Другие секторы

Gluconate de potassium
ZINC GLUCONATE N° CAS : 4468-02-4 - Gluconate de Zinc "Satisfaisant" dans toutes les catégories. Origine(s) : Synthétique, Minérale Autres langues : Gluconato de zinc, Zinco gluconato, Zinkgluconat Nom INCI : ZINC GLUCONATE Nom chimique : bis(D-Gluconato-O1,O2)zinc N° EINECS/ELINCS : 224-736-9. Le Gluconate de Zinc est utilisé en cosmétique pour ses propriété antiseptiques et astringentes. Il est souvent utilisé dans les produits de traitement de l'acnée, il accélère la cicatrisation des plaies et aide l'organisme à transformer les acides gras essentiels utilisés par la peau pour la guérison. On le retrouve aussi dans les déodorants ou les dentifrices. Classification : Règlementé Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) Déodorant : Réduit ou masque les odeurs corporelles désagréables Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
Gluconate de Zinc ( ZINC GLUCONATE)
GLUCONIC ACID; D-Gluconic acid; Dextronic acid; Glosanto; 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid; Gluconic acid; Glycogenic acid; Maltonic acid; Pentahydroxycaproic acid; cas no: 526-95-4
GLUCONIC ACID
SYNONYMS D-Gluconic acid; Dextronic acid; Glosanto; 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid; Gluconic acid; Glycogenic acid; Maltonic acid; Pentahydroxycaproic acid;CAS NO. 526-95-4
Glucono Delta Lactone
3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-one Aldono-1,5-lactone delta.-Gluconolactone D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone glucono-delta-lactone Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone, D- D-glucono-delta-lactone D-Gluconic acid-1,5-lactone 1-Desoxyhexoson 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (non-preferred name) D-galactono-1 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-on glucono-.delta.-lactone Galactonic acid, 8CI, Gluconic .delta.-lactone .delta.-D-Gluconolactone D-.delta.-Gluconolactone D-Glucono-.delta.-lactone Gluconic acid-1,5-lactone D-Gluconic .delta.-lactone d-Gluconic acid .delta.-lactone cas :54910-68-8
Gluconolactone
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one; d-Glucono-1,5-lactone; Glucono-δ-lactone; E575 CAS NO:90-80-2
GLUCOPURE FOAM
1.1. Product identifier Trade name GLUCOPURE FOAM Material number: 275450 Chemical nature: Glucamide in aqueous-glycolic solution INCI name: Cocoyl Methyl Glucamide 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Serious eye damage, Category 1 H318: Causes serious eye damage. 2.2 Label elements Labelling (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : H318 Causes serious eye damage. Precautionary statements : Prevention: P280 Wear eye protection/ face protection. Response: P305 + P351 + P338 + P310 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor. Hazardous components which must be listed on the label: D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. 2.3 Other hazards This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent,bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at levels of 0.1% or higher.No additional hazards are known except those derived from the labelling. 3.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Mixtures Hazardous components Chemical name CAS-No. EC-No. Index-No. Registration number Classification Concentration (% w/w) D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1- (methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. Not Assigned 01-2120041462-67- 0000 Eye Dam. 1; H318 >= 30 - < 50 4.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Description of first aid measures General advice : Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.Get medical advice/ attention if you feel unwell. If inhaled : If inhaled, remove to fresh air.Get medical advice/ attention. In case of skin contact : In case of contact, immediately flush skin with soap and plenty of water. In case of eye contact : In the case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. If swallowed : If swallowed do not induce vomiting,seek medical advice and show safety datasheet or label 4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed Symptoms : irritant effects Risks : Causes serious eye damage. 4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed Treatment : Treat symptomatically. 5.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Extinguishing media Suitable extinguishing media : Water spray jet Alcohol-resistant foam Dry powder Carbon dioxide (CO2) Unsuitable extinguishing media: High volume water jet 5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture Specific hazards during firefighting : In case of fire hazardous decomposition products may be produced such as: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Carbon monoxide 5.3 Advice for firefighters Special protective equipment for firefighters : Self-contained breathing apparatus Further information : Wear suitable protective equipment. 6.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Personal precautions : Wear suitable protective equipment. Ensure adequate ventilation. 6.2 Environmental precautions Environmental precautions : The product should not be allowed to enter drains, water courses or the soil. 6.3 Methods and material for containment and cleaning up Methods for cleaning up : Soak up with inert absorbent material (e.g. sand, silica gel, acid binder, universal binder, sawdust). Treat recovered material as described in the section "Disposal considerations". 6.4 Reference to other sections Information regarding Safe handling, see chapter 7., For personal protection see section 8., For disposal considerations see section 13. 7.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Precautions for safe handling Advice on safe handling : Provide adequate ventilation. Advice on protection against fire and explosion: Observe the general rules of industrial fire protection Hygiene measures : Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday. Use protective skin cream before handling the product. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. 7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Further information on storage conditions : Keep containers tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place. Store in cool place. Store in a dry place. 7.3 Specific end use(s) Specific use(s) : No further recommendations. 8.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Control parameters Derived No Effect Level (DNEL) according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006: Substance name-End Use-Exposure routes-Potential health effects-Value Propylene Glycol CAS-No.: 57-55-6-Workers-Inhalation-Long-term systemic effects-168 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Workers-Inhalation-Long-term local effects-10 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Inhalation Long-term systemic effects-50 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Inhalation Long-term local effects-10 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Consumers-Skin contact Long-term systemic effects-213 mg/m3 Consumers-Ingestion Long-term systemic effects-85 mg/m3 D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv.Workers Inhalation Long-term systemic effects-10,58 mg/m3 Remarks: DNEL-Workers-Skin contact Long-term systemic effects-30 mg/kg bw/day Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006: Substance name Environmental Compartment Value Propylene Glycol CAS-No.: 57-55-6 Fresh water 260 mg/l Marine water 26 mg/l Water (intermittent release) 183 mg/l Sewage treatment plant 20000 mg/l Fresh water sediment 572 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Marine sediment 57,2 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Soil 50 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) D-Glucitol, 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-, N-(C8-16 (even numbered) and C18 unsaturated acyl) deriv. Fresh water 0,32 mg/l Marine water 0,032 mg/l Water (intermittent release) 0,059 mg/l Fresh water sediment 43,4 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Marine sediment 4,3 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) Sewage treatment plant 0,8 mg/l Soil 36,6 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.) 8.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Exposure controls Personal protective equipment Eye protection : Depending on the risk, wear sufficient eye protection (safety glasses with side protection or goggles, and if necessary, face shield.) Hand protection Break through time : 480 min Glove thickness : 0,7 mm Remarks : Long-term exposure Impervious butyl rubber gloves Break through time : 30 min Glove thickness : 0,4 mm Remarks : For short-term exposure (splash protection): Nitrile rubber gloves. Remarks : These types of protective gloves are offered by various manufacturers. Please note the manufacturers´ detailed statements, especially about the minimum thickness and the minimum breakthrough time. Consider also the particular working conditions under which the gloves are being used. Skin and body protection : Wear suitable protective equipment. Respiratory protection : Use respiratory protection in case of insufficient exhaust ventilation or prolonged exposure Full mask to standard DIN EN 136 Filter A (organic gases and vapours) to standard DIN EN 141 The use of filter apparatus presupposes that the environment atmosphere contains at least 17% oxygen by volume, and does not exceed the maximum gas concentration, usually 0.5% by volume. Relevant guidelines to be considered include EN 136/141/143/371/372 as well as other national regulations. Protective measures : Observe the usual precautions for handling chemicals. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. 9.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Information on basic physical and chemical properties GLUCOPURE FOAM Appearance : paste GLUCOPURE FOAM Odour : characteristic GLUCOPURE FOAM Odour Threshold : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM pH : 8,5 - 9,5 (35 °C) GLUCOPURE FOAM Concentration: 10 g/l GLUCOPURE FOAM Melting point : approx. 32 °C GLUCOPURE FOAM Boiling point : approx. 100 °C Based on water-content. GLUCOPURE FOAM Flash point : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Evaporation rate : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Burning number : Not applicable GLUCOPURE FOAM Upper explosion limit : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Lower explosion limit : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Vapour pressure : 2,3 hPa (25 °C) Method: EEC 84/449 A.4 Corresp. to vapour pressure of water GLUCOPURE FOAM Relative vapour density : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Density : approx. 1,046 g/cm3 (50 °C) Method: DIN 51757 GLUCOPURE FOAM Bulk density : Not applicable GLUCOPURE FOAM Solubility(ies) Water solubility : soluble (40 °C) GLUCOPURE FOAM Solubility in other solvents : 39 g/l Data corresponds to that of the active component (20 °C) Solvent: 1-octanol Method: OECD Test Guideline 105 GLUCOPURE FOAM Auto-ignition temperature : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Decomposition temperature : > 200 °C Heating rate : 3 K/min Method: DSC GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity, dynamic : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Viscosity, kinematic : not tested. GLUCOPURE FOAM Explosive properties : Not explosive GLUCOPURE FOAM Oxidizing properties : There are no chemical groups associated with oxidising GLUCOPURE FOAM properties present in the molecule. 9.2 GLUCOPURE FOAM Other information Minimum ignition energy : not tested. Particle size : Not applicable Self-ignition : > 135 °C Method: EC A.16 10.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Reactivity See section 10.3. "Possibility of hazardous reactions" 10.2 Chemical stability Stable under normal conditions. 10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions Hazardous reactions : No dangerous reaction known under conditions of normal use. 10.4 Conditions to avoid Conditions to avoid : Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. 10.5 Incompatible materials Materials to avoid : Strong acids and oxidizing agents 10.6 Hazardous decomposition products When handled and stored appropriately, no dangerous decomposition products are known 11.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Information on toxicological effects Acute toxicity Product: Acute oral toxicity : LD50 (Rat): > 2.500 mg/kg Method: OECD Test Guideline 423 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Acute inhalation toxicity : Remarks: not tested. Acute dermal toxicity : LD50 (Rabbit): > 2.000 mg/kg Method: OECD Test Guideline 402 Remarks: By analogy with a product of similar composition Skin corrosion/irritation Product: Species: EPISKIN Human Skin Model Test Method: OECD Test Guideline 439 Result: No skin irritation Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Serious eye damage/eye irritation Product: Species: rabbit eye Method: OECD Test Guideline 405 Result: Risk of serious damage to eyes. Respiratory or skin sensitisation Product: Method: OECD Test Guideline 406 Result: non-sensitizing Germ cell mutagenicity Product: Genotoxicity in vitro : Test Type: HGPRT assay Species: V79 cells (embryonic lung fibroblasts) of the Chinese hamster Method: OECD Test Guideline 476 Result: negative Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Genotoxicity in vivo : Test Type: Micronucleus test Species: Mouse Method: OECD Test Guideline 474 Result: negative Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Germ cell mutagenicityAssessment : Not mutagenic in Ames Test Carcinogenicity Product: Carcinogenicity - Assessment : No information available. Reproductive toxicity Product: Reproductive toxicity - Assessment : No information available. No information available. STOT - single exposure Product: Remarks: not tested. STOT - repeated exposure Product: Remarks: not tested. Repeated dose toxicity Product: Species: Rat NOAEL: 750 mg/kg Exposure time: 28 d Method: OECD Test Guideline 407 Remarks: Information refers to the main component. Aspiration toxicity Product: no data available Further information Product: Remarks: The product has not been tested. The information is derived from the properties of the individual components. 12.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Toxicity Product:Toxicity to fish : LC50 (Danio rerio (zebra fish)): 7,5 mg/l Exposure time: 96 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 203 Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates: EC50 (Daphnia magna (Water flea)): 5,91 mg/l Exposure time: 48 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 202 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to algae : EC50 (Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae)): 30 mg/l Exposure time: 72 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 201 NOEC (Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae)): 5,6 mg/l Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to fish (Chronic toxicity) : NOEC: 4,8 mg/l Exposure time: 35 d Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates (Chronic toxicity) : NOEC: 3,24 mg/l Exposure time: 21 d Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) Method: OECD Test Guideline 211 Remarks: The values mentioned are those of the active ingredient. Toxicity to microorganisms : EC50 (activated sludge): 171 mg/l Exposure time: 3 h Method: OECD Test Guideline 209 12.2 Persistence and degradability Product: Biodegradability : Remarks: Not applicable 12.3 Bioaccumulative potential Product: Bioaccumulation : Bioconcentration factor (BCF): 58 Method: calculated Remarks: Low potential for bioaccumulation (log Pow < 3). 12.4 Mobility in soil Product: Distribution among environmental compartments: Remarks: not tested. 12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment Product: Assessment : This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at levels of 0.1% or higher.. 12.6 Other adverse effects Product: Additional ecological information : The product has not been tested. The information is derived from the properties of the individual components. 13.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Waste treatment methods Product : In accordance with local authority regulations, take to special waste incineration plant Contaminated packaging : Packaging that cannot be cleaned should be disposed of as product waste Section 14.1. to 14.5. ADR not restricted ADN not restricted RID not restricted IATA not restricted IMDG not restricted 14.6. Special precautions for user See sections 6 to 8 of this Safety Data Sheet. 14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code (International Bulk Chemicals Code) No transport as bulk according IBC - Code. 15.1 GLUCOPURE FOAM Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture REACH - Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation (Article 59). : Not applicable Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer : Not applicable Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 on persistent organic pollutants : Not applicable Other regulations: Apart from the data/regulations specified in this chapter, no further information is available concerning safety, health and environmental protection. The surfactant(s) contained in this mixture complies(comply) with the biodegradability criteria as laid down in Regulation (EC) No.648/2004 on detergents. Data to support this assertion are held at the disposal of the competent authorities of the Member States and will be made available to them, at their direct request or at the request of a detergent manufacturer. Take note of Dir 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work. Occupational restrictions for pregnant and breast feeding women 15.2 Chemical safety assessment No Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) is yet available for the substance, or for the component substances, contained in this product.
GLUCOPURE WET
Nonionic surfactant and solubilizer for hard surface cleaners GLUCOPURE WET Composition N-C8/10-acyl-N-methyl-glucamin GLUCOPURE WET Product properties GLUCOPURE WET Appearance (20 °C) Yellowish liquid GLUCOPURE WET Gardener colour Max. 5 GLUCOPURE WET Active substance Approx. 50 % GLUCOPURE WET Viscosity at 20 °C [mPas] Approx. 200 GLUCOPURE WET Density at 25 °C [g/cm3] Approx.1.081 GLUCOPURE WET pH (10 % t. q. aqueous solution) Approx. 8.5 GLUCOPURE WET Propylene Glycol Approx. 5.0 % GLUCOPURE WET HLB (Griffin) 13 Profile GLUCOPURE WET is a mild surfactant with a good cleaning an wetting ability.When used as a surfactant it is especially suitable bath cleaners with a mild pH value of 3-6 and all purpose cleaners. GLUCOPURE WET is mild to hard surfaces like plastics or metals common in households and typically does not create corrosion or stress cracking.In addition GLUCOPURE WET is an excellent non-EO solubilizer for hydrophobic oils and perfumes. Mildness Glucopure® surfactants are amongst the mildest surfactants in the market. They are extremely mild to both skin proteins and skin lipids and are therefore very useful for formulations with mildness claims and for sensitive skin and hair. Compatibility GLUCOPURE WET is miscible with all types of surfactants (anionic, non-ionic, cationic and amphoteric), complexing agents and other typical ingredients of hard surface cleaners.Glucopure are chemically stable in acidic and alkaline media in the pH range of approx. 3-10. Solublizing properties GLUCOPURE WET is an excellent non-EO solubilizer. Especially for terpenoides and preservative actives it shows better results than other non-EO solubilizers. Use Level A use level of 2.0 % - 10 % as solubilizer (1.0 to 5 % active) for cleaning applications recommended. For solubilisation significantly lower levels can be already sufficient. Formulation advice GLUCOPURE WET can be added to any step of the process. Storage and Shelf Life GLUCOPURE WET should be stored at room temperature.The shelf life is at least two years when stored in tightly closed containers at room temperature in a clear and aerated place. After this period the product should be analysed for extension of the shelf life.
Glucosamine
GLUCOSAMINE HCL, N° CAS : 66-84-2, Nom INCI : GLUCOSAMINE HCL. Nom chimique : Glucosamine hydrochloride. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-638-1. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance
Glucosamine hydrochloride
Synonyms: D-GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE 2KCL;GlucosamineSulfateUsp2996-104%;D-GLUCOSAMINESULFATE(K+)POTASSIUM;D-Glucosamine potassium sulfate;Bis(2-ammonio-2-deoxy-D-glucose) sulphate;Glucosamine sulfate;Einecs 239-088-2;Glucosamine Sulphate 2KHCL CAS: 14999-43-0
Glucosamine sulfate
GLUCOSAMINE SULFATEN° CAS : 29031-19-4, Nom INCI : GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE. Nom chimique : D-glucosamine sulphate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 249-379-6. Classification : Sulfate, Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
Glucose
GLUCOSE GLUTAMATE, N° CAS : 59279-63-9, Nom INCI : GLUCOSE GLUTAMATE. Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
GLUCOSE
CAS Number: 50-99-7
EC Number: 200-075-1
Chemical formula: C6H12O6
Molar mass: 180.156 g/mol

Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells.
Glucose comes from the foods we eat or the body can make it from other substances.
Glucose is carried to the cells through the bloodstream.
Several hormones, including insulin, control glucose levels in the blood.
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates.
Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world.

Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.
Glucose open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution.
Glucose rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms.
In its open-chain form, the glucose molecule has an open (as opposed to cyclic) unbranched backbone of six carbon atoms, where C-1 is part of an aldehyde group (C=O)−.
Therefore, glucose is also classified as an aldose, or an aldohexose.
The aldehyde group makes glucose a reducing sugar giving a positive reaction with the Fehling test.

Glucose metabolism and various forms of it in the process
Glucose-containing compounds and isomeric forms are digested and taken up by the body in the intestines, including starch, glycogen, disaccharides and monosaccharides.
Glucose is stored in mainly the liver and muscles as glycogen.
Glucose is distributed and used in tissues as free glucose.
Main articles: Glycolysis and Pentose phosphate pathway
In humans, glucose is metabolised by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Glycolysis is used by all living organisms,: 551 with small variations, and all organisms generate energy from the breakdown of monosaccharides.
Glucose the further course of the metabolism, it can be completely degraded via oxidative decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle (synonym Krebs cycle) and the respiratory chain to water and carbon dioxide.
Glucose there is not enough oxygen available for this, the glucose degradation in animals occurs anaerobic to lactate via lactic acid fermentation and releases less energy.
Muscular lactate enters the liver through the bloodstream in mammals, where gluconeogenesis occurs (Cori cycle).
With a high supply of glucose, the metabolite acetyl-CoA from the Krebs cycle can also be used for fatty acid synthesis.
Glucose is also used to replenish the body's glycogen stores, which are mainly found in liver and skeletal muscle. These processes are hormonally regulated.

In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms.
Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen.
Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar.
The naturally occurring form of glucose is d-glucose, while l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is of lesser importance[citation needed].

Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose.
The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form.
Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants.
Glucose animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.

Glucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.
Glucose is also on the list in combination with sodium chloride.

Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and can be used by all living organisms as an energy and carbon source.
However, most glucose does not occur in its free form, but in the form of its polymers, i.e. lactose, sucrose, starch and others which are energy reserve substances, and cellulose and chitin, which are components of the cell wall in plants or fungi and arthropods, respectively.
These polymers, when consumed by animals, fungi and bacteria, are degraded to glucose using enzymes.
All animals are also able to produce glucose themselves from certain precursors as the need arises.
Neurons, cells of the renal medulla and erythrocytes depend on glucose for their energy production.
In adult humans, there are about 18 g of glucose, of which about 4 g are present in the blood.
Approximately 180 to 220 g of glucose are produced in the liver of an adult in 24 hours.
Many of the long-term complications of diabetes (e.g., blindness, kidney failure, and peripheral neuropathy) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or lipids. In contrast, enzyme-regulated addition of sugars to protein is called glycosylation and is essential for the function of many proteins.

Uptake
Ingested glucose initially binds to the receptor for sweet taste on the tongue in humans.
Glucose complex of the proteins T1R2 and T1R3 makes it possible to identify glucose-containing food sources.
Glucose mainly comes from food—about 300 g per day are produced by conversion of food,but it is also synthesized from other metabolites in the body's cells.
In humans, the breakdown of glucose-containing polysaccharides happens in part already during chewing by means of amylase, which is contained in saliva, as well as by maltase, lactase, and sucrase on the brush border of the small intestine.
Glucose is a building block of many carbohydrates and can be split off from them using certain enzymes.
Glucosidases, a subgroup of the glycosidases, first catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain glucose-containing polysaccharides, removing terminal glucose.

In turn, disaccharides are mostly degraded by specific glycosidases to glucose.
Glucose names of the degrading enzymes are often derived from the particular poly- and disaccharide; inter alia, for the degradation of polysaccharide chains there are amylases (named after amylose, a component of starch), cellulases (named after cellulose), chitinases (named after chitin), and more.
Furthermore, for the cleavage of disaccharides, there are maltase, lactase, sucrase, trehalase, and others. In humans, about 70 genes are known that code for glycosidases.
They have functions in the digestion and degradation of glycogen, sphingolipids, mucopolysaccharides, and poly(ADP-ribose).
Humans do not produce cellulases, chitinases, or trehalases, but the bacteria in the gut flora do.

Glucoseorder to get into or out of cell membranes of cells and membranes of cell compartments, glucose requires special transport proteins from the major facilitator superfamily.
Glucose the small intestine (more precisely, in the jejunum),glucose is taken up into the intestinal epithelium with the help of glucose transporters via a secondary active transport mechanism called sodium ion-glucose symport via sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1).
Further transfer occurs on the basolateral side of the intestinal epithelial cells via the glucose transporter GLUT2,as well uptake into liver cells, kidney cells, cells of the islets of Langerhans, neurons, astrocytes, and tanycytes.
Glucose enters the liver via the portal vein and is stored there as a cellular glycogen.

Glucose the liver cell, it is phosphorylated by glucokinase at position 6 to form glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot leave the cell.
Glucose 6-phosphatase can convert glucose 6-phosphate back into glucose exclusively in the liver, so the body can maintain a sufficient blood glucose concentration.
Glucose other cells, uptake happens by passive transport through one of the 14 GLUT proteins.
Glucose the other cell types, phosphorylation occurs through a hexokinase, whereupon glucose can no longer diffuse out of the cell.

The glucose transporter GLUT1 is produced by most cell types and is of particular importance for nerve cells and pancreatic β-cells. GLUT3 is highly expressed in nerve cells.
Glucose from the bloodstream is taken up by GLUT4 from muscle cells (of the skeletal muscle and heart muscle) and fat cells.GLUT14 is expressed exclusively in testicles.
Excess glucose is broken down and converted into fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides.
Glucose the kidneys, glucose in the urine is absorbed via SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the apical cell membranes and transmitted via GLUT2 in the basolateral cell membranes.
About 90% of kidney glucose reabsorption is via SGLT2 and about 3% via SGLT1.

Biosynthesis
Main articles: Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
In plants and some prokaryotes, glucose is a product of photosynthesis.
Glucose is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like glycogen (in animals and mushrooms) or starch (in plants).
The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation.

Glucose metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms.
The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways.
Ultimately almost all biomolecules come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants during photosynthesis:
The free energy of formation of α-d-glucose is 917.2 kilojoules per mole: 59 In humans, gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidney,but also in other cell types.
Glucose the liver about 150 g of glycogen are stored, in skeletal muscle about 250 g.

However, the glucose released in muscle cells upon cleavage of the glycogen can not be delivered to the circulation because glucose is phosphorylated by the hexokinase, and a glucose-6-phosphatase is not expressed to remove the phosphate group.
Unlike for glucose, there is no transport protein for glucose-6-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis allows the organism to build up glucose from other metabolites, including lactate or certain amino acids, while consuming energy.
The renal tubular cells can also produce glucose.

