or heat. Containers should be kept closed.An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of Potassium Sorbate.An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of Potassium Sorbate.Potassium Sorbate used as a chemical preservative in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.Potassium Sorbate used as a chemical preservative in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.Substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard products used in food packaging that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within section 409 of the Act. Potassium Sorbate is included on this list.Cosmetic Ingredient Review; Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate.The food additives sodium nitrite and Potassium Sorbate had cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on in vitro cultured V79 hamster cells and EUE human fibroblasts if administered in an acid environment (pH 4.95). The strong cytotoxic effect of sodium nitrite and that of the combined action of sodium nitrite and Potassium Sorbate was observed along the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. In this respect, Potassium Sorbate was less effective. The decreased plating efficiency of the cells and the inhibition of de novo DNA synthesis induced by these substances aroused the question whether they also have genotoxic effects on V79 cells. Statistical analyses showed that sodium nitrite induced more 6-TG-resistant (6-TGr) mutants as compared to the untreated control. However, this elevation did not correspond to the level of inhibition of DNA synthesis determined during the followed period of time after the removal of the substance. Potassium Sorbate and a combination thereof with sodium nitrite, in our experiments, had no mutagenic effects.Although Potassium Sorbate (PS), ascorbic acid and ferric or ferrous salts (Fe-salts) are used widely in combination as food additives, the strong reactivity of PS and oxidative potency of ascorbic acid in the presence of Fe-salts might form toxic compounds in food during its deposit and distribution.Potassium Sorbate forms white crystals or powder with characteristic odor. It is used as preservative and antimicrobial agent for foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It has been also used as medication. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Formulations containing up to 0.5% sorbic acid and/or Potassium Sorbate were not significant primary or cumulative irritants and not sensitizers at this test concentration. In humans, a few cases of idiosyncratic intolerances have been reported (non-immunological contact urticaria and pseudo-allergy). ANIMAL STUDIES: Potassium Sorbate was practically nontoxic to rats and mice in acute oral toxicity studies. Potassium Sorbate at concentrations up to 10% was practically nonirritating to the rabbit's eye. Potassium Sorbate have been tested for mutagenic effects using the Ames test, genetic recombination tests, reversion assays, rec assays, tests for chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and gene mutations. Results have been both positive and negative. Potassium Sorbate at 0.1% in the diet or 0.3% in drinking water of rats for up to 100 weeks produced no neoplasms. No teratogenic effects have been observed in pregnant mice and rats administered Potassium Sorbate.In three repeat insult patch tests using a total of 478 subjects, sorbic acid had overall sensitization rates of 0, 0.33, and 0.8%. All the subjects sensitized were inducted with 20% sorbic acid and challenged with 5% sorbic acid. Formulations containing up to 0.5% sorbic acid or 0.15% Potassium Sorbate were not cumulative irritants or were very mild cumulative irritants. They were not primary irritants and were not sensitizers.An RIPT was conducted using 56 panelists and a facial scrub containing 0.1% Potassium Sorbate. The formulation was diluted 1 :I00 by weight with distilled water for the study. Eight 24 hr semiocclusive induction patches were applied over a 2 week period to the lateral upper arm of each subject. Reactions were scored at patch removal. After an approximately 2 week rest period, a 24 hr semiocclusive challenge patch was applied to a previously untreated site. Reactions to the challenge patch were graded at patch removal and 24 and 48 hr later. Two slight, transient, questionable erythema reactions were observed during induction. No other reactions were observed during induction or challenge. The facial scrub did not induce dermal irritation or sensitization.The skin irritation and sensitization potential of a facial scrub containing 0.1% Potassium Sorbate was evaluated in an RIPT with 47 panelists. The formulation was diluted 1 :I00 in distilled water. Eight 24 hr semiocclusive induction patches were applied to the lateral aspect of the upper arms of the subjects over a 2 week period, and reactions were scored on a scale of O-5 at patch removal. After a 2 week rest period, a 24 hr semiocclusive challenge patch was applied, and reactions were scored at patch removal and 24 and 48 hr later. No reactions greater than 2 (moderate erythema) were observed during the induction period, and no reactions at challenge were indicative of sensitization.Occupational contact dermatitis from Potassium Sorbate in milk transformation plant /described/. Sorbic acid (in petrolatum) and Potassium Sorbate (as aqueous solution) at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10% were practically nonirritating and nonirritating, respectively, to the rabbit eye. Formulations containing 0.1% sorbic acid or 0.15% Potassium Sorbate were nonirritating to the rabbit eye.A 1% aqueous Potassium Sorbate solution was practically nonirritating to rabbit skin.The stability of Potassium Sorbate is strongly dependent on its water content, which must be kept below 0.5%. At room temperature about 140 g of Potassium Sorbate can be dissolved in 100 mL of water. ... Potassium Sorbate is resistant to air oxidation ... although the stability in the solid state depends on purity.Potassium sorbate is the potassium salt of sorbic acid, chemical formula CH3CH=CH−CH=CH−CO2K. It is a white salt that is very soluble in water (58.2% at 20 °C). It is primarily used as a food preservative (E number 202).Potassium sorbate is effective in a variety of applications including food, wine, and personal-care products. While sorbic acid is naturally occurring in some berries, virtually all of the world's production of sorbic acid, from which potassium sorbate is derived, is manufactured synthetically.Potassium sorbate is used as a preservative in a number of foods, since its anti-microbial properties stop the growth and spread of harmful bacteria and molds. It is used in cheese, baked goods, syrups and jams. It is also used as a preservative for dehydrated foods like jerky and dried fruit, as it does not leave an aftertaste. The use of potassium sorbate increases the shelf life of foods, so many dietary supplements also include it. It is commonly used in wine production because it stops the yeast from continuing to ferment in the bottles." It is used for Food Preservative: Potassium sorbate is used particularly in foods that are stored at room temperature or that are precooked, such as canned fruits and vegetables, canned fish, dried meat, and desserts. It’s also commonly used in food that is prone to mold growth, such as dairy products like cheese, yogurt, and ice cream. Many foods that are not fresh rely on potassium sorbate and other preservatives to keep them from spoiling. In general, potassium sorbate in food is very common.It is used for Winemaking: Potassium sorbate is also commonly used in winemaking, to prevent wine from losing its flavor. Without a preservative, the fermentation process in wine would continue and cause the flavor to change. Soft drinks, juices, and sodas also often use potassium sorbate as a preservative.It is used for Beauty Products: While the chemical is common in food, there are many other potassium sorbate uses. Many beauty products are also prone to mold growth and use the preservative to extend the life of skin and haircare products. It is very likely that your shampoo, hair spray, or skin cream contains potassium sorbate.Potassium sorbate is the potassium salt of sorbic acid, chemical formula CH3CH=CH−CH=CH−CO2K. It is a white salt that is very soluble in water (58.2% at 20 °C). It is primarily used as a food preservative (E number 202).Potassium sorbate is effective in a variety of applications including food, wine, and personal-care products. While sorbic acid occurs naturally in some berries, virtually all of the world's supply of sorbic acid, from which potassium sorbate is derived, is manufactured synthetically.Potassium sorbate is produced industrially by neutralizing sorbic acid with potassium hydroxide. The precursor sorbic acid is produced in a two-step process via the condensation of crotonaldehyde and ketene.Potassium sorbate is used to inhibit molds and yeasts in many foods, such as cheese, wine, yogurt, dried meats, apple cider, rehydrated fruits, soft drinks and fruit drinks, and baked goods.It is used in the preparation of items such as hotcake syrup and milkshakes served by fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's.It can also be found in the ingredients list of many dried fruit products. In addition, herbal dietary supplement products generally contain potassium sorbate, which acts to prevent mold and microbes and to increase shelf life. It is used in quantities at which no adverse health effects are known, over short periods of time.Labeling of this preservative on ingredient statements reads as "potassium sorbate" or "E202". Also, it is used in many personal-care products to inhibit the development of microorganisms for shelf stability. Some manufacturers are using this preservative as a replacement for parabens. Tube feeding of potassium sorbate reduces the gastric burden of pathogenic bacteria.Also known as "wine stabilizer", potassium sorbate produces sorbic acid when added to wine. It serves two purposes. When active fermentation has ceased and the wine is racked for the final time after clearing, potassium sorbate renders any surviving yeast incapable of multiplying. Yeast living at that moment can continue fermenting any residual sugar into CO2 and alcohol, but when they die, no new yeast will be present to cause future fermentation. When a wine is sweetened before bottling, potassium sorbate is used to prevent refermentation when used in conjunction with potassium metabisulfite. It is primarily used with sweet wines, sparkling wines, and some hard ciders, but may be added to table wines, which exhibit difficulty in maintaining clarity after fining.Some molds (notably some Trichoderma and Penicillium strains) and yeasts are able to detoxify sorbates by decarboxylation, producing piperylene (1,3-pentadiene). The pentadiene manifests as a typical odor of kerosene or petroleum.In pure form, potassium sorbate is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant.Concentrations up to 0.5% are not significant skin irritants.As a food additive, potassium sorbate is used as a preservative in concentrations of 0.025% to 0.1% (see sorbic acid),which in a 100 g serving yields an intake of 25 mg to 100 mg. In the United States, no more than 0.1% is allowed in fruit butters, jellies, preserves, and related products. Up to 0.4% has been studied in low-salt, naturally-fermented pickles, and when combined with calcium chloride, 0.2% made "good quality pickles."Potassium sorbate has about 74% of sorbic acid's anti-microbial activity.When calculated as sorbic acid, 0.3% is allowed in "cold pack cheese food."The upper pH limit for effectiveness is 6.5.The maximal acceptable daily intake for human consumption is 25 mg/kg, or 1750 mg daily for an average adult (70 kg).Under some conditions, particularly at high concentrations or when combined with nitrites, potassium sorbate has shown genotoxic activity in vitro.Three studies conducted in the 1970s did not find it to have any carcinogenic effects in rats.Potassium sorbate is a chemical additive. It’s widely used as a preservative in foods, drinks, and personal care products. It is an odorless and tasteless salt synthetically produced from sorbic acid and potassium hydroxide.Potassium sorbate prolongs the shelf life of foods by stopping the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi. It was discovered in the 1850s by the French, who derived it from berries of the mountain ash tree. Its safety and uses as a preservative have been researched for the last fifty years. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes it as generally safe when used appropriately.You’ll find potassium sorbate on the list of ingredients for many common foods. It’s a popular preservative because it’s effective and doesn’t change the qualities of a product, such as taste, smell, or appearance. It’s also water-soluble, and it works at room temperature.Regulatory agencies such as the FDA, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have determined that potassium sorbate is “generally regarded as safe,” abbreviated as GRAS. When you eat potassium sorbate as a food additive, it passes through your system harmlessly as water and carbon dioxide. It does not accumulate in your body.Some people may have an allergic reaction to potassium sorbate in foods. These allergies are rare. Allergies to potassium sorbate are more common with cosmetics and personal products, where it can cause skin or scalp irritation. However, the Environmental Working Group has rated potassium sorbate with a low risk as a skin irritant.Read your food ingredient labels carefully. Be aware of what is in your food. Even though potassium sorbate and other additives are considered safe, you can avoid them by eating fewer processed foods.If you think you have an allergy to potassium sorbate, see if your allergic reactions go away when you stop consuming or using items that contain the additive.Food additives have become a controversial subject. It’s important to keep a scientific perspective when reading web-based information and scare stories. Is the information backed up by facts, or is it biased? Research has shown that potassium sorbate is safe for most people to eat, though it may cause some skin allergies when used in personal care products.One hundred and twenty-two cases of vaginal fungal infections treated with potassium sorbate are presented. A new method of follow-up home application by means of vaginal tampons is tried. Relief of symptoms is prompt, and yeast organism disappear; the safety and superior efficacy of a strengthened (3%) solution is established. Treatment of fungal infections in males is also discussed.Potassium sorbate is a white crystalline powder or solid. It has a slight odor. Potassium sorbate is very soluble in water. USE: Potassium sorbate is an important commercial chemical that is used as a preservative and antibacterial in food, wines and cosmetics. EXPOSURE: Workers that use potassium sorbate may breathe in mists or have direct skin contact. The general population may be exposed by consumption of food and use of personal care products. RISK: Data on the potential for potassium sorbate to cause adverse effects in humans are limited to a few cases of skin irritation. Due to its long history as a food additive with no apparent toxic effects, and lack of toxic effects in laboratory animals fed low-to-moderate doses, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers potassium sorbate a "GRAS" (generally recognized as safe) food additive. Therefore, it is not expected to cause any toxicity in humans at levels found in food. No irritation to eyes or skin was observed in laboratory animals following direct contact with potassium sorbate. Nasal irritation and lesions were observed in laboratory animals following repeated application of solutions containing low-to-moderate levels of potassium sorbate directly to the nasal mucosa. No birth defects developed in offspring of laboratory animals fed high doses of potassium sorbate. Data on the potential for potassium sorbate to cause reproductive effects were not available. No tumors were induced in laboratory animals following life-time exposure to moderate-to-high levels of potassium sorbate or its breakdown product sorbic acid. Increased liver tumors were observed in laboratory animals fed an extremely high dose of sorbic acid over time. The potential for potassium sorbate to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 14th Report on Carcinogens.Because of their physiological inertness, their effectiveness even in the weakly acid pH range and their neutral taste, sorbic acid and its salts have become the leading preservatives in the food sector throughout the world over the past 30 years. The most commonly used products are sorbic acid itself (E200) and potassium sorbate (E202). In many countries sodium sorbate (E201) and calcium sorbate (E203) are also permitted. Sorbic acid is sparingly soluble in water, sodium sorbate has better solubility, and potassium sorbate is very freely soluble and can be used to produce 50% stock solutions. The soluble sorbates are preferred when it is desired to use the preservative in liquid form, or when aqueous systems are to be preserved. Sodium sorbate in solid form is unstable and very rapidly undergoes oxidation on exposure to atmospheric oxygen. It is therefore not produced on the industrial scale. Aqueous solutions of sodium sorbate remain stable for some time. Calcium sorbate is used in the manufacture of fungistatic wrappers because it is highly stable to oxidation, but this use is very limited. Sorbic acid and sorbates can be directly added into the product. The products can be dipped or sprayed with aqueous solutions of sorbates. Dusting of food with dry sorbic acid is also possible but less recommended because sorbic acid irritates the skin and mucous membranes. Sorbic acid and particularly calcium sorbate can be used as active substances in fungistatic wrappers.Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.The food additives sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate had cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on in vitro cultured V79 hamster cells and EUE human fibroblasts if administered in an acid environment (pH 4.95). The strong cytotoxic effect of sodium nitrite and that of the combined action of sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate was observed along the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. In this respect, potassium sorbate was less effective. The decreased plating efficiency of the cells and the inhibition of de novo DNA synthesis induced by these substances aroused the question whether they also have genotoxic effects on V79 cells. Statistical analyses showed that sodium nitrite induced more 6-TG-resistant (6-TGr) mutants as compared to the untreated control. However, this elevation did not correspond to the level of inhibition of DNA synthesis determined during the followed period of time after the removal of the substance. Potassium sorbate and a combination thereof with sodium nitrite, in our experiments, had no mutagenic effects.Although potassium sorbate (PS), ascorbic acid and ferric or ferrous salts (Fe-salts) are used widely in combination as food additives, the strong reactivity of PS and oxidative potency of ascorbic acid in the presence of Fe-salts might form toxic compounds in food during its deposit and distribution. In the present paper, the reaction mixture of PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salts was evaluated for mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity by means of the Ames test and rec-assay. Effective lethality was observed in the rec-assay. No mutagenicity was induced in either Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (with or without S-9 mix) or TA100 (with S-9 mix). In contrast, a dose-dependent mutagenic effect was obtained when applied to strain TA100 without S-9 mix. The mutagenic activity became stronger increasing with the reaction period. Furthermore, the reaction products obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere did not show any mutagenic and DNA-damaging activity. PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salts were inactive when they were used separately. Omission of one component from the mixture of PS, ascorbic acid and Fe-salt turned the reaction system inactive. These results demonstrate that ascorbic acid and Fe-salt oxidized PS and the oxidative products caused mutagenicity and DNA-damaging activity.Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention.Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination.In three repeat insult patch tests using a total of 478 subjects, sorbic acid had overall sensitization rates of 0, 0.33, and 0.8%. All the subjects sensitized were inducted with 20% sorbic acid and challenged with 5% sorbic acid. Formulations containing up to 0.5% sorbic acid or 0.15% potassium sorbate were not cumulative irritants or were very mild cumulative irritants. They were not primary irritants and were not sensitizers.An RIPT was conducted using 56 panelists and a facial scrub containing 0.1% potassium sorbate. The formulation was diluted 1 :I00 by weight with distilled water for the study. Eight 24 hr semiocclusive induction patches were applied over a 2 week period to the lateral upper arm of each subject. Reactions were scored at patch removal. After an approximately 2 week rest period, a 24 hr semiocclusive challenge patch was applied to a previously untreated site. Reactions to the challenge patch were graded at patch removal and 24 and 48 hr later. Two slight, transient, questionable erythema reactions were observed during induction. No other reactions were observed during induction or challenge. The facial scrub did not induce dermal irritation or sensitization.The skin irritation and sensitization potential of a facial scrub containing 0.1% potassium sorbate was evaluated in an RIPT with 47 panelists. The formulation was diluted 1 :I00 in distilled water. Eight 24 hr semiocclusive induction patches were applied to the lateral aspect of the upper arms of the subjects over a 2 week period, and reactions were scored on a scale of O-5 at patch removal. After a 2 week rest period, a 24 hr semiocclusive challenge patch was applied, and reactions were scored at patch removal and 24 and 48 hr later. No reactions greater than 2 (moderate erythema) were observed during the induction period, and no reactions at challenge were indicative of sensitization.Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The preservatives benzalkonium chloride (BZC) and potassium sorbate (PS) are widely used, not only for nasal drops, but also for eyedrops and cosmetics. However, there have been many case reports that consider lesions such as dermatitis or conjunctivitis to be the results of irritation induced by BZC or PS. We evaluated the histological changes after the long-term administration of BZC or PS on rat nasal respiratory mucosa. Forty rats were used for the BZC group and 40 rats for PS group. Animals in each group were divided into four subgroups The first subgroup received a low-concentration preservative solution that was commonly used for nasal sprays. The second subgroup received a high-concentration preservative solution that was reported to induce dermatitis in humans. The third and fourth subgroups received a steroid mixed preservative solution of low and high concentrations, respectively. The control group was administrated normal saline.