Glucose also can be found outside of living organisms in the ambient environment.
Glucose concentrations in the atmosphere are detected via collection of samples by aircraft and are known to vary from location to location.
For example, glucose concentrations in atmospheric air from inland China range from 0.8-20.1 pg/l, whereas east coastal China glucose concentrations range from 10.3-142 pg/l.

Glucose degradation
Glucose other living organisms, other forms of fermentation can occur.
The bacterium Escherichia coli can grow on nutrient media containing glucose as the sole carbon source: 
Glucose some bacteria and, in modified form, also in archaea, glucose is degraded via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation.
Glucose first step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose by a hexokinase to form glucose 6-phosphate.
Glucose main reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent its diffusion out of the cell as the charged phosphate group prevents glucose 6-phosphate from easily crossing the cell membrane.
Furthermore, addition of the high-energy phosphate group activates glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis.
At physiological conditions, this initial reaction is irreversible.

In anaerobic respiration, one glucose molecule produces a net gain of two ATP molecules (four ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation, but two are required by enzymes used during the process).
In aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose is much more profitable in that a maximum net production of 30 or 32 ATP molecules (depending on the organism) through oxidative phosphorylation is generated.

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.

Tumor cells often grow comparatively quickly and consume an above-average amount of glucose by glycolysis,which leads to the formation of lactate, the end product of fermentation in mammals, even in the presence of oxygen.
Glucose effect is called the Warburg effect. For the increased uptake of glucose in tumors various SGLT and GLUT are overly produced.

In yeast, ethanol is fermented at high glucose concentrations, even in the presence of oxygen (which normally leads to respiration but not to fermentation).
Glucose effect is called the Crabtree effect.

Glucose can also degrade to form carbon dioxide through abiotic means.
This has been demonstrated to occur experimentally via oxidation and hydrolysis at 22˚C and a pH of 2.5.

Energy source
Diagram showing the possible intermediates in glucose degradation; Metabolic pathways orange: glycolysis, green: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, phosphorylating, yellow: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, non-phosphorylating
Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology.
Glucose is used as an energy source in organisms, from bacteria to humans, through either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration (in bacteria), or fermentation.
Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75 kilocalories (16 kilojoules) of food energy per gram.
Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g., starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose.
Through glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon dioxide and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of ATP.
Glucose insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Glucose physiological caloric value of glucose, depending on the source, is 16.2 kilojoules per gram and 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g), respectively.
Glucose high availability of carbohydrates from plant biomass has led to a variety of methods during evolution, especially in microorganisms, to utilize the energy and carbon storage glucose.
Differences exist in which end product can no longer be used for energy production.
The presence of individual genes, and their gene products, the enzymes, determine which reactions are possible.
The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living beings.
An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery of NADPH as a reductant for anabolism that would otherwise have to be generated indirectly.

Glucose and oxygen supply almost all the energy for the brain, so its availability influences psychological processes.
When glucose is low, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g., self-control, effortful decision-making) are impaired.
In the brain, which is dependent on glucose and oxygen as the major source of energy, the glucose concentration is usually 4 to 6 mM (5 mM equals 90 mg/dL),[40] but decreases to 2 to 3 mM when fasting.
Confusion occurs below 1 mM and coma at lower levels.
The glucose in the blood is called blood sugar.
Blood sugar levels are regulated by glucose-binding nerve cells in the hypothalamus.
In addition, glucose in the brain binds to glucose receptors of the reward system in the nucleus accumbens.
The binding of glucose to the sweet receptor on the tongue induces a release of various hormones of energy metabolism, either through glucose or through other sugars, leading to an increased cellular uptake and lower blood sugar levels.
Artificial sweeteners do not lower blood sugar levels.

The blood sugar content of a healthy person in the short-time fasting state, e.g. after overnight fasting, is about 70 to 100 mg/dL of blood (4 to 5.5 mM).
In blood plasma, the measured values are about 10–15% higher.
In addition, the values in the arterial blood are higher than the concentrations in the venous blood since glucose is absorbed into the tissue during the passage of Glucose capillary bed.
Also in the capillary blood, which is often used for blood sugar determination, the values are sometimes higher than in the venous blood. The glucose content of the blood is regulated by the hormones insulin, incretin and glucagon.
Insulin lowers the glucose level, glucagon increases it.

Furthermore, the hormones adrenaline, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, somatotropin and adrenocorticotropin lead to an increase in the glucose level.
Glucose is also a hormone-independent regulation, which is referred to as glucose autoregulation.
After food intake the blood sugar concentration increases. Values over 180 mg/dL in venous whole blood are pathological and are termed hyperglycemia, values below 40 mg/dL are termed hypoglycaemia.
When needed, glucose is released into the bloodstream by glucose-6-phosphatase from glucose-6-phosphate originating from liver and kidney glycogen, thereby regulating the homeostasis of blood glucose concentration.
In ruminants, the blood glucose concentration is lower (60 mg/dL in cattle and 40 mg/dL in sheep), because the carbohydrates are converted more by their gut flora into short-chain fatty acids.

Some glucose is converted to lactic acid by astrocytes, which is then utilized as an energy source by brain cells; some glucose is used by intestinal cells and red blood cells, while the rest reaches the liver, adipose tissue and muscle cells, where it is absorbed and stored as glycogen (under the influence of insulin).
Liver cell glycogen can be converted to glucose and returned to the blood when insulin is low or absent; muscle cell glycogen is not returned to the blood because of a lack of enzymes.
Glucose fat cells, glucose is used to power reactions that synthesize some fat types and have other purposes.
Glycogen is the body's "glucose energy storage" mechanism, because it is much more "space efficient" and less reactive than glucose itself.

As a result of its importance in human health, glucose is an analyte in glucose tests that are common medical blood tests.
Eating or fasting prior to taking a blood sample has an effect on analyses for glucose in the blood; a high fasting glucose blood sugar level may be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus.

The glycemic index is an indicator of the speed of resorption and conversion to blood glucose levels from ingested carbohydrates, measured as the area under the curve of blood glucose levels after consumption in comparison to glucose (glucose is defined as 100).
Glucose clinical importance of the glycemic index is controversial, as foods with high fat contents slow the resorption of carbohydrates and lower the glycemic index, e.g. ice cream.
An alternative indicator is the insulin index, measured as the impact of carbohydrate consumption on the blood insulin levels.
The glycemic load is an indicator for the amount of glucose added to blood glucose levels after consumption, based on the glycemic index and the amount of consumed food.

Precursor
Organisms use glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of several important substances.
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen ("animal starch") are common glucose polymers (polysaccharides).
Some of these polymers (starch or glycogen) serve as energy stores, while others (cellulose and chitin, which is made from a derivative of glucose) have structural roles.
Oligosaccharides of glucose combined with other sugars serve as important energy stores.

These include lactose, the predominant sugar in milk, which is a glucose-galactose disaccharide, and sucrose, another disaccharide which is composed of glucose and fructose.
Glucose is also added onto certain proteins and lipids in a process called glycosylation.
Glucose is often critical for their functioning.
The enzymes that join glucose to other molecules usually use phosphorylated glucose to power the formation of the new bond by coupling it with the breaking of the glucose-phosphate bond.

Other than its direct use as a monomer, glucose can be broken down to synthesize a wide variety of other biomolecules.
This is important, as glucose serves both as a primary store of energy and as a source of organic carbon.
Glucose can be broken down and converted into lipids.
Glucose is also a precursor for the synthesis of other important molecules such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Glucose living organisms, glucose is converted to several other chemical compounds that are the starting material for various metabolic pathways.

Among them, all other monosaccharides such as fructose (via the polyol pathway),mannose (the epimer of glucose at position 2), galactose (the epimer at position 4), fucose, various uronic acids and the amino sugars are produced from glucose.
In addition to the phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate, which is part of the glycolysis, glucose can be oxidized during its degradation to glucono-1,5-lactone. Glucose is used in some bacteria as a building block in the trehalose or the dextran biosynthesis and in animals as a building block of glycogen.
Glucose can also be converted from bacterial xylose isomerase to fructose.
In addition, glucose metabolites produce all nonessential amino acids, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleic acids.
Finally, glucose is used as a building block in the glycosylation of proteins to glycoproteins, glycolipids, peptidoglycans, glycosides and other substances (catalyzed by glycosyltransferases) and can be cleaved from them by glycosidases.

Pathology
Diabetes
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to regulate levels of glucose in the blood either because of a lack of insulin in the body or the failure, by cells in the body, to respond properly to insulin.
Each of these situations can be caused by persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, through pancreatic burnout and insulin resistance.
Glucose pancreas is the organ responsible for the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose levels, allowing the body's cells to absorb and use glucose.

Without it, glucose cannot enter the cell and therefore cannot be used as fuel for the body's functions.
Glucose the pancreas is exposed to persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas could be damaged, causing a lack of insulin in the body.
Insulin resistance occurs when the pancreas tries to produce more and more insulin in response to persistently elevated blood glucose levels.
Eventually, the rest of the body becomes resistant to the insulin that the pancreas is producing, thereby requiring more insulin to achieve the same blood glucose-lowering effect, and forcing the pancreas to produce even more insulin to compete with the resistance.
This negative spiral contributes to pancreatic burnout, and the disease progression of diabetes.

To monitor the body's response to blood glucose-lowering therapy, glucose levels can be measured.
Blood glucose monitoring can be performed by multiple methods, such as the fasting glucose test which measures the level of glucose in the blood after 8 hours of fasting.
Another test is the 2-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) – for this test, the person has a fasting glucose test done, then drinks a 75-gram glucose drink and is retested.
This test measures the ability of the person's body to process glucose.
Over time the blood glucose levels should decrease as insulin allows it to be taken up by cells and exit the blood stream.

Hypoglycemia management

Glucose, 5% solution for infusions
Individuals with diabetes or other conditions that result in low blood sugar often carry small amounts of sugar in various forms.
One sugar commonly used is glucose, often in the form of glucose tablets (glucose pressed into a tablet shape sometimes with one or more other ingredients as a binder), hard candy, or sugar packet.

Sources

Glucose tablets
Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block (as in the polysaccharides starch and glycogen), or together with another monosaccharide (as in the hetero-polysaccharides sucrose and lactose).
Unbounded glucose is one of the main ingredients of honey.
Glucose is extremely abundant and has been isolated from a variety of natural sources across the world, including male cones of the coniferous tree Wollemia nobilis in Rome, the roots of Ilex asprella plants in China, and straws from rice in California.

Commercial production
Glucose is produced industrially from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis using glucose amylase or by the use of acids.
Glucose enzymatic hydrolysis has largely displaced the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.
Glucose result is glucose syrup (enzymatically with more than 90% glucose in the dry matter) with an annual worldwide production volume of 20 million tonnes (as of 2011).
This is the reason for the former common name "starch sugar".

The amylases most often come from Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis (strain MN-385), which are more thermostable than the originally used enzymes.
Starting in 1982, pullulanases from Aspergillus niger were used in the production of glucose syrup to convert amylopectin to starch (amylose), thereby increasing the yield of glucose.
Glucose reaction is carried out at a pH = 4.6–5.2 and a temperature of 55–60 °C.
Corn syrup has between 20% and 95% glucose in the dry matter.
The Japanese form of the glucose syrup, Mizuame, is made from sweet potato or rice starch.
Maltodextrin contains about 20% glucose.

Many crops can be used as the source of starch.
Maize,rice,wheat,cassava,potato, barley, sweet potato,corn husk and sago are all used in various parts of the world.
In the United States, corn starch (from maize) is used almost exclusively.
Some commercial glucose occurs as a component of invert sugar, a roughly 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose that is produced from sucrose.
In principle, cellulose could be hydrolysed to glucose, but this process is not yet commercially practical.

Conversion to fructose
Main article: isoglucose
In the USA almost exclusively corn (more precisely: corn syrup) is used as glucose source for the production of isoglucose, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose, since fructose has a higher sweetening power — with same physiological calorific value of 374 kilocalories per 100 g.
The annual world production of isoglucose is 8 million tonnes (as of 2011).
When made from corn syrup, the final product is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS).

Commercial usage
Relative sweetness of various sugars in comparison with sucrose
Glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods.
Glucose foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel.
Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages.

Most soft drinks in the US use HFCS-55 (with a fructose content of 55% in the dry mass), while most other HFCS-sweetened foods in the US use HFCS-42 (with a fructose content of 42% in the dry mass).
Glucose the neighboring country Mexico, on the other hand, cane sugar is used in the soft drink as a sweetener, which has a higher sweetening power.
In addition, glucose syrup is used, inter alia, in the production of confectionery such as candies, toffee and fondant.
Typical chemical reactions of glucose when heated under water-free conditions are the caramelization and, in presence of amino acids, the maillard reaction.

In addition, various organic acids can be biotechnologically produced from glucose, for example by fermentation with Clostridium thermoaceticum to produce acetic acid, with Penicillium notatum for the production of araboascorbic acid, with Rhizopus delemar for the production of fumaric acid, with Aspergillus niger for the production of gluconic acid, with Candida brumptii to produce isocitric acid, with Aspergillus terreus for the production of itaconic acid, with Pseudomonas fluorescens for the production of 2-ketogluconic acid, with Gluconobacter suboxydans for the production of 5-ketogluconic acid, with Aspergillus oryzae for the production of kojic acid, with Lactobacillus delbrueckii for the production of lactic acid, with Lactobacillus brevis for the production of malic acid, with Propionibacter shermanii for the production of propionic acid, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the production of pyruvic acid and with Gluconobacter suboxydans for the production of tartaric acid Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression.
Recently, glucose has been gaining commercial use as a key component of "kits" containing lactic acid and insulin intended to induce hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia to combat different cancers and infections.

Analysis
Specifically, when a glucose molecule is to be detected at a certain position in a larger molecule, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography analysis or lectin immunostaining is performed with concanavalin A reporter enzyme conjugate (that binds only glucose or mannose).

Classical qualitative detection reactions
These reactions have only historical significance:

Fehling test
Glucose Fehling test is a classic method for the detection of aldoses.
Due to mutarotation, glucose is always present to a small extent as an open-chain aldehyde.
By adding the Fehling reagents (Fehling (I) solution and Fehling (II) solution), the aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, while the Cu2+ tartrate complex is reduced to Cu+ and forms a brick red precipitate (Cu2O).

Tollens test
Glucose the Tollens test, after addition of ammoniacal AgNO3 to the sample solution, Ag+ is reduced by glucose to elemental silver.

Barfoed test
Glucose Barfoed's test, a solution of dissolved copper acetate, sodium acetate and acetic acid is added to the solution of the sugar to be tested and subsequently heated in a water bath for a few minutes.
Glucose and other monosaccharides rapidly produce a reddish color and reddish brown copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).

Nylander's test
As a reducing sugar, glucose reacts in the Nylander's test.

Other tests
Upon heating a dilute potassium hydroxide solution with glucose to 100 °C, a strong reddish browning and a caramel-like odor develops.
Concentrated sulfuric acid dissolves dry glucose without blackening at room temperature forming sugar sulfuric acid.
Glucose a yeast solution, alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide in the ratio of 2.0454 molecules of glucose to one molecule of CO2.
Glucose forms a black mass with stannous chloride.
Glucose an ammoniacal silver solution, glucose (as well as lactose and dextrin) leads to the deposition of silver.
Glucose an ammoniacal lead acetate solution, white lead glycoside is
GLUCOSE GLUTAMATE
GLUCOSE OXIDASE, N° CAS : 9001-37-0 - Glucose oxydase. Nom INCI : GLUCOSE OXIDASE. Nom chimique : Oxidase, glucose. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 232-601-0. Additif alimentaire : E1102 Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent stabilisant : Améliore les ingrédients ou la stabilité de la formulation et la durée de conservation
Glucose oxydase
GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE. N° CAS : 604-68-2 / 3891-59-6. Nom INCI : GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE. Nom chimique : 2,3,4,5,6-Penta-O-acetyl-D-glucose. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 210-073-2 / 223-439-1. Ses fonctions (INCI): Stabilisateur d'émulsion : Favorise le processus d'émulsification et améliore la stabilité et la durée de conservation de l'émulsion
GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE
GLUCURONIC ACID, N° CAS : 576-37-4. Nom INCI : GLUCURONIC ACID. Nom chimique : Glucuronic acid. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 209-401-7. Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Agent de chélation : Réagit et forme des complexes avec des ions métalliques qui pourraient affecter la stabilité et / ou l'apparence des produits cosmétiques. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau
Glucuronic acid
GLUTAMINE, N° CAS : 56-85-9, Nom INCI : GLUTAMINE, Nom chimique : (S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-292-1. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
GLUCURONOLACTONE
Glucuronolactone; D-Glucofuranuronic acid gamma-lactone; D-Glucuronic acid lactone; D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone; D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone; D-Glucuronolactone; Dicurone; gamma-Glukurolakton; Glucoxy; Glucurolactona; Glucurolactone; Glucurolactonum; Glucuron; Glucurone; Glucuronic acid lactone; Glucurono-6,3-lactone; (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyacetaldehyde; cas no: 32449-92-6
Glukono-delta-lakton
SYNONYMS1,5-Gluconolactone;D-(+)-Gluconic acid δ-lactone;D-Gluconic acid 1,5-lactone;D-Gluconic acid lactone;D-Gluconic acid, δ-lactone;D-Glucono-1,5-lacton;D-glucono-1,5-lactona;D-Glucono-1,5-lactone CAS NO:90-80-2
GLUKOSAMİN HİDROKLÖRÜR TOZ
glucosamine HCl; D-glucose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-, hydrochloride (1:1); 2- deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose hydrochloride; D- glucosamine chloride ;D- glucosamine monohydrochloride; D- glucosaminehydrochloride cas no:66-84-2
GLUKOSAMİN SÜLFAT DC GRANÜL
Granül Glukozamin Sülfat ;glucosamine HCl; D-glucose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-, hydrochloride (1:1); 2- deoxy-2-amino-D-glucose hydrochloride; D- glucosamine chloride ;D- glucosamine monohydrochloride; D- glucosaminehydrochloride cas no:66-84-2
GLUTAMINE
Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaral; 1,3-Diformylpropane; 1,5-Pentanedial; 1,5-Pentanedione; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutarol; Gluteraldehyde; Pentanedial; Sonacide; Aldehyd glutarowy; Aldesan; Ucarcide CAS:111-30-8
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaric acid dialdehyde; Glutardialdehyde; Glutaral; 1,3-Diformylpropane; 1,5-Pentanedial; 1,5-Pentanedione; Glutaric aldehyde; Glutarol; Gluteraldehyde; Pentanedial; Sonacide; Aldehyd glutarowy; Aldesan; Ucarcide CAS:111-30-8
GLUTARALDEHYDE %24
GLUTARALDEHYDE %24 Glutaraldehyde %24 the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Glutaraldehyde %24 Skeletal formula of Glutaraldehyde %24 Ball-and-stick model of the Glutaraldehyde %24 molecule Glutaraldehyde %24 Infobox references Glutaraldehyde %24, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.[3][4][5][6] As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde %24 is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde %24 is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde %24 is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde %24 came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] Disinfection Glutaraldehyde %24 is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][12] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde %24 is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with Glutaraldehyde %24 is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, Glutaraldehyde %24 is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde %24 is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, Glutaraldehyde %24 is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of Glutaraldehyde %24.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions Synthesis of Glutaraldehyde %24 via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde %24 is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), Glutaraldehyde %24 converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species.[clarification needed][20][19] Monomeric Glutaraldehyde %24 polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde %24. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.[medical citation needed] History and culture Glutaraldehyde %24 came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] A Glutaraldehyde %24 solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.[21] As a biocide, Glutaraldehyde %24 is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[22] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde %24 is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth.[medical citation needed] Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological uses and importance of Glutaraldehyde %24. The modern industrial production of the aldehyde involves a two-step synthesis from an interaction of acrolein with vinyl ethyl ether to produce an ethoxy dihydropyran that is then hydrolyzed with water to form Glutaraldehyde %24 and ethanol. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used in three major areas: (1) leather tanning, (2) sterilization and disinfection, and (3) tissue fixation for electron microscopy. This chapter is discusses the latter two of these subjects. Investigation of the effects of a number of fixatives on plant cells from the root tip of Phaseolus vulgaris both at the light- and electron microscopic levels, including Glutaraldehyde %24, osmium tetroxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, potassium dichromate, Clarke's fluid and chromic acid, acetic and water showed that Glutaraldehyde %24 was an excellent general fixative. The chapter discusses the recently introduced Glutaraldehyde %24-containing fixatives. Overview CAS No. 111-30-8 Glutaraldehyde %24, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor. Exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 may cause the following symptoms: throat and lung irritation, asthma and difficulty breathing, dermatitis, nasal irritation, sneezing, wheezing, burning eyes, and conjunctivitis. Workers may be harmed from exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Workers can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24 through inhalation or skin contact. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used for a number of applications: NIOSH recommends that employers use Hierarchy of Controls to prevent injuries. If you work in an industry that uses Glutaraldehyde %24, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheet for hazard information. Visit NIOSH’s page on Managing Chemical Safety in the Workplace to learn more about controlling chemical workplace exposures. The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Useful search terms for Glutaraldehyde %24 include “glutaric dialdehyde,” and “1,5-pentanedial.” Related NIOSH Resources NIOSHTIC-2 search results on Glutaraldehyde %24 A searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. Aldehydes, screening (No. 2539) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Selected Publications NIOSH Skin Notation Profiles: Glutaraldehyde %24 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-149 (2011) NIOSH Glutaraldehyde %24: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-115. Provides information about the adverse health effects of Glutaraldehyde %24, describes how hospital workers can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24, and identifies control methods and work practices to prevent or reduce exposure. En Español NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 55: Carcinogenicity of Acetaldehyde and Malonaldehyde, and Mutagenicity of Related Low-Molecular-Weight Aldehydes DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-112 Information about the potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde, the chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of nine related aldehydes, and includes guidelines for minimizing can be exposed to Glutaraldehyde %24, and identifies control methods and work practices to prevent or reduce exposure. NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 55: Carcinogenicity of Acetaldehyde and Malonaldehyde, and Mutagenicity of Related Low-Molecular-Weight Aldehydes DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-112 Information about the potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of acetaldehyde and malonaldehyde, the chemical reactivity and mutagenicity of nine related aldehydes, and includes guidelines for minimizing occupational exposures. NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS): Glutaraldehyde %24 Includes detailed information about toxic health effects and official exposure recommendations and standards for Glutaraldehyde %24. Related Resources Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ASTDR): Glutaraldehyde %24 ASTDR Toxciological Profile for Glutaraldehyde %24 ASTDR ToxGuide: Glutaraldehyde %24pdf icon FDA-Cleared Sterilants and High Level Disinfectantsexternal icon EPA Chemistry Dashboard: Glutaraldeydeexternal icon EPA: Reducing Ethylene Oxide and Glutaraldehyde %24 Usepdf iconexternal icon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Best Practices for the Safe Use of Glutaraldehyde %24 in Health Careexternal icon OSHA Hospital eTool: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon OSHA Hazard Communicationexternal icon New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon International Resources European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): Glutaraldehyde %24external icon INCHEM-International Chemical Safety Data Card: Glutaraldehyde %24external icon Gestis Substance Databaseexternal icon OECD Global Portal to Information on Chemical Substancesexternal icon Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Screening Information Data Sets (SIDS): Glutaraldehyde %24external icon Glutaraldehyde %24 has been a high-level disinfectant for over 50 years. As a disinfectant, it is used to eliminate harmful microorganisms on surgical instruments and has other uses as a fixative or preservative in other parts of a healthcare facility. However, it can get into the air from its use as a disinfectant and employees and patients can be exposed to the chemical. Prolonged exposure to employees can become a problem. At CHT we provide solutions to maintain the health of your employees with environmental monitoring to ensure their well-being. We understand it's crucial to keep your employees safe and your healthcare facility compliant. In this article, we discuss the health effects and managing the chemical safety of Glutaraldehyde %24 in the workplace. Glutaraldehyde %24 How is Glutaraldehyde %24 Used in Healthcare Facilities? Glutaraldehyde %24 is used as a cold sterilant to disinfect a variety of heat-sensitive instruments, such as endoscopes, dialysis equipment, and more. It is used as a high-level disinfectant for those surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized. Glutaraldehyde %24 is used for several applications in healthcare facilities: There are risks associated with exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. Occupational Hazards in Healthcare Facilities Glutaraldehyde %24 has been linked with a variety of health effects – ranging from mild to severe – including asthma, breathing difficulties, respiratory irritation, and skin rashes (Pryor, 1984; Crandall, 1987). "Rooms in which Glutaraldehyde %24 disinfection/sterilization is performed should be large enough to ensure the adequate dilution of vapor and should have a minimum air exchange rate of ten air exchanges per hour." [source] PPE protects workers against the hazards of using high-level disinfectants such as Glutaraldehyde %24. Regardless of the type of disinfectant used, facilities should use the proper PPE designed to protect their skin and eyes from contact. One of the earliest indications of the potential antimicrobial activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 came from the results of a survey of sporicidal activity of saturated dialdehydes in a search for an efficient substitute for formaldehyde (Pepper & Lieberman 1962). Further studies by Pepper & Chandler (1963) revealed that Glutaraldehyde %24 in alcoholic solution was superior as a sporicidal agent to both formaldehyde and glyoxal. In their claims for Glutaraldehyde %24 as a chemical sterilizing solution, Stonehill et a/. (1963) pointed out that aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde %24 were mildly acidic and needed to be buffered by suitable alkalinating agents to a pH of 7.5-8.5 for antimicrobial activity. A 2.0% (w/v) Glutaraldehyde %24 buffered to alkaline pH by addition of 0.3‘j/, (w/v) sodium bicarbonate was advocated to provide the minimum concentration and conditions necessary for rapid sporicidal activity. This solution has a greater sporicidal activity than 8% formaldehyde (Table 3). The value of this alkaline solution was later confirmed by Snyder & Cheatle (1965). Subsequently Glutaraldehyde %24 has always been recommended for use as an alkaline solution at pH 7.5-8.5 and towards the end of 1963, a 2% solution (Cidex) was marketed by Ethicon Inc., requiring ‘activation’ with 0.3% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate before use as a chemosterilizer. The time required for sterilization by a chemical agent is based upon the killing time achieved by the agent against a reasonable challenge of spores which are considered to be the most resistant. At the use-dilution of 2%, Glutaraldehyde %24 was capable of killing spores of Bacillus and Clostridium sp. in 3 h (Stonehill et a/. 1963; Borick et al. 1964). Rubbo et a/. (1967) reported a 99.99% kill of spores of B. anthracis and CI. tetani in 15 and 30 min respectively. It was apparent from their results that not all species were equally susceptible and of those organisms tested B. pumilis was the most resistant. Boucher (1974) found that B. subtilis spores were the most resistant to treatment with Glutaraldehyde %24. Using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) sporicidal test and vacuum-dried spores, he found that 10 h was necessary for complete kill. Other work, however, using similar time-survivor measurements and aqueous suspensions of B.subtilis spores, indicated that a 3 h contact period gave approximately a six log drop in viable count (Sierra & Boucher 1971; Kelsey et al. 1974; Forsyth 1975; Miner et al. 1977). Vegetative bacteria are readily susceptible to the action of Glutaraldehyde %24. As shown in Table 4, a 0.02% aqueous alkaline solution is rapidly effective against Gram positive and Gram negative species, whilst a 2% solution is capable of killing many vegetative species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 2 min (Stonehill el al. 1963). McGucken & Woodside (1973) reported a complete kill in 10 min of Esch. coli (2 x lo8 cells/ml) by 100 pg/ml alkaline Glutaraldehyde %24 compared with a 45% kill produced by the unactivated acid solution. In a comparative study of Cidex and Savlon by Leers eta/. (1974) stainless steel penicylinders, neoprene '0' rings and polyvinyl tubing were used as carriers for a range of organisms including Ps.aeruginosa and Mycobacterium smegmatis to simulate in-use conditions for the sterilization of instruments, catheter tubing and anaesthetic equipment. Cidex was effective on all three carriers, whereas Savlon was only partially effective, especially against Ps.aeruginosa and Staph.aureus. The tubercle bacillus has gained a justified reputation for being one of the most difficult species to destroy and its resistance to antibacterial agents is considered to be intermediate between sporulating and non-sporing organisms (Spaulding et al. 1977). Although good tuberculocidal activity has been attributed to Glutaraldehyde %24 (Stonehill et al. 1963; Borick et al. 1964), subsequent studies have shown that it has a slow action against Myco.tuberculosis (Rubbo et al. 1967), being less effective than formaldehyde or iodine (Bergan & Lystad 1971). It has been claimed by Relyveld (1977) that the activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 is equivalent or superior to that of hypochlorite with the exception of its effectiveness against mycobacteria. The picture is somewhat confused by the findings of Collins & Montalbine (1976) that the dialdehyde was rapidly mycobactericidal at room temperature. It must be added that the experimental technique adopted by the latter authors leaves a very considerable doubt about the validity of the conclusions reached. B. Antifingal activity Antifungal activity of Glutaraldehyde %24 was first demonstrated by Stonehill et al. (1963), who reported that growth of Trichophyton interdigitale was inhibited by a 5 min exposure to a 2% alkaline solution and that this solution was more potent than a number of other commercially available preparations tested. A 1% solution is also fungicidal (Dabrowa et al. 1972), but porous surfaces contaminated with Candida albicans and Microsporium gypseum are significantly more difficult to disinfect with Glutaraldehyde %24 than are smooth surfaces (Tadeusiak 1976). Aspergillus niger is more resistant than other fungi to Glutaraldehyde %24 (Rubbo et al. 1967; Gorman & Scott 1977a). In common with a range of other fungal species, however, both mycelial growth and sporulation are inhibited by 0.5% alkaline Glutaraldehyde %24 while spore swelling is entirely halted by a 0.5% solution. Fungicidal activity is also demonstrated (Fig. 1). What Is Glutaraldehyde %24 Used For? Glutaraldehyde %24 has a variety of uses in many industries and occupations. It is most commonly found in the healthcare industry, used to disinfect medical equipment that cannot be heat sterilized. The main uses of Glutaraldehyde %24 include: Glutaraldehyde %24 (C5H8O2) is most often used in a diluted form with solutions ranging from 0.1 to 50 percent Glutaraldehyde %24 in water. It is a colorless, oily liquid and sometimes has an odor of rotten apples. In a vapor state, Glutaraldehyde %24 has a pungent odor, with an odor threshold level of 0.04 parts per million (ppm).Trade names for Glutaraldehyde %24-containing formulations include Cidex®, Sonacide®, Sporicidin®, Hospex®, Omnicide®, Metricide®, Rapicide® and Wavicide®. Exposure Limits OSHA has not established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Glutaraldehyde %24. NIOSH has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for Glutaraldehyde %24 of 0.2 ppm. This is a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a ceiling Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.05 ppm. This is the airborne concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the work shift. Does Glutaraldehyde %24 Present a Health Hazard? Glutaraldehyde %24 is an irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Exposure symptoms might include burning sensation, dermatitis, headache, coughing, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting. Continuous repeated exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 might intensify the skin and respiratory irritant effects. Anyone with a history of skin or eye disorders might be at an increased risk from exposure. First Aid Eyes: If Glutaraldehyde %24 contacts the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Seek medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with Glutaraldehyde %24. Skin: If Glutaraldehyde %24 contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water for at least 15 minutes. If Glutaraldehyde %24 penetrates clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water for at least 15 minutes. Promptly seek medical attention. Inhalation: If large amounts of Glutaraldehyde %24 are inhaled, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Keep the person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Ingestion: Get medical attention immediately. What Type of Personal Protective Equipment Should Be Used with Glutaraldehyde %24? Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used with engineering and administrative controls to help prevent Glutaraldehyde %24 exposure. Safety goggles should be considered where concentrated Glutaraldehyde %24 is used or where splashing may occur, it is best to use indirect-vented or non-vented goggles, and to avoid goggles with foam padding. Protective clothing should be worn when handling Glutaraldehyde %24. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Viton™, butyl rubber, natural rubber latex, neoprene and nitrile rubber provide adequate protection from Glutaraldehyde %24 solutions and are compatible materials for gloves and aprons. Respiratory protection: Although an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) exposure limit has not been established for Glutaraldehyde %24, several respirator manufacturers have issued guidelines. 3M’s respirator selection guide can be found here and while MSA’s can be found here. Air Monitoring Personal monitors, passive-gas monitors and vapor meters can help determine workers' exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24. A: A disinfectant is a chemical or physical agent that is applied to inanimate objects to kill microorganisms. Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), phenolic compounds, and formaldehyde are examples of disinfectants. A sterilant is a chemical or physical process that is applied to inanimate objects to kill all microorganisms as well as spores. Glutaraldehyde %24 and ethylene oxide are examples of sterilants. Q: Where is exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 most likely? A: Exposure to Glutaraldehyde %24 is most likely in the healthcare industry. It is used in hospitals for cold sterilization of medical supplies and instruments, and also as a disinfectant in urology, endoscopy and dental departments. It is also used as a fixative in X-ray developing solutions. Q: Is Glutaraldehyde %24 considered a fire hazard? A: No, Glutaraldehyde %24 is a non-flammable liquid. Q: What is the recommended protective clothing when handling Glutaraldehyde %24? A: Aprons and other protective clothing made from materials such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Viton™, butyl rubber, natural rubber latex, neoprene or nitrile rubber can offer protection when handling Glutaraldehyde %24 solutions. Sources OSHA Occupational Chemical Database for Glutaraldehyde %24 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards-Glutaraldehyde %24" National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Workplace Safety and Health Topics – Glutaraldehyde %24”
Glutaraldéhyde ( Pentanedial)
GLUTARIC ACID; 1,5-Pentanedioic acid; 1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid; Pentanedioic acid; n-Pyrotartaric acid; Pentandioic acid; cas no: 110-94-1
GLUTARALDEHYDE 35%
Glutaraldehyde 35% Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] Uses Disinfection Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][12] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, glutaraldehyde is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Wart treatment As a medication it is used to treat plantar warts.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[15] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, glutaraldehyde is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions Synthesis of glutaraldehyde via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), glutaraldehyde converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species General description Glutaraldehyde solution is 35% solution of glutaraldehyde in water. Antibacterial action of 2% solution of alkaline glutaraldehyde against various atypical mycobacteria has been investigated.[8] Related Categories Aldehydes, Biochemicals and Reagents, Building Blocks, C1 to C6, Carbohydrates, Carbohydrates A to Z, Carbohydrates G, Carbonyl Compounds, Chemical Synthesis, Core Bioreagents, Monosaccharide, Organic Building Blocks, Research Essentials Quality Level 200 vapor density 1.05 (vs air) vapor pressure 15 mmHg ( 20 °C) concentration 35 wt. % in H2O refractive index n20/D 1.42 density 1.106 g/mL at 25 °C SMILES string [H]C(CCCC([H])=O)=O InChI 1S/C5H8O2/c6-4-2-1-3-5-7/h4-5H,1-3H2 InChI key SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Application Cross-linking agent for gelatin,[1][2] poly(vinyl alcohol),[3] and polyheptapeptides.[4] Glutaraldehyde may be used in the following studies: • To compose the fixative solution (Glutaraldehyde + Paraformaldehyde + NaPO4) for use in high-resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy studies.[5] • To study the conjugation of goat anti-horseradish peroxidase with alkaline phosphatase by a reported method.[6] • To compose the primary fixative, which is employed to protect the deterioration of cytoplasmic features of yeast cells during permanganate fixation.[7] Packaging 1 L in glass bottle 25 mL in glass bottle Glutaraldehyde Skeletal formula of glutaraldehyde Ball-and-stick model of the glutaraldehyde molecule Names Preferred IUPAC name Pentanedial[1] Other names Glutaraldehyde Glutardialdehyde Glutaric acid dialdehyde Glutaric aldehyde Glutaric dialdehyde 1,5-Pentanedial Identifiers CAS Number 111-30-8 ☑ 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 3365 ☑ DrugBank DB03266 ☑ ECHA InfoCard 100.003.356 KEGG D01120 ☑ PubChem CID 3485 UNII T3C89M417N ☑ CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6025355 Edit this at Wikidata InChI[show] SMILES[show] Properties Chemical formula C5H8O2 Molar mass 100.117 Appearance Clear liquid Odor pungent[2] Density 1.06 g/mL Melting point −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K) Boiling point 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K) Solubility in water Miscible, reacts Vapor pressure 17 mmHg (20°C)[2] Hazards Safety data sheet CAS 111-30-8 GHS pictograms GHS05: CorrosiveGHS06: ToxicGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard GHS Signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H302, H314, H317, H331, H334, H400 GHS precautionary statements P260, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+312, P330, P302+352, P332+313, P304+340, P305+351+338, P311, P403+233, P405, P351 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) NFPA 704 four-colored diamond 220 Flash point noncombustible[2] Threshold limit value (TLV) 0.2 ppm (0.82 mg/m3) (TWA), 0.05 ppm (STEL) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD35 (median dose) 134 mg/kg (rat, oral); 2,560 mg/kg (rabbit, dermal) NIOSH (US health exposure limits): REL (Recommended) 0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m3)[2] Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ☑ verify (what is ☑☒ ?) Infobox references Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.[3][4][5][6] As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde is applied as a liquid.[3] Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde.[8] It works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.35–7.40 per liter of 2% solution.[11] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[12] Uses Disinfection Glutaraldehyde is used as a disinfectant and medication.[3][4][13] Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.[3] Fixative Glutaraldehyde is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[14] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with glutaraldehyde is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[15] In a related application, glutaraldehyde is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming.[citation needed] Wart treatment As a medication it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/w solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[16] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol.[citation needed] Safety Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, glutaraldehyde is toxic and a strong irritant.[17] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[18] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[18] Mechanism of action A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of glutaraldehyde.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[19] Production and reactions Synthesis of glutaraldehyde via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[20] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), glutaraldehyde converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species.[clarification needed][21][20] GlutaldehydeHydrateEquilibria.png Monomeric glutaraldehyde polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-glutaraldehyde. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.[medical citation needed] History and culture Glutaraldehyde came into medical use in the 1960s.[22] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.35–7.40 per liter of 2% solution.[11] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[23] A glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses.[24] As a biocide, glutaraldehyde is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[25] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth.[medical citation needed] Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Glutaraldehyde is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. For example, it is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. It may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent. CDC-ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal Glutaral is used as an antimicrobial agent in sugar mills and as a fixing agent in the immobilisation of glucose isomerase enzyme preparations for use in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup A polymerized isomer of glutaraldehyde known as polycycloglutaracetal is a fertilizer for aquatic plants. It is claimed that it provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae. Though not marketed as such due to federal regulations, the biocidal effect of glutaraldehyde kills most algae at concentrations of 0. 5 - 5. 0 ppm. These levels are not harmful to most aquatic fauna and flora. Adverse reactions have been observed by some aquarists at these concentrations in some aquatic mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to disinfect medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative. Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1. 06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene. It is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy. It is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals. Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker. The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application. However, it is toxic, causing severe eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, along with headaches, drowsiness and dizziness. It is a main source of occupational asthma among health care providers. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5. It has a role as a cross-linking reagent, a disinfectant and a fixative. Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde is a commonly used chemical cross-linking agent that forms cross-links between the aldehyde and the e-amine groups of lysine or hydroxylysine in collagen. From: Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, 2018 Related terms: ResinAntibodyProteinFormaldehydeCacodylic AcidElectron MicroscopyParaformaldehydeUranyl Acetate ChEBI EC NUMBER: 203-856-5 Names and Identifiers of GLUTARALDEHYDE Computed Descriptors of GLUTARALDEHYDE IUPAC Name of GLUTARALDEHYDE pentanedial Molecular Formula Molecular Formula C5H8O2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE PHYSICAL STATE: Clear to yellowish liquid MELTING POINT: -14 C BOILING POINT: 187 C SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Soluble in alcohol pH: 3.2 - 4.2 log P: -0.18 VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.6 (mmHg at 25 C) Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. A pungent colorless oily liquid, glutaraldehyde is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative. It is mainly available as an aqueous solution, and in these solutions the aldehyde groups are hydrated. Glutaraldehyde is a chemical frequently used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and viruses (2% solution), an embalming fluid and tissue fixative, a component of leather tanning solutions, and an intermediate in the production of certain sealants, resins, dyes, and electrical products (HSDB, 1996). For commercial purposes, solutions of 99%, 35%, and 20% are available. Glutaraldehyde is also an atmospheric reaction product of cyclohexene. The annual statewide industrial emissions from facilities reporting under the Air Toxics Hot Spots Act in California based on the most recent inventory were estimated to be 29,603 pounds of glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde can help to eliminate microbial contamination problems. Based on the powerful and unparalleled antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde, these high-performance antimicrobials provide excellent control over a wide variety of microorganisms. It has antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria, mold, and yeast at low use concentrations (0.01-0.1% active ingredient). It shows excellent compatibility with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and biocidal activity over a broad pH and temperature range. Glutaraldehyde containing two aldehyde groups, is used as a disinfectant. It is used in sterilizing medical and dental equipment which cannot be heat sterilized. It is used as a fixative for biological tissues and for leather tanning. It is used as a chemical intermediate to produce other compounds. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily, liquid-chemical with a pungent odor. It is used for a number of applications such as the following: -A cold sterilant in the health care industry -A cross-linking and tanning agent -A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines -An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems -A slimicide in paper manufacturing -A preservative in cosmetics -A disinfectant in animal housing -A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs -A hardening agent in the development of X-rays -In embalming solutions -In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses -In various clinical applications -In the health care industry, glutaraldehyde is most often used to disinfect equipment that cannot be heat sterilized such as dialysis instruments, surgical instruments, suction bottles, bronchoscopes, endoscopes, and ear, nose, and throat instruments. EC NUMBER: 203-856-5 Names and Identifiers of GLUTARALDEHYDE Computed Descriptors of GLUTARALDEHYDE IUPAC Name of GLUTARALDEHYDE pentanedial Molecular Formula Molecular Formula C5H8O2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUTARALDEHYDE PHYSICAL STATE: Clear to yellowish liquid MELTING POINT: -14 C BOILING POINT: 187 C SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Soluble in alcohol pH: 3.2 - 4.2 log P: -0.18 VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.6 (mmHg at 25 C) Glutaraldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. A pungent colorless oily liquid, glutaraldehyde is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative. It is mainly available as an aqueous solution, and in these solutions the aldehyde groups are hydrated. Glutaraldehyde is a chemical frequently used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and viruses (2% solution), an embalming fluid and tissue fixative, a component of leather tanning solutions, and an intermediate in the production of certain sealants, resins, dyes, and electrical products (HSDB, 1996). For commercial purposes, solutions of 99%, 35%, and 20% are available. Glutaraldehyde is also an atmospheric reaction product of cyclohexene. The annual statewide industrial emissions from facilities reporting under the Air Toxics Hot Spots Act in California based on the most recent inventory were estimated to be 29,603 pounds of glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde can help to eliminate microbial contamination problems. Based on the powerful and unparalleled antimicrobial action of glutaraldehyde, these high-performance antimicrobials provide excellent control over a wide variety of microorganisms. It has antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria, mold, and yeast at low use concentrations (0.01-0.1% active ingredient). It shows excellent compatibility with anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and biocidal activity over a broad pH and temperature range. Glutaraldehyde containing two aldehyde groups, is used as a disinfectant. It is used in sterilizing medical and dental equipment which cannot be heat sterilized. It is used as a fixative for biological tissues and for leather tanning. It is used as a chemical intermediate to produce other compounds. Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily, liquid-chemical with a pungent odor.