POTASSIUM TARTRATE, N° CAS : 921-53-9, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM TARTRATE, Nom chimique : Potassium salt of tartaric acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 213-067-8. Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques

SYNONYMS Potassium thiocyanide; Thiocyanic acid, potassium salt; Potassium sulfocyanate; Potassium isothiocyanate; KSCN; Potassium rhodanide; Kyonate; Potassium isothiocyanate CAS NO. 333-20-0

POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE, N° CAS : 333-20-0, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE, Nom chimique : Potassium thiocyanate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 206-370-1. Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent stabilisant : Améliore les ingrédients ou la stabilité de la formulation et la durée de conservation

POTASSIUM THIOGLYCOLATE, N° CAS : 34452-51-2, Origine(s) : Synthétique, Nom INCI : POTASSIUM THIOGLYCOLATE, Nom chimique : Potassium mercaptoacetate, N° EINECS/ELINCS :252-038-4. Ses fonctions (INCI), Dépilatoire : Enlève les poils indésirables. Agent bouclant ou lissant (coiffant) : Modifie la structure chimique des cheveux, pour les coiffer dans le style requis

POTASSIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solution Ca. is an odorless, colorless liquid. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Title: Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Synonyms: pentapotassium triphosphate; potassium triphosphate; KTPP, Potassium Tripolyphosphate Formula: K5P3O10, Molecular: 301.03 CAS #: 13845-36-8, EC #: 237-574-9 Standard(s) of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: FCC V, Q/5749-2008 Grade of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Technical grade, Low iron Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Specifications ITEMS Low iron Technical grade of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Appearance of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solid content of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Density of Potassium Tripolyphosphate g/ml Properties of Potassium tripolyphosphate Aqueous solution of Potassium tripolyphosphate is colorless clear liquid, relative density 1.55-1.6 g/cm3, It can chelate with alkaline metals ions or heavy metal ions Applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium Tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Storage & handling of Potassium Tripolyphosphate I Packed in 1200KG/IBC drum. Keep Potassium Tripolyphosphate in cool dry place. Air transportation: arranged as ordinary goods. Harzards Identification & Classifications: N/A Shelf life of Potassium Tripolyphosphate 12 months. DOCUMENTS MSDS / SDS (Anglais) Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solution Ca. (Anglais) Product description of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Molecular weight: 448 Chemical formula K5P3O10 Appearance clear liquid Application of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium Tripolyphosphate is used in various applications. Some examples of applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate are listed below. Used as/in: Treatment of metals Liquid cleaning agents Molecular Formula of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: K5O1P3 Molecular Weight of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 448.403 g/mol Potassium Tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP, sometimes STPP or sodium triphosphate or TPP) is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triPhosphoric Acid.Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of Disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and Monosodium Phosphate, NaH2PO4, under carefully controlled conditions. Potassium Tripolyphosphate serve the food industry as multipurpose ingredients. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is most often used as emulsifiers, stabilisers and acidity regulators - mostly in cheese, meat products and powdered drink mixes. The food industry also adds Potassium Tripolyphosphate to fortify food with potassium, or, alternatively, to reduce its sodium content. Last but least,Potassium Tripolyphosphate can also be used as a gelling agent in instant puddings and desserts. Outside of the food industry, they are employed as a multipurpose dispersing agent in the technical sector. Potassium Tripolyphosphate ability to sequestrate metal cations is applied in water softening. The uses of Sodium tripolyphosphate also include using it as a preservative. Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP can be used to preserve foods such as red meats, poultry, and seafood, helping them to retain their tenderness and moisture. Pet food and animal feed have been known to be treated with sodium triphosphate, serving the same general purpose as it does in human food. Saturated solution of potassium phosphate has the characteristics of clarification, no impurities and sediment, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 1 years. Widely used in metal surface treatment, such as industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. 1:1 of TKPP & KTPP solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Properties of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Aqueous solution of Potassium Tripolyphosphate is colorless clear liquid, relative density 1.55-1.6 g/cm3, Potassium Tripolyphosphate can chelate with alkaline metals ions or heavy metal ions Applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Storage & handling of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Packed in 1200KG/IBC drum. Keep in cool dry place. Air transportation of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: arranged as ordinary goods. Harzards Identification & Classifications: N/A Shelf life: 12 months. Grade: Technical grade, Low iron Specifications ASSAY (%) (Na5P3O10): 95 MIN APPEARANCE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: WHITE GRANULAR P2O5 (%)OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE : 57.0 MIN FLUORIDE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE (PPM): 10MAX CADMIUM OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 1 MAX LEAD OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 4 MAX MERCURY OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 1 MAX ARSENIC OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 3 MAX HEAVY MENTAL OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(AS PB) (PPM): 10 MAX CHLORIDES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(AS CL) (%): 0.025 MAX SULPHATES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(SO42-) (%): 0.4 MAX SUBSTANCES NOT DISSOLVED IN WATER (%): 0.05 MAX PH VALUE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE (%): 9.5 - 10.0 LOSS ON DRYING OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 0.7% MAX HEXAHYDRATE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 23.5% MAX WATER-INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 0.1% MAX HIGHER POLYPHOSPHATES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 1% MAX Apparence of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Clair solution Dosage of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(K5P3O10): 50.0% min Fe of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.05% maximum (ou 0.0015% maximum) Métal lourd of Potassium Tripolyphosphate ( comme Pb): 0.001% max Assay of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(K5P3O10): 50.0%min Fe of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.05% max (or 0.0015% max) Heavy metal of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(as Pb): 0.001% max As of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.0003% max pH of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(1%sol.): 10.5+-0.5 Comme of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.0003% max PH of Potassium Tripolyphosphate (1% sol.): 10.5 +-0.5 Properties of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) solution is used as an alkali source and as a general sequestrant and dispersant in liquid detergent products. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is highly soluble in aqueous solutions with excellent dispersion properties. Potassium Tripolyphosphate has excellent chelating ability and can form stable chelates with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in hard water so as to soften hard water, increase cleaning ability, and remove dirt. The white precipitate formed from adding 13mL of 1% calcium nitrate solution into 100 mL of 1% potassium tripolyphosphate solution can be rapidly chelated to produce a clear solution. Potassium Tripolyphosphate (7758-29-4) is white granules. Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. Applications: solution is suitable for use in any solution product where a solid KTPP product is dissolve during use. It can form a protective film on the surface of iron, lead, zine, and other metals so as to prevent surface corroding. P2O74- has a strong dispersion ability to disperse finely distributed solid particles so that these fine and trace materials can mix evenly. Potassium Tripolyphosphate has stable pH buffering ability and keep solution pH value unchanged for a long time. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Potassium tripolyphosphate Appearance: Clear solution Package: 320Kgs in 200L plastic drum, or 1500Kgs in IBCs. Other Information: (IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements Potential Uses: buffering agents, chelating agents Occurrence (nature, food, other):note, not found in nature Physical Properties: Appearance: white powder (est) Assay: 85.00 to 100.00 Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No Soluble in: water Prepared at the 26th JECFA (1982), published in FNP 25 (1982) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 61st JECFA (2003). No ADI was established, but a group MTDI of 70 mg/kg bw, expressed as phosphorus from all food sources, was established at the 26th JECFA (1982). DEFINITION: A heterogeneous mixture of potassium salts of linear condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula Hn+2PnO3n+1 where "n" is not less than 2 Chemical names Potassium metaphosphate, potassium polymetaphosphate, potassium polyphosphate Assay: Not less than 53.5% and not more than 61.5% of P2O5 on the ignited basis DESCRIPTION: Odourless, colourless or white glassy masses, fragments, crystals or powder FUNCTIONAL USES: Emulsifier, moisture-retaining agent, sequestrant, texturizer Solubility (Vol. 4): 1 g dissolves in 100 ml of a 1 in 25 soln of sodium acetate Gel formation Finely powder about 1 g of the sample, and add it slowly to 100 ml of a 1 in 50 solution of sodium chloride while stirring vigorously. A gelatinous mass is formed. Test for potassium (Vol. 4) Mix 0.5 g of the sample with 10 ml of nitric acid and 50 ml of water, boil for about 30 min, and cool. The resulting solution is used for the test. Test for phosphate (Vol. 4) Mix 0.5 g of the sample with 10 ml of nitric acid and 50 ml of water, boil for about 30 min and cool. The resulting solution is used for the test PURITY : Loss on ignition (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 % after drying (105o, 4 h) followed by ignition at 550o for 30 min Cyclic phosphate (Vol. 4) Not more than 8.0% Fluoride Not more than 10 mg/kg. Arsenic (Vol. 4) Not more than 3 mg/kg (Method II). Lead (Vol. 4) Not more than 4 mg/kg. Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, "Instrumental Methods." PURITY TESTS: Fluoride Place 5 g of the sample, 25 ml of water, 50 ml of perchloric acid, 5 drops of silver nitrate solution (1 in 2), and a few glass beads in a 250-ml distilling flask connected with a condenser and carrying a thermometer and capillary tube, both of which must extend into the liquid. Connect a small dropping funnel, filled with water, or a steam generator to the capillary tube. Support the flask on an asbestos mat with a hole which exposes about one-third of the flask to the flame. Distil into a 250-ml flask until the temperature reaches 135o. Add water from the funnel or introduce steam through the capillary to maintain the temperature between 135o and 140o. Continue the distillation until 225-240 ml has been collected, then dilute to 250 ml with water, and mix. Place a 50-ml aliquot of this solution in a 100-ml Nessler tube. In another similar Nessler tube place 50 ml of water as a control. Add to each tube 0.1 ml of filtered solution of sodium alizarinsulfonate (1 in 1,000) and 1 ml of freshly prepared hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution (1 in 4,000), and mix well. Add, dropwise, and with stirring, 0.05 N sodium hydroxide to the tube containing the distillate until its colour just matches that of the control, which is faintly pink. Then add to each tube exactly 1 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and mix well. From a buret, graduated in 0.05-ml, add slowly to the tube containing the distillate enough thorium nitrate solution (1 in 4,000) so that, after mixing, the colour of the liquid just changes to a faint pink. Note the volume of the solution added, add exactly the same volume to the control, and mix. Now add to the control sodium fluoride TS (10 µg F per ml) from a buret to make the colours of the two tubes match after dilution to the same volume. Mix well, and allow all air bubbles to escape before making the final colour comparison. Check the end-point by adding 1 or 2 drops of sodium fluoride TS to the control. A distinct change in colour should take place. Note the volume of sodium fluoride added. The volume of sodium fluoride TS required for the control solution should not exceed 1.0 ml. METHOD OF ASSAY: Mix about 300 mg of the sample, accurately weighed, with 15 ml of nitric acid and 30 ml of water, boil for 30 min, and dilute with water to about 100 ml. Heat at 60o, add an excess of ammonium molybdate TS, and heat at 50o for 30 min. Filter, and wash the precipitate with dilute nitric acid (1 in 36 soln), followed by potassium nitrate solution (1 in 100 soln) until the filtrate is no longer acid to litmus. Dissolve the precipitate in 50 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide, add phenolphthalein TS, and titrate the excess sodium hydroxide with 1 N sulfuric acid. Each ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 3.086 mg of P2O5. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solution Ca. is an odorless, colorless liquid. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Title: Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Synonyms: pentapotassium triphosphate; potassium triphosphate; KTPP, Potassium Tripolyphosphate Formula: K5P3O10, Molecular: 301.03 CAS #: 13845-36-8, EC #: 237-574-9 Standard(s) of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: FCC V, Q/5749-2008 Grade of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Technical grade, Low iron Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution Specifications ITEMS Low iron Technical grade of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Appearance of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solid content of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Density of Potassium Tripolyphosphate g/ml Properties of Potassium tripolyphosphate Aqueous solution of Potassium tripolyphosphate is colorless clear liquid, relative density 1.55-1.6 g/cm3, It can chelate with alkaline metals ions or heavy metal ions Applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium Tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Storage & handling of Potassium Tripolyphosphate I Packed in 1200KG/IBC drum. Keep Potassium Tripolyphosphate in cool dry place. Air transportation: arranged as ordinary goods. Harzards Identification & Classifications: N/A Shelf life of Potassium Tripolyphosphate 12 months. DOCUMENTS MSDS / SDS (Anglais) Potassium Tripolyphosphate Solution Ca. (Anglais) Product description of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Molecular weight: 448 Chemical formula K5P3O10 Appearance clear liquid Application of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium Tripolyphosphate is used in various applications. Some examples of applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate are listed below. Used as/in: Treatment of metals Liquid cleaning agents Molecular Formula of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: K5O1P3 Molecular Weight of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 448.403 g/mol Potassium Tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Potassium Tripolyphosphate solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP, sometimes STPP or sodium triphosphate or TPP) is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triPhosphoric Acid.Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of Disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and Monosodium Phosphate, NaH2PO4, under carefully controlled conditions. Potassium Tripolyphosphate serve the food industry as multipurpose ingredients. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is most often used as emulsifiers, stabilisers and acidity regulators - mostly in cheese, meat products and powdered drink mixes. The food industry also adds Potassium Tripolyphosphate to fortify food with potassium, or, alternatively, to reduce its sodium content. Last but least,Potassium Tripolyphosphate can also be used as a gelling agent in instant puddings and desserts. Outside of the food industry, they are employed as a multipurpose dispersing agent in the technical sector. Potassium Tripolyphosphate ability to sequestrate metal cations is applied in water softening. The uses of Sodium tripolyphosphate also include using it as a preservative. Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP can be used to preserve foods such as red meats, poultry, and seafood, helping them to retain their tenderness and moisture. Pet food and animal feed have been known to be treated with sodium triphosphate, serving the same general purpose as it does in human food. Saturated solution of potassium phosphate has the characteristics of clarification, no impurities and sediment, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 1 years. Widely used in metal surface treatment, such as industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. 1:1 of TKPP & KTPP solution (K5P3O10) is TongVo's hot sale products, which is used as a builder for detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Properties of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Aqueous solution of Potassium Tripolyphosphate is colorless clear liquid, relative density 1.55-1.6 g/cm3, Potassium Tripolyphosphate can chelate with alkaline metals ions or heavy metal ions Applications of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) is mainly used in metal surface treatment, macroelement water soluble fertilizer, high complexation ability of metal ions. Pyrophosphate is able to form a stable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water, which can soften hard water, improved washability, removed dirt, and formed a protective layer on the surface of metal to enhance corrosion resistance. Widely used in industrial parts cleaning and metal pretreatment industry. Potassium tripolyphosphate(KTPP) solution is clarified without impurities and sediment characteristics, excellent stability, and no hydrolysis for 2 years. Reachthe international first-class standard. Storage & handling of Potassium Tripolyphosphate Packed in 1200KG/IBC drum. Keep in cool dry place. Air transportation of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: arranged as ordinary goods. Harzards Identification & Classifications: N/A Shelf life: 12 months. Grade: Technical grade, Low iron Specifications ASSAY (%) (Na5P3O10): 95 MIN APPEARANCE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: WHITE GRANULAR P2O5 (%)OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE : 57.0 MIN FLUORIDE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE (PPM): 10MAX CADMIUM OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 1 MAX LEAD OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 4 MAX MERCURY OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 1 MAX ARSENIC OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(PPM): 3 MAX HEAVY MENTAL OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(AS PB) (PPM): 10 MAX CHLORIDES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(AS CL) (%): 0.025 MAX SULPHATES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE(SO42-) (%): 0.4 MAX SUBSTANCES NOT DISSOLVED IN WATER (%): 0.05 MAX PH VALUE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE (%): 9.5 - 10.0 LOSS ON DRYING OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 0.7% MAX HEXAHYDRATE OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 23.5% MAX WATER-INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 0.1% MAX HIGHER POLYPHOSPHATES OF POTASSİUM TRİPOLYPHOSPHATE: 1% MAX Apparence of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Clair solution Dosage of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(K5P3O10): 50.0% min Fe of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.05% maximum (ou 0.0015% maximum) Métal lourd of Potassium Tripolyphosphate ( comme Pb): 0.001% max Assay of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(K5P3O10): 50.0%min Fe of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.05% max (or 0.0015% max) Heavy metal of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(as Pb): 0.001% max As of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.0003% max pH of Potassium Tripolyphosphate(1%sol.): 10.5+-0.5 Comme of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: 0.0003% max PH of Potassium Tripolyphosphate (1% sol.): 10.5 +-0.5 Properties of Potassium Tripolyphosphate: Potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) solution is used as an alkali source and as a general sequestrant and dispersant in liquid detergent products. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is highly soluble in aqueous solutions with excellent dispersion properties. Potassium Tripolyphosphate has excellent chelating ability and can form stable chelates with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in hard water so as to soften hard water, increase cleaning ability, and remove dirt. The white precipitate formed from adding 13mL of 1% calcium nitrate solution into 100 mL of 1% potassium tripolyphosphate solution can be rapidly chelated to produce a clear solution. Potassium Tripolyphosphate (7758-29-4) is white granules. Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. Applications: solution is suitable for use in any solution product where a solid KTPP product is dissolve during use. It can form a protective film on the surface of iron, lead, zine, and other metals so as to prevent surface corroding. P2O74- has a strong dispersion ability to disperse finely distributed solid particles so that these fine and trace materials can mix evenly. Potassium Tripolyphosphate has stable pH buffering ability and keep solution pH value unchanged for a long time. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is used as a builder for soaps, detergents and especially liquid cleaning formulations. Potassium tripolyphosphate Appearance: Clear solution Package: 320Kgs in 200L plastic drum, or 1500Kgs in IBCs. Other Information: (IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements Potential Uses: buffering agents, chelating agents Occurrence (nature, food, other):note, not found in nature Physical Properties: Appearance: white powder (est) Assay: 85.00 to 100.00 Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No Soluble in: water Prepared at the 26th JECFA (1982), published in FNP 25 (1982) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 61st JECFA (2003). No ADI was established, but a group MTDI of 70 mg/kg bw, expressed as phosphorus from all food sources, was established at the 26th JECFA (1982). DEFINITION: A heterogeneous mixture of potassium salts of linear condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula Hn+2PnO3n+1 where "n" is not less than 2 Chemical names Potassium metaphosphate, potassium polymetaphosphate, potassium polyphosphate Assay: Not less than 53.5% and not more than 61.5% of P2O5 on the ignited basis DESCRIPTION: Odourless, colourless or white glassy masses, fragments, crystals or powder FUNCTIONAL USES: Emulsifier, moisture-retaining agent, sequestrant, texturizer Solubility (Vol. 4): 1 g dissolves in 100 ml of a 1 in 25 soln of sodium acetate Gel formation Finely powder about 1 g of the sample, and add it slowly to 100 ml of a 1 in 50 solution of sodium chloride while stirring vigorously. A gelatinous mass is formed. Test for potassium (Vol. 4) Mix 0.5 g of the sample with 10 ml of nitric acid and 50 ml of water, boil for about 30 min, and cool. The resulting solution is used for the test. Test for phosphate (Vol. 4) Mix 0.5 g of the sample with 10 ml of nitric acid and 50 ml of water, boil for about 30 min and cool. The resulting solution is used for the test PURITY : Loss on ignition (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 % after drying (105o, 4 h) followed by ignition at 550o for 30 min Cyclic phosphate (Vol. 4) Not more than 8.0% Fluoride Not more than 10 mg/kg. Arsenic (Vol. 4) Not more than 3 mg/kg (Method II). Lead (Vol. 4) Not more than 4 mg/kg. Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, "Instrumental Methods." PURITY TESTS: Fluoride Place 5 g of the sample, 25 ml of water, 50 ml of perchloric acid, 5 drops of silver nitrate solution (1 in 2), and a few glass beads in a 250-ml distilling flask connected with a condenser and carrying a thermometer and capillary tube, both of which must extend into the liquid. Connect a small dropping funnel, filled with water, or a steam generator to the capillary tube. Support the flask on an asbestos mat with a hole which exposes about one-third of the flask to the flame. Distil into a 250-ml flask until the temperature reaches 135o. Add water from the funnel or introduce steam through the capillary to maintain the temperature between 135o and 140o. Continue the distillation until 225-240 ml has been collected, then dilute to 250 ml with water, and mix. Place a 50-ml aliquot of this solution in a 100-ml Nessler tube. In another similar Nessler tube place 50 ml of water as a control. Add to each tube 0.1 ml of filtered solution of sodium alizarinsulfonate (1 in 1,000) and 1 ml of freshly prepared hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution (1 in 4,000), and mix well. Add, dropwise, and with stirring, 0.05 N sodium hydroxide to the tube containing the distillate until its colour just matches that of the control, which is faintly pink. Then add to each tube exactly 1 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and mix well. From a buret, graduated in 0.05-ml, add slowly to the tube containing the distillate enough thorium nitrate solution (1 in 4,000) so that, after mixing, the colour of the liquid just changes to a faint pink. Note the volume of the solution added, add exactly the same volume to the control, and mix. Now add to the control sodium fluoride TS (10 µg F per ml) from a buret to make the colours of the two tubes match after dilution to the same volume. Mix well, and allow all air bubbles to escape before making the final colour comparison. Check the end-point by adding 1 or 2 drops of sodium fluoride TS to the control. A distinct change in colour should take place. Note the volume of sodium fluoride added. The volume of sodium fluoride TS required for the control solution should not exceed 1.0 ml. METHOD OF ASSAY: Mix about 300 mg of the sample, accurately weighed, with 15 ml of nitric acid and 30 ml of water, boil for 30 min, and dilute with water to about 100 ml. Heat at 60o, add an excess of ammonium molybdate TS, and heat at 50o for 30 min. Filter, and wash the precipitate with dilute nitric acid (1 in 36 soln), followed by potassium nitrate solution (1 in 100 soln) until the filtrate is no longer acid to litmus. Dissolve the precipitate in 50 ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide, add phenolphthalein TS, and titrate the excess sodium hydroxide with 1 N sulfuric acid. Each ml of 1 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 3.086 mg of P2O5. Potassium Tripolyphosphate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevan

Potassium tripolyphosphate 50%; KTPP %50; pentapotassium triphosphate %50 cas no: 13845-36-8

Acetic acid, potassium salt; Diuretic Salt; Octan draselny CAS NO: 127-08-2

Benzoate of potash; Potassium salt of benzoic acid; benzoic acid, potassium salt; Potassium salt of Benzenecarboxylic acid; Potassium salt of Phenylcarboxylic acid CAS NO: 582-25-2

Benzoate of potash; Potassium salt of benzoic acid; benzoic acid, potassium salt; Potassium salt of Benzenecarboxylic acid; Potassium salt of Phenylcarboxylic acid CAS NO: 582-25-2

Potassium hydrogen carbonate; Carbonic acid, monopotassium salt; Potassium acid carbonate CAS NO:298-14-6

SYNONYMS Bromide of potassium; tripotassium tribromide; Hydrobromic Acid Potassium Salt; Bromide Salt of Potassium; CAS NO. 7758-02-3

Potash; Salt of Tartar; Carbonic acid, Dipotassium salt; Potassium carbonate (2:1); Kaliumcarbonat; Pearl ash CAS NO:584-08-7

SYNONYMS Potassium muriate; Dipotassium dichloride; Potassium monochloride; potash muriate; chloropotassuril; kalcorid; kalitabs; potavescent; rekawan; chlorovescent; k-contin; peter-kal; Chlorure de potassium; SPAN-K; Super K; Cas no: 7447-40-7

coco fatty acids potassium salts cocoa fatty acids, potassium salts coconut acid potassium salt coconut fatty acid, potassium salt coconut fatty acids, potassium salt coconut oil acids, potassium salt coconut oil fatty acid, potassium salt coconut oil fatty acids, potassium salt coconut oil potassium soap coconut oil, potassium salts coconut oil, potassoum salt fatty acids, coco, potassium salts fatty acids, coconut oil, potassium salts potassium coconut soap potassum salt of coconut acid soap, potassium coconutCAS Number 61789-30-8

SYNONYMS Hydrocyanic acid, potassium salt Cyanide of Potassium; Potassium Salt of Hydrocyanic Acid; CAS NO. 151-50-8

KF; Fluorure de potassium; Potassium fluorure; Potassium flroride anhydrous; potassium fluoride spray dried; Potassium fluoride 99% CAS NO: 7789-23-3

Bromide of potassium; tripotassium tribromide; Hydrobromic Acid Potassium Salt; Bromide Salt of Potassium; BROMIDE BROMATE; Bromidesalt of potassium; BROMINE; BROMINE CONCENTRATE; BROMINE LIQUID; BROMINE TS; BROMINE WATER; BROMINE WATER, SATURATED; KALII BROMIDUM; KOPPESCHARR'S SOLUTION; POTASSIUM BROMIDE; POTASSIUM BROMIDE, APHA FOR HG; POTASSIUM BROMIDE SALINE; bromuredepotassium CAS NO:7758-02-3

Potash; Salt of Tartar; Carbonic acid, Dipotassium salt; Potassium carbonate (2:1); Kaliumcarbonat; Pearl ash; cas no : 584-08-7

Potash; Salt of Tartar; Carbonic acid, Dipotassium salt; Potassium carbonate (2:1); Kaliumcarbonat; Pearl ash; K2CO3; K-Gran; POTASH; PEARL ASH; Pearl dust; Sal absinthii; Kaliumcarbonat; SALT OF TARTAR; alt of wormwood; Montreal potash CAS NO:584-08-7

Potassium formate; mravencandraselny;formatedepotassium;Potassium Formagte;Potassiumformate,99%;Formic acid potassium;Potassium formate 98% CAS NO: 590-29-4

Potash Chlorate; Chloric Acid, Potassium Salt; Berthollet salt; Chlorate of Potash; cas no: 3811-04-9

Monopotassium persulfate; Potassium hydrogen peroxomonosulfate; Monopotassium peroxymonosulfate; potassium monopersulfate triple salt; Potassium sulfodioxidanide; Peroxosulfic acid O-potassium salt; Potassium (hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxidanide; potassium peroxymonosulfuric acid CAS NO:10058-23-8

Potassium hydrate; Caustic potash; Lye; potassa; Hydroxyde De Potassium; Potasse Caustique; Kaliumhydroxid; Kaliumhydroxyde; Potassa; Potassio Idrossido Di; K(OH) CAS NO:1310-58-3

potassium hydroxide; Potassium hydrate; Caustic potash; Lye; potassa; Hydroxyde De Potassium; Potasse Caustique; Kaliumhydroxid; Kaliumhydroxyde; Potassa; Potassio Idrossido Di; K(OH); cas no: 1310-58-3

potassıum lignosulfonate; Potassium Lignin Sulfonate; Lignosulfonic acid; potassium salt cas no: 37314-65-1

potassium permanganate; Permanganic acid, potassium salt; C.I. 77755; Chameleon mineral; Condy's crystals; Kaliumpermanganat; Permanganate de potassium; Permanganate of potash; Permanganato potasico; Potassio (permanganato di); Potassium (permanganate de); Potassium manganate (Ⅶ) cas no: 7722-64-7

Potassium Metabisulfite; Dipotassium Disulfite; Disulfurous acid, Dipotassium salt; Dipotassium disulphite; Dikaliumdisulfit; Disulfito de dipotasio; Disulfite de dipotassium; Potassium pyrosulfite; Pyrosulfurous acid, dipotassium salt; cas no: 16731-55-8

POLYSTEP OPA cas :68609-93-8

potassium hydroxide; Potassium hydrate; Caustic potash; Lye; potassa; Hydroxyde De Potassium; Potasse Caustique; Kaliumhydroxid; Kaliumhydroxyde; Potassa; Potassio Idrossido Di; K(OH); cas no: 1310-58-3

Permanganic acid, potassium salt; C.I. 77755; Chameleon mineral; Condy's crystals; Kaliumpermanganat; Permanganate de potassium; Permanganate of potash; Permanganato potasico; Potassio (permanganato di); Potassium (permanganate de); Potassium manganate (Ⅶ) CAS:7722-64-7

Caroat; Oxone; potassium monopersulfate; MPS CAS:10058-23-8; 37222-66-5

Caroat; Oxone; potassium monopersulfate; MPS CAS:10058-23-8; 37222-66-5

HEDP•Kx; Phosphonic acid, P,P'-(1-hydroxyethylidene)bis-, potassium salt (1:?) SynonymsHEDP.Kx;potassium 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate;1-HYDROXYETHANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID POTASSIUM SALT;Hydroxy Ethylidene Diphosphonic Acid Potassium Salt;POTASSIUM SALT OF(1-HYDROXYETHYLIDENE) DIPHOSPHONATE;1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid potassium salt;(1-hydroxyethylidene)bisphosphonic acid, potassium salt;Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxyethylidine)bis-, potassium salt;Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxyethylidene)bis-, potassium salt;(1-Hydroxyethylidene)bisphosphonic acid/potassium,(1:x) salt CAS No. 67953-76-8

Synonymss900;rcrawastenumberp099;Kaliumdicyanoargentat;kyanostribrnandraselny;Potassiumcyanoargenate;potassiumargentocyanide;POTASSIUM SILVER CYANIDE;POTASSIUM CYANOARGENTATE;SILVER POTASSIUM CYANIDE;dicyano-argentates(i)(sol, Potassium dicyanoargentate CAS Number506-61-6

Potassium persulfate; Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt; Dipotassium persulfate; Potassium Peroxydisulfate; Potassium peroxydisulphate; CAS NO: 7727-21-1