GLUTARALDEHYDE 50%
Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50%, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative. As a disinfectant, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas of hospitals.[3] As a medication, it is used to treat warts on the bottom of the feet.[4] Glutaraldehyde 50% is applied as a liquid. Side effects include skin irritation. If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde 50% is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a dialdehyde.[8] Glutaraldehyde 50% works by a number of mechanisms.[7] Glutaraldehyde 50% came into medical use in the 1960s. Glutaraldehyde 50% is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning. Uses of Glutaraldehyde 50% Disinfection of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a disinfectant and medication. Usually applied as a solution, it is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas. Fixative of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy. It kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. It is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde[13] as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids. Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedding in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.[citation needed] Another application for treatment of proteins with Glutaraldehyde 50% is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.[14] In a related application, Glutaraldehyde 50% is sometimes employed in the tanning of leather and in embalming. Wart treatment of Glutaraldehyde 50% As a medication it is used to treat plantar warts.[4] For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. It dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.[15] Trade names include Diswart Solution and Glutarol. Safety of Glutaraldehyde 50% Side effects include skin irritation.[4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur.[3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations.[3] Glutaraldehyde 50% is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores.[3][7] As a strong sterilant, Glutaraldehyde 50% is toxic and a strong irritant.[16] There is no strong evidence of carcinogenic activity.[17] Some occupations that work with this chemical have an increased risk of some cancers.[17] Mechanism of action of Glutaraldehyde 50% A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal properties of Glutaraldehyde 50%.[7] Like many other aldehydes, it reacts with amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins. Being bi-function, it is also a potential crosslinker.[18] Production and reactions of Glutaraldehyde 50% Synthesis of Glutaraldehyde 50% via the Diels-Alder reaction. Glutaraldehyde 50% is produced industrially by the oxidation of cyclopentene. Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.[19] Like many other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), Glutaraldehyde 50% converts in aqueous solution to various hydrates that in turn convert to other equilibrating species. Monomeric Glutaraldehyde 50% polymerizes by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-Glutaraldehyde 50%. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values. History and culture of Glutaraldehyde 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% came into medical use in the 1960s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[10] There are a number of other commercial uses such as leather tanning.[11] A Glutaraldehyde 50% solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long-term storage. It is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses. As a biocide, Glutaraldehyde 50% is a component of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") fluid. It is included in the additive called Alpha 1427.[22] Bacterial growth impairs extraction of oil and gas from these wells. Glutaraldehyde 50% is pumped as a component of the fracturing fluid to inhibit microbial growth. RESULTS: An outbreak of six patients occurred in April 2002 and one cirrhotic patient was admitted in July 2008. All patients developed a self-limited syndrome of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea within 48 h of uncomplicated endoscopy. One severely ill patient required hospitalization to receive intravenous fluid and antibiotics. After the investigation in April 2002, Glutaraldehyde 50%-induced colitis was diagnosed due to a defect in the endoscope-cleansing procedure. There were no deficiencies in the cleansing procedure in July 2008. Considering the patient's concomitant disease, we postulated that ischemic colitis with cirrhosis-related intestinal inflammation and endotoxemia was the possible diagnosis in this sporadic case. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopists should be aware of this iatrogenic complication in patients presenting with acute rectocolitis, especially in those who have undergone recent endoscopic examination. An outbreak of acute rectocolitis following endoscopy should be considered Glutaraldehyde 50%-induced and should lead to an investigation of cleansing and equipment-disinfection procedures. In the absence of strong evidence of an outbreak, an infectious disease, or contamination of Glutaraldehyde 50%, a sporadic case should be considered ischemic colitis especially in patients with relevant concomitant diseases or predisposing factors. Dermal and intravenous studies in the rat with dilute aqueous Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions (0.075-7.5%) showed that, in dermal tests, approx 5% was absorbed in the rat, and 30-50% in the rabbit. In the intravenous injection tests, approx 12% was absorbed in the rat and approx 33% in the rabbit. There were no significant differences between males and females in the study. The dermal absorption rate constant was low (0.2-2 hr) in each species. The elimination times were long for both intravenous injection (t0.5 for the rat 10 hr, rabbit 15-30 hr) and dermal application (t0.5 for the rat 40-110 hr, rabbit 20-100 hr), possibly due to the binding of Glutaraldehyde 50% to protein and the slow excretion of metabolites. The principal metabolite in both species was CO2 with other metabolites not identified. /It was/ proposed that the metabolism probably involved initial oxidation to corresponding carboxylic acids by aldehyde dehydrogenase, and then further oxidation to CO2. IDENTIFICATION: Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless oily liquid with a strong, rotten apple odor. It is very soluble in water. USE: Glutaraldehyde 50% is an antimicrobial chemical commonly used as a disinfectant in hospitals, agriculture and aquaculture, food handling and food storage establishments, and water treatment plants. It is used as a preservative in the manufacture of several consumer products, including cosmetics, cleaners, adhesives, paper, textiles and leathers, paints and coatings, and inks and dyes. Glutaraldehyde 50% is also used as a tissue fixative in laboratories and embalming fluid and in photographic and X-ray development fluids. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used in hydraulic fracturing and off-shore oil operations. EXPOSURE: Workers in hospitals, janitorial services, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals, and commercial and industrial businesses may be exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% by breathing vapors in air or skin contact. General population exposure may occur by breathing in air and skin contact with consumer products containing Glutaraldehyde 50%. Glutaraldehyde 50% is also present in gasoline and diesel engine exhaust. If Glutaraldehyde 50% is released to air, it will be degraded by reaction with other chemicals and light. If released to water or soil, it is expected to bind to soil particles or suspended particles. Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to move into air from wet soils or water surfaces, but may move to air from dry soils. Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to be degraded by microorganisms and not build up in aquatic organisms. RISK: Runny nose, headache, facial and eye irritation, respiratory problems, skin irritation, and allergic skin reactions have been reported in medical and agricultural workers exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% liquid or vapor during disinfection and sanitization activities. Asthma has been found in workers repeatedly exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% vapors. Swelling, burning pain, and sensitivity to light can occur with direct eye contact. The risk of death from cancer was not increased with a history of occupational Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure. Eye irritation and skin irritation/sensitization occur with direct skin contact with diluted Glutaraldehyde 50% in laboratory animals. Severe irritation and burns occur with contact to undiluted gluraraldehyde. Stomach lesions, liver damage, and decreased body weight occurred in laboratory animals given repeated moderate doses of Glutaraldehyde 50% in water. Death occurred at high oral doses. Nasal, throat, and lung lesions and decreased body weights were found in laboratory animals repeatedly exposed to low air concentrations of Glutaraldehyde 50%. Birth defects and abortions were observed in laboratory animals at high oral doses that were also toxic to the mothers. Fertility was not affected in laboratory animals given high oral doses prior to mating. Tumors were not induced in laboratory animals given high oral doses in water or exposed to moderate air concentrations for their lifetime. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists determined that Glutaraldehyde 50% is not classifiable as a human carcinogen. The US EPA Carcinogenicity Assessment Review Committee classified Glutaraldehyde 50% as 'Not Likely to be Carcinogenetic to Humans" by any route of exposure, based on the lack tumor induction in several 2-year laboratory animal studies. The potential for Glutaraldehyde 50% to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. Microscopy/histology. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Aquaculture. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Cosmetics. Glutaraldehyde 50% is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays. The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 24 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical Glutaraldehyde 50%. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent Glutaraldehyde 50% in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field. In Australia, it is estimated that Glutaraldehyde 50% is distributed in end-use as follows: 55% as a cold disinfectant in the health care industry, 20% in x-ray film processing, 10% in water treatment, 5% in animal housing, 5% in tanning and 5% in other uses such as toilet disinfection, microscopy, aquaculture and air duct disinfection. In France, 50% is used in disinfection/control, 40% in the photographic industry, 5% in the leather industry and 5% in the paper industry. In Norway, 80% is used in industrial cleaning agents and 14% in photocopying developers. In the UK, Glutaraldehyde 50% is used mainly as a cold disinfectant and as a biocide in off-shore oil operations. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. For example, it is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. It may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent. Usage disinfectant The critical effects /of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure/ are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% ... Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions. Application restrictions. Use: paint preservative. Maximum application rate of 100 ppm. Use: medical premises disinfection. Maximum application rate of 0.1% of the active ingredient by weight of material being treated. All Glutaraldehyde 50% once-through cooling tower uses, Glutaraldehyde 50% macrofoulant control uses and all critical medical equipment/instrument uses are cancelled. Critical medical equipment use is defined as use of a pesticide in or on any equipment that comes into contact with bodily fluids. Examples of critical medical equipment/instruments include, but are not limited to hemodyalysis tubing, dental instruments. Glutaraldehyde 50% may discolor on exposure to air. It polymerizes on heating. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. It polymerizes in the presence of water. Strong oxidizers, strong bases [Note: Alkaline solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% (i.e., activated Glutaraldehyde 50%) react with alcohol, ketones, amines, hydrazines and proteins]. The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, drinking water, and ecological risks associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient Glutaraldehyde 50%. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient Glutaraldehyde 50%, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of Glutaraldehyde 50% to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that Glutaraldehyde 50%-containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures. ... Based on its evaluation of Glutaraldehyde 50%, the Agency has determined that Glutaraldehyde 50% products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inconsistent with FIFRA. Accordingly, should a registrant fail to implement the risk mitigation measures identified in this document, the Agency may take regulatory action to address the risk concerns from the use of Glutaraldehyde 50%. If all changes outlined in this document are incorporated into the product labels, then all current risks for Glutaraldehyde 50% will be substantially mitigated for the purposes of this determination. Once an Endangered Species assessment is completed, further changes to these registrations may be necessary as explained in Section III of this document. IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Glutaraldehyde 50% is a colorless liquid. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used as algaecide, bacteriocide and fungicide. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used as a tissue fixative in histology and electron and light microscopy, generally as a 1.5-6% aqueous solution. Glutaraldehyde 50% is used, generally in conjunction with wetting agents, to control viruses and other micro-organisms in fish farming. Glutaraldehyde 50% is allowed as a preservative in cosmetics in Europe at concentrations up to 0.1%. It is not allowed in aerosols and sprays. Glutaraldehyde 50% is a biocide commonly used in a 2% concentration for cold sterilization of surgical and dental equipment. Biocides, such as Glutaraldehyde 50%, are added to eliminate bacterial growth in fracturing fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Exposure to concentrations < 1 ppm by inhalation or skin contact may cause irritation of the skin and/or mucous membranes. The critical effects of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure are eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, skin sensitization and occupational asthma. Nose and throat irritation has been observed in humans at vapor concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Occupational asthma has also been reported in workers exposed to dilute solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50%. Contact dermatitis and eye irritation have been reported in workers using Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions, usually 2% or higher. Skin sensitization has been confirmed in workers using dilute solutions. Other symptoms that may be brought on by Glutaraldehyde 50% exposure include heart palpitations and tachycardia. The incidence of death and incidence of cancer deaths in 186 male employees at a Glutaraldehyde 50% production unit were compared to those of US white males and to 29,000 other chemical workers during the period 1959 - 1978. All subjects were observed for 10 yr. The number of deaths was less than expected, as was the incidence of cancer deaths. ANIMAL STUDIES: Glutaraldehyde 50% was corrosive to the skin and eyes of rabbits at high concentrations, with signs of skin irritation evident at 2%, and eye irritation at 0.2%. In an inhalation study where mice were exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% at concentrations of 33 or 133 ppb for 24 hours, the animals exhibited panting and increased grooming, mice that inhaled the highest concentration developed toxic hepatitis. Following a single whole-body inhalation exposure at 1 ppm for 1 day, rats and mice developed coagulation pathology of the upper respiratory tract squamous epithelium. After 4 days of such exposures, inflammatory granulocytic infiltrate into the squamous epithelium and lamina propria with thickened epithelium of the nasal lumen ensued. In those animals inhaling 0.5 or 1 ppm Glutaraldehyde 50% for four days, the nasal passages became obstructed with intraluminal debris; degenerative/hyperplastic erosions with epithelial abscesses extended as far as the nasopharyngeal meatus in the 1-ppm exposure group. A study of male and female rats given Glutaraldehyde 50% in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 50, 250, or 100 ppm through two generations indicated a dose-related decrease in parental water consumption and body weight (attributed to adverse taste) and decrease in offspring (1000-ppm group) body weights. No adverse reproductive effects were observed. In other study there was a significant dose-dependent reduction in the average of maternal body weight gain and a significant increase in the number of stunted (body weight) and malformed fetuses at the 5 mL/mg/day dose level. Early mutagenicity studies were negative, but more recent studies have indicated that Glutaraldehyde 50% is mutagenic in vitro in bacterial assays and tests in mammalian cells. In vivo genotoxicity tests to date have proven negative. Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats and mice were exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% vapor at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 (rats) and 0, 0.062, 0.12, or 0.25 ppm (mice) 6 hr/day, 5 days /week. The incidences of non-neoplastic lesions of the nose were reported to be significantly increased in the 0.50 and 0.75-ppm exposed rats and in the 0.12 and 0.25-ppm exposed male and female mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Available chronic toxicity data for Glutaraldehyde 50% indicate that continuous exposure results in measurable effects on coldwater fish at a concentration of 5.1 mg a.i./L. A second study on coldwater fish resulted in measurable effects at 2.5 mg a.i./L. Measurable effects on freshwater invertebrates were noted at concentrations of 8.5 mg/L product and 4.9 mg a.i./L. /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Occluded contact /in rabbit/ with 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% solutions in water. Two products tested: Ucarcide 250 and BASF 50% Glutaraldehyde 50%. Severity of irritation was dependent on the duration of contact. Application of 50% Glutaraldehyde 50% for 60 min caused severe irritation and necrosis; 3 min produced transient minor irritation and some discoloration of the skin. In genetic toxicity studies, Glutaraldehyde 50% was mutagenic with and without S9 metabolic activation in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA102, and TA104. Glutaraldehyde 50% was mutagenic in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells in the absence of S9 and induced sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without S9. No increase in chromosomal aberrations was induced by Glutaraldehyde 50% in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without S9 at one laboratory; at another laboratory, chromosomal aberrations were induced in the absence of S9 only. Glutaraldehyde 50% did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male /Drosophila/ melanogaster treated as adults by feeding or injection or treated as larvae by feeding. In vivo, Glutaraldehyde 50% induced a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells 36 hr after a single intraperitoneal injection. In a subset of the 36 hr chromosomal aberrations test, there was a small increase in the number of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes, which was judged to be equivocal. Additional short-term (3 day) and subchronic (13 week) micronucleus tests in mice, using the intraperitoneal or inhalation routes, respectively, yielded negative results. Glutaraldehyde 50%'s production and use as a disinfectant, as a cross-linking agent, as a tanning agent for leather and use in the paper and textile industries to improve wet strength and dimensional stability of fibers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a biocide in water treatment, hydraulic fracturing fluids and oil-field applications and as a preservative in cosmetics and personal-care products will result in its direct release to the environment. Glutaraldehyde 50% has been detected in gasoline and diesel engine emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C indicates Glutaraldehyde 50% will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Glutaraldehyde 50% will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16 hours. Glutaraldehyde 50% may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the atmosphere based upon aqueous photolysis studies. If released to soil, Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure and it has been reported that small amounts of Glutaraldehyde 50% will volatilize to the atmosphere. Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable. A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms. If released into water, Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days indicating that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. At 25 °C, Glutaraldehyde 50% has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively. The measured half-life for the photolysis of aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days. Occupational exposure to Glutaraldehyde 50% may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Glutaraldehyde 50% is produced or used. Use and limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Glutaraldehyde 50% via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with consumer products containing Glutaraldehyde 50%. TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Glutaraldehyde 50% from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(4), and it has been reported that small amounts of Glutaraldehyde 50% will volatilize to the atmosphere(4). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable(2,3,5). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and and initial Glutaraldehyde 50% concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order dissipation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(3). AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 5.1 to 500(2,3) indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.3X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(2). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Results of biodegradation screening tests indicate that Glutaraldehyde 50% is readily biodegradable(2,3,7). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days(2). At 25 °C, Glutaraldehyde 50% has measured hydrolysis half-lives of 508-628, 102-394 and 46-63.8 days at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 respectively(2,3). The measured half-life for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 196 days(2). ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Glutaraldehyde 50%, which has a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg at 30 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Glutaraldehyde 50% is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% have an observed photolysis half-life of 196 days when exposed to sunlight(4) suggesting that direct photolysis may occur in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). AEROBIC: Glutaraldehyde 50%, present at 100 mg/L, reached 59% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Using OECD Guideline 301C (Ready biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I)), Glutaraldehyde 50% reached 74% of its theoretical BOD in 28 days and 80% DOC in 15 days with classified the compound as readily biodegradable(2). Glutaraldehyde 50% was found to be readily biodegradable using OECD Guideline 301D (Closed Bottle Test)(2). In a DOC die-away test, glutaradehyde, present at 25 mg/L, showed 83% degradation in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(3). Glutaraldehyde 50%, present at 8.3 mg/L, degraded 60% in 28 days using sewage inoculum in a CO2 evolution test(3). In a closed bottle test, Glutaraldehyde 50% present at 2.0 mg/L, degraded 64% in 28 days using a Polyseed inoculum(3). A higher biodegradability with a short lag time was observed when the Glutaraldehyde 50% concentrations in the test systems were low (<2 mg/L) than when the concentrations were high (>8 mg/L). Since bacterial inhibition for Glutaraldehyde 50% occurs at about 5 mg/L, the lower biodegradation rates observed in studies where high concentrations of Glutaraldehyde 50% were used were likely due to inhibition of the inoculum(3). In a closed bottle test using seawater as inoculum, Glutaraldehyde 50% showed 73% degradation in 28 days(3). The major metabolite of Glutaraldehyde 50% produced by microbes in an aerobic sediment-river water system was carbon dioxide, with glutaric acid formed as an intermediate in the water phase(3). The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of Glutaraldehyde 50% catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under aerobic conditions was 10.6 hours(3). A soil degradation study using a loamy sand soil and initial Glutaraldehyde 50% concentration of 10 ppm observed a pseudo-first order biodegradation half-life of 1.7 days due primarily to soil microorganisms(4). ANAEROBIC: The major metabolites of Glutaraldehyde 50% produced by microbes in an anaerobic sediment-river water system were 1,5-pentanediol with 5-hydroxypentanal formed as an intermediate, and 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal, a cyclicized dimer of Glutaraldehyde 50%. The calculated pseudo-first-order half-life of Glutaraldehyde 50% catabolism in water (based on the loss of the parent compound) under anaerobic conditions was 7.7 hours(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Glutaraldehyde 50% with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.52X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The measured first-order rate constants of the hydrolysis of Glutaraldehyde 50% at pH 5 and 7 were 0.0014 and 0.0068 per day (at 25 °C), which corresponds to half-lives of 508 and 102 days, respectively(3). At pH 9, the first-order rate constant was measured to be 0.015 per day, corresponding to a half-life of 46 days(4). The only major degradate observed and identified was a cyclized dimer of Glutaraldehyde 50%, 3-formyl-6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-propanal(3). Hydrolysis tests conducted at 40 and 50 °C and pH 9 for 165 hours determined the hydrolysis half-life is >24 hours at 50 °C and >59 hours at 40 °C(4). An hydrolysis test according to OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH) reported Glutaraldehyde 50% to be hydrolytically stable at pH 4 and pH 7 with decomposition at pH 9(4). At 25 °C, hydrolysis half-lives were 628, 394 and 63.8 days respectively at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9(4). The measured first-order rate constant for the photolysis of sterile aqueous solutions of Glutaraldehyde 50% exposed to natural sunlight was 0.0035 per day with a corresponding half life was 196 days(3). The Henry's Law constant for Glutaraldehyde 50% has been experimentally determined to be 3.30X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Glutaraldehyde 50%'s Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). Glutaraldehyde 50% is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.6 mm Hg(3), and
GLUTARIC ACID