L-(+)-ROCHELLE SALT L(+)-TARTARIC ACID POTASSIUM SODIUM SALT TETRAHYDRATE L-TARTARIC ACID SODIUM POTASSIUM SALT POTASSIUM SODIUM L-TARTRATE TETRAHYDRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTARATE TETRAHYDRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE-4 H2O POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE, 4-HYDRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE HYDRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM (+)-TARTRATE TETRAHYDRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE TETRAHYDRATE (+)-POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE TETRAHYDRTE ROCHELLE SALT ROCHELLE SALT HYDRATE ROCHELLE SALT STABILIZER ROCHELLE SALT TARTRATE ROCHELLE SALT TETRAHYDRATE [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid monopotassium monosodium salt SEIGNETTE SALT SEIGNETTE SALT TETRAHYDRATE cas :6381-59-5

Sorbic acid potassium salt; Potassium 2,4-hexadienoate; 2,4-Hexadienoic aAcid potassium salt; Sorbistat; Sorbistat-K; Sorbistat-potassium; Potassium sorbate CAS NO: 590-00-1

potassıum persulfate; Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt; Dipotassium persulfate; Potassium Peroxydisulfate; Potassium peroxydisulphate; cas no: 7727-21-1

cas no 25655-41-8 PVP-I; Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)–Iodine complex; Povadyne® antiseptic; iodopovidone;

Potassium element cas no:7440-09-7

SYNONYMS Potash;Potassium hydrate;potassium hydroxide;Potassium hydroxide (K(OH));POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PELLET;POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, LIQUID;Potassium lye CAS NO:1310-58-3

Potassium iyodür; potassium iodide; potassium salt of hydriodic acid; dipotassium diiodide; potassium monoiodide cas no: 7681-11-0

SYNONYMS Carbonic acid potassium salt (1:2);Carbonic acid, dipotassium salt;Carbonic acid, potassium salt (1:2);Dipotassium carbonate;K2CO3;Kaliumcarbonat;Pearl ash;Potash;potassium carbonate;Potassium carbonate (2:1);Potassium carbonate (K2(CO3));Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) CAS NO:584-08-7

SYNONYMS Lactate de potassium;lactato de potasio;Lactic acid, monopotassium salt;Potassium DL-lactate;potassium lactate;Potassium α-hydroxypropionate;PROPANOATE, 2-HYDROXY-, MONOPOTASSIUM;Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monopotassium salt;Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, potassium salt (1:1);Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-,monopotassium salt CAS NO:996-31-6

POTASSIUM CITRATE; Tripotassium citrate; Citric acid potassium salt; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, tripotassium salt; Potassium citrate tribasic monohydrate; Potassium citrate tribasic preparation; Tripotassium citrate monohydrate; Tripotassium citrate monohydrate; cas no: 866-84-2

SYNONYMS 1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2- HYDROXY-, TRIPOTASSIUM SALT;1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, potassium salt (1:3;1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, tripotassium salt;2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid tripotassium salt;Citrate de tripotassium;CITRATE, TRI-POTASSIUM;citrato de tripotasio;Citric acid, tripotassium salt CAS NO:866-84-2

SYNONYMS (E,E)-2,4-Hexadienoic acid potassium salt;(E,E)-Hexa-2,4-dienoate de potassium;(E,E)-hexa-2,4-dienoato de potasio;2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt (1:1), (2E,4E)-;2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, (2E,4E)-;2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, (E,E)- CAS NO:24634-61-5

Potato Starch; cas no: 9005-25-8

Potlife Enhancer II - это высокоэффективный добавка, используемая в полиуретановых системах для продления времени работы или срока службы смесей.
Potlife Enhancer II характеризуется своей эффективностью в замедлении процесса отверждения, что позволяет обеспечить большую гибкость при применении.
Химическая формула Potlife Enhancer II является собственностью компании, и он широко используется в различных промышленных приложениях благодаря своим превосходным свойствам.

Номер CAS: 2425-79-8
Номер EC: 219-371-7

Синонимы: Продлитель времени жизни, Potlife Enhancer II, Продлитель времени работы, Добавка Potlife II, Полиуретановая добавка Potlife Enhancer II, Агент задержки отверждения II, Добавка Potlife Enhancer II, Продлитель времени жизни PU II, Добавка Potlife Enhancer II



ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ


Potlife Enhancer II широко используется в формулировке полиуретановых покрытий, обеспечивая продленное время работы и гибкость при применении.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим в производстве высокоэффективных полиуретановых клеев, позволяя увеличить время для нанесения и регулировки.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве эластомеров, улучшая их обработку и удобство нанесения.

Potlife Enhancer II является предпочтительной добавкой для гибких и жестких пеноматериалов благодаря своей эффективности в замедлении процесса отверждения.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в автомобильных покрытиях, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве герметиков и замазок, способствуя улучшению их свойств при нанесении.

Potlife Enhancer II используется в водных полиуретановых системах благодаря своей совместимости и эффективности в продлении времени работы.
Potlife Enhancer II является ключевым компонентом в растворных полиуретановых покрытиях, обеспечивая большую гибкость при применении.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в текстильной промышленности для улучшения обработки и нанесения покрытий на ткани.

Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве резиновых материалов благодаря своей способности продлевать время работы.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве синтетических волокон, улучшая их обработку.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в строительной индустрии для высокоэффективных покрытий и герметиков.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при создании высокоэффективных клеев, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II является ключевым компонентом в производстве пластиков, улучшая их обработку и гибкость.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке промышленных покрытий, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.

Potlife Enhancer II применяется при создании специальных покрытий для различных промышленных приложений, обеспечивая продленное время работы и гибкость.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве покрытий для металлических поверхностей, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим при создании высококачественных печатных красок, улучшая время работы и гибкость при печати.

Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве резиновых изделий, обеспечивая продленное время работы и стабильные характеристики.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в автомобильной промышленности в высокоэффективных покрытиях и клеях для увеличения времени нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве деревянных покрытий, улучшая их свойства при нанесении и долговечность.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при производстве специальных покрытий для промышленного оборудования, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке клеев и герметиков, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II является ключевым ингредиентом в производстве полиуретановых эластомеров, улучшая их обработку.

Potlife Enhancer II используется в текстильной промышленности для улучшения производительности покрытий на тканях.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в резиновой промышленности благодаря своей способности продлевать время работы и улучшать обработку.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим в производстве высокоэффективных промышленных покрытий, обеспечивая большую гибкость при нанесении.

Potlife Enhancer II является важным компонентом водных и растворных полиуретановых систем, обеспечивая продленное время работы.
Potlife Enhancer II применяется при создании высокоэффективных промышленных продуктов, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке покрытий для бытового и промышленного применения, улучшая их свойства при нанесении.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при производстве специальных покрытий для электронных устройств, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II используется при создании специальных красок для различных применений, предоставляя больше времени работы.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в производстве покрытий для керамики и стекла, улучшая их свойства при нанесении.

Potlife Enhancer II применяется при создании покрытий для пластиковых поверхностей, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке покрытий для деревянных поверхностей, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим в производстве высокоэффективных клеев, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.

Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке покрытий для автомобильных применений, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II используется при производстве специальных клеев и герметиков, обеспечивая продленное время работы.
Potlife Enhancer II используется при производстве покрытий для промышленного обору��ования, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при создании специальных покрытий для различных субстратов, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II используется в формулировке высокоэффективных покрытий для различных применений, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II является ключевым компонентом в производстве специальных красок для флексографической и глубокой печати, предоставляя больше времени работы.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при создании специальных красок для цифровой печати, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим в производстве высокоэффективных промышленных продуктов, предоставляя большую гибкость при нанесении.
Potlife Enhancer II используется при производстве экологически чистых промышленных продуктов, обеспечивая продленное время работы.

Potlife Enhancer II используется при создании водных и растворных продуктов, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II является важным ингредиентом в формулировке специальных покрытий для металлических и пластиковых поверхностей, обеспечивая больше времени для нанесения.



ОПИСАНИЕ


Potlife Enhancer II - это высокоэффективный добавка, используемая в полиуретановых системах для продления времени работы или срока службы смесей.
Potlife Enhancer II характеризуется своей эффективностью в замедлении процесса отверждения, что позволяет обеспечить большую гибкость при применении.

Potlife Enhancer II - это универсальное химическое соединение, используемое в различных полиуретановых применениях.
Potlife Enhancer II известен своей высокой способностью продлевать время работы полиуретановых смесей, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения и корректировок.
Potlife Enhancer II обеспечивает отличные свойства обработки, что делает его идеальным для промышленных покрытий и клеев.

Potlife Enhancer II совместим с широким спектром полиуретановых систем, что увеличивает его универсальность в различных формулировках.
Potlife Enhancer II широко используется в промышленности покрытий, клеев, эластомеров и герметиков, среди прочих.
Нетоксичная природа Potlife Enhancer II делает его безопасным для использования в различных промышленных и потребительских продуктах.

Potlife Enhancer II обеспечивает отличную гибкость обработки, делая его подходящим для различных применений, требующих продленного времени работы.
Potlife Enhancer II известен своей легкостью диспергирования, обеспечивая равномерное продление времени работы в различных системах.
Potlife Enhancer II незаменим при создании прочных и высокоэффективных полиуретановых продуктов.

Высокая способность Potlife Enhancer II продлевать время работы делает его предпочтительным выбором при создании высококачественных промышленных покрытий.
Potlife Enhancer II является важным предшественником в производстве высокоэффективных клеев и герметиков, предоставляя больше времени для нанесения.
Potlife Enhancer II широко используется в производстве прочных и стойких полиуретановых продуктов, обеспечивая больше времени для обработки и нанесения.



СВОЙСТВА


Химическая формула: Proprietary
Общее название: Potlife Enhancer II
Молекулярная структура: Proprietary
Внешний вид: Прозрачная жидкость
Плотность: 1,05 г/см³
Вязкость: Низкая
Растворимость: Смешивается с большинством органических растворителей
Реакционная способность: Умеренная
Химическая стабильность: Отличная
Совместимость: Широкий спектр полиуретановых систем
Гибкость обработки: Отличная
Диспергирование: Легкое



ПЕРВАЯ ПОМОЩЬ


При вдыхании:
Если Potlife Enhancer II был вдыхнут, немедленно переведите пострадавшего на свежий воздух. Если затрудненное дыхание сохраняется, немедленно обратитесь за медицинской помощью. Если человек не дышит, проведите искусственное дыхание. Держите пострадавшего в тепле и покое.

При контакте с кожей:
Снимите загрязненную одежду и обувь. Тщательно вымойте пораженную область кожи с мылом и водой. Если развивается раздражение или сыпь, обратитесь за медицинской помощью. Промойте загрязненную одежду перед повторным использованием.

При попадании в глаза:
Промывайте глаза большим количеством воды в течение как минимум 15 минут, приподнимая верхние и нижние веки. Немедленно обратитесь за медицинской помощью, если раздражение или покраснение сохраняется. Снимите контактные линзы, если они присутствуют и их легко снять; продолжайте промывание.

При проглатывании:
Не вызывать рвоту, если это не рекомендовано медицинским персоналом. Тщательно прополощите рот водой. Немедленно обратитесь за медицинской помощью. Если человек в сознании, дайте ему маленькие глотки воды.

Примечание для врачей:
Лечение симптоматическое. Специфического антидота нет. Обеспечьте поддерживающую терапию.



ОБРАЩЕНИЕ И ХРАНЕНИЕ


Обращение:

Личная защита:
Носите соответствующие средства индивидуальной защиты (СИЗ), включая химически стойкие перчатки, защитные очки или лицевой щиток и защитную одежду. Используйте средства защиты органов дыхания, если вентиляция недостаточна или превышены предельно допустимые концентрации.

Вентиляция:
Обеспечьте адекватную вентиляцию в рабочей зоне, чтобы контролировать концентрации в воздухе ниже предельно допустимых уровней. Используйте местную вытяжную вентиляцию или другие технические средства контроля для минимизации воздействия.

Избежание:
Избегайте прямого контакта с кожей и вдыхания паров. Не ешьте, не пейте и не курите при работе с Potlife Enhancer II. Тщательно мойте руки после работы.

Процедуры при разливе и утечке:
Используйте соответствующие средства индивидуальной защиты. Локализуйте разливы, чтобы предотвратить дальнейшее распространение и минимизировать воздействие. Поглотите разливы инертными материалами (например, песок, вермикулит) и соберите для утилизации.

Хранение:
Храните Potlife Enhancer II в прохладном, хорошо проветриваемом месте, вдали от несовместимых материалов (см. паспорт безопасности для конкретных деталей). Держите контейнеры плотно закрытыми, когда они не используются, чтобы предотвратить загрязнение. Храните вдали от источников тепла, прямых солнечных лучей и источников воспламенения.

Предосторожности при обращении:
Избегайте создания аэрозолей или туманов. Заземляйте и соединяйте контейнеры при операциях по перекачке, чтобы предотвратить накопление статического электричества. Используйте взрывозащищенное электрическое оборудование в местах, где могут присутствовать пары.


Хранение:

Температура:
Храните Potlife Enhancer II при температурах, рекомендованных производителем. Избегайте воздействия экстремальных температур.

Контейнеры:
Используйте утвержденные контейнеры, изготовленные из совместимых материалов. Регулярно проверяйте контейнеры для хранения на наличие утечек или повреждений.

Разделение:
Храните Potlife Enhancer II вдали от несовместимых материалов, включая сильные кислоты, основания, окислители и восстановители.

Оборудование для обработки:
Используйте специализированное оборудование для обращения с Potlife Enhancer II, чтобы избежать перекрестного загрязнения. Убедитесь, что все оборудование для обработки находится в хорошем состоянии.

Меры безопасности:
Ограничьте доступ к зонам хранения. Следуйте всем применимым местным правилам, касающимся хранения опасных материалов.

Экстренное реагирование:
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Betadine; Wokadine; Pyodine; Polyvidone Iodine CAS:25655-41-8

Powercon 100 IUPAC Name sodium;naphthalene-1-sulfonate Powercon 100 InChI 1S/C10H8O3S.Na/c11-14(12,13)10-7-3-5-8-4-1-2-6-9(8)10;/h1-7H,(H,11,12,13);/q;+1/p-1 Powercon 100 InChI Key HIEHAIZHJZLEPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Powercon 100 Canonical SMILES C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+] Powercon 100 Molecular Formula C10H7NaO3S Powercon 100 CAS 130-14-3 Powercon 100 Deprecated CAS 1081846-88-9 Powercon 100 European Community (EC) Number 204-976-0 Powercon 100 UNII MAI7V3C3PN Powercon 100 DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID3042394 Powercon 100 Molecular Weight 230.22 g/mol Powercon 100 Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0 Powercon 100 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 3 Powercon 100 Rotatable Bond Count 1 Powercon 100 Exact Mass 230.00136 g/mol Powercon 100 Monoisotopic Mass 230.00136 g/mol Powercon 100 Topological Polar Surface Area 65.6 Ų Powercon 100 Heavy Atom Count 15 Powercon 100 Formal Charge 0 Powercon 100 Complexity 296 Powercon 100 Isotope Atom Count 0 Powercon 100 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Powercon 100 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Powercon 100 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Powercon 100 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Powercon 100 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 2 Powercon 100 Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Powercon 100 reduces the viscosity and improve the fluidity of concentrated slurries or solids dispersed in water.Powercon 100, for instance, gives better strength to the concrete with less use of water. These effects are derived from the electrical negative charge that is imparted from PWERCON producing electrostatic repulsive forces to keep the particles separated.Powercon 100 is sodium salt of polymerized naphthalene sulfonic acid.Powercon 100 is cost-effective dispersant, fluidifier and high-range water reducing agent, which exhibits excellent rheological properties especially in concrete and gypsum board.Powercon 100 with its excellent rheological properties is used as the raw material for the admixture of concrete to produce high compressive strength (400~1,000 kg/cm2) concrete and improves the workability for concrete mixture. Concrete admixture with Powercon 100 also reduces the dry shrinkage of concrete without excess bleeding and gives an excellent smooth concrete surface.Powercon 100 was employed as a detection reagent to investigate ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic retention behavior of copper(II)-1-oxa-4,7,10,13-tetraazacyclopentadecane complex.[1] It was also employed as a stationary liquid phase for resolution of dichlorophenol isomers by GC.