Glutaric Acid Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1. 3. 99. 7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e. g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7. 35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Treatment of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria is mainly based on the restriction of lysine intake, supplementation of carnitine, and an intensification of therapy during intercurrent illnesses. The major principle of dietary treatment is to reduce the production of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) by restriction of natural protein, in general, and of lysine, in particular (PMID: 17465389, 15505398). Production of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.[1] Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis. Uses of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) 1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and its derivatives.[2] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides. The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.[citation needed] Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Safety Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.[3] Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Application of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be used for the following studies: • Complexation with DL-lysine. Complexes have been reported to possess zwitterionic lysinium ions (positively charged) and semi-glutarate ions (negatively charged).[8] • Synthesis of complexes with L-arginine and L-histidine.[7] • Preparation of glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals. Phase transition studies of these cocrystals have been reported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.[1] General description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid. It has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a pentanedioic acid. On exposure to X-rays, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystals generate two stable free radicals. These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.[5] Presence of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria (GA-I).[6] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.[3] Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in it.[2] Polymorphism of Glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.[4] Low-temperature phase transition in glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type 1 (OMIM #231670) due to glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is associated with accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl carnitine, and secondary metabolites in body fluids. The clinical picture is variable. Most patients are macrocephalic. The authors selected the Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) cocrystal2 for further evaluation because of the relatively high melting point of the cocrystal and the expected high water solubility of the cocrystal because of the high water solubility of the coformer. A solvent-based Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type 1 (OMIM 231670) The metabolism of lysine, hydroxylsine, and tryptophan is disrupted secondary to deficiency in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme. This results in the accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit). Investigation Neuroimaging is characteristic, with frontotemporal atrophy and often subdural effusions or hematomas. This may lead to initial suspicion of child abuse. There is excessive glutaric and 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the urine. Plasma free carnitine is reduced and glutaryl carnitine is elevated. Reduced enzyme activity is demonstrated in fibroblasts. Urine organic acid analysis detects a wide range of compounds. It is an excellent diagnostic test for the organic acidemias involving propionic, methylmalonic, and isovaleric acids. It also detects Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), which is a progressive neurotoxic defect in biomolecule conversion. The fatty acid oxidation defects also result in abnormal compounds in the urine. The presence of succinylacetone is a hallmark of tyrosinemia; similarly, the presence of isoleucine metabolites is a hallmark of maple syrup urine disease. Lactic acid and ketones are also detectable on organic acid analysis but are not always well correlated with plasma levels. Common Name Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Class Small Molecule Description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to h ...Read more Mechanism of Toxicity Accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the body has been shown to be toxic. The accumulation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) ranging from slightly or intermittently elevated urinary Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) to gross organic aciduria occurs in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type 1 is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase which is involved in the metabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine, Uses/Sources This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation. Minimum Risk Level Not Available Health Effects Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least 3 inborn errors of metabolism including: Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type I and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type III. Clinical Information Acylcarnitine analysis is included in newborn screening blood testing and is utilized for detection of several inborn errors of metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD) and organic acidemias (OA). A limitation of this analytic method is its inability to differentiate between several isomers. Additional testing of 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA), Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA), methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) by LC-MS/MS allows better differentiation among C4-acylcarnitine and glutarylcarnitine/C10-OH isomers. Glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC) is elevated in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1), but is not differentiated from C10-OH acylcarnitine. GA-1, is caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized by bilateral striatal brain injury leading to dystonia, often a result of acute neurologic crises triggered by illness. Individuals with GA-1 typically show elevations of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3OH-GA, even in those considered to be "low excretors." Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Class Small Molecule Description Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type III. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I (Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit), glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to h ...Read more DRUG INTERACTION Acetazolamide The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acetazolamide. Acetylsalicylic acid The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acetylsalicylic acid. Acyclovir The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir. Adefovir dipivoxil The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Adefovir dipivoxil. Allopurinol The excretion of Allopurinol can be decreased when combined with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Alprostadil The excretion of Alprostadil can be decreased when combined with Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Aminohippuric acid The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Aminohippuric acid. Aminophenazone The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Aminophenazone. Amoxicillin The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Amoxicillin. Antipyrine The excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be decreased when combined with Antipyrine. A limitation of this analytic method is its inability to differentiate between several isomers. Additional testing of 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA), Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA), methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) by LC-MS/MS allows better differentiation among C4-acylcarnitine and glutarylcarnitine/C10-OH isomers. Glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC) is elevated in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1), but is not differentiated from C10-OH acylcarnitine. GA-1, is caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized by bilateral striatal brain injury leading to dystonia, often a result of acute neurologic crises triggered by illness. Individuals with GA-1 typically show elevations of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and 3OH-GA, even in those considered to be "low excretors." Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia (GA-2), also known as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), is caused by defects in either the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This disease can be severe and is often fatal in the first weeks of life, with typical symptoms of hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, metabolic acidosis, dysmorphic features, cardiac defects or arrhythmias, renal cysts, and fatty infiltration of the liver. GA-2 can have a milder presentation, also known as ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria, with Reye-like illnesses in childhood and muscle weakness in childhood and adulthood. In addition to elevations in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit), individuals with GA-2 can also show increased EMA, MSA, and 2OH-GA. Reference Values 2-OH Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =25 nmol/mL 3-OH Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =1.5 nmol/mL Glutaric acid (glutarik asit): < or =1.5 nmol/mL Methylsuccinic acid: < or =0.45 nmol/mL Ethylmalonic acid: < or =3.5 nmol/mL Normal levels of EMA in the context of elevated C4 is consistent with a diagnosis of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBDH) deficiency. Elevation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (GA) and 3-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3OH-GA) are consistent with a diagnosis of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia type 1 (GA-1). Elevation of GA, 2-hydroxy Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (2OH-GA), 3OH-GA, EMA, and MSA are consistent with a diagnosis of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia (GA-2). 2. Kolker S, Christensen E, Leonar JV, et al: Diagnosis and management of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I-revised recommendations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011;34:677-694 3. Frerman FE, Goodman SI: Chapter 103: Defects of electron transfer flavoprotein and electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase: Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia Type II. In Scriver's Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Edited by CR Scriver, AL Beaudet, D Valle, et al. Accessed 8/17/17. Available at Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria Type I 1) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria IIA (GA IIA) is the neonatal form of glutaricaciduria II. This form of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria II is a very rare, X-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. The disorder is caused by dysfunction of the electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondria. 2) Glutarica aciduria IIB (GA IIB; ethylmalonic adipicaciduria) is the adult form of glutaricaciduria II. This milder form of the disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis), occur during adulthood. Large amounts of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria III is an autosomal recessive genetic condition characterized by accumulation or excretion of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and caused by mutations in the C7ORF10 gene. Symptoms vary and some individuals show no symptoms Goodman SI, Frerman FE. Organic acidemias due to defects in lysine oxidation: 2-ketoadipic acidemia and Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)emia. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al. Eds. The Metabolic Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, NY; 1995:1451-60. 3.6. Effect of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) on Caspase 3 Transcript and Protein Levels Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to monitor mRNA expression of the apoptotic executioner caspase 3 (Figure 9(a)). The comparative method was used to analyse relative expression levels. Caspase 3 mRNA expression at 6 hours after treatment with 1, 10, 25, and 50 mM GA was upregulated about 1.40-fold, 1.67-fold, and 1.95-fold, respectively, compared to control. Thus GA might induce apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. 4. Discussion Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by high levels of GA, 3-hydroxyGlutaric acid (glutarik asit) (3-OHGA), glutaconic acid, and glutaryl-CoA in body fluids as well as degenerative changes in the striatal and frontotemporal cortical neurons. A deficiency of cerebral GCDH activity is attributed to the development of neurological damage in GA I patients. However, the comprehension of the degeneration mechanism in the basal ganglia still remains partial. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is over 50% (w/w). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Defects in this metabolic pathway can lead to a disorder called Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria, where toxic byproducts build up and can cause severe encephalopathy. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can be prepared by the ring-opening of butyrolactone with potassium cyanide to give the mixed potassium carboxylate-nitrile that is hydrolyzed to the diacid.[1] Alternatively hydrolysis, followed by oxidation of dihydropyran gives Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). It can also be prepared from reacting 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium or potassium cyanide to obtain the dinitrile, followed by hydrolysis. 1,5-Pentanediol, a common plasticizer and precursor to polyesters is manufactured by hydrogenation of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) and its derivatives.[2] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) itself has been used in the production of polymers such as polyester polyols, polyamides. The odd number of carbon atoms (i.e. 5) is useful in decreasing polymer elasticity.[citation needed] Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on Glutaric acid (glutarik asit). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes.[3] Acute hazards include the fact that this compound may be harmful by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption.[3] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) (Pentanedioic Acid) is a linear dicarboxylic acid. It has been prepared by oxidizing cyclopentane, cyclopentanol and cyclopentanone.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a pentanedioic acid. On exposure to X-rays, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystals generate two stable free radicals. These free radicals have been investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) technique.[5] Presence of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) in urine and plasma is an indicator of type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria (GA-I). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is formed as an intermediate during the catabolism of lysine in mammals.[3] Electron spin resonance spectra of radical (CO2H)CH2CH2CH(CO2H formed in Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) crystal after γ-irradiation is reported to remains trapped in it.[2] Polymorphism of Glycine-Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) co-crystals has been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.[4] Application of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may be employed as starting reagent in the synthesis of glutaric anhydride.[9] Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is a simple five-carbon linear dicarboxylic acid. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. When present in sufficiently high levels, Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. Chronically high levels of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including Glutaric acid (glutarik asit)uria type I Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic and succinic acids are water-soluble only to a few percent at room temperature, the water-solubility of Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) is over 50% (w/w). Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) has the lowest melting point among dicarboxylic acids (98 C); it is very soluble in water and the solution in water is a medium strong acid. Short-term exposure to Glutaric acid (glutarik asit) may cause irritation to the eyes, skin and the respiratory tract.
GLUTEN
wheat Peptide; Glutens; WHEAT GLUTEN; GLUTEN; Gluten (wheat); gluten crude; TRITICUM VULGARE (WHEAT) GLUTEN; from wheat 80% protein cas no: 8002-80-0
Glycereth 26
2-[2,3-bis(2- hydroxyethoxy)propoxy]ethanol (peg-26) liponic EG-1 peg-26 glyceryl ether polyethylene glycol (26) glyceryl ether polyoxyethylene (26) glyceryl ether CAS Number 31694-55-0
GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE
GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE is classified as : Emulsifying Surfactant COSING REF No: 76272 Chem/IUPAC Name: Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.,.alpha'.,.alpha''.-1,2,3-propanetriyltris[.omega.-hydroxy- (17 mol EO average molar ratio), ester with fatty acids derived from coconut oil GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE is an extra-mild non-ionic surfactant with co-emulsifying and solubilizing properties. Ecological product. It doesn’t need any risk or safety warnings on its label. What Is Glycereth-17 Cocoate? Glycereth-17 cocoate is a slightly soluble liquid or solid that is derived from coconut oil.[1,2] What Does Glycereth-17 Cocoate Do in Our products? Glycereth-17 cocoate is an emulsifier and a surfactant.[3,4] It is often found in foaming hand sanitizers.[5] Why Puracy Uses Glycereth-17 Cocoate We use glycereth-17 cocoate as a cleanser and to keep ingredients from separating. Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care and cleaning product quality standards.[7,8] How Glycereth-17 Cocoate Is Made Glycereth-17 cocoate is an ester of coconut acid and a polyethylene glycol either of glycerin. Glycereth-17 Cocoate Laundry & Cleaning (Home Care), Laundry & Cleaning (Industrial & Institutional Cleaning) Non-Ionic surfactant with emulsifying properties for concentrated formulations. Glycereth-17 Cocoate Personal Care (Hair Care), Personal Care (Skin Care) Mild solubilizer. Category Non-ionic surfactant > Polyether >> Ester Polyether >>> Ester Polyoxyethylene Ether >>>> Polyoxyethylene Glyceryl Esters Properties Appearance (1), liquid to solid. Solubility slightly soluble in water to soluble in water. The solubility increases with the increase of EO number. Stability stable. Easily oxidized. Under strong acid or strong alkali condition, easily hydrolyzed. Risk Solid (or liquid) form: flammable material; irritation, irritation to skin, eye, respiratory system. Harmful products of combustion are CO, CO2 and so on. Contact with strong oxidants, can cause to burn. GHS (Rev.8) label: Ecology may be hazardous to environment. Water body should be given special attention. Biodegradability biodegradable. Characteristics excellent emulsifying, dispersing, solubilizing, lubricating abilities. Performance is related to EO number. Note (1), The by-product 1,4-dioxane is a possible carcinogen. Generally, can be acceptable when concentration of 1,4-dioxane is less than 30ppm or less. (2), Be careful with using in children's products. Further explanation (a), On physical and chemical indexes: firstly, shall be indicated carbon atom distribution; secondly, shall be indicated average molecular weight. (b), Used in cosmetics, should be test for harmful substances or furtherly test for microorganisms, according to local regulations and standards. Major Uses 1, Typical applications Use as emulsifying agent, dispersing agent. Use as solubilizing agent. Use as plasticizer. Use as lubricant. 2, Personal care products Conditioning agent, emulsifying agent, humectant in personal care products. Product members Glycereth-2 Cocoate; Glycereth-5 Cocoate; Glycereth-7 Cocoate; Glycereth-17 Cocoate; Glycereth-20 Cocoate INCI name GLYCERETH-17 COCOATE Alternative names No information available Origin Chemical Definition Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),.alpha.,.alpha'.,.alpha".-1,2,3-propanetriyltris[.omega.-hydroxy(17 mol EO average molar ratio), ester with fatty acids derived from coconut oil INCI function Surfactant, Emulsifying The INCI function describes solely the purpose of a cosmetic ingredient. It does not reveal its actual effects and skin compatibility. You'll find these and other characteristics below. Applications Products application: hard surface cleaners, laundry products, HDLD, HDPD,···. Properties Non-ionic mild surfactant. Ecological and toxicological advantages against typical non-ionic (ethoxylated fatty alcohols). Natural source - Vegetable origin.
GLYCERETH-2 COCOATE
GLYCERETH-20, N° CAS : 31694-55-0. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-20. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques
GLYCERETH-20
GLYCERETH-26, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-26. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques
GLYCERETH-26
GLYCERETH-31, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-31, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques
GLYCERETH-31
GLYCERETH-7, N° CAS : 31694-55-0, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 500-075-4, Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques
Glycereth-6 Cocoate
Polyoxyethylene Glycerol fatty acid esters; GLYCERETH-6 COCOATE; Glycereth-6 Cocoate is the ester of coconut acid and a polyethylene glycol ether of glycerin containing an average of 6 moles of ethylene oxide CAS NO:68201-46-7
GLYCERETH-7
GLYCERETH-7 BENZOATE, N° CAS : 139247-28-2, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 BENZOATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances
GLYCERETH-7 BENZOATE
GLYCERETH-7 CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation
GLYCERETH-7 CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE
GLYCERETH-7 COCOATE, Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 COCOATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance.Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation
glycereth-7 caprylate/caprate
ester of a mixture of Caprylic Acid and Capric Acid with a polyethylene glycol ether of glycerin containing an average of 7 moles of ethylene oxide; Polyoxyethylene Glycerol fatty acid esters; GLYCERETH 7 CAS NO: N/A
GLYCERETH-7 COCOATE
GLYCERETH-7 TRIACETATE, N° CAS : 57569-76-3. Nom INCI : GLYCERETH-7 TRIACETATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Solvant : Dissout d'autres substances
GLYCERETH-8
GLYCERINE; Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; cas no: 56-81-5
GLYCERIN ( PH EUR 86% - PH EUR 99.5% - PH EUR 99.8 % )
cas no 56-81-5 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glycerol; Glycerolum; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene;
GLYCERINE
SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene;CAS NO. 56-81-5
GLYCERINE MONOOLEATE
Glycerine; Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene cas no: 56-81-5
GLYCERINE MONOSTEARATE
Glycerine Monostearate Glycerine monostearate is composed of primary and auxiliary emulsifiers for a wide variety of personal care formulas. It is supplied as cream flakes. Glycerine monostearate is an emulsifier for a wide variety of personal care applications. Product: Cerasynt Stearates Industries: Personal Care Form: White to off-white flakes Use level: 0.25 - 3.0% Features & Benefits Nonionic auxiliary emulsifier Emulsion stabilizer Biodegradable 100% Natural Vegan suitable Impurities and other Glycerine monostearate risks According to a report in the International Journal of Toxicology by the cosmetic industry’s own Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) committee, impurities found in various PEG compounds include ethylene oxide; 1,4-dioxane; polycyclic aromatic compounds; and heavy metals such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic. Many of these impurities are linked to cancer. PEG compounds often contain small amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide (found in PEG-4, PEG-7, PEG4-dilaurate, and PEG 100) is highly toxic — even in small doses — and was used in World War I nerve gas. Exposure to ethylene glycol during its production, processing and clinical use has been linked to increased incidents of leukemia as well as several types of cancer. Finally, there is 1,4-dioxane (found in PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-32, PEG-75, PEG-150, PEG-14M, and PEG-20M), which, on top of being a known carcinogen, may also combine with atmospheric oxygen to form explosive peroxides — not exactly something you want going on your skin. Even though responsible manufacturers do make efforts to remove these impurities (1,4-dioxane that can be removed from cosmetics through vacuum stripping during processing without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost), the cosmetic and personal care product industry has shown little interest in doing so. Surprisingly, PEG compounds are also used by natural cosmetics companies. Properties Chemical formula C21H42O4 Molar mass 358.563 g·mol−1 Appearance White solid Density 1.03 g/cm3 Melting point (Mix) 57–65 °C (135–149 °F) (1-) 81 °C (178 °F) [1] (2-) 73–74 °C (163–165 °F) Solubility in water Insoluble If you find Glycerine monostearate in your cosmetics… Although you might find conflicting information online regarding Polyethylene Glycol, PEGs family and their chemical relatives, it is something to pay attention to when choosing cosmetic and personal care products. If you have sensitive or damaged skin it might be a good idea to avoid products containing PEGs. Using CosmEthics app you can easy add PEGs to personal alerts. In our last blog post we wrote about vegan ingredients. Natural glycols are a good alternative to PEGs, for example natural vegetable glycerin can be used as both moisturiser and emulsifier. CosmEthics vegan list can help you find products that use vegetable glycerin as wetting agent. At present, there is not enough information shown on product labels to enable you to determine whether PEG compounds are contaminated. But if you must buy a product containing PEGs just make sure that your PEGs are coming from a respected brand. Glyceryl stearate and Glycerine monostearate is a combination of two emulsifying ingredients. The stabilising effect of both means that the product remains blended and will not separate. Description Glyceryl stearate is a solid and waxy compound. It is made by reacting glycerine (a soap by-product) with stearic acid (a naturally occurring, vegetable fatty acid). Glycerine monostearate is an off-white, solid ester of polyethylene glycol (a binder and a softener) and stearic acid. Applications Ideal for styling creams/lotions, conditioners, body care, facial care, sun care Related Applications Personal Care Cosmetics Hair Care Skin Care Sun Care Related Benefits Personal Care Natural Vegan Suitable Related Functions Personal Care Emulsifiers Glyceryl Stearate. Glycerine monostearate ester acts as an emulsion stabilizer and non-ionic auxiliary emulsifier. Glycerine monostearate ester is suggested for use in creams and lotions, conditioners and styling creams/lotions, body care, face and body washes, facial care, after-sun, self-tanning, and sunscreen applications. The Cerasynt esters range provides a variety of emulsifiers to meet formulation requirements. PROPERTIES Auxiliary emulsifiers. APPLICATIONS A wide variety of personal care formulas. Glycerine monostearate is a premium quality nonionic stabilizer and emulsifier. Manufactured using the highest quality raw materials for batch-to-batch reproducibility. What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate and Glycerine monostearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glycerine monostearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glycerine monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glycerine monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glycerine monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glycerine monostearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glycerine monostearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glycerine monostearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glycerine monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glycerine monostearate, also known as Glycerine monostearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glycerine monostearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. Glycerine monostearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glycerine monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: Glycerine monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate Learn all about Glycerine monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glycerine monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate, also called Glycerine monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glycerine monostearate Do in Our products? Glycerine monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glycerine monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items. Why Puracy Uses Glycerine monostearate We use Glycerine monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glycerine monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glycerine monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glycerine monostearate Is Made Glycerine monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glycerine monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glycerine monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glycerine monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.[3] It takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic. Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid. Structure, synthesis, and occurrence Glycerine monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-Glycerine monostearate and 2-Glycerine monostearate. Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar. Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol. Glycerine monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase. It is present at very low levels in certain seed oils. Uses Glycerine monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant. It is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.[5] Glycerine monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food. It is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture. It is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread. What Is It? Glycerine monostearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glycerine monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glycerine monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glycerine monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glycerine monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glycerine monostearate, and Glycerine monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glycerine monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glycerine monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. Glycerine monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glycerine monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Learn all about Glycerine monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glycerine monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glycerine monostearate? Glycerine monostearate, also called Glycerine monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glycerine monostearate Do in Our products? Glycerine monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glycerine monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glycerine monostearate We use Glycerine monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glycerine monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glycerine monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards. How Glycerine monostearate Is Made Glycerine monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glycerine monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glycerine monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl stearate (Glycerine monostearate) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. Glycerine monostearate (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most Glycerine monostearate used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% Glycerine monostearate. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of Glycerine monostearate available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glycerine monostearate Glycerine monostearate is created by the esterification of glycerin and stearic acid. Glycerine monostearate creates an excellent emulsion and when used in combination with other emulsifiers, creates a stable lotion. Characteristics An interesting characteristic of Glycerine monostearate is the ability to make the oils which are combined in the emulsion non greasy, so for example Sunflower can be combined, without adding greasiness to the final product, allowing creams and lotions to be produced which carry the properties of the oil without the greasiness. Glycerine monostearate can be used to pearlise shower gel, shampoo and hand wash if added in combination with glycerine. How to use Heat the Glycerine monostearate to 60c - 70c within the oil stage of your formulations. Ensure the Glycerine monostearate is fully dissolved into your oil stage (use agitation if required) in order to minimise the risk of graininess in your final formulation. Precautions At pure usage levels it can cause irritation to the skin. When blending always take the following precautions: Use gloves (disposable are ideal) Take care when handling hot oils Wear eye protection Work in a well ventilated room Keep ingredients and hot oils away from children If ingested, seek immediate medical advice If contact made with eyes, rinse immediately with clean warm water and seek medical advice if in any doubt. Safety First In addition to our precautions and general safety information, we always recommend keeping a first aid kit nearby. You are working with hot water and oils, accidents can happen, so always be prepared! Is Glycerine monostearate Safe? Toxicity The safety of PEG compounds has been called into question in recent years. The questioning of the safety of this ingredient is due to toxicity concerns that result from impurities found in PEG compounds. The impurities of concern are ethylene oxide and 1,4 dioxane, both are by-products of the manufacturing process. Both 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide have been suggested to be linked with breast and uterine cancers. While these impurities may have been a concern previously, ingredient manufacturers and improved processes have eliminated the risk of impurities in the final product. The level of impurities that were found initially in PEG manufacturing was low in comparison to the levels proposed to be linked to cancers. Longitudinal studies or studies over a long period of use of PEG compounds have not found any significant toxicity or any significant impact on reproductive health. When applied topically, Glycerine monostearate is not believed to pose significant dangers to human health. It doesn’t penetrate deeply into the skin and isn’t thought to have bioaccumulation concerns when used topically. Irritation Through research, PEG compounds have exhibited evidence that they are non-irritating ingredients to the eyes or the skin. This research used highly concentrated forms of the ingredient, concentrations that would not be found in your skincare products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found PEG compounds to be non-photosensitizing and non-irritating at concentrations up to 100%. However, despite the evidence suggesting that PEG compounds are non-irritating, some research has indicated that irritation can occur when the skin is broken or already irritated. In a study that was trialing the use of PEG containing antimicrobial cream on burn patients, some patients experienced kidney toxicity. The concentration of PEG compounds was identified to be the culprit. Given that there was no evidence of toxicity in any study of PEGs and intact skin, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended their safety guidelines to exclude the use of PEG containing products on broken or damaged skin. Is Glycerine monostearate Vegan? Depending on the source of the stearic acid used to make Glycerine monostearate, it may be vegan. Most of the time, stearic acid is derived from plants. However, it can also be derived from animal origin. If it is of animal origin, the product has to comply with animal by-product regulation. Check with the brand you are thinking of using to determine whether their Glycerine monostearate is derived from a plant or animal source. Why Is Glycerine monostearate Used? Emulsifier Glycerine monostearate is included in skincare and beauty products for a variety of reasons, ranging from making the skin softer to helping product formulations better keep their original consistency. As an emollient, Glycerine monostearate is included within skincare product formulations to give the skin a softer feel. It achieves this through strengthening the skin’s moisture barrier by forming a thin fatty layer on the skin’s surface, which prevents moisture loss and increases overall hydration. This moisturizing effect increases the hydration of skin cells, which in turn makes the skin softer and boosts skin health. Texture Another use for Glycerine monostearate has to do with its emulsification properties. Emulsifiers are valued in the skincare and personal care industries because of their ability to mix water and oils. Without this ability, the oils in many formulations would begin to separate from the water molecules, thus undermining product texture and consistency. Glycerine monostearate is also used to help to cleanse through mixing oil and dirt so that it can be rinsed away. Surfactant Lastly, Glycerine monostearate can also act as a surfactant, when used in body and facial cleansers. Surfactants disrupt surface tension, helping to mix water and oil. This characteristic helps the ingredient cleanse the skin by mixing oil with water, lifting dirt trapped inside the skin’s oils, and rinsing it away from the skin. What Types of Products Contain Glycerine monostearate? There are many products in the skin and personal care industry that are formulated with Glycerine monostearate because of its benefits to formulations and its relative safety. Facial cleansers, shampoos, lotions, and face creams have all been known to contain this ingredient. If you’ve had problems with this ingredient before, or if your doctor has advised you to stay away from Glycerine monostearate, it’s vital to read ingredient labels for any personal care product as it has many applications. What are PEGs? You have probably noticed that many of cosmetics and personal care products you use have different types of PEGs among ingredients. PEG, which is the abbreviation of polyethylene glycol, is not a definitive chemical entity in itself, but rather a mixture of compounds, of polymers that have been bonded together. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic, and when combined with glycol, it becomes a thick and sticky liquid. PEGs are almost often followed by a number, for example PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG 100 and so on. This number represents the approximate molecular weight of that compound. Typically, cosmetics use PEGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the molecular weight, the easier it is for the compound to penetrate the skin. Often, PEGs are connected to another molecule. You might see, for example, Glycerine monostearate as an ingredient. This means that the polyethylene glycol polymer with an approximate molecular weight of 100 is attached chemically to stearic acid. In cosmetics, PEGs function in three ways: as emollients (which help soften and lubricate the skin), as emulsifiers (which help water-based and oil-based ingredients mix properly), and as vehicles that help deliver other ingredients deeper into the skin. What effect do Glycerine monostearate have on your skin? Polyethylene glycol compounds have not received a lot of attention from consumer groups but they should. The most important thing to know about PEGs is that they have a penetration enhancing effect, the magnitude of which is dependent upon a variety of variables. These include: both the structure and molecular weight of the PEG, other chemical constituents in the formula, and, most importantly, the overall health of the skin. PEGs of all sizes may penetrate through injured skin with compromised barrier function. So it is very important to avoid products with PEGs if your skin is not in best condition. Skin penetration enhancing effects have been shown with PEG-2 and PEG-9 stearate. This penetration enhancing effect is important for three reasons: 1) If your skin care product contains a bunch of other undesirable ingredients, PEGs will make it easier for them to get down deep into your skin. 2) By altering the surface tension of the skin, PEGs may upset the natural moisture balance. 3) Glycerine monostearate are not always pure, but often come contaminated with a host of toxic impurities. Emulsifiers Emulsifiers are used to aid the incorporation and stabilization of air bubbles in the batter, especially in the presence of fats or oils. The most commonly used emulsifiers for this purpose are glycerol monostearate (Glycerine monostearate) and polyglycerol esters, with the former being the more effective of the two on a weight-for-weight basis. Both emulsifiers are commonly used in a paste form, i.e., dispersed in water with other ingredients which promote gel stability. Emulsifiers like Glycerine monostearate may exist in a number of forms when dispersed in water and it is important it is in the active alpha-gel form when used for cake making. Without Glycerine monostearate the egg protein will largely stabilize the air bubbles and the sponge will have a reasonable volume, but often with an area of coarse open-cell structure in the crumb. The addition of a small level of Glycerine monostearate somewhat unexpe
GLYCERINE PHARMA
Glycerin; Glycerine; Propanetriol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; 1,2,3-Propanetriol cas no: 56-81-5
Glycerin (and) Water (and) Asteriscus Graveolens Flower/Fruit/Leaf/Stem Extract
ASTERISCUS GRAVEOLENS FLOWER/FRUIT/LEAF/STEM EXTRACT, flowers, fruit, leaves and stems of Asteriscus graveolens, Asteroceae. CAS NO:999999-99-4
Glycerin (and) Water (and) Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract
Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract; Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract in water; LEUCOJUM AESTIVUM BULB EXTRACT; Leucojum aestivum L., Amaryllidaceae; extract of the bulb of leucojum aestivum l., amaryllidaceae; Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract in water and glycerin CAS NO:999999-99-4
Glycerin (and) Water (and) Narcissus Tazetta Bulb Extract
Yellow Daffodil, Narcissus tazetta L., Agavaceae; Narcissus tazetta bulb extract; JONQUIL EXTRACT; CAS NO:999999-99-4
Glycerin (and) Water (and) Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Seed Extract
Phoenix Dactylifera Seed Extract; date seed extract; phoenix dactylifera seed extractin water and glycerin CAS NO:999999-99-4
Glycerin (and) Water (and) Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Leaf Extract
SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT; Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, Buxaceae; EXTRACT OF SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS (JOJOBA) LEAF, JOJOBA LEAF EXTRACT, SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS (JOJOBA) LEAF EXTRACT, and SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT CAS NO:90045-98-0
Glycerine (Pharma)
Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS NO:56-81-5
Glycérine / Glycérol
GLYCEROL FORMAL N° CAS : 4740-78-7 Nom INCI : GLYCEROL FORMAL Nom chimique : 1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol N° EINECS/ELINCS : 225-248-9 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes. α,α'-Glycerol formal ?,α'glycerol formal 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [German] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Dioxan-5-ol [French] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1,3-Formalglycerol 225-248-9 [EINECS] 4740-78-7 [RN] 5-m-Dioxanol a,a'-Formaldehyde Glycerol a,a'-Methylene Glycerin Glycerol Formal GLYCEROL FORMAL, α,α' "1,3-DIOXAN-5-OL" [1,3]Dioxan-5-ol 1,3-dioxan-5-ol 98% 5-Hydroxy-1,3-dioxane 5-Hydroxy-m-dioxane C4H8O3 [Formula] EINECS 225-248-9 glycerol formal (=1,3-dioxan-5-ol) glycerol formal, 99+%, mixture of isomers, stabilized Glycerol formal, α,α' GLYCEROL-A,β-FORMAL m-Dioxan-5-ol MFCD00003218 [MDL number] MFCD00014645 [MDL number] MFCD10039829 ST5409435 UNII-3L7GR2604E
Glycerine 99,5%
SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol;Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS NO:56-81-5
Glycerine Karbonat
SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol;Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS NO:56-81-5
Glycerine pharma grade
SYNONYMS Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane; Trihydroxypropane; Clyzerin, Wasserfrei; Glyrol; Glysanin; Grocolene; CAS: 56-81-5
GLYCEROL FORMAL
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester;CAS NO. 123-94-4,
Glycerol monococoate 7 EO-Ester ETO 7
SYNONYMS Glyceryl cocoate;Glycerides, coconut oil mono-; Glycerol mono coconut oil; Glyceryl coconate CAS NO:61789-05-7
Glycerol monolaurate 90%
SYNONYMS MONOLAURIN;RAC-GLYCEROL 1-LAURATE;RAC-1-LAUROYLGLYCEROL;Dodecanoicacid,monoesterwith1,2,3-propanetriol;DODECANOIN;DL-ALPHA-LAURIN;lauric acid, monoester with glycerol;LAURIC ACID MONOGLYCERIDE CAS NO: 27215-38-9
Glycerol monooleate
SYNONYMS Glycerol Oleate;Glyceryl Monooleate; Glyceryl oleate; (Z)-1-Oleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 9-Octadecenoic acid; Glycerol Monoleate; Monoolein; CAS NO:25496-72-4
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE
as no 123-94-4 Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester;
Glycerol monostearate %40-60-90
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate; Glyceryl monostearate; Glycerin monostearate; Monostearin; Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester CAS NO:123-94-4; 11099-07-3
GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 90%
Glyceryl monostearate; Glyceryl monostearate 90; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; cas no: 123-94-4
GLYCEROL STEARATE
CALCIUM GLYCEROPHOSPHATE, N° CAS : 27214-00-2 / 126-95-4 / 1336-00-1 / 58409-70-4 - Glycérophosphate de calcium, Nom INCI : CALCIUM GLYCEROPHOSPHATE Nom chimique : Calcium glycerophosphate, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-328-5 / 204-813-3 / 215-643-4 / 261-240-1, Le glycérophosphate de calcium aussi appelé glycérophosphate de chaux, se présente sous la forme d'une poudre blanche. Il est utilisé en cosmétique dans les dentifrices en tant qu'actif anti-plaques et anti-caries, il optimise l'action des fluorures.Antiplaque : Aide à protéger contre la formation de plaque dentaire Agent d'hygiène buccale : Fournit des effets cosmétiques à la cavité buccale (nettoyage, désodorisation et protection)
Glycerol triacetate- Triacetin
SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate;Enzactin; Fungacetin; Glycerin triacetate; Triacetylglycerol;Glycerol triacetate; Glyceryl triacetate; Glyped; Kesscoflex TRA; Triacetine; Vanay; Glycerol triacetate tributyrin; Triacetyl glycerine; Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate; CAS NO:102-76-1
Glycerol tri-caprylate/caprate-Ester 610
SYNONYMS CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDES;odo;MEDIUM-CHAINTRIGLYCERIDE;Mixed decanoyl octanoyl glycerides;Caprylic / capric triglyceride;Decanoyl- and octanoyl glycerides;Einecs 277-452-2;Glycerin, mixed triester with caprylic acid and capric acid CAS NO:73398-61-5
Glycérophosphate de calcium
Nom INCI : GLYCERYL ASCORBATE Ses fonctions (INCI) Antioxydant : Inhibe les réactions favorisées par l'oxygène, évitant ainsi l'oxydation et la rancidité Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau
GLYCERYL ASCORBATE
GLYCERYL CAPRATE, N° CAS : 26402-22-2, Nom INCI : GLYCERYL CAPRATE, Nom chimique : Decanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 247-667-6, Ses fonctions (INCI), Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau
GLYCERYL CAPRATE
GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE, N° CAS : 26402-26-6, Nom INCI : GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE. Nom chimique : Octanoic acid, monoester with glycerol, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 247-668-1. Ses fonctions (INCI). Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE
Nom INCI : GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
Glyceryl Caprylate (and) Glyceryl Undecylenate
Lexgard Natural MB CAS Number 26402-26-6 / 123759-97-7
Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprat
OCTANOIN; Poem M-100; Sefsol 318; MONOCAPRYLIN; monooctanoin; Drewmulse CA; 1-MONOCAPRYLIN; monocaprylin95+%; Glycerylcaprylate; Monocapryl glyceride; 1-O-Octanoylglycerin; GLYCEROLMONOOCTANOATE; GLYCEROL MONOCAPRYLATE; 1-MONOOCTANOYL GLYCEROL; octyl and decyl glycerate; octanoicacid,monoesterwith; 1-MONOOCTANOYL-RAC-GLYCEROL; GLYCEROL ALPHA-MONOOCTANOATE; Octansure, Monoester mit Glycerin; 1-MONOCAPRYLOYL-RAC-GLYCEROL (C8:0); octanoic acid, monoester with glycerol; Octanoicacid,monoesterwith1,2,3-propanetriol; Octanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester; Glycerol alpha-Monooctanoate 1-Monooctanoyl Glycerol; Monocaprylin, Glycerol α-Monooctanoate, 1-Monooctanoyl Glycerol CAS NO:26402-26-6
GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE
GLYCERYL COCOATE, N° CAS : 61789-05-7. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL COCOATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-027-9. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL COCOATE
Di(isooctadecanoic) acid, diester with glycerol; GLYCERYL DIISOSTEARATE, N° CAS : 68958-48-5, Nom INCI : GLYCERYL DIISOSTEARATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 273-368-5. Ses fonctions (INCI): Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau, Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques
GLYCERYL DIISOSTEARATE
GLYCERYL DILAURATE, N° CAS : 27638-00-2. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL DILAURATE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-586-9. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL DILAURATE
N° CAS : 26657-95-4 Nom INCI : GLYCERYL DIPALMITATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 247-886-7 Ses fonctions (INCI) Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL DIPALMITATE
GLYCERYL DISTEARATE, N° CAS : 1323-83-7, Nom INCI : GLYCERYL DISTEARATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 215-359-0, Ses fonctions (INCI): Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. DG(18:0/18:0/0:0)[rac] 1,2-dioctadecanoylglycerol 1,2-Dioctadecanoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2-Distearin 1,2-Distearoyl-rac-glycerol 1323-83-7 [RN] 1730305 215-359-0 [EINECS] 256-941-4 [EINECS] 3-Hydroxy-1,2-propandiyl-dioctadecanoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 3-Hydroxy-1,2-propanediyl dioctadecanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name] 3-Hydroxypropane-1,2-diyl dioctadecanoate 51063-97-9 [RN] Dioctadécanoate de 3-hydroxy-1,2-propanediyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Distearoylglycerol Distearoylglycerol mixed isomers DL-1,2-Distearin glycerol distearate GLYCERYL 1,2-DISTEARATE GLYCERYL 1,2-DISTEARATE, (S)- GLYCERYL DISTEARATE MFCD00066515 Octadecanoic acid 1,1'-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl] ester Octadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester [ACD/Index Name] Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-[[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]methyl]ethyl ester rac-1,2-Distearoylglycerol rac-Glycerol 1,2-distearate (1)-1-(Hydroxymethyl)ethane-1,2-diyl distearate Distearin (±)-1,2-DISTEAROYLGLYCEROL (3-hydroxy-2-octadecanoyloxypropyl) octadecanoate [10567-21-2] [1188-58-5] [1323-83-7] [51063-97-9] 1,2-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 1,2-Di-O-hexadecanoylglycerol 1,2-Distearoyl-L-glycerol 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol 10567-21-2 [RN] 1-hydroxy-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propan-2-yl octadecanoate 2-Hydroxy-1-[(stearoyloxy)methyl]ethyl stearate 3-Hydroxypropane-1,2-diyl distearate a,b-Distearin Cithrol EDS D-7500 D-7502 distearic acid, diester with glycerol Glycerol 1,2-dioctadecanoate Glycerol 1,2-distearate L-1,2-Distearin Octadecanoic acid 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester Octadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-octadecanoyloxy-ethyl ester Octadecanoic acid, diester with 1,2,3-propanetriol Octadecanoic acid,1,1'-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl] ester Octadecanoic acid,1,1'-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl]ester
GLYCERYL DISTEARATE
GLYCERYL GLUCOSIDE, N° CAS : 22160-26-5 / 100402-60-6, Nom INCI : GLYCERYL GLUCOSIDE, Nom chimique : alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-Hydroxy-1-(Hydroxymethyl)ethyl, N° EINECS/ELINCS : - / 309-496-6. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) : Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état
Glyceryl ester
SYNONYMS PGE2-1-glyceryl ester CAS NO:37497-47-5
GLYCERYL GLUCOSIDE
GLYCERYL ISOSTEARATE. N° CAS : 66085-00-5 / 32057-14-0. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL ISOSTEARATE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 266-124-4. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI): Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL ISOSTEARATE
GLYCERYL LACTATE, N° CAS : 26855-41-4. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL LACTATE. Nom chimique : Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetrio1
GLYCERYL LACTATE
GLYCERYL LAURATE, N° CAS : 27215-38-4 / 142-18-7. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL LAURATE. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 248-337-4 / 205-526-6. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Emollient : Adoucit et assouplit la peau. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile)
GLYCERYL LAURATE
PEG-12 Glyceryl laurate; Polyoxyethyleneglycerol, monolaurate; Polyoxyethylene (12) glyceryl laurate cas no: 51248-32-9
GLYCERYL MONOOLEATE
Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) IUPAC Name 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) InChI InChI=1S/C21H40O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-21(24)25-19-20(23)18-22/h9-10,20,22-23H,2-8,11-19H2,1H3/b10-9- Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) InChI Key RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Canonical SMILES RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Canonical SMILES CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Isomeric SMILES CCCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Molecular Formula C21H40O4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) CAS 111-03-5 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Deprecated CAS 30836-40-9, 33978-07-3, 925-14-4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) European Community (EC) Number 203-827-7 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) NSC Number 406285 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) JECFA Number 919 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) FEMA Number 2526 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) DSSTox Substance ID DTXSID3027875 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Physical Description DryPowder; Liquid; OtherSolid Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Color/Form PLATES FROM ETHANOL Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Odor SWEET Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Taste FATTY TASTE Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Boiling Point 238-240 °C AT 3 MM HG Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Melting Point 35.0 °C Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)Solubility INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN ETHANOL, ETHER, CHLOROFORM Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Density 0.9420 @ 20 °C/4 °C Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Refractive Index INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4626 @ 40 °C/D Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Collision Cross Section 202.8 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)] Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Other Experimental Properties MELTING POINT: 32 °C (UNSTABLE) /PRIMARY BETA FORM/; 35.5 °C (STABLE) /BETA FORM/ Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Molecular Weight 356.5 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) XLogP3 6.5 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 2 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 4 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Rotatable Bond Count 19 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Exact Mass 356.29266 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Monoisotopic Mass 356.29266 g/mol Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Topological Polar Surface Area 66.8 Ų Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Heavy Atom Count 25 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Formal Charge 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Complexity 315 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Isotope Atom Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1 Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) Compound Is Canonicalized Yes Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a polar lipid that can exist in various liquid crystalline phases in the presence of different amounts of water. It is regarded as a permeation enhancer due to its amphiphilic property. Various phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent system containing sodium fluorescein were prepared to compare permeability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) was melted in a vial in a water bath heated to 45 °C. Propylene glycol and hexanediol were homogeneously dissolved in the melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). Sodium fluorescein in aqueous solution was diluted to various ratios and thoroughly mixed by an ultrasonic homogenizer. Each Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/Solvent system with fluorescein was applied onto the epidermal side of excised pig skin and incubated overnight. CLSM was performed to observe how the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent system in its different phases affect skin permeability. Cubic and lamellar phase formulations enhanced the fluorescein permeation through the stratum corneum. A solution system had the weakest permeability compared to the other two phases. Due to the amphiphilic nature of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat), cubic and lamellar phases might reduce the barrier function of stratum corneum which was observed by CLSM as fluorescein accumulated in the dermis. Based on the results, the glyceryl monooleate lyotropic mixtures could be applied to enhance skin permeation in various topical and transdermal formulations.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a well-known molecule commonly used as an emulsifying agent, biocompatible controlled-release material, and a food additive. It is considered as a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible material classified as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS). It is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide and present in nonparenteral medicines in the United Kingdom.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is a polar lipid with the ability to form various liquid crystalline phases in the presence of different amounts of water. In the presence of a small amount of water, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) forms reversed micelles characterized by an oily texture. As more water is added, a mucous-like system is formed that corresponds to the lamellar phase. A large isotropic phase region dominates when more water is added (20 ∼ 40%). This phase, known as the cubic phase, is highly viscous. In addition, the temperature and ratio of weight to water plays a role in the various phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). In the presence of high amounts of water in temperatures ranging from 20 ∼ 70 °C, the cubic phase might exist in a stable condition. The cubic phase is said to be bicontinuous since it consists of a curved bilayer extending in three dimensions, separating two congruent water channel networks. The water pore diameter is about 5 nm when the cubic phase is fully swollen. The presence of a lipid and an aqueous domain gives special properties to the cubic phase such as the ability to solubilize hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic substances .Previous research has demonstrated that the liquid crystalline phases of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) such as the cubic and reversed hexagonal phase, increased transdermal drug delivery. The advantages of the formulations for transdermal drug delivery system might include biocompatibility and the ability to self-assemble their structure. The cubic phase of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) can be dispersed in a water-rich environment and form a dispersion containing nanometer-sized particles. Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)'s interaction with phospholipid bilayers might suggest why it is known as a permeation enhancer.In the current study, effects of various formulations of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water system on skin permeability were evaluated using Franz-diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). To test the permeability of each formulation, sodium fluorescein was added to the mixture that was applied on excised pig skin. Even though the influence of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) on the percutaneous absorption through hairless mouse skin has been studied, differences between the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water formulations and how they affect permeability and distribution throughout the layers of the skin have not been investigated. This study might provide an insight to understand the effects of formulation on the skin permeation.2. Material and methods 2.1. Materials Glyceryl monooleate (Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)), propylene glycol, hexanediol, paraformaldehyde, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic, and sodium fluorescein were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Excised pig skin obtained from PWG Genetics Korea, Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, Korea). FSC 22 Frozen section media was purchased from Leica Biosystems (Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany). Hydrophobic PTFE membrane was purchased from Pall Corporation (New York, NY, USA). Hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane was purchased from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).2.2. Preparation of formulations Three different formulations were prepared for the current study (Table 1). Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases (cubic and lamellar phases) were produced by melting Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in a vial at 45 °C and then propylene glycol and hexanediol were dissolved in the melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat). Propylene glycol was utilized in order to slow down the drastic increase of viscosity during the cubic phase formation by mixing Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and water. A small amount of hexanediol was added to prevent bacterial growth in the mixture and prolong the shelf-life. An aqueous solution of fluorescein was produced by dissolving hexanediol and sodium fluorescein in deionized water. The aqueous solution of sodium fluorescein was slowly added to the mixture while it was strongly agitated by an ultrasonic homogenizer to form lyotropic liquid crystalline phases.2.3. In vitro diffusion studies with membranes In vitro diffusion study was carried out using Franz-type diffusion cells assembled with hydrophobic PTFE membrane and hydrophilic nitrocellulose membrane between the donor and receptor chambers. The volume of each chamber was 12.5 ml and the diffusion area was 1.82 cm2. Pore size of the membranes was 0.45 μm. To simulate a skin's lipid-bilayer, hydrophobic membranes were dipped in melted Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and soaked in receptor medium for 30 min before diffusion studies. After the membranes were soaked, the hydrophobic membrane was attached to the hydrophilic membrane and both remained attached during the diffusion experiment.The receptor chamber was filled with phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). The donor chamber containing the cubic phase, lamellar phase, or solution samples with 1 mg/ml of the sodium fluorescein were applied on the upper surface of the hydrophobic membrane. Receptor components were continuously stirred with a magnetic stirrer and samples were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h). After withdrawing samples from the receptor, the receptor was replaced with the same volume of fresh phosphate buffered saline to maintain sink condition. The content of sodium fluorescein was analyzed by multi-mode microplate reader. The cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released per surface area was obtained using the following equation:where Q is the cumulative amounts of sodium fluorescein released per surface area of the membrane (μg/cm2) and Cn is the concentration of the sodium fluorescein (μg/ml) determined at nth sampling interval. V is the volume of individual Franz-type diffusion cell, S is the volume of sampling aliquot (0.5 ml), and A is the surface area of membrane. The cumulative amounts released per surface area were plotted against time. The steady-state flux (J) was obtained from the slope of the linear portion of plotted cumulative released amounts of compound. The lag time (Tlag) was obtained from the intercept of extrapolated linear portion with time axis (x-axis). Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t test and analysis variance (one-way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparison test of SigmaStat 3.5, Dundas software, Germany) with a P-value of ≤0.05 considered to be significant.2.4. Fluorescence assay Fluorescence emission spectra of sodium fluorescein were obtained using SpectraMax M3 multi-mode microplate reader (Molecular device, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Excitation wavelength was 492 nm and emission wavelength was 515 nm with a 4 nm silt width. The spectra of samples were corrected by subtracting the corresponding buffer spectra. Before obtaining the fluorescence of diffused sodium fluorescein, linearity of the calibration curve was obtained by plotting the nominal concentration of the standard sodium fluorescein (x) versus the emission spectra intensity (y) in the tested concentration range. Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing samples in triplicate six times on the same day.2.5. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) Cubic, lamellar, and solution formulations containing 1 mg/ml of the fluorescein were applied onto the pig skin and left for 5 h and 24 h at 37 °C. After the treatment, skin samples were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. The fixed skin samples were embedded in frozen section media and frozen overnight in a deep freezer at −82.7 °C. The frozen skin samples were cross-sectioned into slices 20 μm thick by Leica CM1520 cryostat for cell nuclei staining. Sections were stained with 1 μg/ml of 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 10 min at 37 °C. After washing with PBS, the cross-section of the skin samples were imaged by LSM 510 microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) with dual excitation band of DAPI (358 nm) and FITC filter (488 nm). Fluorescence imaging processing was performed by ZEN 2012 software and Adobe Photoshop.3. Result and discussion 3.1. In vitro diffusion studies with membranes To validate the fluorescence assay method, calibration curves of the sodium fluorescein were plotted and found to be linear (R2 ≥ 0.999) in the tested range of 0.064–32 μg/ml (Table 2). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.046 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy for 0.32, 1.6, and 32 mg/ml sodium fluorescein standard solutions (n = 3) was 2.25, 1.77, and 0.28, respectively (expressed as % variation of the mean). The precision for 0.32, 1.6, and 32 mg/ml sodium fluorescein standard solutions (n = 3) was 3.03, 2.32, and 0.19, respectively (expressed as % coefficient of variation).The diffusion profiles of sodium fluorescein in various formulations across the synthetic membrane are shown in Fig. 1. As the cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released per unit surface area in the receptor phase was plotted against time, a linear relationships after a lag time was obtained. The diffusion coefficient and flux of each formulation were calculated from the slope and lag time (Table 3). Flux of sodium fluorescein across the synthetic membrane in descending order was the cubic phase (15.11 μg/cm2 h), lamellar phase (12.45 μg/cm2 h), and solution formulation (8.23 μg/cm2 h). The cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein released at 12 h and fluxes of the cubic and lamellar phases were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of the solution formulation. The cubic and lamellar phases released about 80 and 39 times more, respectively, compared to the solution. Since sodium fluorescein is hydrophilic and water-soluble, diffusion through an oil-wetted hydrophobic membrane may be a limiting factor. Differences in lag time and flux might cause significant differences in the amount of sodium fluorescein released between each Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water formulations. In addition, the hydrophobicity of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in each formulation may have an effect on the sodium fluorescein's permeability through oil-wetted hydrophobic membrane. In a study investigating the effect of permeation enhancers on transdermal delivery, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) increased the flux across skin for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs by inducing reversible disruption of the lamellar structure of the lipid bilayer and increasing the fluidity of lipids in skin.Even though the lamellar phase has more Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) than the cubic phase formulation, the cubic phase released a higher cumulative amount of sodium fluorescein. A reasonable explanation for this is that propylene glycol enhanced the release of sodium fluorescein in the cubic phase formulation by reducing its viscosity which increased membrane permeability. The lamellar phase shifted to the cubic phase as water content increasing during membrane permeation. The shift to cubic phase may have increased the viscosity and therefore decreased its mobility. It is likely that excess amounts of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might disturb diffusion through a membrane in lamellar phase. In the presence of propylene glycol, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) also forms a liquid sponge phase which has a bicontinuous lipid water system. Previous research has demonstrated that the liquid sponge phase had a better diffusion profile than the cubic phase formulation. Even though cubic phase formulation might not form the liquid sponge phase during diffusion in these experiments, an interaction between Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) and propylene glycol could promote diffusion through the membranes. Hydration time might be a factor in the difference in the diffusion rates between the different formulations. A previous study found that samples hydrated prior to the experiments released large amounts of drug because hydrophilic channels were available during the release of the drug . As the initial water content increased, drug release increased due to the increased hydrophilic domain which accounted for the difference in the amount of drug initially released .3.2. Confocal microscopy imaging CLSM was used to observe the distribution of fluorescein in the skin layers after the application of cubic, lamellar, and solution formulation. Microscopic images of cross-sections perpendicular to the skin allowed us to observe the distribution pattern of the fluorescein in the deep region of the excised skin including the stratum corneum (SC), viable epidermis, and dermis. The diffusion profiles of sodium fluorescein into the skin was compared after the application of the different formulations. As shown in Fig. 2, the distribution of sodium fluorescein in the skin was visualized by CLSM after 5 h of topical application.Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might facilitate the diffusion of sodium fluorescein through the viable epidermis and dermis. The cubic phase was uniformly distributed in the epidermis and dermis (Fig. 2A). The lamellar phase also showed relatively uniform distribution in epidermis and dermis with a small amount present in the SC (Fig. 2B). Most of the sodium fluorescein in the solution formulation was unable to permeate the SC region (Fig. 2C). The image of skin that had the solution formulation applied to it showed a relatively low intensity of fluorescence at the epidermis and dermal layer, but a very strong intensity on the SC. These results support the previous results of diffusion experiment using Franz-type diffusion cells that looked at flux, lag time, and diffusion coefficient between different formulations.Fig. 3 shows the confocal images of the skin after 24 h of sample application. The cubic and lamellar phase formulations showed much stronger fluorescence in the dermal layer compared to the solution formulation. Cubic and lamellar phases showed strong fluorescence in the dermis after 24 h of application compared to 5 h-images. Solution formulation also showed stronger fluorescence than its 5 h-image, but it was localized in the SC layer. This result might suggest that most of sodium fluorescein in the solution formulation might not be able to penetrate SC layer. However, with its low molecular weight sodium fluorescein might be distributed to the SC region which could not be removed during washing, and still showed localized fluorescence after 24 h (Fig. 3C).During a skin diffusion test, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might reversibly emulsify the lipid matrix of the skin and penetrate through the SC. Because adipose tissue and the hypodermis are more hydrophobic than other tissues they make up the skin, most Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) formulations might interact with the tissues and accumulate in them. Therefore, confocal images of samples treated with the cubic and lamellar phases showed stronger fluorescence at hypodermis and adipose tissues than other tissues in skin. In addition, the cubic and lamellar phases showed some localization of high intensity fluorescence in dermis and adipose tissues. The solution formulation showed no localization in the tissues. Differences in localization might be caused by the presence of Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) in formulation. Lipids such as oleic acid and Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) have a polar head and a relatively short hydrophobic carbon chain that increases membrane permeability by promoting disorder of intercellular lipids. In this study, intercellular lipid disorder might cause localization of the sodium fluorescein in the dermis and adipose tissue. Different absorption pathways might also cause difference in the amount of sodium fluorescein diffused between each formulation. Intercellular pathway seems to be predominant method of transdermal absorption when using the solution formulation, whereas the intercluster pathway is the most common method of absorption for the cubic and lamellar phase formulations. Higher Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentrations did not improve permeability. The intensity of the fluorescence in the dermis was directly correlated with an increased with the permeability and not Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentration. At 37 °C, Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) might exist in a cubic phase when the amount of water is greater than 40%. During the diffusion test, the lamellar phase might be hydrated by moisture in the skin and converted to cubic phase. Therefore, viscosity may increase, which decreases the mobility of the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent mixture. 4. Conclusion This study suggests that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is feasible as an absorption enhancer for topical drugs. Franz-type diffusion test and CLSM images in excised pig skin showed improved permeability through the hydrophobic-hydrophilic membrane and excised pig skin. Both cubic and lamellar formulations with Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) showed higher permeability and diffusion profiles. By comparing the diffusion patterns and confocal images, the cubic phase performed significantly better than the lamellar formulation. The results suggest that differences of diffusion were caused by ability of the Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/solvent mixture to induce lipid disorder in the skin samples. These results support the hypothesis that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) induces intercellular lipid disorder. High Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)/water ratio does not correlate with high membrane permeability. The cubic phase contained lower Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) concentration compared to the lamellar phase but had better membrane permeability. Our study demonstrates that Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat) is an important substance for SC permeation but the viscosity of this formulation needs to be further investigated to improve the diffusion efficacy of active ingredients.Glyceryl Monooleate is a clear or light yellow oil that is used as an antifoam in juice processing. It has been used as an emulsifier, a moisturizer, and a flavoring agent.Glycerol monooleate (C21H40O4) is a clear amber or pale yellow liquid. It is an oil soluble surfactant and is classified as a monoglyceride. It is used as an antifoam in juice processing and as a lipophilic emulsifier for water-in-oil applications. It is a moisturizer, emulsifier, and flavoring agent. Various forms of glycerol oleate are widely used in cosmetics and it is also used as an excipient in antibiotics and other drugs.Glyceryl Oleate occurs as off-white to yellow flakes or as a soft semisolid. It is dispersible in water and soluble in acetone, methanol, ethanol, cottonseed oil,and mineral Glyceryl Oleate is also known as Monoolein, Glyceryl Monooleate, and Glycerol Monooleate.Celecoxib (CXB) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug that also acts as a chemopreventive agent against several types of cancer, including skin cancer. As the long-term oral administration of CXB has been associated with severe side effects, the skin delivery of this drug represents a promising alternative for the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions and/or chemoprevention of skin cancer. We prepared and characterized liquid crystalline systems based on glyceryl monooleate (Glyceryl monooleate (Gliseril monooleat)) and water containing penetration enhancers which were primarily designed to promote skin delivery of CXB. Analysis of their phase behavior revealed the formation of cubic and hexagonal phases depending on the systems' composition. The systems' structure and composition markedly affected the in vitro CXB release profile. Oleic acid reduced CXB release rate, but association oleic acid/propylene glycol increased the drug release rate. The developed systems significantly reduced inflammation in an aerosil-induced rat paw edema modl. The systems' composition and liquid crystalline structure influenced their anti-inflammatory potency. Cubic phase systems containing oleic acid/propylene glycol association reduced edema in a sustained manner, indicating that they modulate CXB release and/or permeation. Our findings demonstrate that the developed liquid crystalline systems are potential carriers for the skin delivery of CXB.TREATMENT OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE GHOST MEMBRANES WITH THE FUSOGENIC LIPID GLYCEROL MONOOLEATE INCREASED THE FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANE LIPIDS, BUT THE NONFUSOGENIC LIPID GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE HAD NO EFFECT.IF ANY OF THESE ESTERS IS SIGNIFICANTLY TOXIC, THE ACID PORTION MUST BE HELD RESPONSIBLE, NOT THE GLYCEROL. /GLYCEROL ESTERS/Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) is one of the most popular amphiphilic lipids, which, in the presence of different amounts of water and a proper amount of stabilizer, can promote the development of well defined, thermodynamically stable nanostructures, called lyotropic liquid crystal dispersions. The aim of this study is based on the design, characterization, and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of lyotropic liquid crystal nanostructures containing a model anticancer drug such as doxorubicin hydrochloride. The drug is efficiently retained by the GMO nanosystems by a remote loading approach. The nanostructures prepared with different non-ionic surfactants (poloxamers and polysorbates) are characterized by different physico-chemical features as a function of several parameters, i.e., serum stability, temperature, and different pH values, as well as the amount of cryoprotectants used to obtain suitable freeze-dried systems. The nanostructures prepared with poloxamer 407 used as a stabilizer show an increased toxicity of the entrapped drug on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) due to their ability to sensitize multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells through the inhibition of specific drug efflux transporters. Moreover, the interaction between the nanostructures and the cells occurs after just a few hours, evidencing a huge cellular uptake of the nanosystems.Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) is often described as a special lipid that plays an important role in drug delivery systems, due to its ability to self-assemble in water and to form a variety of well-defined, thermodynamically stable liquid crystal structures. It also exhibits long-range order in one, two, or three dimensions. GMO is widely known as a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible product. It received generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is included in the Inactive Ingredients Guide.In the presence of a proper stabilizer , liquid crystal phases can be arranged in different supramolecular structures such as cubosomes or hexosomes, which could potentially beused for intravenous injection. This is because of their scarce viscosity as well as their ability to maintain the internal nanostructure of the bulk systems and keep it intact. Moreover, their stability in aqueous environments, their inexpensive raw materials as well as their well-defined structure and their higher membrane surface area allow them to retain significantly larger amounts of drugs then their lamellar counterparts such as liposomes. The excellent characteristics of these hosting matrices make these nanostructures excellent and promising carriers for various applications in the drug delivery field. The addition of surfactants can indeed influence the behavior of lipids in phases and are an important factor in preventing destabilizing phenomena of the colloidal dispersions in aqueous media, thus improving their shelf-life. Among the stabilizing agents, the most extensively employed for the preparation of the lyotropic liquid crystalline nanostructures are poly-oxy-ethylene(PEO)-based surfactants such as poloxamers and polysorbates. In particular, poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic portion of polyoxypropylene oxide (PPO) linked to two hydrophilic blocks of poly-ethylene oxide (POE). Their peculiar characteristics depend on the lengths of the chains of the various units, and on the different molecular weights and physical forms. Indeed, they act as steric stabilizers by way of the adsorption of the hydrophobic units onto the surfaces of nanostructures, which prevents the fusion of particles and thus promotes the physical stability of a formulation.Moreover, polysorbates (PS) are nonionic, hydrophilic stabilizers made up of fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan. Their bone structure consists of a sorbitan ring with ethylene oxide polymers linked at three different hydroxyl positions. Their molecular weight is significantly lower, and they have shorter hydrophilic PEO chains, in addition to a hydrophobic anchor consisting of fatty acid. The current study was designed to compare GMO-nanostructures prepared with the most popular classes of non-ionic surfactants (polysorbates and poloxamers) as a function of temperature, serum stability at various pH values, and the cryoprotectants used to obtain suitable freeze-dried systems. The most promising formulations were chosen to encapsulate the hydrophilic anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX).
GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE
Glyceryl Monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is composed of primary and auxiliary emulsifiers for a wide variety of personal care formulas. It is supplied as cream flakes. Glyceryl monostearate is an emulsifier for a wide variety of personal care applications. Product: Cerasynt Stearates Industries: Personal Care Form: White to off-white flakes Use level: 0.25 - 3.0% Features & Benefits Nonionic auxiliary emulsifier Emulsion stabilizer Biodegradable 100% Natural Vegan suitable Impurities and other Glyceryl monostearate risks According to a report in the International Journal of Toxicology by the cosmetic industry’s own Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) committee, impurities found in various PEG compounds include ethylene oxide; 1,4-dioxane; polycyclic aromatic compounds; and heavy metals such as lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and arsenic. Many of these impurities are linked to cancer. PEG compounds often contain small amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide (found in PEG-4, PEG-7, PEG4-dilaurate, and PEG 100) is highly toxic — even in small doses — and was used in World War I nerve gas. Exposure to ethylene glycol during its production, processing and clinical use has been linked to increased incidents of leukemia as well as several types of cancer. Finally, there is 1,4-dioxane (found in PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG-32, PEG-75, PEG-150, PEG-14M, and PEG-20M), which, on top of being a known carcinogen, may also combine with atmospheric oxygen to form explosive peroxides — not exactly something you want going on your skin. Even though responsible manufacturers do make efforts to remove these impurities (1,4-dioxane that can be removed from cosmetics through vacuum stripping during processing without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost), the cosmetic and personal care product industry has shown little interest in doing so. Surprisingly, PEG compounds are also used by natural cosmetics companies. If you find Glyceryl monostearate in your cosmetics… Although you might find conflicting information online regarding Polyethylene Glycol, PEGs family and their chemical relatives, it is something to pay attention to when choosing cosmetic and personal care products. If you have sensitive or damaged skin it might be a good idea to avoid products containing PEGs. Using CosmEthics app you can easy add PEGs to personal alerts. In our last blog post we wrote about vegan ingredients. Natural glycols are a good alternative to PEGs, for example natural vegetable glycerin can be used as both moisturiser and emulsifier. CosmEthics vegan list can help you find products that use vegetable glycerin as wetting agent. At present, there is not enough information shown on product labels to enable you to determine whether PEG compounds are contaminated. But if you must buy a product containing PEGs just make sure that your PEGs are coming from a respected brand. Glyceryl stearate and Glyceryl monostearate is a combination of two emulsifying ingredients. The stabilising effect of both means that the product remains blended and will not separate. Description Glyceryl stearate is a solid and waxy compound. It is made by reacting glycerine (a soap by-product) with stearic acid (a naturally occurring, vegetable fatty acid). Glyceryl monostearate is an off-white, solid ester of polyethylene glycol (a binder and a softener) and stearic acid. Applications Ideal for styling creams/lotions, conditioners, body care, facial care, sun care Related Applications Personal Care Cosmetics Hair Care Skin Care Sun Care Related Benefits Personal Care Natural Vegan Suitable Related Functions Personal Care Emulsifiers Glyceryl Stearate. Glyceryl monostearate ester acts as an emulsion stabilizer and non-ionic auxiliary emulsifier. Glyceryl monostearate ester is suggested for use in creams and lotions, conditioners and styling creams/lotions, body care, face and body washes, facial care, after-sun, self-tanning, and sunscreen applications. The Cerasynt esters range provides a variety of emulsifiers to meet formulation requirements. PROPERTIES Auxiliary emulsifiers. APPLICATIONS A wide variety of personal care formulas. Glyceryl monostearate is a premium quality nonionic stabilizer and emulsifier. Manufactured using the highest quality raw materials for batch-to-batch reproducibility. What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate and Glyceryl monostearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glyceryl monostearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glyceryl monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glyceryl monostearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glyceryl monostearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glyceryl monostearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glyceryl monostearate, also known as Glyceryl MonoStearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glyceryl monostearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. Glyceryl monostearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glyceryl monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: glyceryl monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glyceryl MonoStearate Glyceryl monostearate Learn all about Glyceryl monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glyceryl monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl monostearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glyceryl monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items. Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl monostearate We use Glyceryl monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glyceryl monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glyceryl monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl monostearate Is Made Glyceryl monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glyceryl monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glyceryl monostearate, commonly known as GMS, is a monoglyceride commonly used as an emulsifier in foods.[3] It takes the form of a white, odorless, and sweet-tasting flaky powder that is hygroscopic. Chemically it is the glycerol ester of stearic acid. Structure, synthesis, and occurrence Glyceryl monostearate exists as three stereoisomers, the enantiomeric pair of 1-Glyceryl monostearate and 2-Glyceryl monostearate. Typically these are encountered as a mixture as many of their properties are similar. Commercial material used in foods is produced industrially by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (from either vegetable or animal fats) and glycerol. Glyceryl monostearate occurs naturally in the body as a product of the breakdown of fats by pancreatic lipase. It is present at very low levels in certain seed oils. Uses Glyceryl monostearate is a food additive used as a thickening, emulsifying, anticaking, and preservative agent; an emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and solvents; a protective coating for hygroscopic powders; a solidifier and control release agent in pharmaceuticals; and a resin lubricant. It is also used in cosmetics and hair-care products.[5] Glyceryl monostearate is largely used in baking preparations to add "body" to the food. It is somewhat responsible for giving ice cream and whipped cream their smooth texture. It is sometimes used as an antistaling agent in bread. What Is It? Glyceryl monostearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl monostearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl monostearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl monostearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl monostearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl monostearate, and Glyceryl monostearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl monostearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl monostearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl monostearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. Glyceryl monostearate is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Learn all about Glyceryl monostearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses Glyceryl monostearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl monostearate? Glyceryl monostearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl monostearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl monostearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, Glyceryl monostearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl monostearate We use Glyceryl monostearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that Glyceryl monostearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that Glyceryl monostearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl monostearate Is Made Glyceryl monostearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl monostearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains Glyceryl monostearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate. Glyceryl stearate (Glyceryl monostearate) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. Glyceryl monostearate (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most Glyceryl monostearate used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% Glyceryl monostearate. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of Glyceryl monostearate available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU). Glyceryl monostearate Glyceryl monostearate is created by the esterification of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl monostearate creates an excellent emulsion and when used in combination with other emulsifiers, creates a stable lotion. Characteristics An interesting characteristic of Glyceryl monostearate is the ability to make the oils which are combined in the emulsion non greasy, so for example Sunflower can be combined, without adding greasiness to the final product, allowing creams and lotions to be produced which carry the properties of the oil without the greasiness. Glyceryl monostearate can be used to pearlise shower gel, shampoo and hand wash if added in combination with glycerine. How to use Heat the Glyceryl monostearate to 60c - 70c within the oil stage of your formulations. Ensure the Glyceryl monostearate is fully dissolved into your oil stage (use agitation if required) in order to minimise the risk of graininess in your final formulation. Precautions At pure usage levels it can cause irritation to the skin. When blending always take the following precautions: Use gloves (disposable are ideal) Take care when handling hot oils Wear eye protection Work in a well ventilated room Keep ingredients and hot oils away from children If ingested, seek immediate medical advice If contact made with eyes, rinse immediately with clean warm water and seek medical advice if in any doubt. Safety First In addition to our precautions and general safety information, we always recommend keeping a first aid kit nearby. You are working with hot water and oils, accidents can happen, so always be prepared! Is Glyceryl monostearate Safe? Toxicity The safety of PEG compounds has been called into question in recent years. The questioning of the safety of this ingredient is due to toxicity concerns that result from impurities found in PEG compounds. The impurities of concern are ethylene oxide and 1,4 dioxane, both are by-products of the manufacturing process. Both 1,4 dioxane and ethylene oxide have been suggested to be linked with breast and uterine cancers. While these impurities may have been a concern previously, ingredient manufacturers and improved processes have eliminated the risk of impurities in the final product. The level of impurities that were found initially in PEG manufacturing was low in comparison to the levels proposed to be linked to cancers. Longitudinal studies or studies over a long period of use of PEG compounds have not found any significant toxicity or any significant impact on reproductive health. When applied topically, Glyceryl monostearate is not believed to pose significant dangers to human health. It doesn’t penetrate deeply into the skin and isn’t thought to have bioaccumulation concerns when used topically. Irritation Through research, PEG compounds have exhibited evidence that they are non-irritating ingredients to the eyes or the skin. This research used highly concentrated forms of the ingredient, concentrations that would not be found in your skincare products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found PEG compounds to be non-photosensitizing and non-irritating at concentrations up to 100%. However, despite the evidence suggesting that PEG compounds are non-irritating, some research has indicated that irritation can occur when the skin is broken or already irritated. In a study that was trialing the use of PEG containing antimicrobial cream on burn patients, some patients experienced kidney toxicity. The concentration of PEG compounds was identified to be the culprit. Given that there was no evidence of toxicity in any study of PEGs and intact skin, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel amended their safety guidelines to exclude the use of PEG containing products on broken or damaged skin. Is Glyceryl monostearate Vegan? Depending on the source of the stearic acid used to make Glyceryl monostearate, it may be vegan. Most of the time, stearic acid is derived from plants. However, it can also be derived from animal origin. If it is of animal origin, the product has to comply with animal by-product regulation. Check with the brand you are thinking of using to determine whether their Glyceryl monostearate is derived from a plant or animal source. Why Is Glyceryl monostearate Used? Emulsifier Glyceryl monostearate is included in skincare and beauty products for a variety of reasons, ranging from making the skin softer to helping product formulations better keep their original consistency. As an emollient, Glyceryl monostearate is included within skincare product formulations to give the skin a softer feel. It achieves this through strengthening the skin’s moisture barrier by forming a thin fatty layer on the skin’s surface, which prevents moisture loss and increases overall hydration. This moisturizing effect increases the hydration of skin cells, which in turn makes the skin softer and boosts skin health. Texture Another use for Glyceryl monostearate has to do with its emulsification properties. Emulsifiers are valued in the skincare and personal care industries because of their ability to mix water and oils. Without this ability, the oils in many formulations would begin to separate from the water molecules, thus undermining product texture and consistency. Glyceryl monostearate is also used to help to cleanse through mixing oil and dirt so that it can be rinsed away. Surfactant Lastly, Glyceryl monostearate can also act as a surfactant, when used in body and facial cleansers. Surfactants disrupt surface tension, helping to mix water and oil. This characteristic helps the ingredient cleanse the skin by mixing oil with water, lifting dirt trapped inside the skin’s oils, and rinsing it away from the skin. What Types of Products Contain Glyceryl monostearate? There are many products in the skin and personal care industry that are formulated with Glyceryl monostearate because of its benefits to formulations and its relative safety. Facial cleansers, shampoos, lotions, and face creams have all been known to contain this ingredient. If you’ve had problems with this ingredient before, or if your doctor has advised you to stay away from Glyceryl monostearate, it’s vital to read ingredient labels for any personal care product as it has many applications. What are PEGs? You have probably noticed that many of cosmetics and personal care products you use have different types of PEGs among ingredients. PEG, which is the abbreviation of polyethylene glycol, is not a definitive chemical entity in itself, but rather a mixture of compounds, of polymers that have been bonded together. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic, and when combined with glycol, it becomes a thick and sticky liquid. PEGs are almost often followed by a number, for example PEG-6, PEG-8, PEG 100 and so on. This number represents the approximate molecular weight of that compound. Typically, cosmetics use PEGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the molecular weight, the easier it is for the compound to penetrate the skin. Often, PEGs are connected to another molecule. You might see, for example, Glyceryl monostearate as an ingredient. This means that the polyethylene glycol polymer with an approximate molecular weight of 100 is attached chemically to stearic acid. In cosmetics, PEGs function in three ways: as emollients (which help soften and lubricate the skin), as emulsifiers (which help water-based and oil-based ingredients mix properly), and as vehicles that help deliver other ingredients deeper into the skin. What effect do Glyceryl monostearate have on your skin? Polyethylene glycol compounds have not received a lot of attention from consumer groups but they should. The most important thing to know about PEGs is that they have a penetration enhancing effect, the magnitude of which is dependent upon a variety of variables. These include: both the structure and molecular weight of the PEG, other chemical constituents in the formula, and, most importantly, the overall health of the skin. PEGs of all sizes may penetrate through injured skin with compromised barrier function. So it is very important to avoid products with PEGs if your skin is not in best condition. Skin penetration enhancing effects have been shown with PEG-2 and PEG-9 stearate. This penetration enhancing effect is important for three reasons: 1) If your skin care product contains a bunch of other undesirable ingredients, PEGs will make it easier for them to get down deep into your skin. 2) By altering the surface tension of the skin, PEGs may upset the natural moisture balance. 3) Glyceryl monostearate are not always pure, but often come contaminated with a host of toxic impurities.
GLYCERYL MYRISTATE
SYNONYMS Glycerol Oleate; Glyceryl Monooleate; Glyceryl oleate; (Z)-1-Oleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 9-Octadecenoic acid; Glycerol Monoleate; Monoolein;cas: 25496-72-4
Glyceryl Oleat
Glycerol Oleate; Glyceryl Monooleate; Glyceryl oleate; (Z)-1-Oleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 9-Octadecenoic acid; Glycerol Monoleate; Monoolein; cas no: 25496-72-4
GLYCERYL PALMITATE ( Glycerol palmitate)
Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; cas no:11099-07-3
GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE
GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE Glyceryl Polyacrylate What Is Glyceryl Polyacrylate? The glyceryl monoesters (Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate SE, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Adipate, Glyceryl Alginate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Citrate/Lactate/Linoleate/Oleate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Soyate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate, Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate SE, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Gyceryl Pentadecanoate, Glyceryl Polyacrylate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl Sesquioleate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Acetate, Glyceryl Stearate/Maleate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Thiopropionate, Glyceryl Undecylenate) occur primarily as white to yellow oils or oily waxes. Ingredient names containing a "/", such as Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, are mixtures of monoesters, Glyceryl Caprylate and Glyceryl Caprate. SE in the name means that it is a self-emulsifying grade that contains some sodium and/or potassium salts of the acid. Glyceryl monoesters are primarily used in the formulation of creams and lotions, moisturizers, and other skin care products, but glyceryl monoesters can also be found in permanent waves, deodorants, bath soaps, eye makeup and foundations. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for the glyceryl monoesters. Film former - Glyceryl Polyacrylate Hair conditioning agent - Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Lanolate Hair waving and straightening agent - Glyceryl Thiopropionate Reducing agent - Glyceryl Thiopropionate Skin-conditioning agent - emollient - Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Adipate, Glyceryl Alginate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Arachidonate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Citrate/Lactate/Linoleate/Oleate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Collagenate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Soyate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate. Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl Sesquioleate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Acetate, Glyceryl Stearate/Malate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Undecylenate Skin-conditioning agent - miscellaneous - Glyceryl Collagenate Surfactant - emulsifying agent - Glyceryl Laurate, Glyceryl Laurate SE, Glyceryl Laurate/Oleate, Glyceryl Arachidate, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Caprate, Glyceryl Caprylate, Glyceryl Caprylate/Caprate, Glyceryl Cocoate, Glyceryl Erucate, Glyceryl Hydrogenated Rosinate, Glyceryl Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Isopalmitate, Glyceryl Isostearate, Glyceryl Isostearate/Myristate, Glyceryl Isostearates, Glyceryl Lanolate, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Glyceryl Montanate, Glyceryl Myristate, Glyceryl Isotridecanoate/Stearate/Adipate, Glyceryl Oleate SE, Glyceryl Oleate/Elaidate, Glyceryl Palmitate, Glyceryl Palmitate/Stearate, Glyceryl Palmitoleate, Glyceryl Pentadecanoate, Glyceryl Rosinate, Glyceryl/Sorbitol Oleate/Hydroxystearate, Glyceryl Stearate/Malate, Glyceryl Tallowate, Glyceryl Undecylenate Viscosity increasing agent - aqueous - Glyceryl Alginate Viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous - Glyceryl Arachidate Scientific Facts: The glyceryl monoesters, or monoglycerides, are all prepared from glycerin. Most are also prepared from fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives. Some of these fatty acids may come from refined vegetable oils For example, Glyceryl Linolenate is produced from glycerin and linoleic acid, which can be made from sunflower oil. Glyceryl Polyacrylate is the ester of glycerin and polyacrylic acid. GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE is classified as : Film forming COSING REF No: 76245 Chem/IUPAC Name: 2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, esters with 1,2,3-propanetriol GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE N° CAS : 104365-75-5 "Pas terrible" dans toutes les catégories. Nom INCI : GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE Classification : Polymère de synthèse Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent filmogène : Produit un film continu sur la peau, les cheveux ou les ongles Cet ingrédient est présent dans 0.18% des cosmétiques. Crème visage (1,09%) Details Glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer is the fancy word for a common polymer (big molecule from repeated subunits), namely polyacrylic acid (aka carbomer when it comes to cosmetics) with glycerin attached to it in some places. The main thing of this polymer is that it forms a hydrogel (trade named Lubrajel) that can sit on top of the skin and provide moisturizing, water-soluble ingredients such as glycerin to the skin. Think of it as a very thin, wet sponge that a cosmetic manufacturer can fill with good ingredients for your skin. It also works as a thickening agent (remember, it is a carbomer type of molecule), and can provide the skin with a nice slippery feel. It can also draw water to the skin, providing skin hydration. Glyceryl polyacrylate Glyceryl polyacrylate is a chemical compound derived from glycerin. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as an ingredient that dries to form a thin coating on the skin 1. According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), glyceryl polyacrylate is safe to use in the amounts present in our products 2. GLYCERYL POLYACRYLATE The synthetically produced glyceryl polyacrylate is an ester of glycerin and polyacrylic acid and is used in cosmetic products as a film former, among other things. The substance forms a fine film that prevents epidermal water loss. Hyaluronic acid and valuable active ingredients thus remain longer in the skin and can develop their effect even better.
GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO
GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo) What Is Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO)? Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. A number of ingredients made from Castor Oil may also be used in cosmetic products. These ingredients include Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE (SE stands for self-emulsifying, which means it contains a small amount of sodium or potassium stearate), Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Castor Oil and related ingredients are used in the formulation of many different cosmetic and personal care products including lipstick, skin-care products, and bath soaps. Why is Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for these ingredients. Anticaking agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Deodorant agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Emulsion stabilizer - Glycol Ricinoleate Opacifying agent - Zinc Ricinoleate Skin conditioning agent - emollient - Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Glycol Ricinoleate, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate Skin conditioning agent - occlusive - Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil; Cetyl Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate Surfactant - cleansing agent - Potassium Ricinoleate, Sodium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid Surfactant - emulsifying agent - Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Potassium Ricinoleate, Sodium Ricinoleate Viscosity increasing agent - nonaqueous - Hydrogenated Castor Oil Safety Information: The Food and Drug Administration includes Castor Oil on its list of natural flavoring substance and on its list of multipurpose direct food additives. Castor Oil is also classified by the FDA as safe and effective as a stimulant laxative. The safety of Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil, Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE, Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleatehave been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and noted the overall pattern of use of these ingredients in different product categories. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Castor Oil and its derivatives were safe for use as cosmetic ingredients. More safety Information: CIR Safety Review: The CIR Expert Panel considered that the available data on Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Ricinoleic Acid, and salts and esters of Ricinoleic Acid were sufficient for evaluating the safety of these ingredients. Because Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil contains Ricinoleic Acid as the primary fatty acid group, safety test data on the oil was considered broadly applicable to this entire group of cosmetic ingredients. Overall, the available data demonstrated few toxic effects in acute, subchronic, or chronic toxicity tests. Additionally, there were no genotoxic effects of Castor Oil in in vitro or in vivo tests. UV absorption spectra on Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil and Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) indicated maximum absorbance at 270 nm, suggesting there would be no photosensitization potential of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) or Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil in human subjects exposed to the sun. Reactions classified as either significantly irritating or allergic were not observed in studies on Ethyl Ricinoleate, and the CIR Expert Panel concluded that the Castor Oil derivatives were not sensitizers. The CIR Expert Panel also determined that these ingredients may be used safely in aerosolized products because packaging and use ensure that particulates are not respirable. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is also known as 9-Octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-,(9Z,12R)-,monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a chemical product which appears under the form of a yellow liquid, is dispersible in water, is soluble in most organic solvents, is combustible. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as a low-temperature lubricant, a non-drying emulsifying agent, a solvent, a plasticizer, in cosmetics, in the processing of leather, paper and textile, and for the stabilizing of latex paints against breakdown due to repeated freeze-thaws. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as antifoaming agent, softening agent, antistatic agent, dispersing, agent, degreasing agent, plasticizing agent, thickening agent and chemical intermediate in the industry. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is ester of fatty acid & derivative of castor oil. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be used as emollient, emulsifier, personal care ingredient & lubricant. This Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectively, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: Emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. The availability of the free hydroxyl groups of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the reason for its excellent skin protection. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is surface-active because of its free hydroxyl groups of mono- and diglycerides. It forms W/O-emulsions and also acts as co-emulsifier in O/W-emulsions. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is well-tolerated by the skin and mucosa. Skin reactivity to aggressive substances is decreased and therefore Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be readily used as a skin-protecting agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is attracted to the adsorption sites on the skin surface, and therefore protects it from being attacked by harmful substances. Characteristics of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) The consistency of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be liquid to pasty, due to temperature conditions fractionated crystallization can occur. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is miscible with fats and oils. It is readily soluble in ethanol, diethylether, toluole and methylene chloride. It is water dispersible. Polar binding forces (Van-der-Waals forces) come from the glyceryl hydroxyl groups and from the 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecanoic acid (ricinoleic acid). Because of its purely vegetable origin and manufacturing process, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is free from heavy metals, catalyst residues and solvents. It is stabilized with BHT. It contains max. 0.5 % of water. How to use Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed. Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. A number of ingredients made from Castor Oil may also be used in cosmetic products. These ingredients include Cetyl Rinoleate, Ethyl Ricinoleate, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO), Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) SE (SE stands for self-emulsifying, which means it contains a small amount of sodium or potassium stearate), Glycol Ricinoleate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Isopropyl Ricinoleate, Methyl Ricinoleate, Octyldodecyl Ricinoleate, Potassium Ricinoleate, Ricinoleic Acid, Sodium Ricinoleate and Zinc Ricinoleate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Castor Oil and related ingredients are used in the formulation of many different cosmetic and personal care products including lipstick, skin-care products, and bath soaps. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the monoester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid. Castor oil contains 87–90% Glycerol Ricinoleate. Ricinoleic acid is metabolized by both β-oxidation and α-oxidation. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice indicated that Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) has an LD50 greater than 25.0 ml/kg and is, at most, mildly irritating to unrinsed rabbit eyes. This ingredient was not a primary skin irritant. Castor oil was nonmutagenic by the Ames test. Ricinoleic acid was not a carcinogen when tested in mice. In human single-insult occlusive patch tests, no indication of skin irritation potential was observed in the two products containing 5.6% Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO). The available data on Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) were insufficient to determine whether this ingredient, under each relevant condition of use, was either safe or not safe. The types of data required before a decision can be made include: (1) 28 day chronic dermal toxicity in guinea pigs, and (2) clinical sensitization and photosensitization studies (or an appropriate ultraviolet spectrum instead of the photosensitization data). In the current application authorisation is sought under article 10(2) for Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) under the category/functional group 1(c) "technological additives"/"emulsifiers" according to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. The authorisation is sought for the use of the feed additive for all animal species and categories. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) or polyethylene glycol (PEG X) castor oil is obtained by mixing X moles (X from 6.5 to 200) of ethylene oxide to one mole of castor oil. The major components formed are the tri-ricinoleate esters of ethoxylated glycerol. The Applicant suggested the following technical specification ranges to characterise the feed additive: 16 to 162 mg KOH/g for the saponification value; 5.5 to 7.5 for pH; 0 to 2 mg KOH/g for the acid value and 0 to 3% wt for the water content. The feed additive is intended to be incorporated directly into feedingstuffs or through premixtures, with no recommended minimum or maximum concentration levels. However, typical inclusion levels range from 10 to 20 g E 484 /kg feedingstuffs. For the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X (X = 6.5-200) castor oil) in the feed additive the Applicant proposed several official methods developed by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for the determination of the: - saponification value (AOCS Cd 3-25); - acid value (AOCS 3d-63); - pH value (ASTM Standard D1172-95:2007) and - water content (AOCS Ca 2e-84). Even though no performance characteristics are provided, the EURL recommends for official control the official AOCS methods and the ASTM standard to identify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. The accurate quantification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs is not achievable experimentally. Nevertheless, the Applicant presented qualitative data for the identification of the active substance in premixtures and feedingstuffs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). This data does not allow any recommendation by the EURL for official control to quantify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs. In the current application authorisation is sought under article 10(2) (re-evaluation of the already authorised additives under provisions of Council Directive 70/524/EEC) for Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) under the category/functional group 1(c) "technological additives"/"emulsifiers" according to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 [1]. The authorisation is sought for the use of the feed additive for all animal species and categories [2]. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (E 484) or "polyethylene glycol (PEG X) castor oil" is obtained by mixing X moles (X from 6.5 to 200) of ethylene oxide to one mole of castor oil under controlled conditions. The major components formed are the tri-ricinoleate esters of ethoxylated glycerol with minor amounts of polyoxyethylene ricinoleates, ethoxylated glycerols and polyethylene glycols [3]. Castor oil itself is a triglyceride extracted from the seeds of the plant Ricinus communis and comprising mainly ricinoleic acid (>85 %) with minor amounts of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, dihydroxystearic and arachidic acids. For the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X (X = 6.5-200) castor oil) in the feed additive the Applicant proposed several official methods developed by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for the determination of the saponification- [6], acid- [7], pH- [8] values, and water content [9]. In addition, the EURL identified equivalent generic methods described in the internationally recognised FAO JECFA monograph for food additives [10] and/or in the European Pharmacopoeia monographs [11-15]. Even though no performance characteristics are provided, the EURL recommends for official control the AOCS methods and the ASTM standard to identify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. However, the methods described in the FAO JECFA and the European Pharmacopoeia monographs mentioned above can be considered for the identification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) (PEG X castor oil) in the feed additive. The accurate quantification of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs is not achievable experimentally. Nevertheless, the Applicant presented qualitative data for the identification of the active substance in premixtures and feedingstuffs using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [16]. This data shows that the active substance can be identified unambiguously in premixtures [17], while a matrix effect is observed when investigating feedingstuffs samples [16]. Hence, the data provided does not allow any recommendation by the EURL for official control to quantify Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) in premixtures and feedingstuffs. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a monoester of glycerin and ricinoleic acid. In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the chief constituent of castor oil and is the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid.[1] Castor oil, the expressed natural fatty oil of the seeds of Ricinus communis also contains mixtures of the glycerides of isoricinoleic acids and much smaller traces of tristearin and the glyceride of dihydroxysteric acid. Ricinolein is the active principle in the use of castor oil as a purgative and solvent for several medically useful alkaloids. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is also known as 9-Octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-,(9Z,12R)-,monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a chemical product which appears under the form of a yellow liquid, is dispersible in water, is soluble in most organic solvents, is combustible. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as a low-temperature lubricant, a non-drying emulsifying agent, a solvent, a plasticizer, in cosmetics, in the processing of leather, paper and textile, and for the stabilizing of latex paints against breakdown due to repeated freeze-thaws. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) used as antifoaming agent, softening agent, antistatic agent, dispersing, agent, degreasing agent, plasticizing agent, thickening agent and chemical intermediate in the industry. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is ester of fatty acid & derivative of castor oil. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be used as emollient, emulsifier, personal care ingredient & lubricant. This Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is widely demanded in the international market due to its high effectively, eco-friendliness and purity, and is offered in different grades to meet the varied needs of our clients. Moreover, we are offering the entire range at an affordable cost to our clients. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) In cosmetic formulations Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can have the following functions: Emulsifier/co-emulsifier, refatting agent, dispersing aid. But the primary function of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is a skin protection agent. The availability of the free hydroxyl groups of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is the reason for its excellent skin protection. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is surface-active because of its free hydroxyl groups of mono- and diglycerides. It forms W/O-emulsions and also acts as co-emulsifier in O/W-emulsions. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is well-tolerated by the skin and mucosa. Skin reactivity to aggressive substances is decreased and therefore Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be readily used as a skin-protecting agent. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is attracted to the adsorption sites on the skin surface, and therefore protects it from being attacked by harmful substances. Characteristics of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) The consistency of Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) can be liquid to pasty, due to temperature conditions fractionated crystallization can occur. Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is miscible with fats and oils. It is readily soluble in ethanol, diethylether, toluole and methylene chloride. It is water dispersible. Polar binding forces (Van-der-Waals forces) come from the glyceryl hydroxyl groups and from the 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecanoic acid (ricinoleic acid). Because of its purely vegetable origin and manufacturing process, Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is free from heavy metals, catalyst residues and solvents. It is stabilized with BHT. It contains max. 0.5 % of water. How to use Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) Glyceryl Ricinoleate 30 eo (Gliseril Risinoleat 30 EO, GLYCERYL RICINOLEATE 30 EO) is used in nearly all skin care preparations such as creams, lotions, bath oils, shaving formulations, refatting soap and shower agents in amounts of 2 – 10%. In an epicutaneous test and after long use in cosmetic preparations, no irritations were observed.
GLYCERYL STEARATE
GLYCERYL STEARATE Glyceryl Stearate What Is Glyceryl Stearate? Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE are esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl Stearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl Stearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl Stearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl Stearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is Glyceryl Stearate used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl Stearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl Stearate, and Glyceryl Stearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Scientific Facts: Glyceryl Stearate is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl Stearate SE is produced by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide yielding a product that contains Glyceryl Stearate as well as potassium stearate and/or sodium stearate. What Is Glyceryl Stearate Glyceryl Stearate is esterification products of glycerin and stearic acid. Glyceryl Stearate is a white or cream-colored wax-like solid. Glyceryl Stearate SE is a "Self-Emulsifying" form of Glyceryl Stearate that also contains a small amount of sodium and or potassium stearate. In cosmetics and personal care products, Glyceryl Stearate is widely used and can be found in lotions, creams, powders, skin cleansing products, makeup bases and foundations, mascara, eye shadow, eyeliner, hair conditioners and rinses, and suntan and sunscreen products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Glyceryl Stearate acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It also slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Glyceryl Stearate, and Glyceryl Stearate SE help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. Glyceryl Stearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Functions of Glyceryl Stearate Glyceryl Stearate is derived from palm kernel, vegetable or soy oil and is also found naturally in the human body. It acts as a lubricant on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (Source). It easily penetrates the skin and slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. It has been shown to protect skin from free-radical damage as well. Chemically, Glyceryl Stearate is used to stabilize products, decrease water evaporation, make products freeze-resistant, and keep them from forming surface crusts. Description: Glyceryl stearate SE (self-emulsifying as it contains a small amount 3-6% of potassium stearate) is the monoester of glycerin and stearic acid. Vegetable origin. It is an emulsifier with a HLB value of 5.8 and thus useful for making water-in-oil emulsions. It can also be used as a co-emulsifier and thickener for oil- in-water formulations. Off-white flakes, bland odor. Soluble in oil. CAS: 123-94-4 INCI Name: Glyceryl stearate Properties: Emulsifies water and oil phase, acts as stabilizer and thickener in o/w formulations, widely used in a variety of different cosmetic formulations. Use: Add to oil/emulsifier phase of formulas, melts at 55°C/130°F. Use level: 1-10%. For external use only. Applications: Moisturizing creams, lotions, ointments, antiperspirant, hair care and sunscreen. Glyceryl stearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it's a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. Glyceryl Stearate, also known as Glyceryl MonoStearate, or GMS, is EcoCert certified. Glyceryl Stearate is the natural glyceryl ester from stearic acid (glycerin and stearic acid) which offers skin conditioning, moisturization and hydration due to the glycerin component. Functions as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, and formulation stabilizer, where it also imparts a softer, smoother, feel to your emulsions. Glyceryl Stearate is one of the best choices, for thickening and stabilizing, to use in combination with the lactylates, where it also functions as an emollient, and gives the emulsion more smoothness. SPECIFICATIONS Off White Flake / Granule Characteristic Odor Oil Soluble Store Tightly Closed, Protected from Heat 24 Month Shelf when Properly Handled, and Stored GUIDELINES Add to Oil Phase 2.0 to 5.0% Glyceryl stearate is the end result of reaction between glycerin and stearic acid. We all know what glycerin is and does (generally vegetable based humectant), and stearic acid is a fatty acid compound extracted from a variety of vegetable, animal, and oil sources such as palm kernel and soy. The end result of the reaction with glycerin and stearic acid is a cream-colored, waxy like substance. Details A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth. Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils (in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here) in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable. GLYCERYL STEARATE CAS number: 31566-31-1 - Glyceryl stearate "Good" in all categories. Origin(s): Synthetic Other languages: Estearato de glicerilo, Gliceril stearato, Glycerylstearat, Stéarate de glycérol INCI name: GLYCERYL STEARATE EINECS/ELINCS number: 250-705-4/286-490-9 Classification: Nonionic surfactant Bio-compatible (COSMOS Reference) NAMELY Glycerol stearate is used as a non-ionic emulsifier or emollient in cosmetic products. It is widely used in moisturizers and is also found in hair care products for its antistatic properties. It can be derived from palm, olive or rapeseed oil... It is authorized in bio. Its functions (INCI) Emollient : Softens and softens the skin Emulsifying : Promotes the formation of intimate mixtures between immiscible liquids by modifying the interfacial tension (water and oil) This ingredient is present in 11.81% of cosmetics. Hand cream (46.51%) Moisturizing cream box (46.15%) Anti-aging night face cream (45.88%) Anti-aging hand cream (43.75%) Mascara (42.73%) GLYCERYL STEARATE Glyceryl Stearate is the natural glyceryl ester of glycerin and stearic acid. It offers excellent hydration and moisturization. It acts as a non-ionic opacifier, thickener, emollient and formulation stabilizer. It is used in skin care and body care applications. GLYCERYL STEARATE is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying CAS Number 31566-31-1 EINECS/ELINCS No: 250-705-4 COSING REF No: 34103 INN Name: glyceryl monostearate PHARMACEUTICAL EUROPEAN NAME: glyceroli monostearas Chem/IUPAC Name: Glyceryl MonoStearate Glyceryl stearate Learn all about glyceryl stearate, including how it's made, and why Puracy uses glyceryl stearate in our products. Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈglis-rəl\ \stē-ə-ˌrāt\) Type: Naturally-derived Other names: monostearate What Is Glyceryl stearate? Glyceryl stearate, also called glyceryl monostearate, is a white or pale yellow waxy substance derived from palm kernel, olives, or coconuts. What Does Glyceryl stearate Do in Our products? Glyceryl stearate is an emollient that keeps products blended together; it can also be a surfactant, emulsifier, and thickener in food — often it’s used as a dough conditioner and to keep things from going stale.[1] In our products, however, glyceryl stearate is used for its most common purpose — to bind moisture to the skin. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in thousands of cosmetic products, including lotions, makeup, skin cleansers, and other items.[2,3] Why Puracy Uses Glyceryl stearate We use glyceryl stearate in several of our products as a moisturizer; it also forms a barrier on the skin and prevents products from feeling greasy. As an emulsifier, it also allows products to stay blended.[5] Several studies and clinical tests find that glyceryl stearate causes little or no skin or eye irritation and is not a danger in formulations that might be inhaled.[6,7,8] In addition, a number of clinical trials have found that glyceryl stearate in moisturizers can lessen symptoms and signs of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, erythema, fissuring, and lichenification.[9] In 1982 and again in 2015, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics.[10] Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[11] How Glyceryl stearate Is Made Glyceryl stearate is formed through a reaction of glycerin with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid that comes from animal and vegetable fats and oils. Glyceryl stearate SE, the self-emulsifying form of the substance, is made by reacting an excess of stearic acid with glycerin. The excess stearic acid is then reacted with potassium and/or sodium hydroxide. That produces a substance that contains glyceryl stearate, potassium stearate, and/or sodium stearate Glyceryl stearate (GMS) is one of the most commonly used ingredients in personal care formulations. But it’s a material that is not well understood by most formulators. GMS (EU) is normally used as a low-HLB thickening agent in lamellar gel (EU) network (LGN)-based oil-in-water emulsions, often combined with fatty alcohols. LGN-based emulsions containing thickening polymers are the most common type of oil-in-water formulations sold globally. Most GMS used in personal care products should actually be called glyceryl distearate (EU), since many common grades only contain around 40% alpha monostearate (EU), 5% glyceryl tristearate (EU), and 50% glyceryl distearate. There are also grades commercially available that contain 30%, 60%, and 90% GMS. The 90% alpha mono grades can only be produced by molecular distillation and are widely used in the food industry. Functionally, there is a big difference in performance if you use a 90% versus 40% mono. A 90% mono has a higher melting point (69°C versus 58-63°C), lighter skin feel, and a higher HLB (EU) (~4-5, versus ~3). The higher HLB of the 90% mono enables you to form LGNs much easier with lower emulsifier levels and energy than when using cetyl (EU)/stearyl alcohol (EU). There are also self-emulsifying (SE) grades of GMS available, which are typically combined with PEG 100 stearate (EU), potassium stearate (EU), or sodium lauryl sulfate (EU).
Glyceryl Stearate Citrate
Description: Glyceryl diester made of glycerin and fatty acids derived from vegetable oils. Acts as hydrophilic, PEG-free, anionic o/w emulsifier and emollient. Well suited for emulsions with a slightly acidic pH-value or emulsions with UV filters. HLB value 12. Oil-soluble, only partly water soluble. CAS: 55840-13-6, 86418-55-5; INCI Name: Glyceryl stearate citrate. Benefits: Potent emulsifier for making o/w emulsions. Supports the consistency and the oil binding capacity and can also be used as co-emulsifier for PEG-free formulations. Provides a soft and smooth appearance on the skin and can be used also for sensitive skin. Use: Add pellets to the hot oil phase (approx. 80oC / 176oF) and stir until homogeneous. Combine then with hot water phase. Typical use level 1.5-2.5%. Stable emulsions from pH 5.5 - 8.0. For external use only. Applications: Creams, lotions, baby care products, sunscreens, after sun care products. Manufacture: Glyceryl stearate citrate is a combination of glycerin mono-/distearates and citric acid esters from mono- and diglycerides. Glyceryl stearate itself is made by reacting glycerin with stearic acid, a fatty acid obtained from soy oil.GLYCERYL STEARATE CITRATE GLYCERYL STEARATE CITRATE is classified as : Emollient Emulsifying Skin conditioning CAS Number 55840-13-6 / 86418-55-5 EINECS 259-855-5 Chem/IUPAC Name: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol monooctadecanoate. Glyceryl Stearate Citrate What: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is a fatty acid monoglyceride used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizing ingredient. It is also used as a fragrance and emollient ingredient. Glyceryl Stearate Citrate helps skin and hair to retain moisture. Origin: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is glycerin esterified with vegetable fatty acids. (Natural Europe ) Products Found In: facial moisturizer and treatments, body moisturizer, eye cream, makeup, facial cleanser, body cleanser, body scrubs, facial exfoliants, bronzer, sunscreen products, anti-aging skincare, sunless tanners, after sun products. Alternate Names: 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate; 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-, Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate; Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid; Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-; 2-Hydroxy- Monoester With 1,2,3-Propanetriol Monooctadecanoate 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid Toxicity: Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is generally classified as being of very low toxicity.
GLYCERYL STEARATE SE
aldo MSD KFG glycerol stearate SE hallstar GMS SE lipo GMS 470 pastilles lonzest GMR lonzest GMS-D nikkol MGS-150V nikkol MGS-AMV nikkol MGS-ASEV nikkol MGS-AV nikkol MGS-BMV nikkol MGS-BSEV nikkol MGS-BV2 nikkol MGS-DEXV nikkol MGS-F40V nikkol MGS-F50SEV nikkol MGS-F50V nikkol MGS-F75V norfox gms-fg octadecanoic acid ester with 1,2,3-propane triol octadecanoic acid; propane-1,2,3-triol stearine CAS Number 11099-07-3
GLYCERYL STEARATE SE ( Glycerol monostearate)
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; CAS NO. 123-94-4, 11099-07-3
Glyceryl stearate- Self Emulsified (SE)
SYNONYMS Glyceryl monostearate; 3-Stearoyloxy-1,2-propanediol; Glyceryl stearate; Alpha-Monostearin; Monostearin; Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; Glycerin 1-monostearate; Glycerin 1-stearate; Glycerol alpha-monostearate; Glyceryl 1-monostearate; Stearic acid alpha-monoglyceride; Stearic acid 1-monoglyceride; 1-Glyceryl stearate; 1-Monostearin; 1-Monostearoylglycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-octadecanoyl ester; CAS NO:123-94-4, 11099-07-3
GLYCERYL THIOGLYCOLATE
SYNONYMS 1,2,3-Propanetriyl triacetate; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Glycerin triacetate; Triacetylglycerol; Glycerol triacetate; Glyceryl triacetate; Glyped; Kesscoflex TRA; Triacetine; Vanay; Glycerol triacetate tributyrin; Triacetyl glycerine; Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate CAS NO. 102-76-1
GLYCERYL TRIACETATE (TRIACETIN)
GLYCIDOXYPROPYL TRIMETHOXYSILANE, N° CAS : 2530-83-8, Nom INCI : GLYCIDOXYPROPYL TRIMETHOXYSILANE. Nom chimique : Oxirane, 2-[[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propoxy]Methyl]-; [3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 219-784-2. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent d'entretien des ongles : Améliore les caractéristiques esthétiques des ongles
Glyceryl Triheptadecanoate
cas no 2438-40-6 1,2,3-Triheptadecanoylglycerol; TG(17:0/17:0/17:0); Triheptadecanoin; Trimargarin; Glycerol triheptadecanoate; Palmitic acid triglyderide;
Glyceryl Trilinoleate
cas no 537-40-6 1,2,3-Tri-(cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl)glycerol; 1,2,3-Trilinoleoylglycerol; Glycerol trilinoleate; TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)); Trilinolein;
Glyceryl Trioctanoate
cas no 538-23-8 1,2,3-Tricapryloylglycerol; 1,2,3-Trioctanoylglycerol; Glycerol tricaprylate; Glycerol trioctanoate; Glyceryl tricaprylate; Tricaprylin; Trioctanoin;